KARO LANGUAGE SHIFT IN MEDAN.
ABSTRACT
Kaban, Susiana. Registration Number: 082188310004. Karo Language Shift
in Medan. A Thesis. Postgraduate Scbool, English Applied Linguistics. The
State University of Medan. 2011.
This study deals with Karo Language shift in Medan. It employs
qualitative research design with a single case study where to gain an
understanding on this study, it is conducted descriptively. This study aims to (1)
describe the factors influence Karo language shift, (2) the pattern of the language
shift and (3) the reason of the Karonese shift into Indonesian Language. The
subjects were 10 Karonese families in Kelurahan Kwala Bekala, Medan Johor
District that consist of 10 parents and 14 children. They were divided into two
groups; second generation (parents) and third generation (children). The
instrument used for this study were questionnaire and interview. The first data
collection involved a set questionnaire which examined factors influence Karo
language shift and language use in five domains in order to describe the pattern of
Karo language shift. The second data collection involved a set interview about
value on Karo language shift, language use and the reason of shifting into
Indonesian language. The data were analyzed by Miles and Hubennan's data
analysis. There are seven factors influence Karo language shift in the second and
third generation namely; bilingualism, migration, economic factor, social factors,
political factors, demographic factors, value and attitude. Analysis of data clearly
indicates that Karo language shift is done among the second and third generation
of Karonese in Medan especially· in the intercultural marriage family. The status
of Indonesian language and social success are the reason of Karonese into
Indonesian language.
iii
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang Pergeseran Bahasa Karo pada
masyarakat penutur Bahasa Karo di Medan. Desain penelitian yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan studi kasus, yang
mengkaji pemahaman tentang pergeseran bahasa Karo secara deskriptif. Tujuan
penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
pergeseran bahasa Karo, (2) untuk menggambarkan pola pergeseran bahasa Karo
dan (3) untuk mengetahui alasan penutur bahasa Karo beralih ke bahasa Indonesia
dalam berkomunikasi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah sepuluh keluarga penutur
bahasa Karo yang tinggal di Kelurahan Kwala Bekala, Kecamatan Medan Johor
yang di bagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu l 0 orang dalam kelompok orang tua dan
10 orang dalam kelompok anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen berupa
kuesioner dan interview. Tahapan pengumpulan data yang pertama berupa
pengisian kuesioner yang berkaitan dengan data mengenai faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa karo dan pilihan penggunaan bahasa dalam lima
ranah untuk memperoleh gambaran bagaimana pola pergeseran bahasa Karo.
Tahapan pengumpulan data yang kedua berupa rangkaian interview mengenai
nilai dan sikap terhadap Bahasa Karo dan alasan mengapa memilih Bahasa
Indonesia menggantikan Bahasa Karo dalam berkomunikasi. Data mengenai
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa dan alasan pergeseran ke
bahasa Indonesia di analisis berdasarkan analisis data Miles and Huberman
sedangkan data mengenai pilihan penggunaan bahasa di analisis berdasarkan
analsis data domain menurut Spradley. Secara umum penelitian ini
mengindikasikan ada delapan faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa karo
pada generasi kedua dan ketiga yaitu faktor kedwibahasaan, migrasi, faktor
ekonomi, faktor sosial, faktor politik,_ faktor demograpik, nilai dan sikap dan
kurangnya kemampuan berbicara dalam bahasa Karo. Dari basil analisis data juga
menunjukan bahwa pergeseran bahasa Karo terjadi pada generasi pertama dan
kedua pada masyrakat penutur bahasa Karo di Medan terutama pada keluarga
yang mengalami perkawinan antar suku. Ada dua alasan mereka memilih bahasa
Karo untuk menggantikan Bahasa Karo dalam berkomunikasi yang pertama
adalah karena status atau kedudukan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional
dan bahasa persatuan dan yang kedua adalah agar mudah bersosialisasi dalam
masyarakat yang majemuk.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKN'"OWLEDGMENT ................................................................................
