23 and masochism. Each mode of sexual activity may occur with a variety of
different sexual objects. For example, in autoerotic masturbation the individual is his own object; in mutual masturbation the object may be an
adult of the same sex, an adult of the opposite sex, a child and so forth. 3 The object of the sexual act is deviant in homosexuality, fetishism,
preference for children pedophilia, bestiality Zoophilia, incest and so forth. 4 The social and physical contexts are deviant in prostitution. The use of
pornography is not a sexual deviation unless such materials come to take the place of a live sexual object.
3. Pedophilia
Pedophilia is from the Greek language paidos that means a child. The main characteristic of pedophilia is the recurrent intense sexual urges and
sexually arousing fantasies involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children. To get the diagnosed of pedophilia, a person must be at least 16
and at least 5 years older than the child.
13
Some people with pedophilia are sexually attracted to children only, and some are aroused by both children and
adults APA, 2000.
14
Although there are relatively few reports of females with pedophilia, they do exist Arndt, 1991: Rowan, 1988. Glynis Whiting produced an in-
depth investigation on one of the most under-reported crimes in North America. Ms. Whiting wrote and directed a provocative documentary, “When
13
Jeffrey S Nevid, Spencer A. Rathus, and Beverly Greene, Psikologi AbnormalEdisi kelima jilid 2 Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga, 2003, p. 82.
14
Bryan Strong …et al., Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America-5
th
ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2005, p. 336.
24 Girls Do It: The Story of Female Sex Predators”. As Ms. Whiting states, “We
are always shocked to hear stories of sexual abuse, but it seems all the more disturbing when the abusers are women.”
15
Boys are especially harmed when they are victims of sexual abuse by women. Our culture will still refuses to accept that sexual abuse happens to
girls and may even blame the female child or adolescent when it does. When sexual abuse happens to a boy society blames him, but in a different way. One
of the most harmful cultural beliefs is that sexual abuse to boys by women is harmless. Women are viewed as maternal and nurturing. Because of these
stereotypes, women are given greater freedom than men in touching children and expressing feelings for them. As a consequence, when a female with
pedophilia embraces, kisses, or caresses a child, her behavior may be viewed as nurturing rather than sexual. But when a male not having pedophilia does
the same thing, his behavior may be misinterpreted as sexual. There are four types and several characteristics proposed of adult
female sexual offenders who sexually abuse children and teens based on the information from reports of the Safer Society Press by Allen C. 1991 about
Women and Men Who Sexually Abuse Children in A Comparative Analysis.
16
Four types of adult female sexual offenders: a Predisposed familial offender: An adult female family member who has a
history of trauma and is predisposed to sexual offending and other types of child maltreatment as an outcome of her own history of sexual abuse and
15
http:sexual-abuse.suite101.comarticle.cfmfemale_sex_offendersSeptember 5, 2009.
16
http:www.healing4women.commediaFemaleSexOffendersDuncan.pdfSeptember5, 2009
25 violence. This typology would include a woman who is currently the victim of
domestic violence by a male who is also sexually offending. This category recognizes the risk of previous and current victimization in the developmental
pathway to sexual offending for females either alone or with a partner. b Developmentally delayed offender: An adult female who indicates a
developmental delay that is diagnosed by a standardized test or assessment. This category recognizes the impact developmental problems and organic
syndromes can have on a history of sexual offending for this group of females as well as their risk for a history of sexual victimization.
c Child exploiter offender: An adult female who is a non-family member and has a history of exploiting her dominant relationship or authority status
with a child or adolescent. This category recognizes the cognitive distortions that may be distinct to this category of female offender in terms of believing
that her sexual abuse of a child or teen is based on mutual attraction and love interests rather than on planned manipulation of a minor for her own sexual
and emotional gratification. d Violent female offender: An adult female who primarily uses physical
coercion to commit her sexual offenses and may share characteristics of the above categories of typology. These women most often resemble the
predatory type of aggressive sex offender who has a predominant need for power and control over her victim.
26 Several characteristics of female sex offenders:
a The majority of women who are reported are between 22 to 33 years of age. But Mohr et al 1962 found a distinct trimodal age distribution, with
peaks in adolescence, the thirties and the fifties. The adolescence were retarded psychosexually and socially. The thirties were tended to
regression, severe marital and social maladjustment and alcoholism. The oldest were characterized by loneliness and either actual impotence or
concern about impotence.
17
b A high percentage of females who commit sexual abuse have experienced sexual abuse as children or teens and can have victimization histories
twice the rate of men who sexually offend. c They often have a history of alcohol and or drug abuse.
d A high percentage of females are in the family or the perpetrator is close to the victim- friend, teacher, coach, sitter, clergy.
e A majority are employed in professional jobs or as manager. f Women do not tend to show a victim age preference in the same manner
that male sex offenders do. g Most of them have married or divorce and have child.
The causes of pedophilia are complex and vary. A number of cases are suitable with weak, lazy, a rigid social relationship people stereotype and a
solitary who is threatened of adult relationship and turn into the child to get the sexual satisfaction with childrenAmes Houston, 1990. In the number
17
Ephraim Rosen, Ronald E. Fox, and Ian Gregory 1972, Op. cit, p. 286-287.
27 of other cases, it can be a sexual experience in the age of child with another
child which felt fun, so that, the person wants to feel the joy of his past. However, in some pedophilia case, the molested person is now able to turn
back the situation as an effort to get the feeling of hold the power. Based on a book of Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life by James
C. Coleman, there are four causal categories that based on: a an intensive study of 38 pedophiliac offenders living in a segregated treatment center
Cohen, Seghorn Calmas, 1969, and b in-depth interviews with many pedophiliacs, some of whom had managed to avoid arrest and others who had
been arrested and served time Rossman, 1973. a The personally immature offender, who has never been able to establish or
maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with male or female peers during his adolescent, young adult, or adult life. This way by far the most
common type. He is sexually comfortable only with children, and in most cases knows the victim. Usually the act is not impulsive but begins with a type
of disarming courtship which eventually leads to sexual play. Either male or female children may be the victims.
b The regressed offender, who during adolescence shows apparently normal development, with good peer relationships and some dating behavior and
heterosexual experiences. “However, throughout this period there exist increasing
feelings of masculine inadequacy in sexual and nonsexual activities. And, as he enters adulthood, his social,
occupational, and marital adjustment is quite tenuous and marginal. There is frequently a history of an inability to deal
with the normal stresses of adult life and alcoholic episodes
28 become increasingly more frequent and result in the
breakdown of a relatively stable marital, social and work adjustment. In almost all instances the pedophilic acts are
precipitated by some direct confrontation of his sexual adequacy by an adult female or some threat to his masculine
image by a male peer.” Cohen, Seghorn, Calmas, 1969, p. 251.
c The “conditioned” offender. Included here are individuals who have had their definitive sexual experiences with young boys. This conditioned
behavior continues into adulthood in terms of sexual preference. These individuals are usually callous and exploitive in their sexual behavior in
search of vulnerable children. d The psychopsthic offender. The individuals here are psychopathic
personalities who prey on children in search of new sexual thrills. This category includes aggressive psychopaths whose behavior is motivated by
both aggressive and sexual components. Such offenders usually have a history of antisocial behavior and could be described as hostile, aggressive
psychopaths. Ordinarily they select a boy as the object of their aggression. Psychopaths, particularly those who use coercion are prone to denying their
offenses or placing the blame on their victims.
18
18
James C. Coleman 1976, op.cit. p. 578-579.
29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data Description
