LANGUAGE SHIFT BY THE JAVANESE IN BALEE VILLAGE, NORTH ACEH.

(1)

LANGUAGE SHIFT BY THE JAVANESE IN BALEE VILLAGE,

NORTH ACEH

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

MUSLIADI

Registration Number: 8146111040

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

i ABSTRACT

MUSLIADI. Registration Number: 8146111040. Language Shift by the Javanese in Balee Village, North Aceh. A Thesis. Post Graduate School. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. The State University of Medan. 2016.

This study deals with Javanese language shift in Balee Village, North Aceh. It aims to find out the factors of Javanese language shift into Acehnese language in Balee Village, North Aceh, the pattern of Javanese language shift and the reasons of Javanese language shift in Balee Village, North Aceh. The data were obtained from the family of Javanese living in Balee Village, North Aceh. The study employs qualitative research design with a single case study to get the understanding on this study. The subjects of this study were 10 families. The subjects were divided into two groups, namely parents and children. The reason for dividing the subjects into two groups is because language shift happens across the generation. Questionnaires, interview and observation were used to obtain the data. The data were analyzed by using data collection, data condensation, data display and data verification. The findings showed that the shift of Javanese into Acehnese Language in Balee village, North Aceh was influenced by bilingualism, migration, economic factor, social factor, demographic factors, institutional factor, and attitudes. The Javanese language shift to Acehnese language occurred in the pattern of relationship between parents and children and among children. And the shifts of Javanese to the Acehnese are mostly caused by social conflict.

(6)

ii ABSTRAK

MUSLIADI. Nomor Induk Mahasiswa: 8146111040. Pergesaran Bahasa Jawa di Desa Balee, Aceh Utara. Tesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pergeseran bahasa Jawa di desa Balee, Aceh Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran bahasa Jawa ke bahasa Aceh di desa Balee, Aceh Utara, pola pergeseran bahasa Jawa dan alasan pergeseran bahasa Jawa di desa Balee, Aceh Utara. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dari keluarga suku Jawa yang tinggal di desa Balee, Aceh Utara. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan studi kasus untuk memperoleh pemahaman mengenai pergeseran bahasa Jawa di desa Balee, Aceh Utara. Subjek dari penelitian ini adalah 10 keluarga. Subjek dibagi menjadi dua grup yaitu orang tua dan anak-anak. Alasan pembagian subjek penelitian menjadi dua karena pergeseran bahasa terjadi antar generasi. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dengan mengggunakan kuesioner, wawancara dan observasi. Data tersebut dianalisis melalui tahapan pengumpulan data, pemilahan data, pemaparan data, dan verifikasi data. Temuan dari Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pergeseran Bahasa Jawa ke Bahasa Aceh di desa Balee, Aceh Utara dipengaruhi oleh faktor kedwibahasaan, migrasi, ekonomi, sosial, demografi, lembaga dan sikap. Pergeseran Bahasa Jawa ke Bahasa Aceh terjadi dalam pola hubungan antara orang tua dengan anak-anak dan antara sesama anak-anak. Dan pergeseran Bahasa Jawa ke Bahasa Aceh umumnya disebabkan oleh konflik sosial.

(7)

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and

the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His blessing

in the completion of this Thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet

Muhammad SAW who guided us to the better life.

In the completion of this Thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his

deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to

him by a lot of people.

The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Prof. Amrin Saragih,

MA., Ph.D. as his first advisor and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as his second

advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this Thesis.

Then, his appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the

Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda

Murni, SS., MS. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program

who have assisted him in processing the administration requirements during the

process of his studies in the postgraduate School of the State University of Medan. The writer’s great thank also goes to his reviewers and examiners, Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum., Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed,. TESP., and Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting,

M.Pd.. They had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and improvements

for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all lecturers

(8)

Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents,

Muhammah Husen HS and Ti Hasanah who have given their pray, motivation,

support, and also endless praying. And also special thank for his sister, brother,

and the whole families who always support him, there is no suitable word that can

fully describe their everlasting love and express how much he love them.

Then his gratitude goes to his lover Cut Nur Efiyana who has motivated

and supported him to conduct this Thesis. Then, last but not least, his gratitude

goes to his friends of LTBI A3 XXIV who have supported him to conduct this

Thesis.

