JAVANESE LANGUAGE SHIFT IN SUBUH SALAM.
LANGUAGE SHIFT BY SPEAKERS OF JAVANESE IN
SUBULUSSALAM ACEH
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillments of the Requarements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
KARYANTO
Registration Number:8136112037
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and
the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His Blessing
in the completion of this thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet
Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today.
In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his
deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to
his by a lot of people.
The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Dr.Siti Aisyah Ginting,
M.Pd Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A,Ph.D, Dr.Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd as his first
advisor and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S as his second advisor for their all
guidance through the completion of this thesis.
Then, his appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed as the Head
of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Anni Hollila Pulungan M.
Hum. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have
assisted his in processing the administration requirements during the process of
hih studies in the Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.
The writer’s great thanks also goes to his reviewers and examiners, Prof.
Amrin Saragih, M.A,Ph.D, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih M. Pd and Prof. Dr.Syahron Lubis,
M.A.. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and improvements
for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all lecturers
teaching his during the academic years of LTBI.
Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents, Drs.
Ruslan abdul Gani Harahap and Derliana Siregar who have given their pray,
motivation, support, and also endless praying. And also special thank for his
lovely, soulmate and the queen of my heart Afrina Dewi Lubis,S.Farm, Apt,
M.Farm, and also sister, brother, and the whole families who always support him
and no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and express how
much he loves them.
And also for my friends of LTBI B2 XXIII who have supported him to
conduct this thesis.
Medan, August 2016
The writer,
Karyanto
Reg. No. 8136112037
ABSTRACT
Karyanto. Registration Number : 8136112037. Javanese language Shift in
Subuh Salam. A thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistics
Study Program. The state University of Medan. 2016.
This study deals with the Language Shift among second and third Generations of
Javanese. It employs qualitative research design with a case study. This study
aims to describe: (1) the factors influence language shift among second and third
generations of Javanese and (2) the reasons of the second and third generations
of Javanese shift into Indonesian language. The subjects were 10
second generations of Javanese people and 10 third generations of Javanese
people. They were chosen whose parents are Javanese people and the teenagers
were Javanese people. The instruments were questionnaire and interview.
The questioner was used to obtain the factor and the reasons of Language shift,
and the interview was used to obtain the factors and also the reasons of language
shift. The data were analyzed by Miles and Hubberman and saldana’s data
analysis. There are five factors influenced language shift in second
generation of Javanese people, they are; bilingualsm, economic and social,
social factors, demographic factor,institutional factor and value and attitude.
While there were two factors influenced in the third generation namely
bilingualism and attitude and value.There are two reasons of second generations
used Indonesian Language, the first was prestige and social success of
Indonesian language. While there were three reasons of the third generation of
Javanese teenagers used Indonesian Language namely status,prestige and social
success.
i
ABSTRAK
Karyanto. NIM: 8136112037. Pergeseran Bahasa Jawa di Subuh Salam.
Tesis. Linguistik TerapanBahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana,
Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang pergeseran bahasa dikalangan generasi
kedua dan ketiga pada masyarakat Jawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode
penelitian kualitatif dengan desain penelitian studi kasus, yang mengkaji : (1)
faktor-faktor mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa di kalangan generasi kedua dan
ketiga pada masyrakat Jawa, (2)alasan generasi kedua dan ketiga Jawa menggeser
penggunaan bahasa Jawa ke bahasa Indonesia.Subjek penelitianini adalah 20
generasi kedua pada orang Jawa, dan 20 orang Jawa pada generasi ketiga pada
orang Jawa. Mereka dipilih dari 20 orang Jawa padda generasi kedua dan 20
orang Jawa pada generasi ketiga yang juga oarang Jawa. Instrumen yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah angket dan wawancara. kuesioner ini
digunakan untuk memperoleh faktor dan alsan pergeseran Bahasa, dan wawancara
digunakan untuk mendapatkan faktor dan juga alasan pergesearn pada bahasa
Jawa. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode Miles dan Hubberman dan Saldana.
Ada lima faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa di kalangan generasi ked
ua pada orang tua Jawa, seperti; bilingualisme,ekonomi dan sosial,demografi,ins
titusi,dan nilai dan sikap. Sedangkan terdapat dua faktor yang mempengaruhi
pergeseran bahasa Jawa pada generasi ke tiga yaitu bilingual dan nilai dan sikap.
