BAHAN AJAR ENGLISH PROFESION 1 FAKULTAS PERTANIAN

BAHAN AJAR ENGLISH PROFESION 3

FAKULTAS PERTANIAN

TATAP MUKA II DAN III

KOSA KATA, ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM ILMU PERTANIAN.

Vocabulary Arti

A bit of blood : Bibit unggul Acclimatization : Aklimatisasi

Aggregate : Agregat

Agribusiness _{: Agribisnis}

Agricultural base : Azaz pertanian Agricultural capital _{: Modal pertanian} Agricultural chemistry : Kimia pertanian Agricultural college _{: Institut pertanian} Agricultural comodity : Komoditas pertanian Agricultural country _{: Negara pertanian/}

Agraria Agricultural

development : Perkembangan _pertanian Agricultural district _{: Daerah pertanian} Agricultural

diversification : Diversifikasi pertanian Agricultural

economics : Ekonomi pertanian Agricultural export _{: Ekspor pertanian}

Agricultural extension : Penyuluhan pertanian Agricultural high

school : SMA Pertanian

Agricultural import : Import pertanian Agricultural industry _{: Industri pertanian} Agricultural institution : Lembaga pertanaian Agricultural labour

Agricultural labourer : Buruh pertanian Agricultural land _{: Lahan pertanian}

Agricultural marketing : Pemasaran pertanian Agricultural planning _{: Rancangan pertanian} Agricultural policy : Kebijakan pertanian Agricultural pollution _{: Polusi pertanian} Agricultural product : Hasil/ produk

pertanian Agricultural

productivity : Produktivitas _pertanian

Agricultural research : Penelitian pertanian Agricultural revolution : Revolusi pertanian Agricultural sector : Sektor pertanian Agricultural technique : Teknologi/ Teknik

pertanian

Agricultural tenant : Penyewa lahan pertanian

Agricultural testing

station : Balai uji coba pertanian Agricultural waste _{: Limbah pertanian}

Agriculturist : Pengusaha tani Agrochemistry _{: Agro Kimia} Agroecosystem : Agroekosistem Agronomist _{: Ahli ilmu tanah}

Agronomy : Agronomi/ Ilmu tanah pertanaian

Amelioration : Ameliorasi Amensalisme : Amensalisme Artesian aquifer : Akuifer artesis Bank irrigation : Irigasi tepi sungai Botanical key : Kunci botanik Burning bush : Pembakaran

semaksemak Calcification : Pengapuran

Carabau : Kerbau

Carbonaceous : Karbonan

Clove : Cengkeh

Compost : Pupuk kompos

Corn : Jagung

Corn belt : Daerah tanaman

jagung

Corn crusher : Penghancur jagung

Crofter : Petani menyewakan

ladangnya

Cultivars : Kultivar

Cultivate : Menanam

Cum : Nutfah

Debit : Pendebitan

Degraded land : Lahan kritis Drier continues : Alat pengering

berlanjut

Dry aggregate : Agregat kering Dry stream : Aliran kemarau Dynamometer : Dinamometer Earth worm : Cacing tanah Electric shock devices : Alat kejut listrik Emigration insects : Emigrasi serangga

Epifiotik : Epifiotik

Explants : Eksplan

Famine : Paceklik

Farmer : Petani

Farmer tool : Alat tani

Feed conversion : Konversi pakan

Fertile : Subur

Fertile area : Daerah subur

Fertilizer : Pupuk

Fertilizer lines : Jalur pupuk

Flit gun : Alat penyemprot hama

Flooded : Kojoh

Flow comes back : Aliran timbul kembali Forage preservation : Pengawetan hijauan

Gaga scaffolding : Gaga rancah

Gin : Gin

Glasshous/greenhouse : Rumah kaca

Grafting : Okulasi

Grain thresher tool : Alat perontok gabah

Guano : Pupuk kotoran burung

Halofob : Halofob

Halve : Memperdua

Harvest : Panen

Harvesting time : Musim panen High yield rice : Padi unggul

Hoe : Pacul

Horizontal diversification

: Diversifikasi horizontal If the power : Daya olah

Imunity : Imunitas

Indicator plants : Tumbuhan indikator

Infertile : Gersang

Intercropping : Tumpang sari

Irrigation : Irigasi

Laboratory : Laboratorium Land Clearing : Pembukaan lahan Leisure time : Masa Senggang Liquid limit : Batas cair

Marginal Land : Tanah marginal Mechanical analysis : Analisis mekanis Melting cell : Lebur sel

Mina rice : Mina padi

Ministry of agriculture : Kementrian pertanian

Mitisida : Mitisida

Monoculture : Monokultur

Mulch : Mulsa

Mule : Bagal

Multicultural : Multikultur

Multiple ugriculture : Pertanian Campuran Multiplication : Perbanyakan

Mycosis : Mikosis

Nauseating : Luah

Necrosis pusuh : Nekrosis pusuh

Nigthsoli : Pupuk kotoran manusia

Orchard : Kebun buah

Organic farming : Pertanian organik

Ovary : Bakal buah

Overcop : Bercocok tanam

berlebihan Overlapping shifts : Tumpang gilir

Ovule : Bakal biji

Peat moss : Gambut

Pesticide : Pesticida

Plant disease : Hama

Plot : Bedeng

Plow up : Membajak sawah

Polyculture : Polikultur

Porridge bordeaux : Bubur bordeaux Porridge burgundians : Bubur burgundi Portions of Rice : Bagian beras Preservatives : Bahan pengawet Profit sharing : Bagi hasil