Medan, ……… 2016 The Writer,

Musliadi

(9)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………... . i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OT TABLE ... vi

LIST OT DIAGRAM ... vii

LIST OT FIGURE ... viii

LIST OF APPENDIXES ... ix

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. The Problem of the Study ... 9

1.3. The Objectives of the Study ... 9

1.4. The Scope of the Study ... 10

1.5. The Significance of the Study ... 10

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Language Shift ... 11

2.2. Language Shift in Different Communities ... 14

2.3. Factors that Support Language Shift ... 15

2.4. The Pattern of Language Shift ... 23

2.5. Reason for Language Shift ... 26

2.6. The Effect of Language Shift ... 28

2.7. The Location of the Research ... 29

2.8. Aceh Language ... 30

2.9. Relevant Studies ... 30

2.10. Conceptual Framework ... 35

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. The Research Design ... 37

3.2. The Subjects and Objects of the Research ... 37

3.3. The Instrument of Data Collection ... 38

3.4. The Technique of Data Collection ... 39

3.5. The Technique of Data Analysis ... 39

3.6. The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 42

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1. The Data and Data Analysis……… 44

4.2. Findings………... 63

4.3. Discussion……….... 64

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions ... 68

5.2. Suggestions ... 68

REFERENCES……… ... 70

(10)

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1.1 The Number of Ethnics in Balee village, North Aceh 6

Table 2.1 The domains of language use according to Fishman. 24

Table 4.1 Bilingualism of Javanese in Balee Village 45

Table 4.2 Migration of Javanese in Balee Village 48

Table 4.3 Economic Factor that Influences of Language Shift 49

Table 4.4 Social Factor that influence the shift of Javanese 52

Table 4.5 The Influence of Demographic Factor in Javanese Language

Shift 56

Table 4.6 The Influence of Institutional Factor in Javanese Shift 57

Table 4.7 The Influence of Attitude in Javanese language Shift 59

Table 4.8 The Language Use of Javanese in Family Domain 60

(11)

vii

LIST OF DIAGRAM

Page

Diagram 2.1. Construct used to investigate the Language Shift 36

(12)

viii

LIST OF FIGURE

Page

Figure 3.1 Miles & Huberman’s Interactive Model 40

(13)

LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1 73

Appendix 2 77

(14)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Almost all researchers found that the most dominant factors influencing language shift are migration, social factors, economical factors, attitude and values meanwhile political factors were less influential, but in fact in Balee Village, North Aceh, based on the observation and interviews with the people who lived in Balee Village, North Aceh for a long time, the researcher found that language shift from Javanese to Acehnese occur when the conflict happened in Aceh. In this case the researcher is confident to claim that political factor can be dominant one influencing a language shift in Balee village, North Aceh. Thus a studies political factors needs doing.

Language is very crucial in the survival of human life in the delivery of information, ideas, or expression through sounds or symbols that came out of the human articulation. Mesthrie, Swann, Deumert & Leap (2009:1) state that language is a purely human and non – instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols. These symbols are, in the first instance, auditory and they are produced by the so-called „organs of speech‟.

Language is an important thing to learn because it has a major objective and role in human life. The main objective of language is as a communication tool used by everyone, starting from the walking up, doing the activity, and until going

(15)

to sleep again. In general, all human activities always involve language as a means to interact among people. A person can express idea and thoughts convey the opinion and information through the use of a language, thus a language is a primary means of communication.

In communication, people use language in a practical way. We use it

virtually in everything we do. Language is so automatic and natural that people

pay less attention to it, but sometimes emphasized by the fact that they do not speak quite good as other do. Many people need to have professionals to learn about language, although to simply being able to use it.

For society that have more than one language, they usually will use the dominant language among them, or sometimes they will use more than one in their interaction, but basically in a society that have more than one language one of them will be shift because rare used in a society, generally the society will use a dominant language for their communication, as Holmes (2001:56) says that the dominant language is used as a means of communication because of status, prestige, and social success.

People need a language (status of the language is as lingua franca) to communicate in the wider society. They choose it because it has higher position than their vernacular and it is more highly. If they can communicate in the wider situation, they will get success or fit in the society. It hopes that by using a dominant language they can communicate by easily with each other and also their interaction will be well.