Terdapat dua alasan yang pada generasi kedua menggunakan bahasa Jawa yaitu
prestig dan keberhasialan sosial. Sedangkan pada generasi ketiga terdapat tiga
alsana yaitu status, prestis adan kebershasilan sosial.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................ v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1
1.1 The Background of the Study ......................................................... 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ............................................................. 6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ........................................................... 6
1.4 The Scope of the Study................................................................... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ........................................................ 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW LITERATURE .................................................... 9
2.1
Language Shift ............................................................................. 9
2.2
The Factors of Language Shift .................................................... 12
2.2.1 Bilingualism ....................................................................... 14
2.2.2 Migration ............................................................................ 15
2.2.3 Economic and Social Factors ............................................. 15
2.2.4 Demographic Factors ......................................................... 17
2.2.5 Institutional Support ........................................................... 18
2.2.6 Attidue ................................................................................ 19
2.3
The Pattern of Language Shift .................................................... 25
2.4
The Effect of Language Shift ...................................................... 27
2.4.1 Language Endangerment .................................................... 27
2.4.2 Language Loss.................................................................... 31
2.5
Javanese Language ...................................................................... 33
2.6
Javanese Speech Level ................................................................ 36
2.6.1 Ngoko ................................................................................. 37
2.6.2 Madya ................................................................................. 39
2.6.3 Krama ................................................................................. 40
2.6.4 Krama Inggil ...................................................................... 43
v
2.7
Javanese in Bakal Buah ............................................................... 44
2.8
Relevant Studies .......................................................................... 46
2.9
Conceptual Framework ............................................................... 48
CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN ....................................................... 50
3.1
The Research Design ................................................................... 50
3.2
The Subject and The Object of Study ........................................ 51
3.3
The Instrument of Data Collection .............................................. 51
3.4
The Technique of Data Collection .............................................. 52
3.5
The Technique of Data Analysis ................................................. 53
3.6
The Trustworthiness of the Data ................................................. 54
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................ 58
4.1
The Data Analysis ....................................................................... 58
4.1.1 The Factors of Influencing Javanese Language Shift
Occurred in Subulussalam ................................................. 59
4.1.2 The Reason of Javanese Language Shift ............................ 69
4.2
Finding ........................................................................................ 75
4.3
Discussion ................................................................................... 76
4.3.1 The Factors of Javenese Language Shift in
Subulussalam ..................................................................... 76
4.3.2 The Reason of Javanese Language Shift into
Bahasa Indonesia ............................................................... 77
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................... 79
5.1
Conclusion................................................................................... 79
5.2
Suggestion ................................................................................... 80
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 81
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
People use language as a means of thinking and feeling, as well as a
means of expressing thought and feeling in a society. There are millions of
languages used in the world. It is because language is a product of culture, which
means that different cultures may have different languages or different dialects. It
is also functioned to show their existence, identity and culture in the society. In
other words, a community's way of using language is a part of the community's
culture, is a way of displaying group identity. Ways of speaking function not only
to facilitate communication, but also to identify the social position of the speaker.
As Crystal (1997) states that people keep maintaining their language in order to
create cultural diversity, keep ethnic identity, enable social adaptability,
increasing security for the children psychologically, and increase the linguistic
sensitivity.
Indonesia is a multilingual country, language shifts potentially happen.
Language shift simply means that a community gives up a language completely in
favor of another one. For Example as Gunarwan (2004:58) found that Lampung
language is shifted because of Bahasa Indonesia’s pressure. Siregar (1998) also
found that language shift happens in bilingual youth generation society in Medan.
This language shift can be seen from the high intensity of the use of Bahasa
Indonesia among the dominant community.
1
2
Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact
situation gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other. In
this case Javanese language is shifted in usage in teenager in Javanese community
in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri, Aceh. If the disfavored language is one
that has as its last speakers the members of the community in question, then the
language faces endangerment and eventually, language death.
Language shift and language maintenance is similar to two sides of coin
which cannot be divided each other (Fasold, 1984: 213). They form a collective
result of choice. He says language shift simply means that a community gives up a
language completely in favor of another one. Language shift is the progressive
process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speak another
language. It is in fact crucial for the language survival.
Almost all minority groups who live in such multilingual circumstance
lack political and economic power; minority groups often become bilingual in the
dominant language for both instrumental and psychological reasons. Even the
speakers who are in the process of shifting do not show the same degree of shift
all at once in all of the purposes or situations for which they use any language.
