The Translation Procedures of Economic Terms Found in The Translation of N. Gregory Mankiw’s Principles Of Economics into Haris Munandar’s Pengantar Ekonomi
!
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Skripsi ini berjudul " #$ %&'()&*+,' %,-$./%$( ,0 -,',1+- $%1(
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6 yang merupakan analisis prosedur
penerjemahan istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat pada buku
oleh N. Gregory Mankiw dan buku terjemahannya
yang diterjemahkan oleh Haris Munandar. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah
mengetahui prosedur terjemahan apa yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan
istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat di dalam buku di atas dan untuk menemukan
prosedur terjemahan apa yang dominan. Teori yang dipakai adalah teori prosedur
terjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet dalam Venuti (2000:84 93). Teori ini
menyatakan bahwa ada tujuh prosedur terjemahan, yaitu: peminjaman
( ), , terjemahan harfiah (
), transposisi
(
), modulasi (
), ekuivalensi (
), dan adaptasi
( ). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian pustaka (
) untuk mencari referensi yang berhubungan dengan analisis dan metode
dekriptif kualitatif dalam menganalisis data. Data diperoleh melalui metode
pengambilan sampel secara sistematis (
). Berdasarkan
analisis, ditemukan 181 istilah ekonomi dimana 47,51% diterjemahkan dengan
prosedur peminjaman, 33.70% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur terjemahan
harfiah, 9.94% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur ekuivalensi, 5,52% diterjemahkan
dengan prosedur calque, 2,21% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur transposisi, 0,56%
diterjemahkan dengan prosedur modulasi, dan 0,56% diterjemahkan dengan
prosedur adaptasi. Prosedur yang dominan digunakan adalah peminjaman.
Kata kunci: penerjemahan, prosedur terjemahan, istilah ekonomi.
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Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12
: Data Identification : Pure Loanwords : Mix Loanwords : Loan Blends : Literal Translation : Calque : Transposition : Modulation : Equivalence : Adaptation : Types of Procedure : Data
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SL : Source Language ST : Target Language TL : Source Text TT : Target Text PHK : Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Skripsi ini berjudul " #$ %&'()&*+,' %,-$./%$( ,0 -,',1+- $%1(
,/'. +' #$ %&'()&*+,' ,0 %$2,%3 &'4+5 (
+'*, &%+( /'&'.&% (
6 yang merupakan analisis prosedur
penerjemahan istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat pada buku
oleh N. Gregory Mankiw dan buku terjemahannya
yang diterjemahkan oleh Haris Munandar. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah
mengetahui prosedur terjemahan apa yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan
istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat di dalam buku di atas dan untuk menemukan
prosedur terjemahan apa yang dominan. Teori yang dipakai adalah teori prosedur
terjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet dalam Venuti (2000:84 93). Teori ini
menyatakan bahwa ada tujuh prosedur terjemahan, yaitu: peminjaman
( ), , terjemahan harfiah (
), transposisi
(
), modulasi (
), ekuivalensi (
), dan adaptasi
( ). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian pustaka (
) untuk mencari referensi yang berhubungan dengan analisis dan metode
dekriptif kualitatif dalam menganalisis data. Data diperoleh melalui metode
pengambilan sampel secara sistematis (
). Berdasarkan
analisis, ditemukan 181 istilah ekonomi dimana 47,51% diterjemahkan dengan
prosedur peminjaman, 33.70% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur terjemahan
harfiah, 9.94% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur ekuivalensi, 5,52% diterjemahkan
dengan prosedur calque, 2,21% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur transposisi, 0,56%
diterjemahkan dengan prosedur modulasi, dan 0,56% diterjemahkan dengan
prosedur adaptasi. Prosedur yang dominan digunakan adalah peminjaman.
Kata kunci: penerjemahan, prosedur terjemahan, istilah ekonomi.
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! ! &-42%,/'. ,0 *#$ */.3 The varieties of language has made a gap for people from different
countries to share information in communication. In order to bridge the gap, translation is conducted. Translation is attempted to be used to overcome barriers in international communication. It takes a very important role and has successfully played its role in spreading the knowledge in this world through the translation of scientific books and journals. We cannot deny that there are a lot of good books of science written in English, which some of them are not readable for some interested learners. By the translation of those books, science has been made understandable and familiar to a lot of people. Therefore, some scientific terms, such as export, import, credit, debet and monopoly have been familiar to most of us.
Science is always improving and making innovation to fulfil the human need. Economy is one of the sciences which is improving rapidly to fulfil human need. Economy has an intense contact to human life. Everyday, human activities will include economic activities, such as purchasing, selling, and paying something.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, term is a word or phrase used as the name of something, especially one connected with a particular subject or used in a particular type of language.
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As economic science improves and innovates, it often evolves or produces
new term. This new term may cause problems to a translator since it is quite
impossible to update the existing dictionaries with a new term in every short
period in order to have a very complete term dictionary. Compiling new term
dictionary would also require a tremendous amount of human effort.
In this case, because of some reasons, a translator should decide whether
he tries to find the equivalent word in the target language or to loan those terms
into the target language. Bolinger (1975:419) says, “Borrowings concentrates in
the areas where contact is most intense. Therefore, it is not surprising that science
and technology lead the field nowadays, with sport and tourism close behind. But
the contact has grown so close in recent time with press, radio, television, and
international travel, that a kind of universal diffusion is taking place.” For
example, the word
which is translated into
The translator
uses borrowing procedure. The translator borrows the term from the target
language and make changes in the writing system of the word.
Another problem that frequently appears is that economic terms often
cannot be translated on a word by word basis. While the individual word of the
term may have many possible translations, the term itself typically has a unique
translation that may or may not correspond to the translation of its components.
For example,
which is translated into
. This is one of the
example of the term found in Gregory Mankiw’s The Principles of Economics.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, to ask means to request that
somebody gives something or does something. In Bahasa Indonesia, this is
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. While price means an amount of money for which something may be
bought or sold which in Bahasa Indonesia, it is
. The translation of the word
corresponds to
that what a buyer ask is usually the lowest price. In this
case, the translator uses equivalence procedure to solve the translation problem.
In the other hand, some translations of term may not have corresponse
between its components. For example, the translation of
into
. means
which is
in Bahasa Indonesia,
refers to the thing owned by a person or company that has value, which is
in Bahasa. In this example, the translation of the term
into
does not correspond to the translation the word composing the term.
In this case, the translator also uses the equivalence procedure to solve the
translation problem.
In addition, it also frequently appears that a translator adds a word to make
the translation not strange in the target language. For example, the term
which is translated into
instead of
and which
is translated into
instead of
. The translation of
the terms substitutions and demands faces problem if they are translated with
literal translation. In these cases, transposition procedure is used.
Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha (2009:288) says that in most cases, it
is the terminologists who engage in the systemic research of one or more domains
in order to compile bi or multi lingual resources, such as glossaries or term
banks, for use by translators. However, as noted above, translators themselves
may engage in a kind of ad hoc terminographic activity when they endeavour to
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establish a terminological equivalent or find a translation solution to a particular
terminological problem encountered in a text. It means that translator also plays a
role in determining the name of scientific term in a target language. The translator
gives contribution to the target language in expanding its vocabularies when no
equivalence in TL is found, especially the vocabularies dealing with science
which will always improve.
Context is also important in the transfer of meaning done by the translator.
It is done in order to transfer information to the target text as much as in the
source text so that the reader who cannot understand a certain source text can have
the same, not less or more, idea and knowledge about a scientific field as those
who can understand the source text. The pluralities definition of words, the
different cultures, and the problem of there is no equivalence in the target text
causes some problems in translation. In addition, it seems easier to get the
equivalent of English words in isolation. But when it comes to phrases and
sentences then the knowledge of grammar and ability to translated based on
context play an important role. As in the translation of the term
which is
translated into
instead of
in economic context discourse.
In order to face the problems in translation, some experts has created some
translation strategies, methods, techniques or procedures. One of them is the
translation procedures delivered by Vinay and Darbelnet which will be used to
analyze the data in this thesis. The translation procedures cover borrowing,
calque, literal translation, modulation, transposition, adaptation, and equivalence.
