examining the functions of code switching that occurs in Facebook users’ utterance. The difference can be seen from participants who used code switching.
In Mandiri’s thesis, he analyses Facebook users’ utterances while in this study the writer identifies the participants’ utterances in Hitam Putih talk show.
2. Murniati’s article on Celt journal “An analysis of Indonesian – English
Code Switching in Electronic Mails”. This article explains the analysis of Code Switching in Electronic Mails. In
Murniati’s article, she identifies the types and the functions of Indonesian – English code switching in Electronic Mails. She observes that code switching is a
common phenomenon in Indonesian because most people in Indonesia are bilingual. Murniati sees that the upper middle class teenagers are already familiar
with English in their daily life given that they are also exposed to Western movies and films and the high competition to enter the most prestigious schools in
Indonesia and abroad. In her study, Murniati takes the electronic mails as the data from University graduate, students of undergraduate and graduate programs in
Ohio, and the Indonesian Fulbrighters in the US who speak English well Murniati. 2004:127. Related to this study, the writer takes the conversations
among three participants in Hitam Putih talk show as the data.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Sociolinguistics
The study of language used by society is called sociolinguistics. This comprehension is supported by Hudson 1980:4-5 “sociolinguistics is the study
of language in relation to society”.
Wardaugh also stated that sociolinguistics is focussing on the relationship between language and society with the purpose to have a better understanding of
the structure of the language and of how languages function in communication 1992:13.
According to Trudgil 1978:11 as cited by Wardaugh sociolinguistics also covers some works such as structure of discourse and conversation, speech acts,
studies in the ethnography of speaking, investigations of such matters as kinship systems, studies in the sociology of language such as bilingualism, code-
switching, and diglossia and certain practical concerns such as various aspects of teaching and language behaviour in classroom 1992 : 14.
In this case, bilingualism, code switching, and diglossia are related to each other in terms of sociology studies of language. Bilingualism here more concerns
to one person and his knowledge of certain languages. According to Wei, bilingualism is considered as the alternate of two or more languages by the same
person 2000:27. It can be said that bilingual speaker is a person who speaks more than one language.
On the other hand, diglossia is defined as the situation which two or more persons will switch their languages only in a particular situation. According to
Asher said that there are two distinctive varieties of code that exist in diglossic communities, namely high H and low L variety. High H variety is the
prestige variety which is used in formal discourses, while low L is used in less formal discourse 1994:581. People will use H in formal situation such as in
interview, workshop, presentation. People will also use L in informal situation such when they speak to close friend or family at home.
Based on the theories above, it can be concluded that a person who switches his language to another language is obviously a bilingual speaker and it happens
for some particular reasons which is one of them is a setting or situation. Therefore, this phenomenon is called code switching.
2. Code Switching
There are several definitions of code switching viewed by some linguists. They have different ways in defining code switching. Thus, in order to have in-
depth understanding of code switching, this study presents several definitions of code switching from several linguists.
Code switching occurs amongst people who can speak more than one language and this is also agreed with the idea from Shana as cited by Duran that
“code switching is the juxtaposition within the passage of someone’s speech which involves items of two different languages” 1984:10. This can be
understood that code switching occurs when the speaker inserts two different languages in his utterance.
The other linguist states that code switching is language mixture is Akmajian. He stated that “Code switching refers to a situation in which the
speaker uses a mixture of distinct language varieties as discourse proceeds” 2001:307. It means that code switching is a situation when the speaker combines
two different languages in a speech.
