An Analysis of Translating Figurative Language in Paulo Coelho‟s Novel The Alchemist
AN ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON PAULO COELHO’S THE ALCHEMIST
A THESIS
BY
AINA UMAMI
REG. NO. 120721007
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015
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AN ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES TRANSLATING FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON PAULO COELHO’S THE ALCHEMIST
A THESIS BY
AINA UMAMI
REG. NO. 120721007
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana sastra from Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015
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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, P.hD NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Saturday, June 27, 2015
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A ……….
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ……….
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D ……….
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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I , AINA UMAMI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
SIGNED :
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NAME : AINA UMAMI
TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURES IN
TRANSLATING FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON
PAULO COELHO’S THE ALCHEMIST QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE WHERE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
SIGNED :
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank and praise to Allah SWT for giving me everything I need especially to finish my thesis entitled An Analysis of Translating
Figurative Language in Paulo Coelho‟s Novel “The Alchemist” in order to get the degree of sarjana sastra from Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara.
I would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A, also to Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, ph.D as the head and secretary of English Department and also as my supervisor and co-supervisor. And I would like to thank to all the lecturer of Faculty of Cultural Studies.
Then, I would to express my deep gratitude to my parents, Kholid and Nuraidah, my brother Muhammad Hanafi, Diki Angga, my family and to all my friends.
Medan, June 2015
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ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Translating figurative language in Paulo
Coelho‟s Novel “The Alchemist” ini membahas tentang prosedur-prosedur yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan kalimat-kalimat figurative pada novel The Alchemist. Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori Newmark (1988) mengenai macam-macam prosedur yang digunakan oleh penerjemah dalam terjemahan. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam skrispsi ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif oleh Fraenkel dan Wallen (1993). Metode deskriptif kualitatif digunakan dalam menganalisa dan menjelaskan data kalimat figurative didalam novel. Data yang digunakan diambil dari novel Paulo Coelho yang berjudul The Alchemist
dan terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Sang Alkemis oleh Tanti Lesmana. Terdapat 70 kalimat yang merupakan kalimat figurative. 70 kalimat tersebut dianalisa untuk menentukan prosedur-prosedur apa yang digunakan penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan kalimat figurative. Terdapat 10 macam prosedur yang digunakan penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan kalimat figurative. Prosedur tersebut yaitu synonymy (4 kalimat), literal (20 kalimat), expansion (5 kalimat), reduction (2 kalimat), transposition (7 kalimat), naturalization (2 kalimat), equivalence (23 kalimat), modulation (1 kalimat), paraphrase (4 kalimat), transference (1 kalimat).
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ABSTRACT
A thesis entitled An Analysis of Translating figurative language in Paulo
Coelho‟s Novel “The Alchemist” discussed about procedures which used in translating figurative sentences in the novel The Alchemist. The theory which used in the thesis is Newmark Theory (1988) explains about kind of procedures which used by translator in translating. This thesis used descriptive qualitative method by Fraenkel and Wallen (1993). Descriptive qualitative method used in analyzing and describing the data of figurative language found in the novel. The data is taken from
Paulo Coelho‟s novel entitled The Alchemist and its translation in Bahasa Indonesia,
Sang Alkemis by Tanti Lesmana. There are 70 sentences which contain figurative language. 70 sentences analyzed to determine the procedure which used by translator in translating figurative sentence. There are 10 types of translation procedures applied by translator in translating the figurative language, those procedures are synonymy (4 items), literal (20 items), expansion (5 items), reduction (2 items), transposition (7 items), naturalization (2 items), equivalence (23 items), modulation (1 items), paraphrase (4 items), transference (1 items).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ··· i
SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL SHEET
··· ii
DEPARTMENT’S APPROVAL SHEET
··· iii
BOARD OF EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL
··· iv
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
··· v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION··· vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ··· vii
ABSTRAK ··· viii
ABSTRACT ··· ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ··· x
LIST OF FIGURES ··· xii
LIST OF TABLE ··· xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study ··· 11.2Problem of the Study ··· 3
1.3Objective of the Study ··· 3
1.4Scope of the Study ··· 3
1.5 Significance of Study ··· 4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1Translation ··· 52.2Process of Translation ··· 6
2.3Translation Procedures ··· 8
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2.5Figurative Language ··· 19
2.6Types of Figurative language ··· 19
2.6.1 Figurative Language in Novel ··· 24
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1Method of the Research ··· 263.2Source of Data ··· 27
3.3Data Samples ··· 27
3.3.1 Population ··· 27
3.3.2 Samples ··· 28
3.4Techniques of Collecting Data ··· 28
3.5Techniques of Analyzing Data ··· 29
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Finding ··· 314.2 Discussion ··· 66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ··· 685.2 Suggestion ··· 68
REFERENCES
···
70
APPENDICES
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ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Translating figurative language in Paulo
Coelho‟s Novel “The Alchemist” ini membahas tentang prosedur-prosedur yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan kalimat-kalimat figurative pada novel The Alchemist. Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori Newmark (1988) mengenai macam-macam prosedur yang digunakan oleh penerjemah dalam terjemahan. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam skrispsi ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif oleh Fraenkel dan Wallen (1993). Metode deskriptif kualitatif digunakan dalam menganalisa dan menjelaskan data kalimat figurative didalam novel. Data yang digunakan diambil dari novel Paulo Coelho yang berjudul The Alchemist
dan terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Sang Alkemis oleh Tanti Lesmana. Terdapat 70 kalimat yang merupakan kalimat figurative. 70 kalimat tersebut dianalisa untuk menentukan prosedur-prosedur apa yang digunakan penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan kalimat figurative. Terdapat 10 macam prosedur yang digunakan penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan kalimat figurative. Prosedur tersebut yaitu synonymy (4 kalimat), literal (20 kalimat), expansion (5 kalimat), reduction (2 kalimat), transposition (7 kalimat), naturalization (2 kalimat), equivalence (23 kalimat), modulation (1 kalimat), paraphrase (4 kalimat), transference (1 kalimat).
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ABSTRACT
A thesis entitled An Analysis of Translating figurative language in Paulo
Coelho‟s Novel “The Alchemist” discussed about procedures which used in translating figurative sentences in the novel The Alchemist. The theory which used in the thesis is Newmark Theory (1988) explains about kind of procedures which used by translator in translating. This thesis used descriptive qualitative method by Fraenkel and Wallen (1993). Descriptive qualitative method used in analyzing and describing the data of figurative language found in the novel. The data is taken from
Paulo Coelho‟s novel entitled The Alchemist and its translation in Bahasa Indonesia,
Sang Alkemis by Tanti Lesmana. There are 70 sentences which contain figurative language. 70 sentences analyzed to determine the procedure which used by translator in translating figurative sentence. There are 10 types of translation procedures applied by translator in translating the figurative language, those procedures are synonymy (4 items), literal (20 items), expansion (5 items), reduction (2 items), transposition (7 items), naturalization (2 items), equivalence (23 items), modulation (1 items), paraphrase (4 items), transference (1 items).
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study
Nowadays, translation becomes an important thing in human‟s life. This act of
transferring information and message from the SL to the TL has developed all over the world. Translation in general is the process of turning an original or SL text into text in TL language. The purpose of translating is to make the readers to understand the meaning/ message of the SL.