Psamolitoral : Psamolitoral

Pure seed : Benih murni

Rain gauge : Alat ukur hujan Reaping time : Waktu panen Reclamation : Reklamasi Residual flow : Aliran sisa

Rice barn : Lumbung padi

Rice Plant : Padi

Ricemill : Gilingan padi

Rotation : Rotasi

Salt pan : Ladang garam

Saltation : Saltasi

Sap flow : Aliran getah

Sediment analysis : Analisis endapan

Seed : Bibit

Seed treatment : Perawatan bibit Shalter in rice field : Gubuk petani Sherecroper : Petani bagi hasil Short machete : Parang

Silvisida : Silvisida

Smallholde : Petani penggarap Smallpoxe tree : Cacar pohon

Sod : Lapisan tanah teratas

Soil fumigant : Fumigan tanah Stuble mulch : Mulsa tunggul

Subsoil : Lapisan tanah bagian bawah

Surface flow : Aliran permukaan The anual flow : Aliran tahunan

Tillers : Anakan

Tool penyosoh : Alat penyosoh Transpiration : Transpirasi Transplant : Transplantasi Underclay : Lapisan tanah liat Unhulled paddy

separated from talks

: Gabah Unirrigated agricultura

field

: Ladang

Varieties : Varietas

Vertical diserfication : Disertifikasi vertikal

Water : Menyiram

Water requirements : Keperluan air

Weir : Bendungan

Wet nurse : Inang

TATAP MUKA KE IV DAN KE V:

PRONOUNS DAN JENIS-JENISNYA BESERTA

CONTOH-CONTOHNYA DALAM KALIMAT

Definisi dan jenis-jenis pronoun dapat dijelaskan seperti dibawah ini:

Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata yang dapat

menggantikan suatu kata benda atau frasa kata benda. Kata ganti berfungsi menghindari pengulangan kata benda atau frasa kata benda yang sama yang telah disebut sebelumnya.

Dalam bahasa Inggris, pronoun terdiri dari tujuh jenis, yaitu:

1. Personal Pronoun (kata ganti orang)

Personal pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan pada orang atau penamaan. Kata ganti orang ini

digunakan sebagai subjek dan objek. Tabel di bawah ini menyenaraikan penggunaan tersebut.

Subjek Objek Arti I You She He It We They Me You Her Him It Us Them Saya, aku Kamu, Anda, kalian

Dia (perempuan) Dia (laki-laki)

Dia, itu, -nya Kita, kami

Mereka

Contoh kalimatnya:

 Three days ago I met Ariel. Yesterday I

met him again. [Tiga hari yang lalu saya bertemu Ariel. Kemarin saya bertemu dia lagi.]

 My sister bought a new

handphone. She loves it very much. [Saudara

perempuan saya membeli sebuah handphone baru. Dia sangat menyukainya.]

 Sule borrowed three books from the library. He must return them in two days. [Sule meminjam tiga buku dari perpustakaan. Dia harus mengembalikannya dalam dua hari.]

2. Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti milik)

Possessive pronoun adalah kata yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Ada dua bentuk possessive pronoun yaitu dependent (ditempatkan sebelum suatu kata benda) dan independent (ditempatkan setelah suatu kata kerja). Untuk lebih jelasnya, silakan Anda lihat tabel di bawah ini.

My Your His Her Its Our Their Mine Your His Hers Its Ours Theirs Contohnya:

 This is my book. The book is mine. [Ini buku saya. Buku ini punya saya]

 This house is theirs. [Rumah ini milik mereka.]

 This is your pencil and those are hers. [Ini pensilmu dan itu punya dia.]

3. Reflexive Pronoun

Reflexive pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk kegiatan untuk pelaku sendiri dalam kalimat

bersangkutan, atau memberi penekanan pada unsur subjek atau objek. Kata ganti ini mendapat akhiran –self untuk bentuk tunggal, dan akhiran –selves untuk bentuk jamak. Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.

Reflexive Pronoun Arti

Myself Yourself/yourselves Themselves Ourselves Himself Herself Itself Saya sendiri

Kamu sendiri/kalian sendiri Mereka sendiri

Kami sendiri Dia sendiri (laki-laki) Dia sendiri (perempuan)

Dia sendiri (benda atau binatang)

 She laughed at herself. [Dia menertawakan dirinya sendiri.]

 He himself drives to school. [Dia sendiri yang menyetir ke sekolah.]

 I myself open the door. [Saya sendiri yang membuka pintu itu.]

 My father cooked this meal himself. [Ayah saya memasak makanannya sendiri.]

4. Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun merupakan kata ganti penunjuk berdasarkan kedekatan.

Dekat (this dan these), dan jauh (that dan those). Contoh kalimatnya sebagai berikut:

 This is my mother, these are my sisters. [Ini ibu saya, ini adik-adik saya.]

 That book is yours, those are mine. [Buku itu punyamu, itu punyaku.]

5. Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative pronoun adalah kata-kata yang

mempertanyakan orang atau benda. Ini antara lain: who, whom (siapa), whose (punya siapa), why (mengapa), which (yang mana), dan what (apa).