Further, from the stand of dominant group the presence of minority groups
can be an obstacle to communication and, more importantly, to national
integration, it may sound cynical but history supports the comment of Laponce
(1987: 198) that dominant groups tolerate minorities “only on condition that they
accept at least partial linguistic assimilation (learn the dominant language) and
keep their numbers small.”
3
Aceh is one of the province in Indonesia. It is one of the big city in
Indonesia which has many kinds of different ethnics who live side by side. The
city has diverse communities, reflecting its history. For Example there is a large
ethnic Javanese community, largely made up of the descendants of people
transported from Java in the last century to be employed as contract workers in
various plantations in Aceh.
Beside indigenous ethnics, there are several other minority ethnics found
in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri Kota Subusalam Aceh, such as Aceh
Tamiang, Gayo, Javanese, Sundanese etc. This phenomenon happened because
Javanese and Sundanese came to Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri about
1980’s. It was caused by Migration factor and find wealthy in life as workers. The
transmigration came from west java,central java and east java. But The dominant
migration came from central java. Para transmigran tsb membentuk komunitas
sendiri dan sehari hari comunicate use java lang. It means that about 1980’s the
parents still used javanese language (Krama) as nicely and politely each other.
They used politeness java to the same age and the older one. And it has just
existed for 10 years. But the time has gone by, it is shifted. And it happened in
1990’s. These changes occur when they begin to interact with native people there
and also occur intermarriage, mix culture and education. It affected for the next
generation, it is the javanese teenager who cannot use politeness javanese (Krama)
but the teenager used Basa Ngoko to the older people.In this case, it is clear that
occur shift in level of javanese language used in javanese teenager in Bakal Buah
Kecamatan simpang kiri provinsi Aceh.
4
For Example:
Tono (teenager): Arep nang di pak lik? (Ngoko) where are you going?
Based on the sample above, it occurs shifts in speech level of javanese
language, When speak to older people Tono (teenager) should speak politenessly
to older person ( pak lik) by using the folowing sentence ‘Bade tindak pundi pak
lik ( Krama) where are you going ?
Likewise Similarly, the following example shows the case shift, For
Example:
Tini (remaja) : Opo wis muleh bapak, buk? ( ngoko)
Tini ( Teenager) : Punopo sampun kondur bapak, buk? ( Krama)
Translation
: What time does father go home?
Base The sample above, it should that Tini uses the sentence ‘Punopo
sampun kondur bapak, buk?(krama) to her mother because she is older than she is.
Language Shift of Javanese language does not only occur between among
the javanese native speakers each other outside of the house the parents but it also
occur in household life. Eventhough the parents use javanese language to
communicate to the children, but the children to respon it is by using Indonesian
language.
For Example
Mother
: Ojo pada ndolan meneh,wes arep peteng, ndang mandi!
Child
: Iya mak...bentar lagi, nanggung nih bentar lagi siap.
Translation : Do not play again....it was afternoon, take a bath soon!
5
Based the sample above, it is clear that it occurs shifts in bilingualism
which child understand what a mother instructed but a child prefers to speak
Indoensian language. Furthermore based on the observation was found that
javanese adults use javanese language to the javanese adults in communication
too, while the communication among teenagers use Indonesia language. Adult to
teenager use javanese language but respond by using impoliteness java (Ngoko)
eventhough sometimes respond by using Indonesia.
In Javanese culture, there are some roles in the Java community there are
several roles said in the use of language that is Ngoko, Krama and madya. Every
language that used Javanese have some stages and it has its function. When a
child talks to older people, she/ he uses the polite language, it is krama ,while in
same ages use semi-formal namely madya.
Based the sample above, it is clear that the politeness shift had occured in
Javanese community in Subussalam. Because every level javenese language has
politeness itself. If the shift occurance at the level in javanese language, it causes
to the shift occurance. Because each of the javanese language level has politenes
level differrently. Politeness level at the Krama is the most polite, while ngoko is
the lowest politeness, so it can be stated that not polite if it is used by the younger
(Teenagers) to the older one. It is based on Leech (1983) defines politeness as “a
form of behavior that establishes and maintains comity”, that is, “the ability of
participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of
relative harmony”. Brown and Levinson (1987) suggest politeness as a
compensation action taken to counter-balance the disruptive effect of face-
6
threatening acts (FTAs). Further, they describe Face Threatening Acts as “acts
that infringe on the hearer’s need to maintain his/her self-esteem and be
respected” (Brown and Levinson, 1987).