ABSTRACT
····················-········································································
Ul
TABLE OF CONTENTS .••••...•.•.•..•.••••...•.••••••••••••••.•.•..••.•..••••...•••••...••...••..•. iv
LIST 0 F TABLES ················································-·····..······························· vii
LIST 0 F APPENDICES ..•.......••••••••••..••••.••••••.•.•.•......•..••.••.•...........•....•.••..•• viii
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
101 The Background of The Study ....... oooo.o.•o····o··•ooo•o····•oooo
1.2 The Focus of The Study .oo••o••·•o•••o••o•o······o········oooo .• o•. oo •. 6
1.3 The Objectives of The Study ooooooooooo•o••ooo•·o·······oooooooooooo 6
1.4 The Significance of The Study ..... ooo• ooooooo••o••o•o·o•o••o••oo 00 6
1.5 The Scope ofThe Study o•ooo••·o••oo•···oo•···o··o·o······•o'••········· 7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Language Shift ········o····o••o·····o······································· 8
201.1 Dimension in Language Shift Study ................... 10
2.1.2 Factors Influence Language Shift ....................... 12
2.1.3.1 Bilingualism ........................ o.•o••·o····o••o··· 12
2.1.3 .2 Migration 0·······0······································· 14
2.1.3.3 Economic and Social Factors ................. 15
2.1.3.4 Political Factors ...................................... 16
2.1.3.5 Demographic Factors ......................
0 .. ....
18
2.1.3.6 Attitudes and Values ............ 0.................. 19
2.1.3 The Pattern Of Language Shift ············o····oo•···o••o 21
2.1.4 The Effect of Language Shift .............................. 25
2.2 Reason for Language Shift ····························o····o·•·o······ 26
2.3 Karonese and Karo Language ... o•·o·······o••o••o••o·· oo•o•oo••oo Oo 28
2.4 Theoritical Framework ··o·········· o•········o·o······•oo••o···•ooo•oo•o 29
v
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 The Research Design .................................................... 32
3.2 The Subject of The Study ............................................. 32
3.3 The Instrument of The Research ................................... 33
3.4 The Technique of Data Collection ................................. 34
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis.................................... 35
3.6 Triangulation ................................................................. 36
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 The Data and data Analyis . ............ ....................... ....... 37
4.1.1 Factors Influenced Karo Language Shift ............. 37
4.1.1.1 Bilingualism ........................................... 38
4.1.1.2 Migration ................................................ 40
4.1.1.3 Economic Factor ..................................... 42
4.1.1.4 Social Factor ............................................ 43
4.1.1.5 Political Factor ........................................ 45
4.1.1.6 Demographic Factors ............................. 47
4.1.1.7 Attitudes and Values ................................ 49
4.1.2 The Pattern ofKaro Language Shift .................... 52
4.1.3 The Data of Reason ofKaronese Shift into
Indonesian Language .......................................... 58
4.2 Findings .......................................................................... 61
4.3 Discussion ...................................................................... 62
4.3.1 Factors Influenced Karo Language Shift ............. 62
4.3.2 The Pattern ofKaro Language Shift .................... 67
4.3.3 The Reason of .Karonese Shift into .................... .
Indonesian Language........................................... 70
vi
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions .................................................................... 72
5.2 Suggestions.................................................................... 72
REFERENCES............................................................................................... 74
-
vii
LIST OFTABLES
Page
Table 2.1
Domain of Language Use ....................................................... 24
Table 4.1.1.1
Bilingualism ofKaronese in Medan ................. ...................... 38
Table 4.1.1.2
Migration of Karonese in Medan ........................................... 41
Table 4.1.1.3
Economic Factor that influence Karo Language Shift
in Medan ................................................................................. 42
Table 4.1. 1.4
Social Factor in Karonese society in Medan .......................... 44
Table 4. 1.1.5
The Influence of Political Factor in Karo Language Shift
inMedan ............................................................. .................... 45
Table 4.1.1.6
The Influence of Demographic Factor in Karo Language
Shift in Medan ........................................................................ 47
Table 4 .1.1. 7
The Influence of Value and Attitude in Karo Language
Shift in Medan ........................................................................ 49
Table 4.1.1.8
Language Use ofKaronese in Medan .................................... 53
Table 4.1.1.9
The Karo Language Competence ofthe Second
Generation ofKaronese Family in Medan ............................. 56
Table 4.1.1.10 The Karo Language Competence ofthe Third Generation
ofKaronese Family in Medan ................................................ 57
Table 4.1.1.11 Reason of Second Generation ofKaronese Shift
into Indonesian Language ...................................................... 58
Table 4.1.1.12 Reason ofThird Generation ofKaronese Shift
into Indonesian Language ............................... ....................... 59
~.