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In this thesis, we will see what are the translation procedures and what is
the dominant one used in the translation of the economic terms in N. Gregory
Mankiw’s
into Bahasa Indonesia by Haris Munandar
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The problems of analysis in this thesis are:
1. What are the procedures found in the translation of economic term in
N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into Bahasa
Indonesia?
2. What is the most dominant procedures occured in the translation of
economic term in N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into
Bahasa Indonesia?
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The objectives of the analysis in this thesis are:
1. To figure out the procedures found in the translation of economic
terms in N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into Bahasa
Indonesia.
2. To figure out the most dominant procedure occured in the translation
of economic terms in N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into Bahasa Indonesia.
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! : -,;$ ,0 #$ */.3 The study is focused on analyzing the data from N. Gregory Mankiw’s and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia by seven
procedures. The data are economic terms which are collected from the selected chapter as samples. The analysis covers the seven procedures in order to get the result of the analysis related to the procedures.
! +2'+0+-&'-$ ,0 #$ */.3 A study is done due to certain significances it has. The significances of the
study can be both theoretical and practical. It other words, the result of a study should be beneficial for developing knowledge and insight, and also can be applied for daily living (Silalahi, 2010:2 3).
Based on the statement above, this study has two major significances. First, this thesis is expected to enlarge the writer’s and the reader’s knowledge about translation and economy terms in both English and Indonesian languages. Second, it is expected to be helpful for people especially the students who want to be a translator or currently work as a translator, to learn how to conduct translating terms, especially economic term.
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! $($&%-# $(+2' The research method of the analysis is the library research by consulting
some books and dictionaries in order to collect the theories and references. In addition, some information is also acquired from the internet to support or complete the collected theories.
In conducting the analysis, the author used descriptive qualitative method. It refers to a research explaining the analysis or a hypothesis of a research (Strauss, 2003:7). The formula dealing with the data calculation is solely used to support the data analysis.
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The data in this thesis are collected from the economic book entitled
by N. Gregory Mankiw and its translation book in
Bahasa Indonesia entitled
by Haris Munandar.
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The book
by N. Gregory Mankiw and its
translation into Bahasa Indonesia consists of 34 chapters. In this thesis, some
chapters are selected as samples for the analysis by using systematic sampling
(Silalahi, 2009:264 265). In systematic sampling, the researcher numbers the
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samples. Then, the researcher decides the number of samples (n) which are going to be analyzed from the total population (N). In order to make the samples selected systematically, we use interval (K). The interval (K) can be counted by
the formula K = . The first sample is selected randomly, then the next sample is
determined by the interval added to the first sample. The sources of data consist of 34 chapters. The number of samples are 11
chapters. So, with N = 34, n = 11, the number of interval are: K=
K= K=3 So, the samples are 11 chapters which starts from chapter 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32.
: *$; ,0 *#$ $($&%-# The steps done in collecting and analyzing the data are:
1. Reading the book in English as the source text (ST) and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia as the target text (TT).
2. Identifying words and phrases that are included as economic terms. 3. Selecting some data which strongly related to the economic terms. 4. Listing the terms occurred as the data findings.
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5. Identifying the equivalence between ST and TT. 6. Contrasting the terms in ST and TT in order to figure out the procedures of
translation used. 7. Identifying the procedures of translation occurred. 8. Classifying the procedures of translation occurred. 9. Finding out the most dominant procedure of translation occurred in the
translation. In order to figure out the most dominant procedures of translation occurred in the translation, this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to Malo’s method of social research (1986:200). Following is the formula of calculating the percentage of the procedures used:
N = X 100%
X : Number of the subcategory of the procedures of translation Y : Number of all data N : The percentage of the procedures of translation
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=
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There are one hundred eighty one (181) economic terms found in the
chapters selected through systematic sampling for this analysis. The objectives of
this analysis are to figure out the procedures found in the translation of economic
term in terms in N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into Bahasa
Indonesia and to figure out the most dominant one.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory, there are seven procedures of
translation, they are borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition,
modulation, and adaptation. The following table shows the data of economic
terms taken from the selected chapters and the types of procedure which are used
to translate them.
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! ! Advertising
"
>> Allowance
(%
! Appreciation
)
: ! > Arbitrage
)
! ! Automatic stabilizer
< Average revenue
! Balance trade
%,-$./%$
Literal Translation Equivalence Borrowing Borrowing Calque Literal Translation Literal Translation
> Benchmark
Equivalence
> !! Benefit check
(%
Equivalence
! !!> Blackmarket
!! !
Bond
*
Transposition Transposition
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! ! Booming
!
!
Brand name
+
!: ! ! Budget deficit
#
! Business stealing
externality
!< !: Capital
+
! < Central distribution #
! ! Circular flow
#
diagram
!> ! > Closed economy
! Collective
(
bargaining
! Commercial value ,
:: Common resource *
Borrowing Equivalence Borrowing Borrowing
Literal Translation Calque Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing Literal Translation
! < Company town
:
Comparative
-
advantage
Competitive market
< :> Complementary
!
good
Consumer
-
> Consumer price
"
index
> Consumer surplus *
! < Convert
+
! : Cost benefit analysis )
Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing
Calque Borrowing Borrowing
! Crowding out ! < Cyclical
unemployment : Deadweight loss
Deadweight loss < Deadweight loss
!: Default
! ! (
Borrowing Borrowing
Equivalence Equivalence % Equivalence Modulation
Deficit
#
> > Deflator
#
: Demand
:! !
Deposit
+
: ! : Depreciation
#
: !! Discouraged worker
%
:: ! Economic mobility +
: ! Economist
:< < Efficient scale
*
Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation Calque Borrowing Borrowing
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: < Elasticity
: ! ! Equilibrium interest *
rate
:> < Excess capacity
-
! Exchange rates
-
! !< Exchange rate effect #
: Excludability
< Exit
-
: !:< Expenditure
! ! Export
< ! Factors of
.
production
! Fall in total surplus
!: Finance
+
>!
Financial market
< ! Gross domestic
product
< !! Guarantees of job 0
security
Housing voucher
*
!! Inflation rate
In kind transfer
> !! Input
! ! Interest rate
# " 1% ( " *
%
Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing
Equivalence Literal Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Calque
Borowing
Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Equivalence Borrowing
Borrowing
Literal Translation Borrowing
Borrowing
Literal Translation
Equivalence Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation
Borrowing Literal translation Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation
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! ! Labor force
(
paricipation rate
%
< !! Laid off
# /-
: Land tax
%
!
Law of one price
/
> Levied
#
>
Liberalism
1
>! : Libertarianism
1
> !< Liquidity preference
> < Marginal firm
%
>: !
Marginal propensity -
to consume
%
> < Marginal revenue
%
><
Marginal tax rate (
%
%
>
Market power
-
> > ! ! Minimum wage
$
!
> Monetary policy
-%
! ! < Money income
$
! ! Money supply
0
! < Monopolistic
competition
!: !
Multiplier effect
#
! !:> Mutual fund
2
!< :
Natural monopoly +
! ! Natural rate of
(
unemployment
! Negative income tax %
!> !
Net export
!! ! > Net foreign
"
investment
!!! !
Nominal exchange ,
rate
!! !
Nominal interest rate *
!! : Normal goods
!
!!: !: Offset
+
!! !
Open economy
Literal Translation Borrowing
Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation
Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Calque Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing
Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Equivalence Equivalence Borrowing
Literal Translation Equivalence Borrowing Literal Translation
Borrowing
Calque Borrowing
Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing
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!!< ! !! !< !! ! !!> !< !< !!
Opportunity cost Output Paycheck Monetary policy Perfectly elastic Permanent income
! 3% -%
!
Poverty line
3
! : Poverty rate
(
! : !> Price elasticity of
demand
! Price elasticity of supply
! < : ! >:
Price maker Price taker Printing press Private goods Producer price index
! "
!! <
Product
#
differentiation
! ! Production
!
possibilities frontier
! Product variety
externality
! : ! Property right
/
!
Property tax
%
!< :
Public goods
!
! !: Purchase
! !< Purchasing power #
!> !