Contoh kalimatnya:

 Who did you call? [Siapa yang kamu panggil?]  What did you order? [Apa yang kamu pesan?]  Why did you sell your cara? [Mengapa kamu jual

6. Indefinite Pronoun

Indefinite pronoun adalah kata ganti yang mengacu pada seseorang atau sesuatu yang dianggap tidak tentu,

seperti: somebody (seseorang), no one (tak seorang pun), something, anything (sesuatu), everyone (setiap orang), dan everything (segala sesuatu).

Contoh kalimatnya:

 Someone is watching in my house.  Everyone is watchig in their house.  No one is sitting on the floor.

 Dewi brought something to me.  He gives me everything what i need.

7. Relative Pronoun

Relative pronoun adalah kata-kata yang merangkai suatu kata benda atau frasa kata benda dengan klausa

penjelasnya, seperti who, whom, whose, which, dan that yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia menjadi kata yang.

Contoh kalimatnya:

 I don’t like people who lose temper easily. [Saya tidak senang pada orang yang mudah naik pitam.]  Meong that I always feed everyday is my cat.

[Meong yang saya beri makan setiap hari adalah kucing saya.]

 This is Tukul whose brother you met last week. [Ini tukul yang kakaknya kamu temui minggu lalu.]

 Which one do you want? [yang mana yang kau mau].

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example:

"pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens.

Here are some more countable nouns:

dog, cat, animal, man, person

bottle, box, litre

coin, note, dollar

cup, plate, fork

table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

My dog is playing.

My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

A dog is an nimal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a or an/the/my/this/that

with it:

 Can I ask a question?

 Is there a hotel near here?

 What is the name of this street?  Who is the best player in your team?

 I want an orange. (not I want orange.)

 Would you like an apple?

 Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

 Who is that person?

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

I like oranges.

Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

I've got some dollars.

Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

I've got a few dollars.

I haven't got many pens.

"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:

There is one person here.

There are three people here

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc

that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count

"bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself.

Here are some more uncountable nouns:

music, art, love, happiness

Advice, information, news

furniture, luggage

rice, sugar, butter, water

money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb.

For example:

This news is very important.

Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns.

We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:

a piece of news

a bottle of water

a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

I've got some money.

Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

I've got a little money.

Uncountable nouns are also called "mass nouns". Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:

Cuntable Uncountable

Dolar Money

Song Music

Suitcase Luggage

Table Furniture

Battery Electricity Botle Wine Report Information Tip Advice Journey Travel Job Work View Scenery

Nouns that can be Countable and

Uncountable

Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning.

Contable Uncountable

There are two hairs in my

coffee! Hair I don't have much hair. There are two lights in our

bedroom. light

Light Close the curtain. There's too much light!

Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.

There are so many different noises in

the city.

Noise It's difficult to work when there is too much noise.

Have you got a paper to read? (newspaper)

Hand me those student papers.

Paper I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?

Our house has seven rooms. Room Is there room for me to sit here?

We had a great time at the party.

Time Have you got time for a coffee?

How many times have I told you no?

Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s greatest works.

Work I have no money. I need work.

TATAP MUKA VII dan VIII

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentences terdiri dari tiga type. Type 1

Secara singkat conditional sentence type 1 digunakan untuk

mengungkapkan suatu rencana. Conditional sentence type 2 dipakai untuk menyatakan suatu pengandaian. terakhir conditional sentence type 3 digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu penyesalan.

. Pengertian.

Conditional sentence itu sendiri adalah merupakan gabungan dua kalimat dimana salah satunya adalah kalimat bersyarat (if clause) dan kalimat lain adalah akibat yang ditimbulkan dari terpenuhi atau tidaknya syarat tersebut. Misal, jika kamu datang ke rumah (syarat), maka aku akan memasak opor ayam (akibat). Artinya, jika kamu datang, maka niat saya untuk memasak opor ayam akan terjadi, tapi jika tidak datang, maka saya tidak jadi masak opor ayam. Sedangkan type 1 adalah bentuk conditional sentence yang peluang terpenuhinya syarat masih terbuka lebar karena baru akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang.

B. Rumus Conditional Sentence Type 1.

 If + Subject + verb-1, Subject + will + infintive (atau lebih mudahnya verb-1).

atau kita bisa juga membaliknya menjadi:

Dapat juga dijelaskan dengan menggunakan istilah tense agar lebih detail:

 If + simple present + simple future.

atau bisa juga dibalik menjadi:

 Simple future + If + simple present.

C. Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 1.

1. She will arrive here on time if she drive her car by herself. (Dia akan datang tepat waktu jika ia mengendari mobilnya sendiri).

2. If you don’t come to my birthday party, I will send you an SMS.

(Jika kamu tidak datang pada hari ultahku, aku akan mengirimu sms).

3. If you come late again, Mr. Professor will be very angry. (Jika kamu datang terlambat lagi, pak profesor akan sangat marah).

4. Today will be very cool if it rains.

(hari ini akan menjadi dingin sekali jika turun hujan).

5. You will finish your job if you do it now.

(Kamu akan menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu jika kamu melakukannya sekarang).

6. My father will buy me a car if he is promoted to be a new manager in his company.

(Ayahku akan membelikanku sebuah mobil jika ia dipromosikan menjadi manager di perusahaannya).