Translation has important role for individuals, group of people or a country to access or share beneficial information, experience, story, knowledge from the other parts of the world. Moreover, translation is an interesting activity to do. This activity can be seen from the existence of the translated books of various fields such as economics, science, technology, and literary works (novel, poetry, and short story). Thus, in the other word translation is a way for communicating in written form.
According to Newmark (1981: 5) says that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Meanwhile, Nida and Taber (1974: 12) say that translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. So, the meaning of the translation text from SL to TL must be the same and as close as possible.
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In addition, there are many texts have been translated from English to Indonesian or vice versa for example, history text, science text, literary text, etc. one kind of literary work is Novel. Novel is one of literary works used by writer both to deliver his messages to the readers and to invite them to communicate through imaginative languages.
One of imaginative language is figurative language. The figurative language is usually found in some literary works such as, novel and short story. In writing a novel, a writer mostly uses figurative language. Meriam-Webster‟s Encyclopedia of literature (1995: 415) defines figurative language as:
A form of expression (as simile and metaphor) used to convey meaning or heightened effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.
It is usually found in the novel in which the writer uses it to convey exact meaning in a vivid and artistic manner. In other word, the writer tries to create an image in the
readers mind. Thus, holding the attention of the reader is the writer‟s goal.
In translation, figurative language must be translated carefully in order to avoid misunderstanding. In this case, translating figurative language becomes one of challenges that have to be faced by a translator.
Based on the explanations above the writer is interested to analyze one of the famous novels entitled The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho. The writer has chosen that novel because the novel has potential issues to be analyzed how the figurative
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language is translated and the procedures used by translator in translating it based on
Newmark‟s Theory. The novel also has inspired every people who read it in the essential wisdom of listening to our heart and following our dreams.
1.2 Problem of the Study
Based on the reason above, the study is interested on the analysis of translating
figurative language in Paulo Coelho‟s novel. The problems can be formulated as follows:
1. What are the procedures used in translating the figurative language? 2. What is the dominant procedure used in translating figurative language?
1.3 Objective of the Study
Based on the problems, the objectives can be formulated as follows: 1. To discover the procedures found in translating figurative language.
2. To reveal the most dominant procedure used by the translator in translating figurative language.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This study focused on procedures used in translating figurative languages that is
used in the novel „The Alchemist‟ by Paulo Coelho. In order to make this study more
comprehensive on the problem, the study is limited to identifying, finding out and explaining how figurative languages are translated.
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1.5 Significance of the Study
The significances of the study are:
1. This study is expected to give inputs and ideas to amateur translators as well as the readers in improving and enhancing their translation skills especially in translating figurative language which is usually exist in a novel.
2. To give further knowledge for the writer and for Indonesian translators especially, translating figurative language into Indonesian language.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Translation
Translation in general is the process of turning an original or SL text into a text in TL language. The definition of translations was varied. There are many theories who explain translation definition. Some experts and linguist has explained some definitions of translation to make people easy to understand the essential meaning of translation.
Catford (1965: 1) sees translation as „an operation performed on languages: a
process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another‟. According to
Catford, we do not „transfer‟ the meaning between languages; we merely „replace‟ a
source language meaning by a target language meaning that can function in the same way in the situation at hand. While, Newmark (1988: 5) says that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Nida and Taber (1982: 12) say that translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. So, the meaning of the translation text from SL to TL must be the same and as close as possible.
Simatupang (2000: 2) stated that menerjemahkan adalah mengalihkan makna yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran dan mewujudkan kembali di dalam bahasa sasaran dengan bentuk-bentuk sewajar mungkin menurut
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aturan-aturan yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran. Translation is shift the meaning in SL into TL and creates it in TL with rules in TL as natural as possible.
Based on those definitions above, it concludes that translation basically is the process of transferring written text from one language to another language. According to the message of SL and using expression way in TL naturally. Translation covers meaning, form of language, equivalences and cultural context. The central idea of translation is the process of transferring meaning from the SL to the TL in order to present the original sense and naturalness.
2.2 Process of Translation
Translation is generally transfer the message, content and meaning of SL to TL exactly, natural, and flexible. To transfer the message or content from SL to TL, it needs a process that will determine the translations products. Nababan (1999: 27) states that translation process is divided into three phases: analysis, transfer, and restructuring.
1. Analysis
Analysis phase is the most crucial stage for the translator. At this stage, the translator must be able to capture the content, messages, and the meanings exist in the SL. This stage is an important stage for the translator. If the translator catch the wrong content, message, and meaning in SL, the subsequent translation process will be one all.
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Analysis phase includes the understanding of the linguistic and extra linguistic elements. Linguistic elements include the understanding of sentences, clauses, phrases, and words. Instead, extra linguistic elements include things outside language, including, socio-cultural conditions. This is because, in essence, language and culture are two things that cannot be separated.
2. Transfer
Transferring phase is a phase that is used by translator in transferring content, messages or meanings contained in SL to TL. At this stage, the translator must find
closest equivalence words from SL to TL. This process occurs in translator‟s mind, so
Nababan calls this process as mental process 3. Restructuring
Restructure phase is a phase when the translator start writing the contents, meaning and messages from SL to TL. At this stage, the translator must to master the rules of SL in detail so the translation will seem natural and flexible. When read, the translation is like the original so there is no impression as a translation product. This
is what is meant by the process that occurs in translator‟s mind.
While, according to Larson (1984: 17) says that when translating a text, the
translator‟s goal is an idiomatic translation which makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text into naturalness forms of the Target Language. Further, she says that translation is concerned with a study of lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, which is analyzed in order to determine its meaning. The discovered meaning is the re-expressed or reconstructed using the lexicon and grammatical
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structure which are appropriate in the Target Language (TL) and its cultural context. Larson (1984: 4) simply presents the diagram of the translation process as follows:
Discover Re-express
The meaning the meaning
Figure 1 Translation process by Larson
The forms of the text to be translated and the translation results are shown by the different forms between square and triangle. It means that in translating a text, Larson suggests that the forms of the Source Language (SL) may be changed into appropriate forms of the receptor language in order to the idiomatic translation.
2.3 Translation Procedures
Newmark (1988: 81-93) describes the translation procedures there are: 1. Literal
Literal is to transfer or to convert the grammatical structure of the SL both word and sentence to the nearest equivalence of the TL, in which the words are translated individually and out of context.
SL: I have a pen TEXT TO BE
TRANSLATED
MEANING
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TL: saya mempunyai sebuah pulpen
2. Transference
Transference is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a
translation procedure. The word then becomes a „loan word‟. The word in this
procedure does not change the original form of the SL that is translated into TL. Translators use this procedure if there are lack vocabularies of the TL. For example, most Indonesian people call the machine makes printed record computer information as printer. This naming is taken from the source language itself.
SL: he buys new a printer
TL: Pria itumembeli printer baru
3. Naturalization
Naturalization is a procedure that succeeds transference. That is first by adapting the SL word first to the normal pronunciation. And second by changing it to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL in order to make it familiar to the tongue of the target language speakers.
SL: Television, theme, modification TL: Televisi, tema, modifikasi
4. Cultural Equivalent
Cultural equivalent is an approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word. Functional cultural equivalents are even more restricted in translation, but they may occasionally be used if the term is of little importance in a popular article or popular fiction. They are important in
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drama, as they can create an immediate effect. The main purpose of the procedure is to support of supplement another translation procedure in a couplet.