Purchasing power
parity
!: !
Ramification
2
!:! !
Real exchange rate ,
!: ! : Real interest rate *
!: !
Reservation wage $
!:: !
Right to work laws $
!:
Rise over run
,
!:< :! Rivalness !: !:: Sale !: ! Service
! %
0
%
Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing
Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation
Literal Translation
Literal Translation Literal Translation Equivalence Literal Translation Borrowing
Calque
Literal Translation
Borrowing
Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation
Equivalence
Transposition Literal Translation Literal Translation
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!:> > Shut down
(
!
Social insurance
)
! ! !!! Spells of
#
unemployment
! !: Stock
*
! ! : Stock market
! : ! : Strike
! !! Structural
unemployment
!< >
Substitution bias
!
! < Supply side
"
economics
!< Tax cut
! Tax cut
!< > Tax rate
(
!< > Tax revenue
!<
!< !> ! ! > !< !! !!
Union Unmeasured quality change Utility Value of dollar Variable cost Wealth effect Worker turnover Workfare
*
$ , ! #
4
% %
% %
%
%
Literal Translation Calque Literal Translation
Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing
Calque Equivalence Literal Translation Borrowing
Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Equivalence Equivalence
Literal Translation
Borrowing
Borrowing
Literal Translation
Transposition Literal Translation
Borrowing Adaptation Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing
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: &*& $(-%+;*+,'
In this section, the writer will analyse the data of each procedure which
has been classified. The description of each procedure is followed by example and
explanation.
: ! ,%%,5+'2
It is the procedure where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and
transferred to the TL, but in a ‘naturalized form’, which is made to conform to the
rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. borrowing with no change in form and
meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without
changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the term is
native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends). The following table is borrowing which is found from the data and
followed by the analysis. Table 3 shows pure loanwords. Table 4 shows mix
loanwords. Table 5 shows loan blends.
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! ! Booming
! < Company town
! Crowding out
: > Deflator
!! Input
< Closed economy
<
!
Collective bargaining
(
Commercial value
,
Comparative advantage -
> Competitive market
!
:> Complementary good
!
!!
>
Consumer price index
"
!
: Cost benefit analysis
)
! ! < Cyclical unemployment
!: < Efficient scale
*
! ! ! Equilibrium interest rate *
!< < Excess capacity
-
&%2$* $A*
! ! Gross domestic product
>! Inflation rate
1%
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In kind transfer
(
: ! < Investment accelerator
! Investment tax credit - %
< < Marginal firm
%
! Marginal propensity to -
consume
%
< Marginal revenue
%
>
Marginal tax rate
( %%
! ! Minimum wage
$
! > Monetary policy
-%
< Monopolistic competition
: Natural monopoly
+
:
Negative income tax
%
! > Net foreign investment "
!
Open economy
: ! Opportunity cost
!
:! !< Monetary policy
-%
: < Perfectly elastic
: Permanent income
:: >: Producer price index
"
: Product variety
externality
:< : Public goods
!
: ! Purchasing power parity
: ! Real exchange rate
,
:> ! : Real interest rate
*
! Reservation wage
$
! !! Structural unemployment
< Supply side economics "
! Total revenue
: ! < Trade deficit
#
! Trade surplus
*
< Underground economy
!!: Unemployment insurance )
Variable cost
!
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1) Budget deficit → #
5) 6 is native while 5 6 is borrowed from source language ‘deficit’.
2) Fiscal policy → - %
5- % 6 is native while 5 6 is borrowed from source language ‘fiscal’.
3) Competitive market →
5 6 is native while 5
6 is borrowed from source language
‘competitive’.
: &)?/$
A calque is a special kind of borrowing in which the SL borrows a word or
an expression, but then translate it literally each of its elements.
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! ! ! Automatic stabilizer
< Central distribution #
Consumer surplus
*
: ! Economic mobility +
! Factors of production .
< !< Liquidity preference
! Net export
< Product differentiation #
>
Social insurance
)
! > Substitution bias !
1) Automatic stabilizer →
‘Automatic stabilizer’ is translated with linear substitution into target
language ‘
’. ‘Automatic’ which comes as a first word in
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source language becomes the second word in target language and vice versa.
Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.
The word 5
6 is borrowed from source language ‘automatic’ with
some writing system changes. ‘au ‘ becomes ‘ ‘ and the ‘c’ becomes ‘ ’.
It also happens at the translation of ‘stabilizer’ into ‘
6 where
suffix ‘–er’ in SL becomes prefix ‘ 5 in TL.
2) Consumer surplus → *
‘Konsumen’ is borrowed from the TL ‘consumer’ with some writing
system change. ‘c’ becomes ‘ ’ and suffix ‘ er’ becomes ‘ ’. While,
‘ ’ is purely borrowed from the SL.
3) Substitution bias → !
‘* ’ is borrowed from the TL ‘substitution’ with writing system
change. Suffix ‘ tion’ in SL becomes ‘ ’ in TL. While, ‘ ’ is purely
borrowed from the SL.
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Literal Translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically
and idiomatically appropriate TL text.
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! ! Advertising
Average revenue
! Balance trade
: !: Capital
:: Common resource
&%2$* $A* "
+ *
< Demand
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!! Discouraged worker
%
!< Exchange rate effect #
> < Exit
-
! !:< Expenditure
!! !: Finance
+
! ! Financial market
!
Fixed cost
!
!: :< Free rider
! !! Guarantees of job 0
%
security
!< Income elaticity of
demand
!
Inequality
-
! ! ! Interest rate
*
!> ! Labor force
(
paricipation rate
%
!! Laid off
# /-
: Land tax
%
:!
Law of one price
/
Levied
#
<
Market power
-
! Multiplier effect
#
! Natural rate of
(
unemployment
> !< Output
-
! Paycheck
3%
!
Poverty line
3
: Poverty rate
(
!> Price elasticity of
demand
: Price elasticity of
supply
! Property right
/
:
Property tax
%
:! !: Purchase
: !< Purchasing power #
: ! Right to work laws $
%
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:: !:: Sale
%
: ! Service
0
:< > Shut down
(
: !!! Spells of
#
unemployment
: !: Stock
*
:> ! : Stock market
! : Strike
! : Supply
Tax cut
%
! > Tax cut
%
: > Tax rate
(%
> Tax revenue
%
< ! : Trade balance
,
> Transitory income
! Unemployment rate (
> >< Unmeasured quality
change
< !< Wealth effect
#
> Allowance
> Benchmark
&%2$* $A* (%
!! Benefit check
(%
: Brand name Deadweight loss
< Deadweight loss Deadweight loss
! Exchange rates > > Fixed price ! Housing voucher !! < Money income ! ! Money supply ! !:> Mutual fund !: !< Printing press ! Rise over run
+ ! ! / * $ 0 2
,
%
!< Value of dollar
&%2$* $A* ,
1) Value of dollar → , The source text is written in English language refering to specific country, that is United States point of view. So, the currency which is used as an example by the writer is dollar. Then, the translator translated it to have a more general meaning which does not only refer to certain country’s currency by the word (money in SL).
: &*& +'.+'2
Based on the analysis, all of the procedures of translation delivered by
Vinay and Darbelnet are used to translate the economic terms in N. Gregory
Mankiw’s
into Bahasa Indonesia. The table below
figures out the percentage of procedures used.
&8)$ !! 3;$( ,0 %,-$./%$
, 3;$( ,0 %,-$./%$ /18$% ,0 &*&
$%-$'*&2$
1 Borrowing
86
86 x 100% = 47.51%
181
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2 Calque 3 Literal Translation 4 Transposition 5 Modulation 6 Equivalence 7 Adaptation
10
10 x 100% = 5.52%
181
61
61 x 100% = 33.70%
181
4
4 x 100% = 2.21%
181
1
1 x 100% = 0.56%
181
18
18 x 100% = 9.94%
181
1
1 x 100% = 0.56%
181
The table shows that borrowing is the most dominant procedure used in translating these economic terms. Eighty six of of one hundred eighty one economic terms (47.51%) are translated with this procedure. Sixty one of one hundred eighty one economic terms (33.70%) are translated with literal translation procedure. Eighteen of one hundred eighty one economic terms (9.94%) are translated with equivalence procedure. Then, calque, transposition, modulation, and adaptation procedures are used in a small number. Calque procedure takes 5.52%, transposition procedure takes 2.21%, and both modulation and adaptation procedures take 0.56% for each of them.