(16)

When a society uses a dominant language the other language will be lost or death, it means that one language will be shift to other language. As Schiffinan (1995:12) states that if language is not maintained, there can be several results. One is language death, the speakers of certain language become bilingual and the younger speakers become dominant in other language. If the language is not spoken anywhere, it will be endangered and lost. The process of language transfer or language replacement by a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another language is called language shift.

According to Hoffman (1991) when a community does not maintain its language, but gradually adopts another one, this involves language shift. In addition, Holmes (2001:56) describes language shift as a shift or displaces of one minority language mother tongue to a language of a wider society. The order domains in which language shift occurs may different form different individual and different groups, but gradually over time the language of the wider society displaces the minority‟s mother tongue.

Language shift, sometimes referred to as language transfer or language replacement or assimilation, is the process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another language. Often, languages perceived to be "higher status" stabilize or spread at the expense of other languages perceived by their own speakers to be "lower-status".

According to Edwards (1985:71-72) there are some indications ongoing language shift. Firstly, the language is lost its basis of domain and the numbers of language users‟ decrease. It means that the language no longer use in family

(17)

domain as the basis domain. The languages users reduce in numbers less language users overcome the language. Secondly, the majority language become dominant on minority language and endanger on the minority language. Majority language or the dominant language replaces the minority language in every domain. The minority language no longer use and it gradually makes the loss of the minority language. Thirdly, the minority language is used only in the rural then in the urban area. The minority language is founded only in the isolated area or in the village where the community of the minority language originates and the numbers of the language users of the minority language are the biggest.

In addition Romaine (2000:53-54) states that in some cases shift occurs as a result of forced or voluntary immigration to a place where it is not possible to maintain one‟s native language, e.g. Italians in the United States, or as a result of conquest, e.g. the Gaels in Scotlandia and Ireland . The ultimate loss of a language is termed „language death‟. Many factors are responsible for language shift and death, e.g. religious and educational background, settlement patterns, tie with the homeland (in the case of immigration bilingualism), extent of exogamous marriage, attitudes of majority and minority language groups, government policies concerning language and education. Where large groups of immigrants concentrate in particular geographical areas, they are often better able to preserve their language.

Language shifts may also occur among immigrant populations in much the same way that they do in indigenous populations. Children of immigrants are educated in a second language, and the first language may gradually fall out of

(18)

favor as immigrants become more adapted to the surrounding culture. It means that the process of language shift happened when a certain language has shifted the use of their mother tongue to the use of dominant language, and usually it happens to young generation. This condition typically happens to migrants. They are virtually monolingual who use their mother tongue as mean of communication, their children are bilingual, and their grandchildren are often monolingual in the language of the “lost” language. This implies that usually the old generation is monolingual. Then, the second generations are usually bilingual because they can speak using their mother tongue and they also can speak another language that is used in a particular place where they moved, but the third generation usually only speak one language of a particular place or area where their parents moved and stayed.

This research related with the previous study done by Musgrave (2006) from Monash University, which discussed about language shift and language maintenance in Indonesia. But the explanation which is given by him is not clear enough. That is the first reason why the writer chooses language shift as his topic. The second reason, Indonesia consists of many ethnics and languages. So, there is a tendency that inter-ethnic marriage happens. Inter-ethnic marriages are a combination of two people from different ethnics and languages also. It means that there are two languages exist in interethnic marriage couple. The existence of two languages means the competition between two languages. So, the writer is interested in investigating this phenomenon. And the third reasons is from the previous research focused on National Language such as Bahasa Indonesia and

(19)

some other ethnic language such as Mandailingnese, Karonese, Javanese, Bataknese and so on, but for Acehnese still less, so in this research the writer is interested to do the research in Acehnese because language shift also happens to Acehnese from the other language.

Balee village, North Aceh is one of the areas where the conflict occurs, basically in this village lived some Javanese families which in their daily life always speak Javanese but in Mei, 19nd, 2003 when the conflict occurs all the Javanese learn Acehnese because they are afraid of being killed by GAM and in this time where language shift occurs. It is obvious that Javanese language has shifted to Acehnese language and has lost in Balee village, North Aceh.