SL: Bachelor of Arts, notaire TL: Sarjana muda, pengacara
5. Functional Equivalent
Functional equivalent is a common procedure, applied to cultural words, requires the use of a culture free word, sometimes with a new specific term; it therefore neutralizes or generalizes the SL word. By using this procedure a translator tries to explain the use- its description of the function-of the source language word in the TL. For example, baccalaureat –„French secondary
school leaving exam‟, Sejm - „Polish parliament‟. 6. Descriptive Equivalent
Differing from functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent puts more emphasize on the description of cultural word. For example, samurai is described as Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to the nineteenth century. 7. Synonymy
Synonymy is the use of a near TL equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalent may or may not exist. This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text. In other word, due to there are choices of words in TL; a translator may decide to use one of the equivalent words. „Desert‟ can be
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translated „padang pasir‟ or „padang gurun‟ by the translator which has the similar meaning in the TL.
8. Through-Translation
Through-Translation is the literal translation of common collocation, names of organization, the component of compounds and perhaps phrases. Normally, through-translation should be used only when they are already recognized term. The most example of through-translation is the names of international
organizations which often consist of „universal‟ words which may be
transparent for English language. A common example is UN (united Nations)
translated as „PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa) SL: World Health Organization (English)
TL: Badan Kesehatan Dunia (Indonesian)
9. Shifts or Transposition
A „shift‟ or „transposition‟ is a translation procedure involving a change in the
grammar form the SL to TL. One type is the change from singular to plural. The second type of shift is required when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL. The fourth type of transposition is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure.
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10.Modulation
Modulation is defined as „a variation through a change in viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of thought‟. Free modulations are used by translators „when the TL rejects literal translation‟, which means virtually always. The translators when use this procedure can replace active sentence for
passive sentence. There are other modulations such as, „abstract for concrete‟, „cause for effect‟, „one part for another‟, „reversal of terms‟, „space for time‟, „intervals and limits‟, and „change of symbols‟.
SL: the tea is not hot TL: teh itu dingin
11.Recognized Translation
Recognized translation is normally used when the TL accepted translation for the SL both words and sentences. This procedure is sometimes inappropriate or poor but the speakers of the TL are fine with that. For example, the translation
of „wait a moment‟ is „tunggu sebentar‟. 12.Translation Label
Label is a temporary translation of the SL word. The translator considers this procedure usually as the appropriate one to translate new institutional term, which should be made in inverted commas, which can be later be discreetly withdrawn. It could be done through literal translation. For example, heritage language is translated become langue d‟heritage.
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13.Compensation
Compensation procedure is used when one part of a sentence loss of meaning, sound effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence, then the compensated in another part or in a contiguous sentence.
14.Componential Analysis
Componential analysis is the splitting up of lexical unit into its sense components, often one-to-two,-three or-four translations. Componential analysis in translation is the basic process to compare a SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning, but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components. Normally the SL word has a more specific meaning than the TL word and the translator has to add one or two TL sense components to the corresponding TL word in order to produce a closer approximation of meaning.
15.Reduction and Expansion
Reduction and expansion are rather imprecise translation procedures, which can be practiced intuitively in some cases. These two procedures are used in poor written texts, and lead to a change in lexical and stylistic aspects. Expansion refers to the case where the translator exceeds the number of words
of the SL in translation. E.g. „Pria Hitam‟, „dark skinned man‟. Here, we
notice a shift from n+adj in Bahasa Indonesia into adj+ compound adj+n. In reduction procedure, the translator is more likely to reduce in the number of elements that form of the SL. This procedure should respect the principle of relevant, that is, the translator should make sure that no crucial information is
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dropped in translation. E.g. „ilmu politik‟, „politics‟. Here, the SL adjective plus noun becomes a general noun (politics) in TL.
16.Paraphrase
Paraphrase is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text. In this procedure the meaning of the culture-bound term is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent.
It is used in an „anonymous‟ text when it is poorly written, or has important
implication and omission.
SL: A discussion of theses remedies TL: Perbincangan seputar perbaikan
17.Equivalence
Equivalence is simply referring to notices, familiar alternatives, phrases and idioms. In other words, a translator transfers the meaning of the SL by applying different ways for the same situation as in the original language. In addition, as cited in Newmark (1988:40), Vinat and Darbelnet mentions that a term by the translator is considered to be translated into approximate equivalence, accounting for the same situation in different term.
18.Adaptation
Adaptation is the use of recognized equivalent between two situations. This is
a matter cultural equivalence, such as „Dear sir‟ translated as „dengan hormat‟. 19.Couplets
Couplet, Quadruplet, Triplet are combination of two, three or four of the mentioned procedures above respectively for dealing with a single problem.
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They are particularly common for cultural words, if transference combined with a functional or a cultural equivalent.
SL: the prevailing problems
TL: problem-problem atau masalah-masalah umum
20.Notes, Additions, Glosses
Notes or addition or glosses are three translation procedures where the translator supplies additional information in a translation. Through these procedures a translator tries to explain further or to cover the lack of information in his or her translation. Note is additional information placed at the bottom of page or at the end of chapter. Meanwhile, additions are written within the text and glossary is put at the end of the book often as list of explanation of unusual words.
2.4 Translation Method
Basically, translators should define the translation method before they do the process of translation. There are many theories and arguments related to the translation method. Larson (1984: 15) states that the translation method is categorized into two types, namely: (1) Form-based and (2) meaning-based translation.
(1) Form based translation attempt to follow the form of the SL and are known as literal translations. If the two languages are related, the literal translation can often be understood, since the general grammatical form may be similar. However, the literal choice of lexical items makes the translation sound foreign. (2) Meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the
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natural forms of the receptor language. Such translations are called idiomatic translations. Idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the receptor language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like translation. It sounds like it is written originally in receptor language.
Meanwhile, Newmark (1988: 45-47) introduced a diagram called V diagram to show two different side in translation method. The first side is very concern to system and culture of the SL and the second side is concern to system and culture of the TL. They are:
SL emphasis TL emphasis
Word-for-word translation Adaptation
Literal translation Free translation
Faithful translation Idiomatic translation Semantic translation Communicative translation
Figure 2 Newmark’s Flattened V Diagram of Translation Method
The translation method which oriented to the Source language 1. Word-for-word translation
Word for word translation is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below SL words. The SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text a pre-translation process.
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Literal translation reproduces The SL grammatical constructions as converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
3. Faithful translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of
the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It „transfers‟
cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical
„abnormality‟ (deviation from ST norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intention and the text-realization of the SL writer. 4. Semantic translation
Semantic translation differs from „faithful translation‟ only in as far as it must
take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on
„meaning‟ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction
between „faithful‟ and „semantic‟ translation is that the first is uncompromising
and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception 100% fidelity and allows for the translators‟ intuitive empathy with the original. The translation method which oriented to the Target language:
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This is the „freest‟ form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies)
and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL cultures converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations
have „rescued‟ period plays.
2. Free translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called „intra lingual‟ translation, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.
3. Idiomatic translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the „message‟ of the original but tends to
distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
4. Communicative translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to readership.
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2.5 Figurative Language
In Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of Literature (1995:415), figurative of speech is defined as:
A form of expression (as simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener. Keraf (1991: 112) defines figurative language as:
Persoalan gaya bahasa meliputi semua hirarki kebebasan: pilihan kata secara individual, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat, bahkan mencakup pula sebuah wacana secara keseluruhan, malahan nada yang tersirat dibalik sebuah wacana termasuk pula persoalan gaya bahasa.