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1: Research Instrument 1 .................... ................................. ............ 77
Appendix 2: The Map of Medan City and The Location of The Research ..... ........ 84
Appendix 3: Subjects Response....................................................................... 85
z
~
m
I
ix
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1
Conclusions
The study concerned on Karo Language Shift. was aimed to describe the
factors influence Karo language shift. the pattern of Language shift and the reason
of shift in Indonesian Language. The use of Indonesian Language in the family
domain is the crucial indication of Karo language shift, which is followed by the
passive ability of Karo language users. Based on the analysis, the conclusions are
stated as the following:
1. Karo language shift in the second and third generation is influenced by
bilingualism, migration, economic factor, political factor, demographic
factor, value, and attitude.
z
2. The pattern of Karo Language Shift is done through the shift of Karo
language to Indonesian Language in the second and third generation of
?
Karonese in Medan.
3. The reasons of the Karo Language Shift into Indonesian Language are
social success and the status of Indonesian language.
5.2
Suggestions
Dealing with the fmdings of the research, some constructive points are
suggested as the following:
1.
It is suggested particularly to the parents of Karonese in Medan to keep
speaking and teaching Karo language to the children, so the children can
72
73
learn and speak more Karo language in their communication especially in
family domain to keep maintaining Karo Language in Medan.
2. It is suggested to Local Government and Language Centre to apply a
program of reversing Karo Language shift to keep maintaining Karo
Language by publishing books about Karo langauge and by encouraging
the love of the youth on the use of Karo language through performing a
story telling compettition, writing competition, etc.
3. It is suggested to other researchers to be more concerned on the research
about Karo Language structure since it is very rare to be conducted.
4. It is suggested to the language experts to write more books or references
on Karo language.
-z
~
~
93
93
&It,
E.9
.b
74
REFERENCES
Adisaputera, A. 2009. Potensi Kepunahan Bahasa pada Komunitas Melayu
Langkat di Stabat, Kabupaten Langkat·Sumatera Utara Universitas
Negri Medan: Thesis.
Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education;
Introduction to Theory and Methods 2nd edn. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Burns, R.B. 1995. Introduction to Research Methods. London: Longman Chin,
N. B. & Wigglesworth, G. 2007. Bilingualism: An Advanced Resourch
Book.New York: Routledge
Conklin, N.F & Margareth, A.L. 1983.Multilingualism and Language Change.
London: The Free Press Collier Macmillan
Cooper, R.L. 1989. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. 1994. Handbook of qualitative research.
Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication
-
Downes, W. 2005. Language
University Press
and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge
Edwards, J.1985. Language, Society and Identity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Fasold, R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. New York: Basil Blackwell
Fishman, J.A. 1972. The Sociology of Language. Massachusetts: Newbury
House Publication
Fishman, J.A. 1991. Reversing language shift. Clevedon Avon: Multilingual
Matters
Gunarwan, A. 2004. Kajian Serba Linguistik: untuk Anton Moeliono
Pereksa Pereksa Bahasa. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia
Holmes, J. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Pearson
Education
Hudson, R.A. 1996. Sociolinguistics. London: Cambridge University Press
Kouritzin, S.G. 1999. Faces of First Language Loss. New York: Lawrence
Erlbawn Associates
75
Long, M.H & Doughty, C. 2009. The Handbook of Language Teaching.
Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Milroy, L & Matthew, 0.2003. Sociolinguistics: Method and interpretation.