Based on the data that researcher got from the secretary of Balee village, North Aceh the number of population are 600 persons that consist of 150 families. From 150 families above 100 families are Acehnese and 50 families are Javanese. To shows the percentage of Acehnese and Javanese in Balee village, North Aceh it shows the table below:

Table 1.1 The Number of Ethnics in Balee village, North Aceh

Number Ethnics Families %

1 Acehnese 100 66.66

2 Javanese 50 33.33

Total 150 100

(20)

Below some examples of interaction consisting language shift: For older generation

R : Kepiye kabare wak jamu?

(How are you Wak Jamu?) P : Sae - sae mawon.

(Fine)

R : Seneng whae di Aceh.

(Are you happy living in Aceh) P : Seneng waye.

(I am so happy) R : Opo kerjane.

(What is your occupation?) P : Keladang.

(Farmer)

R : Wes suwe nang Aceh?

(How long have you been living in Aceh?) P : 20 taon

(20 years) R : Wes nang pesta?

(Have you gone to the party just now? P : Wes longo.

(Yes I had)

R : Bocah bocah nyangdi.

(Where are the children?) P : Dolanan.

(21)

For younger generation R : Kepiye kabare Putri?

(How are you putri?)

C : Peunyan bang, hana meuphom lon, pakek Bahasa Aceh mantong.

(What‟s going on, I don‟t understand, could you use Acehnese Language)

R : Peuhaba Putri?

(How are you Putri?

C : Haba got bang, abang peuhaba?

(Fine, brother, and you?)

R : Haba got sit. Putri peu hanjeut bahasa Jawa? Putri kon ureung Jawa.

(Well. Putri, don‟t you speak Javanese Language? You are Javanese, aren‟t you?

C : Hanjeut lon bang, karena hantom lon meuruno, mak pih han tom geupeureuno.

(No, I can‟t. Because I never learn it, my mother never taught me.) From the two conversations above we can see that for the older generation she still master about Javanese Language but for the younger generation she can‟t understand at all.

In 2002, one years before conflict occurs in Aceh most of ethnics like Javanese, Chinese, Padangnese, Bataknese use their vernacular to communicate by each other but when conflict occurs as soon as all of them try to learn Aceh language because they afraid with the GAM, because they will kill every one that cannot speak Aceh language. So, because of they often uses Aceh Language than their vernacular, their vernacular shift to Aceh Language. In this case not only

(22)

occurs for language but the religious also. Most of Chinese, Christiane, and Hindu move their religious to Muslim because they afraid will be killed by GAM.

Based on the explanation above that is why in this research the researcher would like to do the research with the title Language Shift by the Javanese in Balee Village, North Aceh.

1.2. The Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study, the problems are formulated as the following.

1. What factors influence language shift by the Javanese in Balee Village,

North Aceh?

2. How is the pattern of language shift by the Javanese realized in Balee

Village, North Aceh?

3. Why does the shift by the Javanese occur in Balee Village, North Aceh

in the way it does? 1.3. The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems of the study the objectives of the study are.

1. to explain the factors influencing language shift by the Javanese in

Balee village, North Aceh.

2. to describe the pattern of language shift by the Javanese in Balee

(23)

3. to give reason for shift which occurs among the Javanese speakers in

Balee Village, North Aceh. 1.4. The Scope of the Study

Language shift covers various. This study is focused on the factors, pattern (indication of an ongoing process of language shift) and reasons for the shift of the Javanese by its speakers into Acehnese language. The three aspects are in focus since they are highly assumed to be related in the study of the shift. It is of interest to note that the shift is suspected to be related aspects in the study.

1.5. The Significance of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and practically.

1. Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected to justify or to

refuse theories of language shift. In addition, the findings are expected to be the one having more academic in the issue of language planning.

2. Practically, the findings are expected to maintain the awareness about

the necessity in using Javanese among Javanese speakers in their community. Besides, the findings will be relevant to language planners in efforts to maintain the use of vernacular languages in North Aceh.

(24)

68 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusion

The study which is concerned with the Javanese shift to Acehnese

language was aimed at describing the factors influencing Javanese language shift,

the pattern of the language shift and the reasons for the Javanese shift into

Acehnese Language. Based on the findings, conclusions are drawn as the

following.