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! ,'-)/(+,'
In this analysis, the author analyses the economic terms found in N.
Gregory Mankiw’s
and its translation into Bahasa
Indonesia. The author is not involved in the process of translating the term. The
author analyses the book and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia. The books
consist of 34 chapters. 11 chapters are selected as samples through systematic
sampling method. After identifying the economic terms from the source book and
the target book, the author finds one hundred eighty one (181) economic terms
found in the selected chapters of N. Gregory Mankiw’s
and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia.
In order to solve the problems of analysis, the author uses Vinay and
Darbelnet’s translation theory which divides translation procedures into seven
procedures which covers borrowing, calque, literal translation, modulation,
transposition, equivalence, and adaptation. Then, the author uses Malo’s formula
to find the most dominant procedure.
Based on the analysis, the author finds that all translation procedures
delivered by Vinay and Darbelnet exist in this analysis. Eighty six of one hundred
eighty one economic terms (47.51%) are translated with borrowing procedure.
Sixty one of one hundred eighty one economic terms (33.70%) are translated with
literal translation procedure. Eighteen of one hundred eighty one economic terms
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(9.94%) are translated with equivalence procedure. Then, calque, transposition,
modulation, and adaptation procedures are used in a small number. Calque
procedure takes 5.52%, transposition procedure takes 2.21%, and both modulation
and adaptation procedures take 0.56% for each of them.
Then, the author also arrives at the conclusion that the most dominant
procedure which is used to translate the economic terms found in N. Gregory
Mankiw’s
into Bahasa Indonesia is borrowing. This
finding of analysis supports the statement of Bolinger in his book )
1 that borrowing concentrates in the areas where contact is most intense,
for example science and technology.
/22$(*+,' Translating terms, in most cases, becomes the challenge for a translator in
doing translation process because in this stage the translator decides whether he/she makes orientation to the target text or the source text which influences the readability of the translation product itself for its readers. There is no exact formula to decide the best procedures to translate one term because different people will see from different perspective and style. Therefore, the more analysis about terms translation, the wider our horizone about translation procedures which is used in certain case.
Analysis of term translation will be helpful for those who have been a translator or who are beginners in translation. In addition, there must be a more scientific explanation of, for example, why borrowing procedures dominates in
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the translation of scientific book or why adaptation is rarely found in the
translation of scientific book. Knowledge is power so that science should be
readable for everyone in the future by being translated well. Therefore, it is
suggested that a study about terms translation be conducted in the future towards
every branch of science.
It is also suggested that this analysis be continued for further study to
analyse the translation ideology of
by Haris Munandar which
is translated from the book
by N. Gregory Mankiw.
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Baker, Mona and Gabriela Saldanha. 2009. 2
( * . Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Bell, Roger T. 1991. (
( &(
. London:
Longman Group Ltd.
Bolinger, D. 1975. )
1 &*
. New York: Harcourt
Brace Javanovich, Inc.
Catford, J.C. 1965. ) 1
(
( . London: Oxford
University Press.
Malo, Mannasse, et al. 1986. +
* . Jakarta: Universitas
Terbuka.
Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2001.
(*
. United
States of America: Harcourt College Publisher.
Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2003.
8% 9
/+
. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2003.
8% 8
/+
. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Muchtar, Muhizar et.al. 2012. !
'*
$% -
* * *9 . Medan: FIB USU.
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Nababan, Rudolf. 1999. ( + %
Pelajar.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. ( 7
(
Nida, E and C. Taber. 1969. ( (
Holland: Brill, reprinted 1982.
! " . Yogyakarta: Pustaka
. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ( Leiden,
Noss, Richard B. (ed.). 1982. ( Regiona; Language Centre.
( . Singapore: SEAMEO
Riduwan. 2008. + : ( +
( . Bandung : Alfabeta.
Schendl, Herbert. 2001. /
1
. London: Oxford University Press.
Silalahi, Ulber. 2010. +
* . Jakarta: Refika Aditama.
Strauss, Anselm. 2003. # ; #
- ;( 1
( ;( (
# . Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. ( (
* 2 . London and New York:
Routledge.
________. Januari 2008. (
. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology (January 2012).
________. October 27, 2011. (
#!
+ . Retrieved from http://ericktecno.com/contoh daftar pustaka/
(April 2012).
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@
&8)$ ! &*&
@@
! Economist
Consumer surplus
*
Deadweight loss
-
: Supply
Demand
< Elasticity
Comparative advantage -
Inflation
"
>
Monetary policy
-%
! Circular flow diagram #
!!
Input
"
!
Factors of production
.
!
Service
0
!:
Capital
+
!
Production possibilities
!
frontier
!<
Output
-
! Tradeoff
!
Opportunity cost
!
!> Price elasticity of
demand
Consumer
-
! Total revenue
Rise over run
,
Income elaticity of
demand
:
Normal goods
!
Price elasticity of supply
< Perfectly elastic
Deadweight loss
!
Levied
#
> Tax revenue
%
Deadweight loss
!
%
! Fall in total surplus
Marginal tax rate
(
%%
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Underground economy
:
Land tax
%
Property tax
%
<
Supply side economics
"
Deficit
#
Tax cut
%
>
Tax rate
(%
: !!
Excludability
:!
Rivalness
!
:
Private goods
!
:
Public goods
!
::
Common resource
*
:
Natural monopoly
+
:< Free rider
: Cost benefit analysis )
: Tragedy of the common (
:>
Complementary good
!
Commercial value
,
!
Property right
/
!: Market power
-
Competitive market
: Price taker
Average revenue
< Marginal revenue
%
Fixed cost
!
Variable cost
!
>
Shut down
(
< Exit -
Product variety externality
Business stealing externality
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!
Advertising
"
Brand name
+
Inequality
-
:
Poverty rate
(
Poverty line
3
<
Money income
$
Housing voucher
*
In kind transfer
(
> Transitory income
Permanent income
!
Economic mobility
+
Utility
$
Liberalism
1
:
libertarianism
1
Social insurance
)
<
Central distribution
#
Negative income tax
%
Workfare
4
> Gross domestic product
> Consumer price index "
>!
Inflation rate
1%
>
Deflator
#
> Benchmark
>:
Producer price index
"
>
Substitution bias
!
>< Unmeasured quality
change
>
Value of dollar
,
>
Fixed price
/
>>
Indexed
#
!
Allowance
(%
!!
Interest rate
*
!
Deposit
+
!
Nominal interest rate
*
!:
Real interest rate
*
!
<
Natural rate of
(
unemployment
! < Cyclical unemployment
!
Labor force
)%
!
Unemployment rate
(
!>
Labor force paricipation
(
rate %
!!
Discouraged worker
%
!!! Spells of unemployment #
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Universitas Sumatera Utara
Skripsi ini berjudul " #$ %&'()&*+,' %,-$./%$( ,0 -,',1+- $%1(
,/'. +' #$ %&'()&*+,' ,0 %$2,%3 &'4+5 (
+'*, &%+( /'&'.&% (
6 yang merupakan analisis prosedur
penerjemahan istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat pada buku
oleh N. Gregory Mankiw dan buku terjemahannya
yang diterjemahkan oleh Haris Munandar. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah
mengetahui prosedur terjemahan apa yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan
istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat di dalam buku di atas dan untuk menemukan
prosedur terjemahan apa yang dominan. Teori yang dipakai adalah teori prosedur
terjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet dalam Venuti (2000:84 93). Teori ini
menyatakan bahwa ada tujuh prosedur terjemahan, yaitu: peminjaman
( ), , terjemahan harfiah (
), transposisi
(
), modulasi (
), ekuivalensi (
), dan adaptasi
( ). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian pustaka (
) untuk mencari referensi yang berhubungan dengan analisis dan metode
dekriptif kualitatif dalam menganalisis data. Data diperoleh melalui metode
pengambilan sampel secara sistematis (
). Berdasarkan
analisis, ditemukan 181 istilah ekonomi dimana 47,51% diterjemahkan dengan
prosedur peminjaman, 33.70% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur terjemahan
harfiah, 9.94% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur ekuivalensi, 5,52% diterjemahkan
dengan prosedur calque, 2,21% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur transposisi, 0,56%
diterjemahkan dengan prosedur modulasi, dan 0,56% diterjemahkan dengan
prosedur adaptasi. Prosedur yang dominan digunakan adalah peminjaman.