Keraf said that figurative language is all about language style matter like language choice individually, phrase, clause, and sentence even include a discourse overall and also tone which implied behind a discourse.
So, from the explanation above the writer concludes that figurative language is a way to say one thing or meaning by comparing with another thing. Figurative language can be found in literature and poetry where the writing appeals to the sense. Many writers create figurative language in their literary works like novel and poetry.
2.6 Types of Figurative Language
Merriam-Webster‟s encyclopedia of Literature (1995:415) states that figurative language or figures of speech can be classified into five categories, such as:
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1. Figures of resemblance on relationship (e.g. simile, metaphor, kenning, conceit, parallelism, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, and euphemism).
2. Figures of emphasis or understatement (e.g. hyperbole, litotes, rhetoric, question, antithesis, climax, bathos, paradox, oxymoron, and irony).
3. Figures of sound (e.g. alliteration, repetition, anaphora, and onomatopoeia) 4. Verbal games and gymnastics (e.g. pun and anagram).
5. Errors (e.g. malapropism, periphrasis, and spoonerism).
While, according to Keraf (1991) in Bahasa Indonesia figurative language or
majas is divided into four major categories, they are:
1. Majas perbandingan (figure of speech of comparison)for example, personification, metaphor, euphemism, allegory, hyperbole, litotes, etc. 2. Majas sindiran (figure of speech of allusion) for example, irony, sarcasm,
etc.
3. Majas penegasan (figure of speech of affirmation) for example, pleonasm, repetition, parallelism, tautology, climax, thetoric, anticlimax, etc.
4. Majas pertentangan (figure of speech of opposition) for example, antithesis, paradox, etc.
Leech (1981: 11) has classified figurative language into seven types. The figurative language would be explained which related to this study and it will be used in analyzing the findings. The seven types of figurative language are below:
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1. Irony
Irony is word using that say something other than what we mean actually. Irony is one type of figurative language that declare the opposite meaning and
contradiction with the fact. Etymologically, the word „irony‟ derived from Greek word „eironia‟ meaning „deception‟ or „trick‟.
There is some argument about what qualities as ironic, but all senses of irony revolve around the perceived notion an incongruity between what is said and what is meant, or between an understanding or expectation of a reality and what actually happens.
For example:
- He still feels lonely in the crowded city - In this prison we are happy, actually. 2. Hyperbole
Hyperbole is expression of exaggeration which used by a writer depicted as being better or worse, or larger or smaller that actually the case. It deliberate overstatement not intended to be taken literally. It is used as a means of emphasizing the truth of the statement. It tells more than the truth about the size, number, or degree of something without intending to deceive.
Etimologically, the word „hyperbole‟ derived from the Greek word. It is
from two words: „hyper‟ means „over‟ and „ballein‟ means „to throw‟. It may be
used to evoke strong feeling or to create a strong impression, but it is rarely meant to be taken literally.
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- He loves her for thousand years
- He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch 3. Metaphor
Metaphor is a kind of figurative meaning which is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identifying or substituting one with other.
Frost (2006) Metaphor is use of word or phrase denoting kind of idea or object in place of another word or phrase for the purpose of suggesting a likeness between the two. For example:
- A view of a geode crystal is like the mind probing the universe. - The stages of love are stepping stones to death
4. Metonymy
Metonymy is a figurative meaning in which the name of one object or idea is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Metonymy is derived
from Greek word „meta‟ means „to change‟ and only means „name‟. Metonymy is
a change of name, the use of the one word for another, the use of an idea by means of terms involving association.
Frost (2006) stated that metonymy is a figure of speech that uses a concept closely related to the thing actually meant. Metonymy is figure of speech consists of using the name one thing for something else with which associated. For example:
- I spent the night reading Shakespeare - Hollywood ( The American film industry)
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5. Litotes
In rhetoric, litotes is a figure of speech in which, rather than making a certain statement directly, a speaker expresses it even more effectively, or achieves emphasis, by denying its opposite.
By its nature, litotes is a form of understatement, always deliberate and with the intention of subtle emphasis. However, the interpretation of litotes can depend on context, including cultural context. In speech, it may also depend on intonation and emphasis.
The use of litotes appeals specifically to certain cultures including the northern Europeans and is popular with the British. It is a feature of Old English poetry and of the Icelandic sagas and is a means of much stoical restraint.
For example:
- This tea is not hot - It is not bad 6. Simile
Simile is a kind of figurative meaning comparing two essentially unlike things. Simile expresses a direct comparison between things, which have one or
more points in common and be recognized by the use of the word „like‟ and „as‟. The word simile comes from the same Latin word „simile‟ which means „like‟.
Frost (2006) stated that simile is figure of speech in which a comparison is expressed by the specific use of word or phrase such as: like, as, than, seems or as if.
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- Busy as a bee
- They fight like dogs and cats - We ran as if to meet the star 7. Personification
Personification consists of giving human characteristic to an object.
Personification originally comes from Latin word „persona‟ meaning „person‟,
„actor‟ or „mask‟ used in the theater and „fic‟ means to make.
Frost (2006) stated that personification is representation of inanimate objects or abstract ideas as living beings, as in fact. Personification gives human characteristics to inanimate objects, animals, or ideas. This can really affect the way the reader imagines things. This is used in children‟s books, poetry, and fictional literature.
For example:
- My teddy bear gives me a hug
- The radio stopped singing and stared at me - The sky was full of dancing stars
2.6.1 Figurative Language in Novel
Figurative language usually exists in novels. Novel is as one of way for the author to write and create figurative language. According to Buhler in Newmark (1988: 39) says that novel is included into expressive functions of language. The other two are informative and vocative function.
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Novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story
form. The English word derives from the Italian word „novella‟, meaning „a tale, a piece of news‟. Novel is longer than any other works such as in plays and poetry
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel). However, novels usually attempts to bring greater senses of realism to the narrative by covering a wide range of characters and experience.
With the reference from those definitions above, the writer concludes that novel is a work of narrative fiction in certain length, written in which characters and their actions are described to represent daily life. It is said that novel is a book-length because most of novels wrote in about 40,000 or more that sizes as a book. Novel nowadays can be perceived as a quite phenomenon literary work since many people with unrelated background are competing in writing novel. In addition by using figurative language, the novel has certain features in it. The novel will be more vivid imagery, have stronger feeling, the additional detail and comes beautifully to be read by the reader.
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CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Method of Research
In this study, the writer uses a descriptive qualitative method in analyzing and describing the data of figurative language found in the novel. Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 23) say that descriptive method is a method used to explain, analyze, and classify, something through various techniques, survey, interview, questionnaire, and test. Furthermore, Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 380) explain about qualitative research.
Qualitative research is defined as “a research study that investigates the quality of
relationships, activities, situations or materials.” Qualitative method use descriptions and categories (word), for examples, open ended interviews, naturalistic observation, and document analysis.
Fraenkell and Wallen (1993: 380-381) describe five characters of qualitative method. First, the natural setting is the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument in qualitative research. Second, qualitative data are collected in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. Third, qualitative researchers are concerned with process as well as product. Fourth, qualitative researchers tend to analyze their data inductively. Fifth, how people make sense out their lives is a major concern to qualitative researchers.