7. What will you do if you find a million dollar?

(Apa yang akan kamu lakukan jika kamu menemukan 1 juta dollar?)

8. She will kill me if she knows that I will date with you.

(Dia akan membunuhku jika dia tahu bahwa aku akan kencan denganmu).

9. My cat will not eat if I don’t feed it with fresh fish.

(Kucingku tidak akan makan jika aku tidak memberinya makan ikan segar).

10.My boss will give me reward if I can reach the target. (Bosku akan memberiku hadiah jika aku bisa mencapai target).

Fungsi, Rumus Conditional Sentence Type

2 dan Contohnya

A. Pengertian.

Seperti yang telah dijelaskan dalam Fungsi dan Rumus conditional Sentence type 1 sebelumnya, bahwa yang dimaksud dengan Conditional Sentence adalah gabungan 2 kalimat dimana salah satunya adalah kalimat syarat, dan yang lainnya adalah akibat dari pelaksanaan syarat tersebut. Nah, jika kamu belum mempelajari type 1 atau sudah pernah tapi lupa, sebaiknya baca dan pahami kembali rumusan dan fungsi conditional sentence type 1 agar kamu bisa mengetahui perbedaannya sehingga tidak bingung dan tertukar antara satu rumus dengan yang lainnya. Dan berikut saya jelaskan rumus dan fungsi conditional sentence type 2.

Kalimat Syarat Hasilnya

If + Simple Past Tense Past Future Tense

If + S + Verb 2 S + would + Verb 1 (bare Infinitive)

Atau bisa juga dibalik menjadi:

Hasilnya Kalimat Syarat

Past Future Tense If + Simple Past Tense S + would + Verb 1 (bare

Infinitive)

If + S + Verb 2

C. Fungsi Conditional Sentence Type 2.

Conditional Sentence type 2 berfungsi untuk membuat kalimat yang kemungkinan terjadinya sangat sulit diwujudkan pada masa sekarang (present tense) atau di masa yang akan datang (future tense).

Contoh:

1. Present tense: If Jack was here, he would know what to do. (jika Jack ada di sini, dia akan tahu apa yang harus dilakukan) Tapi pada kenyataannya Jack saat ini tidak ada di sini.

2. Past tense: If I lost my job tomorrow, I would move to Jogjakarta. (jika besok aku kehilangan pekerjaanku (dipecat), maka aku akan pindah ke Jogjakarta. Usaha pemecatan tidak dilakukan oleh aku sendiri, tapi oleh atasan. Jadi sulit bagiku untuk memecat diriku sendiri).

D. Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 2.

1. If I were you, I would not let here go.

2. You would not be here, If she did not help you.

(Kamu tidak akan ada di sini jika dia tidak menolongmu).

3. We would not win the game, if we didn’t work together as a team. (Kita tidak akan memenangkan permainan ini jika kita tidak bekerja sama sebagai tim).

4. My mother would not worry, if I went with you, because you are innosence

(Ibuku tidak akan kuatir jika aku pergi denganmu).

5. I would attend your birthday party if I didn’t have home work to do. (Aku akan menghadiri pesta ultahmu jika aku tidak punya PR).

6. If I did not work now, I would love to accompany you to go hiking. (Jika aku tidak bekerja, aku akan senang menemanimu pergi

mendaki).

7. She would clean the yard if it did not rain.

(Dia akan membersihkan halaman jika tidak hujan).

8. The computer would be fine if you did not break it down.

(Komputernya akan baik-baik saja jika kamu tidak membantingnya).

9. Falcao would be line up of Manchester United FC if Rooney went to another club.

(Falcao akan menjadi tim utama di MU kalau Rooney pergi ke klub lain).

10. If you could sell this car soon, I would give you more tips.

(Jika kamu bisa menjual mobil ini, aku akan memberikan tips yang lebih).

Fungsi, Rumus Conditional Sentence Type

3 dan Contohnya

A. Pengertian.

Pada artikel sebelumnya, saya telah membahas fungsi dan rumus conditional sentence type 1 dan type 2. Jika kamu belum

mempelarinya atau lupa, maka sebelum mempelajari type 3, sebaiknya baca dulu type 1 dan 2. Nah, Sebelum membicarakan tentang fungsi dan rumus conditional sentence type 3, mari kita ingat kembali apa pengertian conditional sentence. Conditional Sentence adalah gabungan dari dua buah kalimat dimana salah satunya adalah kalimat syarat (klausul) sedangkan yang lain adalah kalimat yang berisi tentang akibat atau hasil dilaksanakan atau tidaknya syarat tersebut.

B. Fungsi Conditional Sentence Type 3.

Berbeda dengan type 1 dan type 2 yang masih mungkin walupun sulit untuk diwujudkan, conditional Sentence type 3 ini berfungsi untuk membuat kalimat bersyarat yang kemungkinan terjadinya sangat tidak mungkin karena sudah terlambat atau hanya bisa dilakukan jika waktu bisa diputar kembali.

Contoh: If I had studied hard, I would have been

graduated. (Jika aku dulu belajar giat, aku pasti sudah lulus). Pada kenyataannya dulu saya tidak belajar giat sehingga saya sekarang masih tinggal kelas/tidak lulus.