Malden: Blackwell
Myers, C. 2006. Multiple Voices. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
Nazir, M . 1998. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia
Neuman, W.L. 2006. Social research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approach. New Delhi: Pearson Education
Huberman, M. & Miles, M. B. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis: A sourcebook of
New Methods. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication
Romaine, S. 1994. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.
New York: Oxford University Press
Schmid, M.S. 2004. First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
on Methodological Issues. Amsterdam: Benjamins
Siregar, B.U, et al. 1998. Pemertahanan Bahasa dan Sikap Bahasa:
Kasus Masyarakat Bilingual di Medan. Jakarta: Depdikbud
Sembiring, M.C. 2009. Variasi Dialek Bahasa Karo di Kabupaten Karo, Deli
Utara:
Serdang, dan Langkat. Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera
Ringkasan Disertasi
Sembiring, S. 2004. Alih Kode Penutur Bahasa Karo Kelurahan Sempakata
Kecamatan Medan Selayang. Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara:
Thesis
Thomas, Linda, et al. 2004. Language, Society and Power; An Introduction.
New York: Routledge
Weltens, B. 1986. Language Attrition in Progress. Dordrecht: The Netherlands
Weinrich, U.1968. Languages in Contact: Finding and Problem. The Haugen:
Mouton
76
Website
Clampitt, Sharon. 1995. National, Native Language Maintenance and the
Spread of English: A Comparative Study ofThe Cases of Guam, The
Philipines
and
Puerto
Rico
http:llponce.inter.edu/cai/tesislsclampit/diss.html .... accessed on 4, April
2010
Piller, Ingrid. 2000. Language choice in bilingual, cross-cultural interpersonal
Communication http://www.linguistik-online.com/l_00/PILLER.HTM
Accessed on 22, March 2010
Saragih, Amrin. 2010. Revitalisasi
Bahasa Daerah
http://waspadamedan.com:revitalisasi-bahasa-daerah. .... accessed on 22,
February 2010
Terbog, Roland. 2000. The Usefulness of the Concept of Competence in
Explaining
Language
Shift
http://www./inguistik
online. com/3_ 00/terborg. html ....accessed on 3, March 2010
http://id wikipedia. orglwiki/Kota_Medan
I
Kaban, Susiana. Registration Number: 082188310004. Karo Language Shift
in Medan. A Thesis. Postgraduate Scbool, English Applied Linguistics. The
State University of Medan. 2011.
This study deals with Karo Language shift in Medan. It employs
qualitative research design with a single case study where to gain an
understanding on this study, it is conducted descriptively. This study aims to (1)
describe the factors influence Karo language shift, (2) the pattern of the language
shift and (3) the reason of the Karonese shift into Indonesian Language. The
subjects were 10 Karonese families in Kelurahan Kwala Bekala, Medan Johor
District that consist of 10 parents and 14 children. They were divided into two
groups; second generation (parents) and third generation (children). The
instrument used for this study were questionnaire and interview. The first data
collection involved a set questionnaire which examined factors influence Karo
language shift and language use in five domains in order to describe the pattern of
Karo language shift. The second data collection involved a set interview about
value on Karo language shift, language use and the reason of shifting into
Indonesian language. The data were analyzed by Miles and Hubennan's data
analysis. There are seven factors influence Karo language shift in the second and
third generation namely; bilingualism, migration, economic factor, social factors,
political factors, demographic factors, value and attitude. Analysis of data clearly
indicates that Karo language shift is done among the second and third generation
of Karonese in Medan especially· in the intercultural marriage family. The status
of Indonesian language and social success are the reason of Karonese into
Indonesian language.
iii
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang Pergeseran Bahasa Karo pada
masyarakat penutur Bahasa Karo di Medan. Desain penelitian yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan studi kasus, yang
mengkaji pemahaman tentang pergeseran bahasa Karo secara deskriptif. Tujuan
penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
pergeseran bahasa Karo, (2) untuk menggambarkan pola pergeseran bahasa Karo
dan (3) untuk mengetahui alasan penutur bahasa Karo beralih ke bahasa Indonesia
dalam berkomunikasi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah sepuluh keluarga penutur
bahasa Karo yang tinggal di Kelurahan Kwala Bekala, Kecamatan Medan Johor
yang di bagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu l 0 orang dalam kelompok orang tua dan
10 orang dalam kelompok anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen berupa
kuesioner dan interview. Tahapan pengumpulan data yang pertama berupa
pengisian kuesioner yang berkaitan dengan data mengenai faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa karo dan pilihan penggunaan bahasa dalam lima
ranah untuk memperoleh gambaran bagaimana pola pergeseran bahasa Karo.