Regarding to the subject of the study, the writer believes that this study has potential material to be analyzed by a descriptive qualitative method since this research is going to describe and explore the translation procedures used in translating figurative language in a novel.
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3.2 Source of Data
The object of this study is a novel entitled The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho and its translated version by Tanti Lesmana. This novel consists of two parts and 155 pages. It was published in 1988 and translated into Bahasa Indonesia in 2005, this is an international best seller novel.
The data of this study are 70 sentences which contain figurative sentence. This study is conducted only to analyze the figurative language found in the English novel version. Then the translation procedures in translating the figurative language in the Indonesian translation version were analyzed. Therefore, a purposive sampling is an appropriate method employed in this study.
In accordance with it, Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 88) say that the researcher is able to use his/her judgment to select a sample that he/she believes based on the prior data. This strategy will provide the data the researcher needs. Another reason is the researcher use personal judgment to select a sample as the specific purpose of the research.
3.3 Data Samples 3.3.1 Population
Population is a set of data used to be investigated in which samples can be taken. Sugyono (2006:117) explains that a population is generalization area consisting object or subject which has certain quality and characteristic that is determined by the researcher in order to be learned and taken its conclusion.
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After collecting the data, the writer found 70 sentences that contain figurative language taken from the whole chapters (chapter 1-last chapter) of the novel „The
Alchemist‟ written by Paulo Coelho.
3.3.2 Samples
Population is divided into two: sampling population and target population. The
sampling population of this research is the whole sentences in the novel “The Alchemist” and the target population is the sentences that contain figurative language in it.
Samples are taken from the whole chapters. The steps in sampling process are as follows:
1. There are 70 samples taken from the whole chapters.
2. All the samples were analyzed by the writer in order to find out the types of figurative language
3. The writer analyzes the samples in order to identify the procedures in translating figurative language.
3.4 Techniques of Collecting Data
In this study, the writer read a novel entitled The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho as the original or the English version. The translated version is written by Tanti Lesmana. Some tools such as dictionaries and textbooks have been used in analyzing and investigating the data which is figurative language that is found in the both novel. In collecting data, the writer conducts some steps:
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2. Highlighting and identifying the sentences that contain figurative language then writes them into transcript
3. Collecting the data (figurative language)
4. Classifying the gained data based on of each characteristic of figurative language
5. Juxtaposing the gained data between the original version and translated version.
3.5 Techniques of Analyzing data
The analysis of figurative language translation applied on the entire samples as follows:
1. After classifying the figurative language, the writer juxtaposing the gained data which is figurative language both between the original version and the translated version of the novel.
2. Calculating the total number of the sentences that contain figurative language in it.
3. Identifying the use of translation procedures that are used in translating the
original version into Indonesian version based on the Newmark‟s Theory.
4. Finding out the dominant procedure used by the translator in translating figurative language in the novel.
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Example of Analysis:
Source Language Target Language
The city was still sleeping p.57 c. 2
Kota itu masih lelap
p.78
The sentence above belongs to personification category because represent of
inanimate object as living being. The word „the city‟ is attributed to human quality
which is able to sleep. The procedure applied by the translator is equivalence translation procedure because the translator transfers the meaning of the SL by applying different ways for the same situation as in the original language
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CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the research findings and discussions related to the theory that I have explained in the previous chapter. The findings are analyzed and elaborated which then discussed in the sub-chapters in order to obtain the result of this research.
4.1 Finding
The research is aimed to analyze the translation procedures in translating figurative language in the novel entitled The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho.
After read and analyze the novel, the writer has found 70 sentences that contain figurative language from all chapters (chapter 1-the last chapter). The classification of figurative languages used in the novel „The Alchemist‟ by Paulo Coelho shown in the following table.
No. Figurative Language Frequency
1. Simile 29
2. Personification 28
3. Metaphor 12
4. Hyperbole 1
Table 1 The Frequency of Figurative Language Used in Paulo Coelho’s Novel
Based on the table above, it can be seen that there are 4 types found in the novel, they are; simile (29 items), personification (28 items), metaphor (12 items) and hyperbole (1 item).
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The further discussion about each figurative language and its procedures are shown as follow:
Table 2 Translation Procedures of Simile
No. Source Language Target language Translation
Procedure
1.
“Like everybody learns,”. He said. “in school”(p:5,c:1)
“Seperti orang pada umumnya,”. Sahut si anak
gembala. “Di sekolah”.
(p:10)
Equivalence
2.
And he knew that shepherds, like seamen, and like traveling salesmen, always found where there was someone who could make them forget the joys of carefree wandering. (p:6,c:1)
Dia juga tahu bahwa gembala – seperti halnya para pelaut dan pedagang keliling- selalu menemukan tambatan hati disuatu kota, yang sanggup membuat mereka lupa akan kesenangan menggembara sesuka hati. (p:11-12)
Transposition
3.
They worked hard just to have food and water like the sheep. (p:8,c:1)
Mereka harus bekerja keras sekadar untuk bisa makan dan minum, sama seperti domba-domba itu. (p:14)
Transposition
4.
They‟re the same as the people who live right here. (p:8, c:1)
Mereka sama dengan orang-orang yang tinggal didesa
ini. (p:14) Literal
5. It sounded like a Gypsy prayer. (p:11, c:1)
Kedengarannya seperti doa
orang gipsi. (p:18) Naturalization
6.
When someone sees the same people every day, as had happened with him at seminary, they wind up becoming a part of that
person‟s life. (p:15,c:1)
Kalau kita bergaul dengan orang-orang yang sama setiap hari, seperti yang dialaminya diseminari, pada akhirnya kita menjadi bagian dari hidup orang itu. (p:23)
Naturalization
7. And if the book was irritating, as the old man had
Kalau benar buku ini
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said, the boy still had time to change it for another. (p:17,c:1)
katanya, si anak masih bisa menukarnya dengan buku lain. (p:25)
8. He looked like an Arab. (p:17,c:1)
Dia seperti orang Arab.
(p:26) Naturalization
9. “it‟s like it always has been” (p:18,c:1)
“seperti yang dulu-dulu
juga.” (p:27) Equivalence
10.
The boy waited, and then interrupted the old man just as he himself had been interrupted. (p:22,c:1)
Si anak lelaki menunggu, kemudian menyela orang tua itu, seperti tadi dia sendiri disela. (p:32)
Literal
11.
Every day was the same, and when each day is the same as the next, it‟s because people fail to recognize the good things that happen in their lives every day that the sun rises. (p:26,c:1)
Setiap hari sama saja, dan kalau setiap hari terasa sama saja, itu karena orang-orang tidak menyadari hal-hal indah yang terjadi dalam hidup mereka setiap hari, seiring terbitnya matahari. (p:37)
Equivalence
12.
Like crickets, and like expectations, like lizards and four-leaf clovers. (p:28,c:1)
Seperti jangkrik, dan ekspetasi-ekspektasi; seperti kadal dan daun semanggi berhelai empat. (p:40)
Transposition
13.
He was about the same age and height as the boy. (p: 33, c:1)
Usianya kira-kira sebaya dengan si anak lelaki; tingginya juga tidak terlalu jauh berbeda. (p:48)
Equivalence
14.