Kata kunci: penerjemahan, prosedur terjemahan, istilah ekonomi.
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Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12
: Data Identification : Pure Loanwords : Mix Loanwords : Loan Blends : Literal Translation : Calque : Transposition : Modulation : Equivalence : Adaptation : Types of Procedure : Data
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! ! &-42%,/'. ,0 #$ */.3 ! %,8)$1 ,0 #$ */.3 ! #$ 89$-*+7$ ,0 #$ */.3 ! : #$ -,;$ ,0 #$ */.3 ! #$ +2'+0+-&'-$ ,0 #$ */.3
! $0+'+*+,' ,0 %&'()&*+,' %&'()&*+,' &( #$,%3= %,-$((= &'. %,./-* /'-*+,' ,0 %&'()&*+,'
: %,-$./%$( ,0 %&'()&*+,' : ! ,%%,5+'2 : &)?/$ : +*$%&) %&'()&*+,' : : %&'(;,(+*+,' : ,./)&*+,' : < ?/+7&)$'-$ : .&;*&*+,' -,',1+- $%1
! $($&%-# $(+2' ,/%-$ ,0 &*&
+ ++ +++ +7 7 7+ 7++
!
< <
> ! !! ! ! !: !: ! !< !< !
! !
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&*& ,))$-*+,' %,-$./%$ : *$; ,0 *#$ $($&%-#
== : ! &*& '&)3(+( : &*& $(-%+;*+,'
: ! ,%%,5+'2 : &)?/$ : +*$%&) %&'()&*+,' : : %&'(;,(+*+,' : ,./)&*+,' : < ?/+7&)$'-$ : .&;*&*+,' : &*& +'.+'2
! ,'-)/(+,' /22$(*+,'
@
! !>
!
!
:
< > >
:! :
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SL : Source Language ST : Target Language TL : Source Text TT : Target Text PHK : Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja
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Skripsi ini berjudul " #$ %&'()&*+,' %,-$./%$( ,0 -,',1+- $%1(
,/'. +' #$ %&'()&*+,' ,0 %$2,%3 &'4+5 (
+'*, &%+( /'&'.&% (
6 yang merupakan analisis prosedur
penerjemahan istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat pada buku
oleh N. Gregory Mankiw dan buku terjemahannya
yang diterjemahkan oleh Haris Munandar. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah
mengetahui prosedur terjemahan apa yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan
istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat di dalam buku di atas dan untuk menemukan
prosedur terjemahan apa yang dominan. Teori yang dipakai adalah teori prosedur
terjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet dalam Venuti (2000:84 93). Teori ini
menyatakan bahwa ada tujuh prosedur terjemahan, yaitu: peminjaman
( ), , terjemahan harfiah (
), transposisi
(
), modulasi (
), ekuivalensi (
), dan adaptasi
( ). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian pustaka (
) untuk mencari referensi yang berhubungan dengan analisis dan metode
dekriptif kualitatif dalam menganalisis data. Data diperoleh melalui metode
pengambilan sampel secara sistematis (
). Berdasarkan
analisis, ditemukan 181 istilah ekonomi dimana 47,51% diterjemahkan dengan
prosedur peminjaman, 33.70% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur terjemahan
harfiah, 9.94% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur ekuivalensi, 5,52% diterjemahkan
dengan prosedur calque, 2,21% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur transposisi, 0,56%
diterjemahkan dengan prosedur modulasi, dan 0,56% diterjemahkan dengan
prosedur adaptasi. Prosedur yang dominan digunakan adalah peminjaman.
Kata kunci: penerjemahan, prosedur terjemahan, istilah ekonomi.
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! ! &-42%,/'. ,0 *#$ */.3 The varieties of language has made a gap for people from different
countries to share information in communication. In order to bridge the gap, translation is conducted. Translation is attempted to be used to overcome barriers in international communication. It takes a very important role and has successfully played its role in spreading the knowledge in this world through the translation of scientific books and journals. We cannot deny that there are a lot of good books of science written in English, which some of them are not readable for some interested learners. By the translation of those books, science has been made understandable and familiar to a lot of people. Therefore, some scientific terms, such as export, import, credit, debet and monopoly have been familiar to most of us.
Science is always improving and making innovation to fulfil the human need. Economy is one of the sciences which is improving rapidly to fulfil human need. Economy has an intense contact to human life. Everyday, human activities will include economic activities, such as purchasing, selling, and paying something.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, term is a word or phrase used as the name of something, especially one connected with a particular subject or used in a particular type of language.
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As economic science improves and innovates, it often evolves or produces
new term. This new term may cause problems to a translator since it is quite
impossible to update the existing dictionaries with a new term in every short
period in order to have a very complete term dictionary. Compiling new term
dictionary would also require a tremendous amount of human effort.
In this case, because of some reasons, a translator should decide whether
he tries to find the equivalent word in the target language or to loan those terms
into the target language. Bolinger (1975:419) says, “Borrowings concentrates in
the areas where contact is most intense. Therefore, it is not surprising that science
and technology lead the field nowadays, with sport and tourism close behind. But
the contact has grown so close in recent time with press, radio, television, and
international travel, that a kind of universal diffusion is taking place.” For
example, the word
which is translated into
The translator
uses borrowing procedure. The translator borrows the term from the target
language and make changes in the writing system of the word.
Another problem that frequently appears is that economic terms often
cannot be translated on a word by word basis. While the individual word of the
term may have many possible translations, the term itself typically has a unique
translation that may or may not correspond to the translation of its components.
For example,
which is translated into
. This is one of the
example of the term found in Gregory Mankiw’s The Principles of Economics.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, to ask means to request that
somebody gives something or does something. In Bahasa Indonesia, this is
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. While price means an amount of money for which something may be
bought or sold which in Bahasa Indonesia, it is
. The translation of the word
corresponds to
that what a buyer ask is usually the lowest price. In this
case, the translator uses equivalence procedure to solve the translation problem.
In the other hand, some translations of term may not have corresponse
between its components. For example, the translation of
into
. means
which is
in Bahasa Indonesia,
refers to the thing owned by a person or company that has value, which is
in Bahasa. In this example, the translation of the term
into
does not correspond to the translation the word composing the term.
In this case, the translator also uses the equivalence procedure to solve the
translation problem.
In addition, it also frequently appears that a translator adds a word to make
the translation not strange in the target language. For example, the term
which is translated into
instead of
and which
is translated into
instead of
. The translation of
the terms substitutions and demands faces problem if they are translated with
literal translation. In these cases, transposition procedure is used.
Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha (2009:288) says that in most cases, it
is the terminologists who engage in the systemic research of one or more domains
in order to compile bi or multi lingual resources, such as glossaries or term
banks, for use by translators. However, as noted above, translators themselves
may engage in a kind of ad hoc terminographic activity when they endeavour to
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establish a terminological equivalent or find a translation solution to a particular
terminological problem encountered in a text. It means that translator also plays a
role in determining the name of scientific term in a target language. The translator
gives contribution to the target language in expanding its vocabularies when no
equivalence in TL is found, especially the vocabularies dealing with science
which will always improve.
Context is also important in the transfer of meaning done by the translator.
It is done in order to transfer information to the target text as much as in the
source text so that the reader who cannot understand a certain source text can have
the same, not less or more, idea and knowledge about a scientific field as those
who can understand the source text. The pluralities definition of words, the
different cultures, and the problem of there is no equivalence in the target text
causes some problems in translation. In addition, it seems easier to get the
equivalent of English words in isolation. But when it comes to phrases and
sentences then the knowledge of grammar and ability to translated based on
context play an important role. As in the translation of the term
which is
translated into
instead of
in economic context discourse.