Tahapan pengumpulan data yang kedua berupa rangkaian interview mengenai
nilai dan sikap terhadap Bahasa Karo dan alasan mengapa memilih Bahasa
Indonesia menggantikan Bahasa Karo dalam berkomunikasi. Data mengenai
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa dan alasan pergeseran ke
bahasa Indonesia di analisis berdasarkan analisis data Miles and Huberman
sedangkan data mengenai pilihan penggunaan bahasa di analisis berdasarkan
analsis data domain menurut Spradley. Secara umum penelitian ini
mengindikasikan ada delapan faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa karo
pada generasi kedua dan ketiga yaitu faktor kedwibahasaan, migrasi, faktor
ekonomi, faktor sosial, faktor politik,_ faktor demograpik, nilai dan sikap dan
kurangnya kemampuan berbicara dalam bahasa Karo. Dari basil analisis data juga
menunjukan bahwa pergeseran bahasa Karo terjadi pada generasi pertama dan
kedua pada masyrakat penutur bahasa Karo di Medan terutama pada keluarga
yang mengalami perkawinan antar suku. Ada dua alasan mereka memilih bahasa
Karo untuk menggantikan Bahasa Karo dalam berkomunikasi yang pertama
adalah karena status atau kedudukan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional
dan bahasa persatuan dan yang kedua adalah agar mudah bersosialisasi dalam
masyarakat yang majemuk.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKN'"OWLEDGMENT ................................................................................
ABSTRACT
····················-········································································
Ul
TABLE OF CONTENTS .••••...•.•.•..•.••••...•.••••••••••••••.•.•..••.•..••••...•••••...••...••..•. iv
LIST 0 F TABLES ················································-·····..······························· vii
LIST 0 F APPENDICES ..•.......••••••••••..••••.••••••.•.•.•......•..••.••.•...........•....•.••..•• viii
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
101 The Background of The Study ....... oooo.o.•o····o··•ooo•o····•oooo
1.2 The Focus of The Study .oo••o••·•o•••o••o•o······o········oooo .• o•. oo •. 6
1.3 The Objectives of The Study ooooooooooo•o••ooo•·o·······oooooooooooo 6
1.4 The Significance of The Study ..... ooo• ooooooo••o••o•o·o•o••o••oo 00 6
1.5 The Scope ofThe Study o•ooo••·o••oo•···oo•···o··o·o······•o'••········· 7
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Language Shift ········o····o••o·····o······································· 8
201.1 Dimension in Language Shift Study ................... 10
2.1.2 Factors Influence Language Shift ....................... 12
2.1.3.1 Bilingualism ........................ o.•o••·o····o••o··· 12
2.1.3 .2 Migration 0·······0······································· 14
2.1.3.3 Economic and Social Factors ................. 15
2.1.3.4 Political Factors ...................................... 16
2.1.3.5 Demographic Factors ......................
0 .. ....