Then, like a colony of worker ants, they dismantled their stalls and left. (p:36, c:1)
Kemudian, seperti sekawanan semut pekerja, mereka membongkar kios-kios, lalu pergi.
Literal
15. I‟m like everyone else. (p:38,c:1)
Tapi aku seperti orang-orang
pada umumnya. (p:54) Equivalence 16. He realized that he had to
choose between thinking of
Dia pun sadar bahwa dia
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himself as the poor victim of a thief and as an adventurer in
quest of his
treasure.(p:40,c:1)
dirinya anak malang korban pencuri, dan petualang yang hendak mencari harta karun. (p:56)
17.
Maybe it‟s better to be like
crystal merchant. (p:61,c:2)
Mungkin lebih baik kalau dia seperti pedagang kristal itu.
(p: 83) Equivalence
18.
He felt that he didn‟t want to
do anything that might make him look like the Englishman. (p:65,c:2)
Dia tak ingin melakukan sesuatu yang membuatnya kelihatan seperti orang Inggris itu. (p:89)
Reduction
19.
“I guess you don‟t believe
that a king would talk to someone like me”. (p:66,c:2)
“Kurasa kau tidak percaya seorang raja mau berbicara dengan gembala seperti aku,” (p:90)
Paraphrase
20.
Creatures like the sheep, that are used to travelling, (p:70,c:2)
Makhluk-makhluk yang suka berkelana, seperti
domba-domba. (p:96) Transposition
21.
Every step has to be followed exactly as it was followed by the masters. (p:77, c:2)
Setiap langkah harus dijalani persis seperti telah dilakukan
para ahlinya. (p:104) Synonymy
22. “It looks like The Thousand
and One Nights.”(p:84, c:2)
“Seperti pemandangan di
Seribu Satu Malam,” (p:113) Equivalence
23.
It‟s like the camel driver said: Eat when it‟s time to eat.
(p:86, c:2)
Seperti dikatakan pemandu unta itu, makanlah pada saat
makan. (p:116) Equivalence
24.
“It‟s looks like what I saw in
the Englishman‟s books.”
(p:121, c:2)
“Seperti yang kulihat di buku-buku milik orang
Inggris itu.” (p:162) Equivalence
25.
“It‟s like the flight of those two hawks; it can‟t be understood by reason alone. (p:121, c:2)
“Ini seperti burung-burung gagak yang terbang itu; tak bisa dipahami hanya dengan akal. (p:163)
Equivalence
26. The alchemist‟s words echoed out like a curse.
Kata-kata sang alkemis
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(p:132, c:2) (p:177)
27.
That‟s a lot better than dying
like millions of other people, who never even knew what their destinies were. (p:135, c:2)
itu jauh lebih baik daripada mati seperti jutaan orang lainnya yang bahkan tidak pernah tahu takdir mereka. (p:182)
Literal
28.
I want to be like you, able to reach every corner of the world, cross the sea. (p:140, c:2)
Aku ingin menjadi seperti engkau, sanggup mencapai setiap sudut dunia, menyebrangi lautan. (p:188)
Literal
29.
“Because it‟s not love to be
static like the dessert, nor is it love to roam the world like the wind. (p:143, c:2)
“Sebab bukan cinta namanya kalau hanya berdiam diri saja seperti padang pasir, atau menjelajahi dunia seperti angin. (p:193)
Equivalence
The figurative language above is categorized into simile category. Simile is a kind of figurative meaning comparing two essentially unlike things. Simile expresses a direct comparison between things, which have one or more points in common and be recognized by the use of the word „like‟ and „as‟.
Figurative language number 1, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 29
belong to simile because the author of the novel used the word „like‟ or „as‟ in the
sentence. In figurative number 1, the author intended to compare „he (the shepherd)‟
and „everybody‟ in learning how to read. In figurative number 7, the author intended to compare „the book‟ and „what the old man said‟. In figurative number 13, the author intended to compare „he‟ and „the boy‟. In figurative number 15, the author
intended to compare „I‟ and „everyone else‟. In figurative number 16, the author intended to compare „the poor victim of a thief‟ and „an adventurer in quest of his
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treasure‟. In figurative number 22, the author intended to compare „it‟ and „the thousand and one nights‟. In figurative number 23, the author intended to compare „it‟ and „what the camel driver said‟. In figurative number 24, the author intended to compare „it‟ and „what in the Englishman‟s book‟. In figurative number 25, the
author intended to compare „it‟ and „flight of those two hawks‟. In figurative number 29, the author intended to compare „love‟, „dessert‟ and „wind‟.
In translating figurative language number 1, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 29 the translator used equivalence procedure because the translator transfers the meaning of the source language by applying different ways for the same situation as in the original language.
Figurative language number 4, 10, 14, 26, 27, 28 belong to simile because the
author of the novel used the word „like‟ or „as‟ in the sentence. In figurative number 4, the author intended to compare „they‟ and „the people‟. In figurative number 14, the author intended to compare „a colony of worker ants‟ and „they‟. In figurative number
26, the author intended to compare „the alchemist‟s word‟ and „a curse‟. In figurative number 28, the author intended to compare „I‟ and „you‟. The procedure of translation
used in translating these sentences is literal procedure because the source language is converted to its nearest target language equivalent.
Figurative language number 2, 3, 12 and 20 belong to simile because the author
of the novel used the word „like‟ or „as‟ in the sentence. In figurative number 2, the
author intended to compare „shepherds‟, „seaman‟ and „traveling salesman‟ that always found someone who could make them forget the joys of carefree wandering.
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figurative number 12, the author intended to compare „crickets‟ and „expectations‟. In
figurative number 20, the author intended to compare „Creatures‟ and „the sheep‟.
In translating figurative language number 2, 3, 12 and 20 the translator used transposition procedure. A change in form of word is happened in this sentence. In
figurative number 2, the word „shepherds‟ is in a singular form translated into „gembala‟ which is in a plural form in target language. In figurative number 3 and 20,
the word „the sheep‟ is in a singular form translated into „domba-domba itu‟ which is
in a plural form in target language. In figurative number 12, the words „crickets, lizards‟ are in singular form translated into „jangkrik, kadal‟ which in plural form in
target language.
Figurative language number 5, 6 and 8 belong to simile because the author of
the novel used the word „like‟ or „as‟ in the sentence. In figurative number 5, the author intended to compare „it‟ and „Gypsy prayer‟. In figurative number 8, the author intended to compare „He‟ and „Arab‟. Naturalization procedure is applied in translating these figurative languages. In figurative number 5, naturalization
procedure is applied in translating this sentence in word „gypsy‟ into „gipsi‟ in target
language. In figurative number 6, naturalization procedure is applied in translating
this sentence in word „Seminary‟ into „seminari‟ in target language. In figurative
number 8, naturalization procedure is applied in translating this sentence in word
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Figurative language number 18 belongs to simile category. Simile appears in
this sentence since the author of the novel used the word „like‟ within the sentence. The author intended to compare „He‟ with „the Englishman‟. The procedure used by translator in translating this sentence is reduction procedure because translator reduces the number of elements that form of the SL. Here, the translator reduces the
elements of SL „he felt‟.
Figurative language number 19 belongs to simile category. Simile appears in this sentence since the author of the novel used the word „like‟ within the sentence.
The author intended to compare „someone‟ with „me‟. The translation procedure in translation simile above is paraphrase. The original word „someone‟ is translated into „gembala‟. The translator attempted to give an amplification or explanation of meaning of a segment of the text.