In order to face the problems in translation, some experts has created some
translation strategies, methods, techniques or procedures. One of them is the
translation procedures delivered by Vinay and Darbelnet which will be used to
analyze the data in this thesis. The translation procedures cover borrowing,
calque, literal translation, modulation, transposition, adaptation, and equivalence.
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In this thesis, we will see what are the translation procedures and what is
the dominant one used in the translation of the economic terms in N. Gregory
Mankiw’s
into Bahasa Indonesia by Haris Munandar
! %,8)$1 ,0 *#$ */.3
The problems of analysis in this thesis are:
1. What are the procedures found in the translation of economic term in
N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into Bahasa
Indonesia?
2. What is the most dominant procedures occured in the translation of
economic term in N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into
Bahasa Indonesia?
! 89$-*+7$ ,0 *#$ */.3
The objectives of the analysis in this thesis are:
1. To figure out the procedures found in the translation of economic
terms in N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into Bahasa
Indonesia.
2. To figure out the most dominant procedure occured in the translation
of economic terms in N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into Bahasa Indonesia.
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! : -,;$ ,0 #$ */.3 The study is focused on analyzing the data from N. Gregory Mankiw’s and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia by seven
procedures. The data are economic terms which are collected from the selected chapter as samples. The analysis covers the seven procedures in order to get the result of the analysis related to the procedures.
! +2'+0+-&'-$ ,0 #$ */.3 A study is done due to certain significances it has. The significances of the
study can be both theoretical and practical. It other words, the result of a study should be beneficial for developing knowledge and insight, and also can be applied for daily living (Silalahi, 2010:2 3).
Based on the statement above, this study has two major significances. First, this thesis is expected to enlarge the writer’s and the reader’s knowledge about translation and economy terms in both English and Indonesian languages. Second, it is expected to be helpful for people especially the students who want to be a translator or currently work as a translator, to learn how to conduct translating terms, especially economic term.
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! $($&%-# $(+2' The research method of the analysis is the library research by consulting
some books and dictionaries in order to collect the theories and references. In addition, some information is also acquired from the internet to support or complete the collected theories.
In conducting the analysis, the author used descriptive qualitative method. It refers to a research explaining the analysis or a hypothesis of a research (Strauss, 2003:7). The formula dealing with the data calculation is solely used to support the data analysis.
,/%-$ ,0 &*&
The data in this thesis are collected from the economic book entitled
by N. Gregory Mankiw and its translation book in
Bahasa Indonesia entitled
by Haris Munandar.
&*& ,))$-*+,' %,-$./%$(
The book
by N. Gregory Mankiw and its
translation into Bahasa Indonesia consists of 34 chapters. In this thesis, some
chapters are selected as samples for the analysis by using systematic sampling
(Silalahi, 2009:264 265). In systematic sampling, the researcher numbers the
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samples. Then, the researcher decides the number of samples (n) which are going to be analyzed from the total population (N). In order to make the samples selected systematically, we use interval (K). The interval (K) can be counted by
the formula K = . The first sample is selected randomly, then the next sample is
determined by the interval added to the first sample. The sources of data consist of 34 chapters. The number of samples are 11
chapters. So, with N = 34, n = 11, the number of interval are: K=
K= K=3 So, the samples are 11 chapters which starts from chapter 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32.
: *$; ,0 *#$ $($&%-# The steps done in collecting and analyzing the data are:
1. Reading the book in English as the source text (ST) and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia as the target text (TT).
2. Identifying words and phrases that are included as economic terms. 3. Selecting some data which strongly related to the economic terms. 4. Listing the terms occurred as the data findings.
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5. Identifying the equivalence between ST and TT. 6. Contrasting the terms in ST and TT in order to figure out the procedures of
translation used. 7. Identifying the procedures of translation occurred. 8. Classifying the procedures of translation occurred. 9. Finding out the most dominant procedure of translation occurred in the
translation. In order to figure out the most dominant procedures of translation occurred in the translation, this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to Malo’s method of social research (1986:200). Following is the formula of calculating the percentage of the procedures used:
N = X 100%
X : Number of the subcategory of the procedures of translation Y : Number of all data N : The percentage of the procedures of translation
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=
: ! &*& '&)3(+(
There are one hundred eighty one (181) economic terms found in the
chapters selected through systematic sampling for this analysis. The objectives of
this analysis are to figure out the procedures found in the translation of economic
term in terms in N. Gregory Mankiw’s
into Bahasa
Indonesia and to figure out the most dominant one.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory, there are seven procedures of
translation, they are borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition,
modulation, and adaptation. The following table shows the data of economic
terms taken from the selected chapters and the types of procedure which are used
to translate them.
&8)$ ! &*& .$'*+0+-&*+,'
, &*&
,/%-$ $A*
&%2$* $A*
/18$%
! ! Advertising
"
>> Allowance
(%
! Appreciation
)
: ! > Arbitrage
)
! ! Automatic stabilizer
< Average revenue
! Balance trade
%,-$./%$
Literal Translation Equivalence Borrowing Borrowing Calque Literal Translation Literal Translation
> Benchmark
Equivalence
> !! Benefit check
(%
Equivalence
! !!> Blackmarket
!! !
Bond
*
Transposition Transposition
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! ! Booming
!
!
Brand name
+
!: ! ! Budget deficit
#
! Business stealing
externality
!< !: Capital
+
! < Central distribution #
! ! Circular flow
#
diagram
!> ! > Closed economy
! Collective
(
bargaining
! Commercial value ,
:: Common resource *
Borrowing Equivalence Borrowing Borrowing
Literal Translation Calque Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing Literal Translation
! < Company town
:
Comparative
-
advantage
Competitive market
< :> Complementary
!
good
Consumer
-
> Consumer price
"
index
> Consumer surplus *
! < Convert
+
! : Cost benefit analysis )
Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing
Calque Borrowing Borrowing
! Crowding out ! < Cyclical
unemployment : Deadweight loss
Deadweight loss < Deadweight loss
!: Default
! ! (
Borrowing Borrowing
Equivalence Equivalence % Equivalence Modulation
Deficit
#
> > Deflator
#
: Demand
:! !
Deposit
+
: ! : Depreciation
#
: !! Discouraged worker
%
:: ! Economic mobility +
: ! Economist
:< < Efficient scale
*
Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation Calque Borrowing Borrowing
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: < Elasticity
: ! ! Equilibrium interest *
rate
:> < Excess capacity
-
! Exchange rates
-
! !< Exchange rate effect #
: Excludability
< Exit
-
: !:< Expenditure
! ! Export
< ! Factors of
.
production
! Fall in total surplus
!: Finance
+
>!
Financial market
< ! Gross domestic
product
< !! Guarantees of job 0
security
Housing voucher
*
!! Inflation rate
In kind transfer
> !! Input
! ! Interest rate
# " 1% ( " *
%
Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing
Equivalence Literal Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Calque
Borowing
Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Equivalence Borrowing
Borrowing
Literal Translation Borrowing
Borrowing
Literal Translation
Equivalence Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation
Borrowing Literal translation Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation
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! ! Labor force
(
paricipation rate
%
< !! Laid off
# /-
: Land tax
%
!
Law of one price
/
> Levied
#
>
Liberalism
1
>! : Libertarianism
1
> !< Liquidity preference
> < Marginal firm
%
>: !
Marginal propensity -
to consume
%
> < Marginal revenue
%
><
Marginal tax rate (
%
%
>
Market power
-
> > ! ! Minimum wage
$
!
> Monetary policy
-%
! ! < Money income
$
! ! Money supply
0
! < Monopolistic
competition
!: !
Multiplier effect
#
! !:> Mutual fund
2
!< :
Natural monopoly +
! ! Natural rate of
(
unemployment
! Negative income tax %
!> !
Net export
!! ! > Net foreign
"
investment
!!! !
Nominal exchange ,
rate
!! !
Nominal interest rate *
!! : Normal goods
!
!!: !: Offset
+
!! !