(1) The shift of Javanese into Acehnese Language in Balee village, North

Aceh was influenced by bilingualism, migration, economic factor, social

factor, demographic factors, institutional factor, and attitude.

(2) The Javanese language shift to Acehnese language occurred in pattern of

relationship between parents and children and between or among children.

(3) The reasons for the shift were conflict, the social success and the status of

Acehnese language. The shifts of Javanese to the Acehnese are mostly

caused by social conflict.

5.2. Suggestions

In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as

the following.

(1) It is suggested that the Javanese parents in Balee village, North Aceh

(25)

domain in order that the children as the next generation can learn and

speak Javanese.

(2) It is suggested that the Javanese in Balee village, North Aceh should

promote Javanese traditional attractions or other Javanese ceremonies in

their society to enable the Javanese to be familiar and accustomed to

Javanese use.

(3) Finally, it is suggested that the Javanese in Balee village, North Aceh

should promote Javanese by establishing some speech contest of

attractions relating to Javanese language in Balee village in order to

motivate the Javanese to appreciate and use Javanese.

(26)

70 REFERENCES

Adisyahputra, A. 2009. Potensi Kepunahan Bahasa Pada Komunitas Melayu Langkat di Stabat. Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa dan Sastra Vol. 5: pp 45-49. Ali. 2000. Suku – Suku di Aceh Utara. Banda Aceh: Pustaka Express.

Aman, M. 2015. Pakpak Language Shift in Medan. Unpublished Thesis. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan: Medan

Asmitazkirah. 2013. Language Shift in Arabic Language. Unpublished Thesis. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan: Medan

Baker, C. 2001. Foundation of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Sidney: Multi Lingual Matters.

Bodomo A. Arderson.J. and Zhahene J. 2010. Multilingualism as a Complex Ecology of Language Shift in Ghana. Linguistic Journal, Vol 15 No. 13, pp 1-19.

Bogdan, R. C and Biklen, Sari. K. 1992.Qualitative Research for Education; An

Introduction to Theory and Method. Boston : Allyn and Bacon.

Denzin. N.K.1970. The Research Act in Sociology, Chicago: Aldine. Retrieved from (Http//reference world.com/sage/socialscience/triangulation.pdf.). Downess, W. 2005. Language and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Conklin, N.F & Margareth, A. L. 1983. Multilingualism and Language Chance.

London : The Free Press Collier Macmillan.

Doughty & Long.2009. Chichester: Wiley- Blackwell.

Edwards, J. 1985. Language, Society and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University.

Fishman, J. (1971). The Sociology of Language. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Fasold, R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. NewYork: Basil Blackwell. Gerthardus, J. 2008. Language Maintenance and Shift in Ethiopia: A Case of

Maale: Johannesburg. Unpublished Dissertation. University of South

(27)

Hardjanto. T.D. Language maintenance and language shift with particular reference to the spread of English. Linguistic Journal, Vol . 1 No 11, pp. 87-93.

Hoffman .1991 . Sociolinguistic of Society. New York : Basil Blakwell.

Holmes, J. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. Edinburgh: Pearson Education.

Juliansyah. 2013. Language Shift of the Javanese in Stabat. Unpublished Thesis. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan: Medan.

Kaban, S. 2011. Karo Language Shift in Medan. Unpublished Thesis. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan: Medan.

Kouritzin, Sandra. G. 1999. Faces of First Language Loss. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Lincon, Y. & Guba E. G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage. Long, M. H. & D, Catherine. 2009. Chichester: Wiley- Blackwell.

Mahsun.2005.Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.

Miles, B., M, Huberman, A., Michael & Saldafia, Johhny. 2014. Qualitative Data

Analysis: a Methods Sorcebook. Edition 3. USA: SAGE.

Musgrave. S. 2006. Language Shift and Language Maintenance in Indonesia.

Linguistics Journal, Vol. 13 No 2, pp 1- 17.

Mesthrie, R., J. Swann, A. Deumert and W.L. Leap. 2009. Introducing

Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2006. Multiple Voices. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Miles, M.B and Huberman, M. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis: A

Source Book of New Method. Beverly Hill: Sage.