18
2.1.3.6 Attitudes and Values ............ 0.................. 19
2.1.3 The Pattern Of Language Shift ············o····oo•···o••o 21
2.1.4 The Effect of Language Shift .............................. 25
2.2 Reason for Language Shift ····························o····o·•·o······ 26
2.3 Karonese and Karo Language ... o•·o·······o••o••o••o·· oo•o•oo••oo Oo 28
2.4 Theoritical Framework ··o·········· o•········o·o······•oo••o···•ooo•oo•o 29
v
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 The Research Design .................................................... 32
3.2 The Subject of The Study ............................................. 32
3.3 The Instrument of The Research ................................... 33
3.4 The Technique of Data Collection ................................. 34
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis.................................... 35
3.6 Triangulation ................................................................. 36
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 The Data and data Analyis . ............ ....................... ....... 37
4.1.1 Factors Influenced Karo Language Shift ............. 37
4.1.1.1 Bilingualism ........................................... 38
4.1.1.2 Migration ................................................ 40
4.1.1.3 Economic Factor ..................................... 42
4.1.1.4 Social Factor ............................................ 43
4.1.1.5 Political Factor ........................................ 45
4.1.1.6 Demographic Factors ............................. 47
4.1.1.7 Attitudes and Values ................................ 49
4.1.2 The Pattern ofKaro Language Shift .................... 52
4.1.3 The Data of Reason ofKaronese Shift into
Indonesian Language .......................................... 58
4.2 Findings .......................................................................... 61
4.3 Discussion ...................................................................... 62
4.3.1 Factors Influenced Karo Language Shift ............. 62
4.3.2 The Pattern ofKaro Language Shift .................... 67
4.3.3 The Reason of .Karonese Shift into .................... .
Indonesian Language........................................... 70
vi
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions .................................................................... 72
5.2 Suggestions.................................................................... 72
REFERENCES............................................................................................... 74
-
vii
LIST OFTABLES
Page
Table 2.1
Domain of Language Use ....................................................... 24
Table 4.1.1.1
Bilingualism ofKaronese in Medan ................. ...................... 38
Table 4.1.1.2
Migration of Karonese in Medan ........................................... 41
Table 4.1.1.3
Economic Factor that influence Karo Language Shift
in Medan ................................................................................. 42
Table 4.1. 1.4
Social Factor in Karonese society in Medan .......................... 44
Table 4. 1.1.5
The Influence of Political Factor in Karo Language Shift
inMedan ............................................................. .................... 45
Table 4.1.1.6
The Influence of Demographic Factor in Karo Language
Shift in Medan ........................................................................ 47
Table 4 .1.1. 7
The Influence of Value and Attitude in Karo Language
Shift in Medan ........................................................................ 49
Table 4.1.1.8
Language Use ofKaronese in Medan .................................... 53
Table 4.1.1.9
The Karo Language Competence ofthe Second
Generation ofKaronese Family in Medan ............................. 56
Table 4.1.1.10 The Karo Language Competence ofthe Third Generation
ofKaronese Family in Medan ................................................ 57
Table 4.1.1.11 Reason of Second Generation ofKaronese Shift
into Indonesian Language ...................................................... 58
Table 4.1.1.12 Reason ofThird Generation ofKaronese Shift
into Indonesian Language ............................... ....................... 59
~.
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1: Research Instrument 1 .................... ................................. ............ 77
Appendix 2: The Map of Medan City and The Location of The Research ..... ........ 84
Appendix 3: Subjects Response....................................................................... 85
z
~
m
I
ix
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1
Conclusions
The study concerned on Karo Language Shift. was aimed to describe the
factors influence Karo language shift. the pattern of Language shift and the reason
of shift in Indonesian Language. The use of Indonesian Language in the family
domain is the crucial indication of Karo language shift, which is followed by the
passive ability of Karo language users. Based on the analysis, the conclusions are
stated as the following:
1. Karo language shift in the second and third generation is influenced by
bilingualism, migration, economic factor, political factor, demographic
factor, value, and attitude.
z
2. The pattern of Karo Language Shift is done through the shift of Karo
language to Indonesian Language in the second and third generation of
?
Karonese in Medan.
3. The reasons of the Karo Language Shift into Indonesian Language are
social success and the status of Indonesian language.
5.2
Suggestions
Dealing with the fmdings of the research, some constructive points are
suggested as the following:
1.
It is suggested particularly to the parents of Karonese in Medan to keep
speaking and teaching Karo language to the children, so the children can
72
73
learn and speak more Karo language in their communication especially in
family domain to keep maintaining Karo Language in Medan.
2. It is suggested to Local Government and Language Centre to apply a
program of reversing Karo Language shift to keep maintaining Karo
Language by publishing books about Karo langauge and by encouraging
the love of the youth on the use of Karo language through performing a
story telling compettition, writing competition, etc.