Open economy
Literal Translation Borrowing
Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation
Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Calque Borrowing Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing
Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Equivalence Equivalence Borrowing
Literal Translation Equivalence Borrowing Literal Translation
Borrowing
Calque Borrowing
Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing
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!!< ! !! !< !! ! !!> !< !< !!
Opportunity cost Output Paycheck Monetary policy Perfectly elastic Permanent income
! 3% -%
!
Poverty line
3
! : Poverty rate
(
! : !> Price elasticity of
demand
! Price elasticity of supply
! < : ! >:
Price maker Price taker Printing press Private goods Producer price index
! "
!! <
Product
#
differentiation
! ! Production
!
possibilities frontier
! Product variety
externality
! : ! Property right
/
!
Property tax
%
!< :
Public goods
!
! !: Purchase
! !< Purchasing power #
!> !
Purchasing power
parity
!: !
Ramification
2
!:! !
Real exchange rate ,
!: ! : Real interest rate *
!: !
Reservation wage $
!:: !
Right to work laws $
!:
Rise over run
,
!:< :! Rivalness !: !:: Sale !: ! Service
! %
0
%
Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing
Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation
Literal Translation
Literal Translation Literal Translation Equivalence Literal Translation Borrowing
Calque
Literal Translation
Borrowing
Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing
Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Borrowing Literal Translation
Equivalence
Transposition Literal Translation Literal Translation
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!:> > Shut down
(
!
Social insurance
)
! ! !!! Spells of
#
unemployment
! !: Stock
*
! ! : Stock market
! : ! : Strike
! !! Structural
unemployment
!< >
Substitution bias
!
! < Supply side
"
economics
!< Tax cut
! Tax cut
!< > Tax rate
(
!< > Tax revenue
!<
!< !> ! ! > !< !! !!
Union Unmeasured quality change Utility Value of dollar Variable cost Wealth effect Worker turnover Workfare
*
$ , ! #
4
% %
% %
%
%
Literal Translation Calque Literal Translation
Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing
Calque Equivalence Literal Translation Borrowing
Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing Equivalence Equivalence
Literal Translation
Borrowing
Borrowing
Literal Translation
Transposition Literal Translation
Borrowing Adaptation Borrowing Literal Translation Literal Translation Borrowing
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: &*& $(-%+;*+,'
In this section, the writer will analyse the data of each procedure which
has been classified. The description of each procedure is followed by example and
explanation.
: ! ,%%,5+'2
It is the procedure where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and
transferred to the TL, but in a ‘naturalized form’, which is made to conform to the
rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. borrowing with no change in form and
meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without
changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the term is
native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends). The following table is borrowing which is found from the data and
followed by the analysis. Table 3 shows pure loanwords. Table 4 shows mix
loanwords. Table 5 shows loan blends.
&8)$ /%$ ),&'5,%.(
, &*&
,/%-$ $A*
/18$%
! ! Booming
! < Company town
! Crowding out
: > Deflator
!! Input
< Closed economy
<
!
Collective bargaining
(
Commercial value
,
Comparative advantage -
> Competitive market
!
:> Complementary good
!
!!
>
Consumer price index
"
!
: Cost benefit analysis
)
! ! < Cyclical unemployment
!: < Efficient scale
*
! ! ! Equilibrium interest rate *
!< < Excess capacity
-
&%2$* $A*
! ! Gross domestic product
>! Inflation rate
1%
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In kind transfer
(
: ! < Investment accelerator
! Investment tax credit - %
< < Marginal firm
%
! Marginal propensity to -
consume
%
< Marginal revenue
%
>
Marginal tax rate
( %%
! ! Minimum wage
$
! > Monetary policy
-%
< Monopolistic competition
: Natural monopoly
+
:
Negative income tax
%
! > Net foreign investment "
!
Open economy
: ! Opportunity cost
!
:! !< Monetary policy
-%
: < Perfectly elastic
: Permanent income
:: >: Producer price index
"
: Product variety
externality
:< : Public goods
!
: ! Purchasing power parity
: ! Real exchange rate
,
:> ! : Real interest rate
*
! Reservation wage
$
! !! Structural unemployment
< Supply side economics "
! Total revenue
: ! < Trade deficit
#
! Trade surplus
*
< Underground economy
!!: Unemployment insurance )
Variable cost
!
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1) Budget deficit → #
5) 6 is native while 5 6 is borrowed from source language ‘deficit’.
2) Fiscal policy → - %
5- % 6 is native while 5 6 is borrowed from source language ‘fiscal’.
3) Competitive market →
5 6 is native while 5
6 is borrowed from source language
‘competitive’.
: &)?/$
A calque is a special kind of borrowing in which the SL borrows a word or
an expression, but then translate it literally each of its elements.
&8)$ < &)?/$
, &*&
,/%-$ $A*
&%2$* $A*
/18$%
! ! ! Automatic stabilizer
< Central distribution #
Consumer surplus
*
: ! Economic mobility +
! Factors of production .
< !< Liquidity preference
! Net export
< Product differentiation #
>
Social insurance
)
! > Substitution bias !
1) Automatic stabilizer →
‘Automatic stabilizer’ is translated with linear substitution into target
language ‘
’. ‘Automatic’ which comes as a first word in
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source language becomes the second word in target language and vice versa.
Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.
The word 5
6 is borrowed from source language ‘automatic’ with
some writing system changes. ‘au ‘ becomes ‘ ‘ and the ‘c’ becomes ‘ ’.
It also happens at the translation of ‘stabilizer’ into ‘
6 where
suffix ‘–er’ in SL becomes prefix ‘ 5 in TL.
2) Consumer surplus → *
‘Konsumen’ is borrowed from the TL ‘consumer’ with some writing
system change. ‘c’ becomes ‘ ’ and suffix ‘ er’ becomes ‘ ’. While,
‘ ’ is purely borrowed from the SL.
3) Substitution bias → !
‘* ’ is borrowed from the TL ‘substitution’ with writing system
change. Suffix ‘ tion’ in SL becomes ‘ ’ in TL. While, ‘ ’ is purely
borrowed from the SL.
: +*$%&) %&'()&*+,'
Literal Translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically
and idiomatically appropriate TL text.
&8)$ +*$%&) %&'()&*+,'
, &*&
,/%-$ $A*
/18$%
! ! Advertising
Average revenue
! Balance trade
: !: Capital
:: Common resource
&%2$* $A* "
+ *
< Demand
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!! Discouraged worker
%
!< Exchange rate effect #
> < Exit
-
! !:< Expenditure
!! !: Finance
+
! ! Financial market
!
Fixed cost
!
!: :< Free rider
! !! Guarantees of job 0
%
security
!< Income elaticity of
demand
!
Inequality
-
! ! ! Interest rate
*
!> ! Labor force
(
paricipation rate
%
!! Laid off
# /-
: Land tax
%
:!
Law of one price
/
Levied
#
<
Market power
-
! Multiplier effect
#
! Natural rate of
(
unemployment
> !< Output
-
! Paycheck
3%
!
Poverty line
3
: Poverty rate
(
!> Price elasticity of
demand
: Price elasticity of
supply
! Property right
/
:
Property tax
%
:! !: Purchase
: !< Purchasing power #
: ! Right to work laws $
%
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:: !:: Sale
%
: ! Service
0
:< > Shut down
(
: !!! Spells of
#
unemployment
: !: Stock
*
:> ! : Stock market
! : Strike
! : Supply
Tax cut
%
! > Tax cut
%
: > Tax rate
(%
> Tax revenue
%
< ! : Trade balance
,
> Transitory income
! Unemployment rate (
> >< Unmeasured quality
change
< !< Wealth effect
#
> Allowance
> Benchmark
&%2$* $A* (%
!! Benefit check
(%
: Brand name Deadweight loss
< Deadweight loss Deadweight loss
! Exchange rates > > Fixed price ! Housing voucher !! < Money income ! ! Money supply ! !:> Mutual fund !: !< Printing press ! Rise over run
+ ! ! / * $ 0 2
,
%
!< Value of dollar
&%2$* $A* ,
1) Value of dollar → , The source text is written in English language refering to specific country, that is United States point of view. So, the currency which is used as an example by the writer is dollar. Then, the translator translated it to have a more general meaning which does not only refer to certain country’s currency by the word (money in SL).