Based on the description above, the researchers is interested in finding
out the causes of a shift in the level of Javanese language that leads to a shift
politenes among teenagers.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems of this study are
formulated as the following:
1. What are the factors that cause javanese speakers to shift from javanese to
Indonesia?
2. In what situation does shift occur from Javanese to Indonesia?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems, the objectives of the study are:
1. to find out the factors of language shift occurs to the speakers of
Javanese
in Subulussalam Aceh
2. to elaborate the reason of language shift to the speakers of Javanese
in
Subulussalam Aceh
7
1.4 The scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to certain members of Javanese people
communities in Bakal Buah kecamatan Simpang kiri, Kota Subulussalam. In this
case the Javanese teenager community members in Bakal Buah Kecamatan
Simpang Kiri who live in several neighborhoods. Although in qualitative research,
the number of subjects is not concerned, it is limited for ten persons. There is no
specific reason to take that numbers for the subjects. Since the Javanese is not in a
large number, the researcher is sure that the participants taken are sufficient to
represent the whole javanes teenager in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri,
Kota Subulussalam, Aceh. The locations will be held in the Javanese teenager
communities, Bakal Buah kecamatan Simpang Kiri kota Subusallam, Province
Aceh.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
Theoretically, the study is considered to enrich the theories of language
planning especially about Javanese language in Javanes community in Bakal Buah
kec simpang kiri Aceh, the factors influence Janavese language shift in Bakal
Buah Aceh Medan, and the reason of Javanese language shift occur to the
teenager.
Practically, the results of the study are considered to contribute
information about language shift in Javanese language in the Javanese community
members in some places for students, lecturers, researchers, and also the
government. Secondly, the teachers, students, and Javanese can use it to support
the reversing of the Javanes language shift in Bakal Batu In Aceh. Thirdly, the
result of this study can be a previous knowledge for the next researcher who has
8
intended to gain a deep insight especially in Javanese language in Java
communities in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri, Aceh. and generally in
language planning theories. The last, in this case Pusat Bahasa, hopefully the
result of this study helps them to make a well planned of language planning
particularly to keep maintaining the Javanese language, so the language is not lost.
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SUBULUSSALAM ACEH
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillments of the Requarements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
KARYANTO
Registration Number:8136112037
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and
the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His Blessing
in the completion of this thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet
Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today.
In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his
deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to
his by a lot of people.
The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Dr.Siti Aisyah Ginting,
M.Pd Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A,Ph.D, Dr.Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd as his first
advisor and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S as his second advisor for their all
guidance through the completion of this thesis.
Then, his appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed as the Head
of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Anni Hollila Pulungan M.
Hum. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have
assisted his in processing the administration requirements during the process of
hih studies in the Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.
The writer’s great thanks also goes to his reviewers and examiners, Prof.
Amrin Saragih, M.A,Ph.D, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih M. Pd and Prof. Dr.Syahron Lubis,
M.A.. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and improvements
for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all lecturers
teaching his during the academic years of LTBI.
Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents, Drs.
Ruslan abdul Gani Harahap and Derliana Siregar who have given their pray,
motivation, support, and also endless praying. And also special thank for his
lovely, soulmate and the queen of my heart Afrina Dewi Lubis,S.Farm, Apt,
M.Farm, and also sister, brother, and the whole families who always support him
and no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and express how
much he loves them.
And also for my friends of LTBI B2 XXIII who have supported him to
conduct this thesis.
Medan, August 2016
The writer,
Karyanto
Reg. No. 8136112037
ABSTRACT
Karyanto. Registration Number : 8136112037. Javanese language Shift in
Subuh Salam. A thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistics
Study Program. The state University of Medan. 2016.
This study deals with the Language Shift among second and third Generations of
Javanese. It employs qualitative research design with a case study. This study
aims to describe: (1) the factors influence language shift among second and third
generations of Javanese and (2) the reasons of the second and third generations
of Javanese shift into Indonesian language. The subjects were 10
second generations of Javanese people and 10 third generations of Javanese
people. They were chosen whose parents are Javanese people and the teenagers
were Javanese people. The instruments were questionnaire and interview.