3. It is suggested to other researchers to be more concerned on the research
about Karo Language structure since it is very rare to be conducted.
4. It is suggested to the language experts to write more books or references
on Karo language.
-z
~
~
93
93
&It,
E.9
.b
74
REFERENCES
Adisaputera, A. 2009. Potensi Kepunahan Bahasa pada Komunitas Melayu
Langkat di Stabat, Kabupaten Langkat·Sumatera Utara Universitas
Negri Medan: Thesis.
Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education;
Introduction to Theory and Methods 2nd edn. Boston: Allyn and Bacon
Burns, R.B. 1995. Introduction to Research Methods. London: Longman Chin,
N. B. & Wigglesworth, G. 2007. Bilingualism: An Advanced Resourch
Book.New York: Routledge
Conklin, N.F & Margareth, A.L. 1983.Multilingualism and Language Change.
London: The Free Press Collier Macmillan
Cooper, R.L. 1989. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. 1994. Handbook of qualitative research.
Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication
-
Downes, W. 2005. Language
University Press
and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge
Edwards, J.1985. Language, Society and Identity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Fasold, R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. New York: Basil Blackwell
Fishman, J.A. 1972. The Sociology of Language. Massachusetts: Newbury
House Publication
Fishman, J.A. 1991. Reversing language shift. Clevedon Avon: Multilingual
Matters
Gunarwan, A. 2004. Kajian Serba Linguistik: untuk Anton Moeliono
Pereksa Pereksa Bahasa. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia
Holmes, J. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Pearson
Education
Hudson, R.A. 1996. Sociolinguistics. London: Cambridge University Press
Kouritzin, S.G. 1999. Faces of First Language Loss. New York: Lawrence
Erlbawn Associates
75
Long, M.H & Doughty, C. 2009. The Handbook of Language Teaching.
Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Milroy, L & Matthew, 0.2003. Sociolinguistics: Method and interpretation.
Malden: Blackwell
Myers, C. 2006. Multiple Voices. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
Nazir, M . 1998. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia
Neuman, W.L. 2006. Social research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approach. New Delhi: Pearson Education
Huberman, M. & Miles, M. B. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis: A sourcebook of
New Methods. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication
Romaine, S. 1994. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.
New York: Oxford University Press
Schmid, M.S. 2004. First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
on Methodological Issues. Amsterdam: Benjamins
Siregar, B.U, et al. 1998. Pemertahanan Bahasa dan Sikap Bahasa:
Kasus Masyarakat Bilingual di Medan. Jakarta: Depdikbud
Sembiring, M.C. 2009. Variasi Dialek Bahasa Karo di Kabupaten Karo, Deli
Utara:
Serdang, dan Langkat. Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera
Ringkasan Disertasi
Sembiring, S. 2004. Alih Kode Penutur Bahasa Karo Kelurahan Sempakata
Kecamatan Medan Selayang. Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara:
Thesis
Thomas, Linda, et al. 2004. Language, Society and Power; An Introduction.
New York: Routledge
Weltens, B. 1986. Language Attrition in Progress. Dordrecht: The Netherlands
Weinrich, U.1968. Languages in Contact: Finding and Problem. The Haugen:
Mouton
76
Website
Clampitt, Sharon. 1995. National, Native Language Maintenance and the
Spread of English: A Comparative Study ofThe Cases of Guam, The
Philipines
and
Puerto
Rico
http:llponce.inter.edu/cai/tesislsclampit/diss.html .... accessed on 4, April
2010
Piller, Ingrid. 2000. Language choice in bilingual, cross-cultural interpersonal
Communication http://www.linguistik-online.com/l_00/PILLER.HTM
Accessed on 22, March 2010
Saragih, Amrin. 2010. Revitalisasi
Bahasa Daerah
http://waspadamedan.com:revitalisasi-bahasa-daerah. .... accessed on 22,
February 2010
Terbog, Roland. 2000. The Usefulness of the Concept of Competence in
Explaining
Language
Shift
http://www./inguistik
online. com/3_ 00/terborg. html ....accessed on 3, March 2010
http://id wikipedia. orglwiki/Kota_Medan
I