Figurative language number 21 belongs to simile category. Simile appears in
this sentence since the author of the novel used the word „as‟ within the sentence. The
author intended to compare „every step‟ and „the step which is followed by the masters‟. The procedure applied by the translator is synonymy. The translator tried to put the closest word to translate „followed‟ into „dijalani and dilakukan‟. The translator selected the word „dijalani and dilakukan‟ in translating „word‟ in order to
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Table 3 Translation Procedures of Personification
No. Source Language Target Language Translation
Procedures 1.
“They are so used to me that they know my schedule,” he muttered.(p:4, c:1)
“Mereka sudah begitu terbiasa denganku, sehingga tahu jadwalku,”gumamnya. (p:8)
Synonymy
2.
He had always believed that the sheep were able to understand what he said. (p:4, c:1)
Sejak dulu dia yakin sekali domba-domba ini memahami
perkataannya. (p:9) Transposition
3. The shop was busy. (p:5,c:1) Toko itu sedang ramai. (p:9) Literal
4.
They trust me, and they‟ve
forgotten how to rely on their own instincts, because I lead them to nourishment. (p:7,c:1)
Mereka mempercayaiku dan mereka sudah lupa bagaimana mengandalkan insting-insting mereka sendiri, sebab akulah yang menggiring mereka untuk mendapatkan makanan. (p:12)
Literal
5.
A desire that still alive. (p:9, c:1)
Dan hasrat ini masih tetap
hidup. (p:15) Literal
6.
I don‟t know how animals know the age of human beings. (P:12, c:1)
Aku tidak tahu bagaimana binatang bisa tahu umur manusia. (p:20)
Literal
7.
All the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it. (p:21,c:1)
Seluruh jagat raya bersatu padu
untuk membantumu
meraihnya. (p:31)
Literal
8.
When you are unable to read the Omens, they will help you to do so. (p:28, c:1)
Saat kau tidak sanggup membaca pertanda-pertanda yang diberikan padamu, batu-batu ini akan membantumu mengambil keputusan. (p:40)
Equivalence
9. When you really want something, the universe always conspires in your
Bahwa kalau kau sungguh-sungguh menginginkan sesuatu, seisi jagat raya pasti
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favor. (p:34, c:1) akan bersatu padu untuk membantumu. (p:49)
10.
All the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it. (p:38,c:1)
Seluruh jagat raya bersatu padu membantumu mendapatkannya. (p:54)
Literal
11.
“They‟re called Urim and
Tummim, and they can help you to read the omens.” (P:39,c:1)
“Batu-batu ini disebut Urim dan Tumim, dan mereka bisa membantumu membaca pertanda-pertanda. (p:54)
Paraphrase
12.
There had been a time when he thought that his sheep could teach him everything he needed to know about the world. (P:56,c:2)
Dulu ia mengira domba-dombanya bisa mengajarinya pengetahuan apa pun yang dia butuhkan tentang dunia. (p:76)
Transposition
13. The city was still sleeping. (p:.57, c:2)
Kota itu masih lelap (p:78)
Equivalence
14.
But the sheep had taught him something even more important; that there was a language in the world that everyone understood, a language the boy has used throughout the time that he was trying to improve things at shop. (p:59,c:2)
Tapi domba-domba itu telah mengajarinya hal yang lebih penting: bahwa didunia ini ada bahasa yang dipahami setiap orang, bahasa yang dipergunakan anak itu sepanjang masa-masa dia mencoba memperbaiki keadaan ditoko. (p:81)
Transposition
15.
But that disaster taught me to understand the word of Allah. (p:73,c:2)
Tapi malapetaka itu telah mengajariku memahami sabda Allah. (p:99)
Synonymy
16. Because the earth is alive and it has a soul. (p:75,c:2)
Sebab bumi ini hidup dan
memiliki jiwa. (p:102) Reduction
17.
The tradition saved Egyptians from famine in those days, and made the Egyptians the wealthiest of peoples.
(p:102, c:2)
Tradisilah yang telah menyelamatkan Mesir dari bahaya kelaparan, dan menjadikan bangsa Mesir orang-orang paling kaya. (p:138)
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18.
“You must understand that
love never keeps a man from pursuing his destiny. (p:115, c:2)
“Kau harus mengerti, cinta tak pernah menghalangi orang
mengejar takdirnya. (p:155) Equivalence
19.
So, I love you because the entire universe conspired to help me find you.” (p:117, c:2)
Jadi, aku mencintaimu karena seisi jagat raya ini bekerja sama membantuku menemukanmu. (p:157)
Literal
20.
There had been times when his heart spent hours telling of its sadness. (p:122, c:2)
Dulu kadang-kadang hatinya bisa mencurahkan
kesedihannya hingga berjam-jam. (p:164)
Equivalence
21.
When his heart spoke to him, it was to provide a stimulus to the boy and to give him strength. (p:128, c:2)
Kini hatinya berbicara padanya kalau ingin memberikan dorongan padanya, serta kekuatan. (p:172)
Equivalence
22.
His heart told the boy what his strongest qualities were. (p:128, c:2)
Hatinya menyebutkan sifat-sifat terbaik yang dimilikinya.
(p:172) Equivalence
23.
“Your money saved us for three days. It‟s not often that
money saves a person‟s life.”
(p: 135, c:2)
“Uangmu bisa memperpanjang hidup kita selama tiga hari. Jarang-jarang uang bisa meyelamatkan hidup
manusia.” (p:181)
Synonymy
24.
The wind approached the boy and touched his face. It knew
of the boy‟s talk with the
dessert, because the winds know everything.(p:139, c:2)
Angin mendekati anak itu dan menyentuh wajahnya. Dia tahu percakapan anak itu dengan padang pasir, sebab angin mengetahui segalanya. (p:187)
Literal
25.
The sun thought about that, and decided to shine more brightly. The wind, was enjoying the conversation, started to blow with greater force, so that the sun would not blind the boy. (p:143, c:2)
Matahari memikirkan ucapan anak itu, dan memutuskan untuk bersinar lebih terang. Angin, yang menikmati percakapan tersebut, mulai bertiup lebih kencang, agar matahri tidak membutakan si anak. (p:192)
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26.
The sun thought for a minute. The wind was listening closely, wanted to tell every corner of the world that the
sun‟s wisdom had its
limitations. (p:144, c:2)
Matahari berfikir sejenak. Angin memasang telinga dengan saksama: ingin disebarkannya ke seluruh penjuru dunia bahwa kebijaksaan matahri pun ternyata terbatas. (p:194)
Expansion
27.
Life might be listening, and give you less the next time. (p:148, c:2)
Hidup ini mungkin sedang memasang telinga, dan lain kali tidak akan semurah hati ini lagi padamu. (p:199)
Expansion
28.
But his heart was speaking of other things. (p:151, c:2)
Namun saat ini hatinya membicarakan hal-hal lain.
(p:204) Expansion
Personification presents in all figurative language above. Personification is representation of inanimate objects or abstract ideas as living beings, as in fact. Personification gives human characteristics to inanimate objects, animals or ideas.
Figurative language number 1, 15, 23 belong to personification because it gives
human characteristic to an object. In figurative language number 1, the word „they‟
refers to the sheep is attributed to human quality which is able to know or to
understand human‟s schedule. In figurative number 15, the word „that disaster‟ is
attributed to human quality which is able to teach. In figurative number 23, money is attributed to human qualities that are able to save someone.