Meyer, C. F. (2009). Introducing English Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Meisel, H. M. 1994. Code-Switching in Young bilingual children: The acquisition of grammatical constraints. Studies in second language acquisition LA

Journal, Vol.16 No.14, pp 413-439.

(28)

Ravindranath. 2009. Introducing English Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University.

Richards, K. 2005. Introduction. In K. Richards and P. Seedhouse (eds,),

Applying conversation analysis, pp.1-8. Basingtoke: Palgrave

Macmillan.

Robert. 1984. Sociolinguistics. The Study of Speaker’s Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Romaine. 1994. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Romaine, S. 2000. Language in Society an Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Schiffinan .1995. The Sociology of Language. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Schmid, M.S. 2004. First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on

Methodological Issue. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Spadley, J.P. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Tawalbeh. A, Dagamseh. M., Al-Matrafi A. Language Maintenance or Shift a Sociolinguistic Investigation into the Use of Hausa among Saudi Hausa in the city of Mecca. Linguistic Journal, Vol.11 No.15, pp 1-14.

Thomas, L. et al. 2004. Language, Society and Power: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.

Thurgood .2007. Kinds of Vernacular language: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.

Weltens, B. 1986. Language Attrition in Progress. Dordrecht: The Netherlands. Weinrich, U. 1968. Language in Contact: Finding and Problem. The Haugen:

Mounton.

Wildan. 2000. Bahasa Aceh dan Morfem. Jakarta: Pustaka Express.

http://elevenbluemoon.blogspot.co.id/2015/11/terjadinya-konflik-di-aceh-pada-masa.html accessed on November 22nd 2015.

(1)

3. to give reason for shift which occurs among the Javanese speakers in Balee Village, North Aceh.

1.4. The Scope of the Study

1.5. The Significance of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and practically.

1. Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected to justify or to refuse theories of language shift. In addition, the findings are expected to be the one having more academic in the issue of language planning. 2. Practically, the findings are expected to maintain the awareness about

(2)

68 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. Conclusion

The study which is concerned with the Javanese shift to Acehnese language was aimed at describing the factors influencing Javanese language shift, the pattern of the language shift and the reasons for the Javanese shift into Acehnese Language. Based on the findings, conclusions are drawn as the following.

(1) The shift of Javanese into Acehnese Language in Balee village, North Aceh was influenced by bilingualism, migration, economic factor, social factor, demographic factors, institutional factor, and attitude.

(2) The Javanese language shift to Acehnese language occurred in pattern of relationship between parents and children and between or among children. (3) The reasons for the shift were conflict, the social success and the status of

Acehnese language. The shifts of Javanese to the Acehnese are mostly caused by social conflict.

5.2. Suggestions

In relations to the conclusions, some constructive points are suggested as the following.

(1) It is suggested that the Javanese parents in Balee village, North Aceh should keep on speaking Javanese among family members in family

(3)

domain in order that the children as the next generation can learn and speak Javanese.

(2) It is suggested that the Javanese in Balee village, North Aceh should promote Javanese traditional attractions or other Javanese ceremonies in their society to enable the Javanese to be familiar and accustomed to Javanese use.

(3) Finally, it is suggested that the Javanese in Balee village, North Aceh should promote Javanese by establishing some speech contest of attractions relating to Javanese language in Balee village in order to motivate the Javanese to appreciate and use Javanese.

(4)

70 REFERENCES

Aman, M. 2015. Pakpak Language Shift in Medan. Unpublished Thesis. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan: Medan

Asmitazkirah. 2013. Language Shift in Arabic Language. Unpublished Thesis. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan: Medan

Baker, C. 2001. Foundation of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Sidney: Multi Lingual Matters.

Bodomo A. Arderson.J. and Zhahene J. 2010. Multilingualism as a Complex Ecology of Language Shift in Ghana. Linguistic Journal, Vol 15 No. 13, pp 1-19.

Bogdan, R. C and Biklen, Sari. K. 1992.Qualitative Research for Education; An

Introduction to Theory and Method. Boston : Allyn and Bacon.

London : The Free Press Collier Macmillan. Doughty & Long.2009. Chichester: Wiley- Blackwell.