The questioner was used to obtain the factor and the reasons of Language shift,
and the interview was used to obtain the factors and also the reasons of language
shift. The data were analyzed by Miles and Hubberman and saldana’s data
analysis. There are five factors influenced language shift in second
generation of Javanese people, they are; bilingualsm, economic and social,
social factors, demographic factor,institutional factor and value and attitude.
While there were two factors influenced in the third generation namely
bilingualism and attitude and value.There are two reasons of second generations
used Indonesian Language, the first was prestige and social success of
Indonesian language. While there were three reasons of the third generation of
Javanese teenagers used Indonesian Language namely status,prestige and social
success.
i
ABSTRAK
Karyanto. NIM: 8136112037. Pergeseran Bahasa Jawa di Subuh Salam.
Tesis. Linguistik TerapanBahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana,
Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang pergeseran bahasa dikalangan generasi
kedua dan ketiga pada masyarakat Jawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode
penelitian kualitatif dengan desain penelitian studi kasus, yang mengkaji : (1)
faktor-faktor mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa di kalangan generasi kedua dan
ketiga pada masyrakat Jawa, (2)alasan generasi kedua dan ketiga Jawa menggeser
penggunaan bahasa Jawa ke bahasa Indonesia.Subjek penelitianini adalah 20
generasi kedua pada orang Jawa, dan 20 orang Jawa pada generasi ketiga pada
orang Jawa. Mereka dipilih dari 20 orang Jawa padda generasi kedua dan 20
orang Jawa pada generasi ketiga yang juga oarang Jawa. Instrumen yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah angket dan wawancara. kuesioner ini
digunakan untuk memperoleh faktor dan alsan pergeseran Bahasa, dan wawancara
digunakan untuk mendapatkan faktor dan juga alasan pergesearn pada bahasa
Jawa. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode Miles dan Hubberman dan Saldana.
Ada lima faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa di kalangan generasi ked
ua pada orang tua Jawa, seperti; bilingualisme,ekonomi dan sosial,demografi,ins
titusi,dan nilai dan sikap. Sedangkan terdapat dua faktor yang mempengaruhi
pergeseran bahasa Jawa pada generasi ke tiga yaitu bilingual dan nilai dan sikap.
Terdapat dua alasan yang pada generasi kedua menggunakan bahasa Jawa yaitu
prestig dan keberhasialan sosial. Sedangkan pada generasi ketiga terdapat tiga
alsana yaitu status, prestis adan kebershasilan sosial.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................ v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1
1.1 The Background of the Study ......................................................... 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ............................................................. 6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ........................................................... 6
1.4 The Scope of the Study................................................................... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ........................................................ 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW LITERATURE .................................................... 9
2.1
Language Shift ............................................................................. 9
2.2
The Factors of Language Shift .................................................... 12
2.2.1 Bilingualism ....................................................................... 14
2.2.2 Migration ............................................................................ 15
2.2.3 Economic and Social Factors ............................................. 15
2.2.4 Demographic Factors ......................................................... 17
2.2.5 Institutional Support ........................................................... 18
2.2.6 Attidue ................................................................................ 19
2.3
The Pattern of Language Shift .................................................... 25
2.4
The Effect of Language Shift ...................................................... 27
2.4.1 Language Endangerment .................................................... 27
2.4.2 Language Loss.................................................................... 31
2.5
Javanese Language ...................................................................... 33
2.6
Javanese Speech Level ................................................................ 36
2.6.1 Ngoko ................................................................................. 37
2.6.2 Madya ................................................................................. 39
2.6.3 Krama ................................................................................. 40
2.6.4 Krama Inggil ...................................................................... 43
v
2.7
Javanese in Bakal Buah ............................................................... 44
2.8
Relevant Studies .......................................................................... 46
2.9
Conceptual Framework ............................................................... 48
CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN ....................................................... 50
3.1
The Research Design ................................................................... 50
3.2
The Subject and The Object of Study ........................................ 51
3.3
The Instrument of Data Collection .............................................. 51
3.4
The Technique of Data Collection .............................................. 52
3.5
The Technique of Data Analysis ................................................. 53
3.6
The Trustworthiness of the Data ................................................. 54
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................ 58
4.1
The Data Analysis ....................................................................... 58
4.1.1 The Factors of Influencing Javanese Language Shift
Occurred in Subulussalam ................................................. 59
4.1.2 The Reason of Javanese Language Shift ............................ 69
4.2
Finding ........................................................................................ 75
4.3
Discussion ................................................................................... 76
4.3.1 The Factors of Javenese Language Shift in
Subulussalam ..................................................................... 76
4.3.2 The Reason of Javanese Language Shift into
Bahasa Indonesia ............................................................... 77
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................... 79
5.1
Conclusion................................................................................... 79
5.2
Suggestion ................................................................................... 80
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 81
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
People use language as a means of thinking and feeling, as well as a
means of expressing thought and feeling in a society. There are millions of
languages used in the world. It is because language is a product of culture, which
means that different cultures may have different languages or different dialects. It
is also functioned to show their existence, identity and culture in the society. In
other words, a community's way of using language is a part of the community's
culture, is a way of displaying group identity. Ways of speaking function not only
to facilitate communication, but also to identify the social position of the speaker.
