competence of learners. Meanwhile, the mistake is deviations made by learners unsystematically and it happened just in the performance.
B. ENGLISH WRITING
People learn a foreign language to communicate with others, to understand them, to talk to them, to read what they have written and write to them. In writing,
people learn how to communicate when the other person is not around them, listening to the words they said, and looking at the gesture and facial expressions.
Writing is the language used to express and to communicate with others. It must be difficult without practicing regularly. Writing is very complex and
difficult to teach. As J.B Heaton stated that: “The writing skills are complex and sometimes difficult to teach, requiring
mastery not only of grammatical and rhetorical devices but also conceptual and judgment element”
22
. Meanwhile Kent stated in his book : “ Writing is expression and that successful expression is dependent upon the continuity and clarity of the
thought
23
Writing is much more than an orthographic symbolization of speech to writing curriculum devices exercise, while necessitate intense concentration”
24
Based on three definitions above writing is the act for expressing the idea by words that is very complex and difficult because it required thinking and some
aspects to be integrated. English is known as lingua franca
25
that means “vehicular language”. Vehicular language is a language goes beyond the boundaries of it original
22
J.B Heaton, Writing English Language Test: Longman Hanbook for Language Teacher New York: Longman: 1975P.135
23
Sherman Kent, Writing History, New Yorkc:Appleton Century Crofts, 1941 second edition,p.56
24
Allen and Campbell, Teaching English as A Second Language,New Delhi: Mc Graw Hill,1979p.200
25
Jeremy Harmer, The practice of English Language Teaching third edition, Cambridge: Longman 2002 p.1
community and used as a second language for communication between communities. The opposite meaning of vehicular language is “vernacular
language” means a language used as native language in a single community. Further English is commonly learnt by people from around the world that it can be
considered as both vehicular and vernacular language. As English called as vehicular and vernacular language, it is easy to understand the reason why English
become a dominant international language in present communication, science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy, the growing economic and
culture influence of united state after world war II also become a factor which has significantly accelerated the spread of English. Therefore, it can be a reason why
today English is being taught to over one billion people throughout the world as their second language to make communication each other. The importance of
learning English for the purpose described above is closely related to the methodology of its teaching which plays an important role to stimulate students
learning English. Methodology in English teaching also becomes a media for teacher to investigate proper ways in activating and energizing student’s
behaviour that channelled toward learning English. Brumfit defined English as an International language in that It is the most
widespread medium of international communication both because of the number and the geographical spread of its speakers, and because of the large of number of
non native speakers who use it for part at least of their international contact
26
. It requires at least three conditions to learn the letter:
a. There must be extensive exposure some would say system exposure
to the target language. b.
There must be extensive opportunity use the language so far acquired as creatively as possible through reading, writing, conversation,
listening activities whichever are most appropriate to particular learners.
c. Students must be motivated to benefit from a, b.
26
C.J. Brumfit. English for International Communication, England : Pergamon Press Ltd, 1982 p.1
From the three definitions above we can say that English is foreign language that is learned by the student of junior high school, senior high school,
and university.
British and American English Spelling
Writing is a complex process even in the first language. It is even more complicated to write in a foreign language. Many studies indicate that, for
beginning EFL students, there tends to be interference from their first language in the process of writing in English. A better understanding of the L1 influence in
the process of EFL writing will help teachers know students difficulties in learning English. It will also aid in the adoption of appropriate teaching strategies
to help beginning EFL students learning English. Writing and therefore spelling is a representation of the spoken word.
The spoken word is not a representation of writing. Because accents and pronunciation can change easily and quite quickly, whereas what is written in
books and dictionaries remains fixed for years, as well as for various historical reasons, there is often little correspondence between spoken English
pronunciation and written English spelling. English spelling therefore often appears to be totally illogical. The following rules can help you to decode the
mysteries of English spelling, but remember, even the best rules have their exceptions.
•
Adding -er-est quick, quicker, quickest, happy, happier, happiest, hot, hotter, hottest...
•
Adding -ing-ed work, working, worked, stop, stopping, stopped...
•
Adding -ly loud, loudly, happy, happily, terrible, terribly...
•
Adding -s dog, dogs, church, churches, wife, wives...
•
-ible or -able accessible, visible, dependable, networkable...
•
-ie- or -ei- friend, fiend, feint, freight...
British English and American English
colour, color, practise, practice, tyre, tire...
Table 2.2 Here are the principal differences in spelling
between British English and American English
.
British English
American English
Final –l is always doubled after one vowel in stressed and unstressed syllables in British English
but usually only in stressed syllables in American English, for example:
rebel rebelled
travel travelled
rebel rebelled
travel traveled
Some words end in -tre in British English and -ter in American English, for example:
centre theatre
center theater
Some words end in -ogue in British English and - og in American English, for example:
analogue catalogue
analog catalog
Some words end in -our in British English and -or in American English, for example:
colour labour
color labor
Some verbs end in -ize or -ise in British English but only in -ize in American English, for example:
realise, realize
harmonise, harmonize
realize harmonize
Common Differences
British English American English
all right all right, alright disputed
Analyse Analyze
Centre Center
Cheque Check
Colour color
Continue to the next page…
Counselor Counselor
criticise, criticize Criticize
Defence Defense
Doughnut Donut
Favour Favor
Fibre Fiber
Flavor Flavor
Fulfil Fulfill
Grey gray
Honour honor
Humour humor
Jewellery jewellery, jewelry
judgement, judgment judgment Kerb
curb Labour
labor license, licence verb
licence noun license verb
license noun Litre
liter Metre
meter Mould
mold Neighbour
neighbor Offence
offense practise verb
practice noun practice verb
practice noun Pretence
pretense Programme
program Pyjamas
pajamas realise, realize
realize Savour
savor Speciality
specialty
Theatre theater
travelled traveling
travelled, traveled travelling, traveling
Tyre tire
Valour valor
Table 2.3 Summary of Punctuation Marks
Punctuation Mark Name Example
full stop or period
I like English. comma
I speak English, French and Thai. semi-colon
I dont often go swimming; I prefer to play tennis.
colon You have two choices: finish the work
today or lose the contract.
hyphen This is a rather out-of-date book.
dash In each townóLondon, Paris and
Romeówe stayed in youth hostels. question
mark Where is Shangri-La?
exclamation mark
Help she cried. Im drowning slash,
forward slash or
oblique Please press your browsers
RefreshReload button.
backslash C:\Users\Files\jse.doc
double quotation
marks I love you, she said.
single quotation
marks I love you, she said.
Continue to the next page…
apostrophe This is Johns car.
Underline Have you read War and Peace?
Underscore bin_ladcia.gov round
brackets I went to Bangkok my favorite city and
stayed there for two weeks.
Square brackets
The newspaper reported that the hostages [most of them French] had been released.
Curly brackets or
braces { b := a + 1
RESULTIS b }
Ellipsis One happy customer wrote: This is the
best program...that I have ever seen.
From explanation above we can conclude that English writing is act or art of forming letters and characters that is very complex and difficult because
requiring mastery not only of grammatical and rhetorical devices but also conceptual and judgment element.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology used in this study. It comprises of the research design, method of study, time and location of the
research, subject of the research, instrument of research, technique of data collecting, and technique of data analysis.
A. Research Design