C. Rumus Conditional Sentence type 3.

Kalimat Syarat Hasilnya

If + Past Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tense

If + S + had + Verb 3 S + would + have + Verb

3 Atau bisa juga dibalik menjadi:

Hasilnya Kalimat Syarat

Past Future Perfect Tense If + Past Perfect Tense S + would + have + Verb 3 If + S + had + Verb 3

D. Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type

3.

1. If I had known that you were in hospital, I would have visited you.

(Jika saja aku tahu bahwa kamu ada di rumah sakit, aku akan mengunjungimu).

2. If She had been able to finish her job well, she would have been promoted as a director.

(Jika dia bisa menyelesaikan pekerjaanya dengan baik, dia akan dipromosikan menjadi direktur).

3. If John had driven his car carefully, we would not have got an accident.

(Jika John menyetir dengan hati-hati, dia tidak akan kecelakaan).

4. My father would have been here, if the flight had not been canceled.

(Ayahku akan ada di sini jika penerbangannya tidak ditunda).

5. Linda would not have arrived at home, if my father had not picked her up.

(Linda tidak akan tiba di rumah jika ayahku tidak menjemputnya).

6. If I had known that Angie was your girl friend, I would not have touch her.

(Jika dulu aku tahu bahwa Angie adalah pacarmu, aku tidak akan mendekatinya).

7. If you had told me that you went to Bali last week, I would have picked you up at the airport.

(Jika aku tahu bahwa kamu pergi ke Bali minggu lalu, aku akan menjemputmu di airport).

8. I would not have bought a new TV, if I had known that the old one was still ok.

(Aku tidak akan membeli TV baru jika aku tahu bahwa yang lama masih ok).

9. If Real Madrid had had a good striker, they would not have lost the game.

(Jika Real Madri mempunyai striker yang bagus, mereka tidak akan kalah).

10. He would have not been dare to fight with you, if he had know that you were a boxer.

(Dia tidak akan berani berkelahi denganmu jika dia tahu bahwa kamu adalah seorang petinju

Prepositions of time

The preposition

AT

is used in the following

descriptions of time:

With clock times:



My last train leaves at 10:30.



We left at midnight.



The meeting starts at two thirty.

With specific times of day, or mealtimes:



He doesn’t like driving at night.



I’ll go shopping at lunchtime.



I like to read the children a story at bedtime.

With festivals:



Are you going home at Christmas/Easter?

In certain fixed expressions which refer to

specific points in time:



Are you leaving at the weekend?**



She’s working at the moment.



He’s unavailable at present.



We arrived at the same time.

**Note that in American English, on the

weekend is the correct form.

The preposition

IN

is used in the following

descriptions of time:

With months, years, seasons, and longer

periods of time:



I was born in 1965.



We’re going to visit them in May.



The pool is closed in winter.



He was famous in the 1980’s.



The play is set in the Middle Ages.



They’ve done work for me in the past.

With periods of time during the day:



He’s leaving in the morning.



She usually has a sleep in the afternoon(s).



I tried to work in the evening.

To describe the amount of time needed to do

something:



They managed to finish the job in two weeks.



You can travel there and back in a day.





To indicate when something will happen in the

future:



He’s gone away but he’ll be back in a couple

of days.

The preposition

ON

is used in the following

descriptions of time:

With days of the week, and parts of days of

the week:



I’ll see you on Friday.



She usually works on Mondays.



We’re going to the theatre on Wednesday

evening.

Note that in spoken English, on is often omitted in

this context, e.g.: I’ll see you Friday.

With dates:



The interview is on 29th April.



He was born on February 14th 1995.

With special days:



She was born on Valentine’s day.



We move house on Christmas Eve.



I have an exam on my birthday.

If we examine these different aspects of usage for

the three prepositions, a general pattern emerges.

At is generally used in reference to specific times

on the clock or points of time in the day. In

hours or more. On is used with dates and named

days of the week.

Prepositions of place

The preposition

AT

is used in the following

descriptions of place/position:

With specific places/points in space:



She kept the horse at a nearby farm.



I had a cup of coffee at Helen’s (house/flat).



Angie’s still at home.



I’ll meet you at reception.



There’s a man at the door.



I saw her standing at the bus stop.



Turn right at the traffic lights.



The index is at the back of the book.



Write your name at the top of each page.

With public places and shops:



Jane’s at the dentist/hairdresser.



I studied German at college/school/university.



Shall I meet you at the station?



We bought some bread at the supermarket.

With addresses:



They live at 70, Duncombe Place.

With events:



I met her at last year’s conference. She

wasn’t at Simon’s party.

The preposition

ON

is used in the following

descriptions of place/position:

With surfaces, or things that can be thought

of as surfaces:



The letter is on my desk.



There was a beautiful painting on the wall.



The toy department is on the first floor.



Write the number down on a piece of paper.



You’ve got a dirty mark on your jumper.



He had a large spot on his nose.



She placed her hand on my shoulder.

With roads/streets, or other things that can

be thought of as a line, e.g.: rivers:



The bank is on the corner of King’s Street.



Koblenz is on the Rhine.



Bournemouth is on the south coast.



It’s the second turning on the left.

The preposition

IN

is used in the following

descriptions of place/position:

With geographical regions:



Driving in France is very straightforward.



Orgiva is a very small village in the

mountains.