The translation of figurative language number 1, 15 and 23 applied the same procedure in translating the source language is synonymy. In figurative language
number 1, the translator tried to put the closest word to translate „used‟ into „terbiasa‟.
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into „sabda‟. Translator selected the word „sabda‟ in translating „word‟ in order to
appropriate with the context of the text. In figurative number 23, the translator selected the more precise words for target language. There is „saved‟ is translated into
„memperpanjang hidup‟.
Figurative language number 2, 12, 14 belong to personification because it gives human characteristic to an object. In figurative language number 2, it represents that the sheep were able to understand what human said, as if the sheep had the ability like a human who can understand. In figurative number 12, it represents that sheep could teach everything, as if the sheep had the ability like a human who can teach everything. In figurative number 14, it represents that the sheep had taught him something, as if the sheep had ability like a human who can teach him something.
In translating the figurative language number 2, 12, 14, the translator used transposition procedure. A change in form of word is happened in this sentence. The
word „the sheep‟ is in a singular form translated into „domba-domba itu‟ which is in a plural form in target language.
Figurative language number 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 19 and 24 belongs to personification because it gives human characteristic to an object. In figurative
number 3, the word „the shop‟ is attributed to human quality which is can be busy. In
figurative number 4, it represents that they (the sheep) were able to trust someone and forget something, as if the sheep had the ability like a human who can trust and forget. In figurative number 5, It represents that a desire that still alive. In figurative number 6, it represents that animals know the age of human being, as if the animal had the ability like a human who can know the age of human being. In figurative number 7,
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10 and 19, it represents that all the universe conspire in helping, as if the universe had the ability like a human who can conspires in helping. In figurative number 24, the wind is attributed to human qualities that are able to touch.
In translating figurative language number 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 19 and 24, the translator used literal translation procedure because source language is converted to its nearest target language equivalent.
Figurative language number 8, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21 and 22 belongs to personification because it gives human characteristic to an object. In figurative
number 8, the word „They (stones)‟ are attributed to human quality which is can help. In figurative number 13, the word „the city‟ is attributed to human quality which is able to sleep. In figurative number 17, the word „tradition‟ is attributed to human quality which is able to save and make. In figurative number 18, the word „love‟ is
attributed to human quality which is able to keep someone. In figurative number 20,
21 and 22, the word „heart‟ is attributed to human quality which is able to speak/to
tell its sadness. The procedure used in translating those figurative languages is equivalence translation procedure because the translator transfers the meaning of the SL by applying different ways for the same situation as in the original language.
Figurative language number 9, 26, 27 and 28 belongs to personification because it gives human characteristic to an object. In figurative number 9, it represents that the universe conspires in favor, as if the universe had the ability like a human who can conspires in favor. In figurative number 26, the sun and the wind represent that the sun thought and the wind was listening as if the sun and the wind has ability like
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human. In figurative number 27, it represents that life were able to listen, as if life had
the ability like a human who can listen. In figurative number 28, the word „heart‟ is attributed to human qualities that able to „speak‟.
In translating figurative language number 9, 26, 27 and 28 the translator used expansion procedure. The translator exceeds the number of words of the SL in
translation. In figurative number 9, the word „the universe‟ translated into „seisi jagat
raya‟. In figurative number 26 and 27, the word „listening‟ translated into „sedang
memasang telinga‟. In this case, a verb becomes a verb plus a noun. In figurative number 28, there is word „saat ini‟ in TL while there is no such equivalent word in
the source language.
Figurative language number 11 and 25 belongs to personification because it gives human characteristic to an object. In figurative number 11, it represents that stones can help someone to read the omens. Here, the author intended to communicate a certain feeling that the word „they (stones) has quality of human being. In figurative number 25, the sun and the wind represent that the sun thought and the wind was enjoying as if the sun and the wind has ability like human. In translating figurative language number 11 and 25 the translator used paraphrase procedure. The translator gives an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the
text. In figurative number 11, the word „they‟ translated into „batu-batu‟. In figurative number 25, the words „about that‟ translated into „ucapan anak itu.
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Figurative language number 16 belongs to personification because it gives human characteristic to an object. In this case, the earth is attributed to human quality that is alive and has soul. The procedure used by translator in translating this sentence is reduction. The translator reduces the number of elements that forms of the SL.
Here, „it has a soul‟ translated into „memiliki jiwa‟.
Table 4 Translation Procedures of Metaphor
No. Source language Target Language Translation
Procedure 1. That butterflies were a good
omen. (p:28,c:1)
Kupu-kupu merupakan
pertanda bagus. (p:40) Literal
2. They‟re just a pile of stones. (p:51, c:2)
Mereka toh hanya batu-batu
yang ditumpuk. (p:69) Expansion
3.
I have told u that beauty is the great seducer of men. (p:54,c:2)
Pernah ada yang mengatakan padaku, orang mudah terpikat
pada keindahan. (p:74) Modulation
4. “Everything in life is an
omen”. (p:66,c:2)
“Segala sesuatu dalam hidup
ini adalah pertanda.” (p:90) Literal
5.
The dessert is a capricious lady, and sometimes she drives men crazy. (p:68,c:2)
Padang pasir itu tak bisa ditebak, dan kadang dia membuat orang jadi sinting.
(p:92)
Equivalence
6.
And I am a part of your dream, a part of your destiny, as you call it. (p:93, c:2)
Aku bagian dari mimpimu, bagian takdirmu, seperti kau
katakan. Literal
7.
“Courage is the quality most
essential to understanding the Language of the World.” (p:106, c:2)
“Keberanian adalah faktor paling penting untuk bisa memahami Bahasa Dunia.”
(p:143)
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8.
The Emerald Tablet is a direct passage to the Soul of the World. (p:121, c:2)
Tablet zamrud itu adalah jalur langsung menuju Jiwa Dunia.
(p:163) Transference
9.
Because I‟ve known that
every hour was a part of the dream that I would find it. (p:125, c:2)
Sebab aku tahu setiap jamnya merupakan bagian dari impian
menemukan harta itu. (p:168) Paraphrase
10.
Gold is the metal that evolved the furthest. (p:131, c:2)
Emas adalah logam yang berevolusi paling jauh. (p:175)
Literal
11.
Love is the falcon‟s flight
over your sands. (p:138, c:2)
Cinta adalah burung elang yang terbang melintasi
pasirmu. (p:185) Equivalence
12.
Love is the force that transforms and improves the Soul of the World. (p:143,c:2)
Cinta adalah daya yang mengubah dan memperbaiki
Jiwa Dunia. (p:193) Literal
The figurative language above is categorized into metaphor category. Metaphor is a kind of figurative meaning which is an explicit description through comparison
without put the word „like‟ or „as‟.
Figurative language number 1, 4, 6, 10 and 12 belong to metaphor category because the author of the novel tries to explain an explicit description through
comparison without put the word „like‟ or „as‟. In figurative number 1, the author tries to compare between „butterflies‟ and „good omen‟. In figurative number 4, the
author of the novel tries to compare between two characters „everything in life‟ and „omen‟. In figurative number 6, the author of the novel tries to compare between two character „I‟ and „part of dream‟. In figurative number 10, the author of the novel tries
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