As Crystal (1997) states that people keep maintaining their language in order to
create cultural diversity, keep ethnic identity, enable social adaptability,
increasing security for the children psychologically, and increase the linguistic
sensitivity.
Indonesia is a multilingual country, language shifts potentially happen.
Language shift simply means that a community gives up a language completely in
favor of another one. For Example as Gunarwan (2004:58) found that Lampung
language is shifted because of Bahasa Indonesia’s pressure. Siregar (1998) also
found that language shift happens in bilingual youth generation society in Medan.
This language shift can be seen from the high intensity of the use of Bahasa
Indonesia among the dominant community.
1
2
Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact
situation gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other. In
this case Javanese language is shifted in usage in teenager in Javanese community
in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri, Aceh. If the disfavored language is one
that has as its last speakers the members of the community in question, then the
language faces endangerment and eventually, language death.
Language shift and language maintenance is similar to two sides of coin
which cannot be divided each other (Fasold, 1984: 213). They form a collective
result of choice. He says language shift simply means that a community gives up a
language completely in favor of another one. Language shift is the progressive
process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speak another
language. It is in fact crucial for the language survival.
Almost all minority groups who live in such multilingual circumstance
lack political and economic power; minority groups often become bilingual in the
dominant language for both instrumental and psychological reasons. Even the
speakers who are in the process of shifting do not show the same degree of shift
all at once in all of the purposes or situations for which they use any language.
Further, from the stand of dominant group the presence of minority groups
can be an obstacle to communication and, more importantly, to national
integration, it may sound cynical but history supports the comment of Laponce
(1987: 198) that dominant groups tolerate minorities “only on condition that they
accept at least partial linguistic assimilation (learn the dominant language) and
keep their numbers small.”
3
Aceh is one of the province in Indonesia. It is one of the big city in
Indonesia which has many kinds of different ethnics who live side by side. The
city has diverse communities, reflecting its history. For Example there is a large
ethnic Javanese community, largely made up of the descendants of people
transported from Java in the last century to be employed as contract workers in
various plantations in Aceh.
Beside indigenous ethnics, there are several other minority ethnics found
in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri Kota Subusalam Aceh, such as Aceh
Tamiang, Gayo, Javanese, Sundanese etc. This phenomenon happened because
Javanese and Sundanese came to Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri about
1980’s. It was caused by Migration factor and find wealthy in life as workers. The
transmigration came from west java,central java and east java. But The dominant
migration came from central java. Para transmigran tsb membentuk komunitas
sendiri dan sehari hari comunicate use java lang. It means that about 1980’s the
parents still used javanese language (Krama) as nicely and politely each other.
They used politeness java to the same age and the older one. And it has just
existed for 10 years. But the time has gone by, it is shifted. And it happened in
1990’s. These changes occur when they begin to interact with native people there
and also occur intermarriage, mix culture and education. It affected for the next
generation, it is the javanese teenager who cannot use politeness javanese (Krama)
but the teenager used Basa Ngoko to the older people.In this case, it is clear that
occur shift in level of javanese language used in javanese teenager in Bakal Buah
Kecamatan simpang kiri provinsi Aceh.
4
For Example:
Tono (teenager): Arep nang di pak lik? (Ngoko) where are you going?
Based on the sample above, it occurs shifts in speech level of javanese
language, When speak to older people Tono (teenager) should speak politenessly
to older person ( pak lik) by using the folowing sentence ‘Bade tindak pundi pak
lik ( Krama) where are you going ?
Likewise Similarly, the following example shows the case shift, For
Example:
Tini (remaja) : Opo wis muleh bapak, buk? ( ngoko)
Tini ( Teenager) : Punopo sampun kondur bapak, buk? ( Krama)
Translation
: What time does father go home?