With cities, towns and larger areas:



Do you like living in Nottingham?



They were having a picnic in the park.



She works somewhere in the toy department.

With buildings/rooms and places that can be

thought of as surrounding a person or object

on all sides:



Can you take a seat in the waiting room

please?



I’ve left my bag in the office.



There’s a wedding in the church this

afternoon.



Lots of people were swimming in the lake

With containers:



There’s fresh milk in the fridge.



I think I’ve got a tissue in my pocket.



The money is in the top drawer of my desk.

With liquids and other substances, to show

what they contain:



Do you take milk in your coffee?



I can taste garlic in this sauce.



There’s a lot of fat in cheese and butter.

A general pattern again emerges if we consider

these different aspects of usage. We can think of

at as one-dimensional, referring to a specific place

or position in space. On is two dimensional,

referring to the position of something in relation to

a surface. In is by contrast three-dimensional,

referring to the position of something in relation to

the things that surround it. Thinking of the

prepositions in these terms helps us explain

certain facts. For instance, in is generally used for

larger places and at for smaller, more specific

places, so we say:

We arrived in Inverness two hours ago.

But:

We arrived at the campsite two hours ago.

However, if we think of a city or larger place as a

specific point in space, we can use at, e.g.:

The train stops at Birmingham and Bristol.

Or if we think of a smaller place as three

dimensional, we can use in, e.g.:

prepositions of place in English.

Prepositions of Place are used to show the position

or location of one thing with another.

It answers the question "Where?"

Below we have some more examples of

Prepositions of Place:

In front of



A band plays their music

in front of

an

audience.



The teacher stands

in front of

the students.



The man standing in the line

in front of

me

smells bad.



Teenagers normally squeeze their zits

in

front of

a mirror.

Behind

Behind is the opposite of In front of. It means at

the back (part) of something.



When the teacher writes on the whiteboard,

the students are

behind

him (or her).



Who is that person

behind

the mask?



I slowly down because there was a police

car

behind

me.

Between normally refers to something in the

middle of two objects or things (or places).



There are mountains

between

Chile and

Argentina.



The number 5 is

between

the number 4 and

6.



There is a sea (The English

Channel)

between

England and France.

Across From / Opposite

Across from and Opposite mean the same thing. It

usually refers to something being in front of

something else BUT there is normally something

between them like a street or table. It is similar to

saying that someone (or a place) is on the other

side of something.



I live

across from

a supermarket (= it is on

the other side of the road)



The chess players sat

opposite

each other

before they began their game.

(= They are in front of each other and there is

a table between them)

Next to / Beside

Next to and Beside mean the same thing. It

usually refers to a thing (or person) that is at the

side of another thing.



At a wedding, the bride stands

next to

the



Guards stand

next to

the entrance of the

bank.



He walked

beside

me as we went down the

street.



In this part of town there isn't a

footpath

beside

the road so you have to be

careful.

Near / Close to

Near and Close to mean the same thing. It is

similar to next to / beside but there is more of a

distance between the two things.



The receptionist is

near

the front door.



This building is

near

a subway station.



We couldn't park the car

close to

the store.



Our house is

close to

a supermarket.

On

On means that something is in a position that is

physically touching, covering or attached to

something.



The clock

on

the wall is slow.



He put the food

on

the table.



I can see a spider

on

the ceiling.

Above / Over

Above and Over have a similar meaning. The both

mean "at a higher position than X"

but above normally refers to being directly

(vertically) above you.



Planes normally fly

above

the clouds.



There is a ceiling

above

you.



There is a halo

over

my head. ;)



We put a sun umbrella

over

the table so we

wouldn't get so hot.



Our neighbors in the apartment

above

us are

rally noisy.

Over can also mean: physically covering the

surface of something and is often used with the

word All as in All over.



There water

all over

the floor.



I accidentally spilled red wine

all over

the

new carpet.

Over is often used as a Preposition of Movement

too.

Under / Below

Under and Below have a similar meaning. They

mean at a lower level. (Something is above it).



Your legs are

under

the table.



Monsters live

under

your bed.



A river flows

under

a bridge.



How long can you stay

under

the water?



Miners work

below

the surface of the Earth.

Sometimes we use the word underneath instead

of under and beneath instead of below. There is no

difference in meaning those they are less common

nowadays.

Under is often used as a Preposition of Movement

too.

IS A RELATIVE CLAUSE?

A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun. A relative clause always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined. The relative pronouns are:

who for people can substitute for subject nouns/pronouns

(he, she, we, they)

who

m for people can substitute for object nouns/pronouns (him, her, us, them)

whos

e for people can substitute for possessive nouns/pronouns (his, hers, our, their)

That for people

or things can be either subject or object_{can only be used in restrictive relative} clauses

(see below)

whic h

for things can be either subject or object

can be used in non-restrictive relative clauses

can also be used in restrictive relative clauses,

though some people don’t like this use

Relative pronoun as subject (in red):

I like the person. The person was nice to me. I like the person who was nice to me.

I hate the dog. The dog bit me. I hate the dog that bit me.

I am moving to Louisville, KY. It is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

I am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

Relative pronoun as object (in red):

I like the bike. My father gave me the bike. I like the bike that my father gave me.

RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

Restrictive relative clauses give information that defines the noun—information that’s necessary for complete identification of the noun. Use “that” or “which” for non-human nouns; use “that” or “who” for non-human nouns. Do not use commas.