: &*& +'.+'2
Based on the analysis, all of the procedures of translation delivered by
Vinay and Darbelnet are used to translate the economic terms in N. Gregory
Mankiw’s
into Bahasa Indonesia. The table below
figures out the percentage of procedures used.
&8)$ !! 3;$( ,0 %,-$./%$
, 3;$( ,0 %,-$./%$ /18$% ,0 &*&
$%-$'*&2$
1 Borrowing
86
86 x 100% = 47.51%
181
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2 Calque 3 Literal Translation 4 Transposition 5 Modulation 6 Equivalence 7 Adaptation
10
10 x 100% = 5.52%
181
61
61 x 100% = 33.70%
181
4
4 x 100% = 2.21%
181
1
1 x 100% = 0.56%
181
18
18 x 100% = 9.94%
181
1
1 x 100% = 0.56%
181
The table shows that borrowing is the most dominant procedure used in translating these economic terms. Eighty six of of one hundred eighty one economic terms (47.51%) are translated with this procedure. Sixty one of one hundred eighty one economic terms (33.70%) are translated with literal translation procedure. Eighteen of one hundred eighty one economic terms (9.94%) are translated with equivalence procedure. Then, calque, transposition, modulation, and adaptation procedures are used in a small number. Calque procedure takes 5.52%, transposition procedure takes 2.21%, and both modulation and adaptation procedures take 0.56% for each of them.
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! ,'-)/(+,'
In this analysis, the author analyses the economic terms found in N.
Gregory Mankiw’s
and its translation into Bahasa
Indonesia. The author is not involved in the process of translating the term. The
author analyses the book and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia. The books
consist of 34 chapters. 11 chapters are selected as samples through systematic
sampling method. After identifying the economic terms from the source book and
the target book, the author finds one hundred eighty one (181) economic terms
found in the selected chapters of N. Gregory Mankiw’s
and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia.
In order to solve the problems of analysis, the author uses Vinay and
Darbelnet’s translation theory which divides translation procedures into seven
procedures which covers borrowing, calque, literal translation, modulation,
transposition, equivalence, and adaptation. Then, the author uses Malo’s formula
to find the most dominant procedure.
Based on the analysis, the author finds that all translation procedures
delivered by Vinay and Darbelnet exist in this analysis. Eighty six of one hundred
eighty one economic terms (47.51%) are translated with borrowing procedure.
Sixty one of one hundred eighty one economic terms (33.70%) are translated with
literal translation procedure. Eighteen of one hundred eighty one economic terms
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(9.94%) are translated with equivalence procedure. Then, calque, transposition,
modulation, and adaptation procedures are used in a small number. Calque
procedure takes 5.52%, transposition procedure takes 2.21%, and both modulation
and adaptation procedures take 0.56% for each of them.
Then, the author also arrives at the conclusion that the most dominant
procedure which is used to translate the economic terms found in N. Gregory
Mankiw’s
into Bahasa Indonesia is borrowing. This
finding of analysis supports the statement of Bolinger in his book )
1 that borrowing concentrates in the areas where contact is most intense,
for example science and technology.
/22$(*+,' Translating terms, in most cases, becomes the challenge for a translator in
doing translation process because in this stage the translator decides whether he/she makes orientation to the target text or the source text which influences the readability of the translation product itself for its readers. There is no exact formula to decide the best procedures to translate one term because different people will see from different perspective and style. Therefore, the more analysis about terms translation, the wider our horizone about translation procedures which is used in certain case.
Analysis of term translation will be helpful for those who have been a translator or who are beginners in translation. In addition, there must be a more scientific explanation of, for example, why borrowing procedures dominates in
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the translation of scientific book or why adaptation is rarely found in the
translation of scientific book. Knowledge is power so that science should be
readable for everyone in the future by being translated well. Therefore, it is
suggested that a study about terms translation be conducted in the future towards
every branch of science.
It is also suggested that this analysis be continued for further study to
analyse the translation ideology of
by Haris Munandar which
is translated from the book
by N. Gregory Mankiw.
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Baker, Mona and Gabriela Saldanha. 2009. 2
( * . Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Bell, Roger T. 1991. (
( &(
. London:
Longman Group Ltd.
Bolinger, D. 1975. )
1 &*
. New York: Harcourt
Brace Javanovich, Inc.
Catford, J.C. 1965. ) 1
(
( . London: Oxford
University Press.
Malo, Mannasse, et al. 1986. +
* . Jakarta: Universitas
Terbuka.
Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2001.
(*
. United
States of America: Harcourt College Publisher.
Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2003.
8% 9
/+
. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2003.
8% 8
/+
. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Muchtar, Muhizar et.al. 2012. !
'*
$% -
* * *9 . Medan: FIB USU.
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Nababan, Rudolf. 1999. ( + %
Pelajar.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. ( 7
(
Nida, E and C. Taber. 1969. ( (
Holland: Brill, reprinted 1982.
! " . Yogyakarta: Pustaka
. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ( Leiden,
Noss, Richard B. (ed.). 1982. ( Regiona; Language Centre.
( . Singapore: SEAMEO
Riduwan. 2008. + : ( +
( . Bandung : Alfabeta.
Schendl, Herbert. 2001. /
1
. London: Oxford University Press.
Silalahi, Ulber. 2010. +
* . Jakarta: Refika Aditama.
Strauss, Anselm. 2003. # ; #
- ;( 1
( ;( (
# . Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. ( (
* 2 . London and New York:
Routledge.
________. Januari 2008. (
. Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology (January 2012).
________. October 27, 2011. (
#!
+ . Retrieved from http://ericktecno.com/contoh daftar pustaka/
(April 2012).
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@
&8)$ ! &*&
@@
! Economist
Consumer surplus
*
Deadweight loss
-
: Supply
Demand
< Elasticity
Comparative advantage -
Inflation
"
>
Monetary policy
-%
! Circular flow diagram #
!!
Input
"
!
Factors of production
.
!
Service
0
!:
Capital
+
!
Production possibilities
!
frontier
!<
Output
-
! Tradeoff
!
Opportunity cost
!
!> Price elasticity of
demand
Consumer
-
! Total revenue
Rise over run
,
Income elaticity of
demand
:
Normal goods
!
Price elasticity of supply
< Perfectly elastic
Deadweight loss
!
Levied
#
> Tax revenue
%
Deadweight loss
!
%
! Fall in total surplus
Marginal tax rate
(
%%
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Underground economy
:
Land tax
%
Property tax
%
<
Supply side economics
"
Deficit
#
Tax cut
%
>
Tax rate
(%
: !!
Excludability
:!
Rivalness
!
:
Private goods
!
:
Public goods
!
::
Common resource
*
:
Natural monopoly
+
:< Free rider
: Cost benefit analysis )
: Tragedy of the common (
:>
Complementary good
!
Commercial value
,
!
Property right
/
!: Market power
-
Competitive market
: Price taker
Average revenue
< Marginal revenue
%
Fixed cost
!
Variable cost
!
>
Shut down
(
< Exit -
Product variety externality
Business stealing externality
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!
Advertising
"
Brand name
+
Inequality
-
:
Poverty rate
(
Poverty line
3
<
Money income
$
Housing voucher
*
In kind transfer
(
> Transitory income
Permanent income
!
Economic mobility
+
Utility
$
Liberalism
1
:
libertarianism
1
Social insurance
)
<
Central distribution
#
Negative income tax
%
Workfare
4
> Gross domestic product
> Consumer price index "
>!
Inflation rate
1%
>
Deflator
#
> Benchmark
>:
Producer price index
"
>
Substitution bias
!
>< Unmeasured quality
change
>
Value of dollar
,
>
Fixed price
/
>>
Indexed
#
!
Allowance
(%
!!
Interest rate
*
!
Deposit
+
!
Nominal interest rate
*
!:
Real interest rate
*
!
<
Natural rate of
(
unemployment
! < Cyclical unemployment
!
Labor force
)%
!
Unemployment rate
(
!>
Labor force paricipation
(
rate %
!!
Discouraged worker
%
!!! Spells of unemployment #
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