Base The sample above, it should that Tini uses the sentence ‘Punopo
sampun kondur bapak, buk?(krama) to her mother because she is older than she is.
Language Shift of Javanese language does not only occur between among
the javanese native speakers each other outside of the house the parents but it also
occur in household life. Eventhough the parents use javanese language to
communicate to the children, but the children to respon it is by using Indonesian
language.
For Example
Mother
: Ojo pada ndolan meneh,wes arep peteng, ndang mandi!
Child
: Iya mak...bentar lagi, nanggung nih bentar lagi siap.
Translation : Do not play again....it was afternoon, take a bath soon!
5
Based the sample above, it is clear that it occurs shifts in bilingualism
which child understand what a mother instructed but a child prefers to speak
Indoensian language. Furthermore based on the observation was found that
javanese adults use javanese language to the javanese adults in communication
too, while the communication among teenagers use Indonesia language. Adult to
teenager use javanese language but respond by using impoliteness java (Ngoko)
eventhough sometimes respond by using Indonesia.
In Javanese culture, there are some roles in the Java community there are
several roles said in the use of language that is Ngoko, Krama and madya. Every
language that used Javanese have some stages and it has its function. When a
child talks to older people, she/ he uses the polite language, it is krama ,while in
same ages use semi-formal namely madya.
Based the sample above, it is clear that the politeness shift had occured in
Javanese community in Subussalam. Because every level javenese language has
politeness itself. If the shift occurance at the level in javanese language, it causes
to the shift occurance. Because each of the javanese language level has politenes
level differrently. Politeness level at the Krama is the most polite, while ngoko is
the lowest politeness, so it can be stated that not polite if it is used by the younger
(Teenagers) to the older one. It is based on Leech (1983) defines politeness as “a
form of behavior that establishes and maintains comity”, that is, “the ability of
participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of
relative harmony”. Brown and Levinson (1987) suggest politeness as a
compensation action taken to counter-balance the disruptive effect of face-
6
threatening acts (FTAs). Further, they describe Face Threatening Acts as “acts
that infringe on the hearer’s need to maintain his/her self-esteem and be
respected” (Brown and Levinson, 1987).
Based on the description above, the researchers is interested in finding
out the causes of a shift in the level of Javanese language that leads to a shift
politenes among teenagers.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems of this study are
formulated as the following:
1. What are the factors that cause javanese speakers to shift from javanese to
Indonesia?
2. In what situation does shift occur from Javanese to Indonesia?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems, the objectives of the study are:
1. to find out the factors of language shift occurs to the speakers of
Javanese
in Subulussalam Aceh
2. to elaborate the reason of language shift to the speakers of Javanese
in
Subulussalam Aceh
7
1.4 The scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to certain members of Javanese people
communities in Bakal Buah kecamatan Simpang kiri, Kota Subulussalam. In this
case the Javanese teenager community members in Bakal Buah Kecamatan
Simpang Kiri who live in several neighborhoods. Although in qualitative research,
the number of subjects is not concerned, it is limited for ten persons. There is no
specific reason to take that numbers for the subjects. Since the Javanese is not in a
large number, the researcher is sure that the participants taken are sufficient to
represent the whole javanes teenager in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri,
Kota Subulussalam, Aceh. The locations will be held in the Javanese teenager
communities, Bakal Buah kecamatan Simpang Kiri kota Subusallam, Province
Aceh.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
Theoretically, the study is considered to enrich the theories of language
planning especially about Javanese language in Javanes community in Bakal Buah
kec simpang kiri Aceh, the factors influence Janavese language shift in Bakal
Buah Aceh Medan, and the reason of Javanese language shift occur to the
teenager.
Practically, the results of the study are considered to contribute
information about language shift in Javanese language in the Javanese community
members in some places for students, lecturers, researchers, and also the
government. Secondly, the teachers, students, and Javanese can use it to support
the reversing of the Javanes language shift in Bakal Batu In Aceh. Thirdly, the
result of this study can be a previous knowledge for the next researcher who has
8
intended to gain a deep insight especially in Javanese language in Java
communities in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri, Aceh. and generally in
language planning theories. The last, in this case Pusat Bahasa, hopefully the
result of this study helps them to make a well planned of language planning
particularly to keep maintaining the Javanese language, so the language is not lost.
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