I like the paintings. (Which paintings? We can’t clearly identify them without the relative clause.) So we add the clause:

The paintings hang in the SASB North lobby. I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.

OR

I like the paintings which hang in the SASB North lobby. (Again, this is acceptable, but some people object to using “which” in a restrictive relative clause. “That” is preferred.)

Students who study hard will do well in my class. (Only this group of students will do well.)

Students whose grades are low can drop one test score. (Only this group can drop a test score.)

When the noun is the object of the preposition, both the noun and the preposition move together to the front of the relative clause. In less formal English, it’s common to move only the pronoun to the front of the clause.

I spent hours talking with a person last night. I hope to hear from her.

I hope I hear from the person with whom I spent hours talking last night. (more formal)

OR

I hope to hear from the person whom I spent hours talking with last night. (less formal)

NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

This type of relative clause merely provides extra information. This information may be quite interesting and important to the larger conversation, but it is not essential for precise identification of the noun. “That” cannot be used as a relative pronoun in a non-restrictive relative clause. Commas are always used at the

beginning and end of this type of relative clause.

A non-restrictive relative clause can modify a single noun, a noun phrase, or an entire proposition.

My mother is thinking of opening a restaurant. My mother is an excellent cook.

“My mother” is already a clearly defined noun, so the second sentence becomes a non-restrictive relative clause set off by commas on both sides.

My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

I’m planning to grow roses. I find roses quite beautiful.

I’m planning to grow roses, which I find quite beautiful.

(not okay) I’m planning to grow roses, that I find quite beautiful.

I’m driving across the country with three small children.

Driving across the country with three small children is going to be stressful.

I’m driving across the country with three small children, which is going to be stressful.

REDUCING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Some types of relative clauses can be “reduced”— the relative pronoun and maybe other words can be removed. You might reduce the clause to make your writing more concise or to add sentence variety. We’ll use the

examples above to demonstrate how to reduce both restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.

Restrictive relative clauses can be reduced in two ways. Subject pronouns can be deleted if –ing is added to the verb.

I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.

I like the paintings hanging in the SASB North lobby. Object pronouns can be deleted.

I like the bike that my father gave me. I like the bike my father gave me.

I hope I hear from the person whom I spent hours talking with last night.

I hope to hear from the person I spent hours talking with last night.

Non-restrictive relative clauses can be reduced in one way.

Subject pronouns with “be” verbs can be deleted in non-restrictive clauses.

I am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

I am moving to Louisville, KY, home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

My mother, an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT IN RELATIVE CLAUSES

Remember that the relative pronoun is substituting for a noun, which could be singular or plural before the

substitution. The verb in the relative clause must agree with the original noun.

People are lucky. People win the lottery.

People who win the lottery are lucky. (plural verb) A person is lucky. She wins the lottery every year. A person who wins the lottery every year is lucky. (singular verb)

This can be tricky in “one of the…” constructions. The key is to find which noun the relative pronoun is referring to.

Homelessness is a problem. The problem needs to be addressed.

Homelessness is a problem that needs to be addressed. (singular problem)

Many problems need to be addressed. Homelessness is one of the problems.

Homelessness is one of the problems that need to be addressed. (plural problems)

Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Defining

Clause

Fungsi Relative Pronoun Contoh Defining_Clause

Subject

who, that, which

who called me last night.

Object whom, that, which,

who whom I want to meet

Possess

ive Whose

whose windows are broken

Contoh Defining Clause pada Berbagai Relative Pronoun

Pada informal English, ketika berfungsi

sebagai object, relative pronoun dapat dihilangkan (optional). Namun tidak berlaku pada formal English. Berikut beberapa contoh complex sentence yang mengandung defining clause.

Fungsi Contoh Complex_Sentence Keterangan Who

Subject

(of verb “chew”)

People who

chew well may have healthy digestion. (Orang-orang yang menguyah dengan baik mungkin mempunyai pencernaan

yang sehat.)

Kamu tidak akan tau orang seperti apa yang dimaksud (hanya

orang yang

mengunyah dengan baik) jika informasi tersebut dihilangkan. Object (of preposit ion “to”)

The person who

I just gave two pieces of cake to is my brother. (Orang yang yang baru aku kasih dua potong kue adalah saudaraku.)

Informal written English, spoken; formal= whom

Whom Object (of preposit ion “to”)

The person to

whom I just gave two pieces of cake

is my brother.

Informal:

The person I just gave two pieces of cake to is my

brother.

Object (of verb “called”

)

The woman whom I called this morning is my mother.

(Wanita yang aku telpon pagi ini adalah ibuku.)

Informal:

The woman I called this morning is my mother.

Whose

Possessi ve

The student whose wallet lost in the

class has reported the incident to his

teacher.

(Siswa yang dompetnya hilang di kelas telah melaporkan kejadian tersebut pada gurunya.)

Kamu tidak akan tau siswa mana yang dimaksud (hanya yang

dompetnya hilang di kelas) jika informasi tersebut dihilangkan. Which Subject (of the verb “live”) Cats which

live in the wild may rarely get sick.

(Kucing-kucing yang hidup di alam liar mungkin jarang sakit.)

Kamu tidak akan tau kucing mana yang dimaksud (hanya yang

tinggal di alam liar) jika informasi tersebut dihilangkan. Object (of verb “bought ”)

The newspaper which I bought this

morning has sold out. (Koran yang aku beli pagi ini telah habis.)

Informal:

The newspaper I bought this morning has sold out.

Subject (of relative

clause)

Everyone that

join the program will never feel disappointed. (Setiap orang yang bergabung dengan program tsb tidak akan pernah

merasa kecewa.)

Kamu tidak akan tau setiap orang mana yang dimaksud (hanya yang mengikuti program) jika informasi tersebut dihilangkan. Object (of verb “loves”)

No one that

he loves won’t come to his graduation ceremony. (Tak satupun yang dia cintai tidak akan datang ke acara wisudanya.)

Informal=

No one he loves won’t come to his graduation

ceremony.

Relative clauses memberikan informasi penting untuk menjelaskan atau mengidentifikasi orang – orang atau benda yang sedang kita bicarakan.

Bagaimana menggunakan relative clauses

Mereka digunakan untuk menyediakan informasi tambahan. Dibawah ini adalah contoh informasi tambahan yang dimaksud:

Menjelaskan sesuatu (menjelaskan klausa), Contoh:

The boy who is talking there is a candidate of the winner in this competition.

Atau memberikan sesuatu yang tidak dibutuhkan tetapi merupakan informasi yang menarik). Contoh:

Adam Johnson, who was a famous actor, died of an accident.

1.A relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose.

Contoh: “The girl whois standing there is my sister.”

2.A relative adverb: where, why and when.

Contoh:” The park where I have visited is beautiful.”

3.None of them.

Contoh:“The girl I met is so beautiful”

Relative Pronouns

who – subject or object pronoun yang dipakai untuk orang

The police caught the person who killed many people.

which – subject or object pronoun yang dipakai untuk benda

He reads the book which entitle “Red Rose”. She visited the park which you told me.

which – mengacu pada seluruh kalimat She were successful which is proud.

whom – digunakan untuk object pronoun untuk orang khususnya dalam non-restrictive clause. (dalam restrictive caluse menggunakan who)

The girl whom you told me about got the best score in biology.

that – subjek atau objek pronoun untuk orang, hewan, dan benda dalam restrictive clause.

I like the motorcycle that is over there. Relative adverbs

where – merujuk pada tempat atau lokasi The hotel where I take a nap is good.

when – merujuk pada waktu

There are times when you feel so enthusiasm. why – merujuk pada alasan

This is why I really love her.

Angka / Numbers

ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

0 zero

1 one

ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven

8 eight

9 nine

10 ten

11 eleven

12 twelve

13 thirteen

14 fourteen

15 fifteen

16 sixteen

17 seventeen

18 eighteen

19 nineteen

20 twenty

21 twenty-one

22 twenty-two

23 twenty-three

ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

25 twenty-five

26 twenty-six

27 twenty-seven

28 twenty-eight

29 twenty-nine

30 thirty

31 thirty-one

32 thirty-two

33 thirty-three

34 thirty-four

35 thirty-five

36 thirty-six

37 thirty-seven

38 thirty-eight

39 thirty-nine

40 forty

41 forty-one

42 forty-two

43 forty-three

44 forty-four

45 forty-five

ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

47 forty-seven

48 forty-eight

49 forty-nine

50 fifty

51 fifty-one

52 fifty-two

53 fifty-three

54 fifty-four

55 fifty-five

56 fifty-six

57 fifty-seven

58 fifty-eight

59 fifty-nine

60 sixty

61 sixty-one

62 sixty-two

63 sixty-three

64 sixty-four

65 sixty-five

66 sixty-six

67 sixty-seven

ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

69 sixty-nine

70 seventy

71 seventy-one

72 seventy-two

73 seventy-three

74 seventy-four

75 seventy-five

76 seventy-six

77 seventy-seven

78 seventy-eight

79 seventy-nine

80 eighty

81 eighty-one

82 eighty-two

83 eighty-three

84 eighty-four

85 eighty-five

86 eighty-six

87 eighty-seven

88 eighty-eight

89 eighty-nine

ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

91 ninety-one

92 ninety-two

93 ninety-three

94 ninety-four

95 ninety-five

96 ninety-six

97 ninety-seven

98 ninety-eight

99 ninety-nine

100 *one hundred

101 one hundred (and) one 102 one hundred (and) two 110 one hundred (and) ten

153 one hundred (and) fifty-three

200 two hundred

201 two hundred (and) one 202 two hundred (and) two

244 two hundred (and) forty-four

300 three hundred

400 four hundred

500 five hundred

ANGKA BAHASA INGGRIS

700 seven hundred

800 eight hundred

900 nine hundred

1000 one thousand

2000 two thousand

3000 three thousand

5000 five thousand

6744 six thousand seven hundred (and) forty-four

10 000 ten thousand

100 000 one hundred thousand 1 000 000 one million

5 000 000 five million 1 000 000 000 one billion 1 000 000 000

000 one trillion

How to Read Numbers

9th ninth 19th nineteenth 1,000th one thousandth

10th tenth 20th twentieth 1,000,000th one millionth

Catatan:

– Pengucapan angka 14 yaitu fourteen bukan forteen – Pengucapan angka 15 yaitu fifteen bukan fiveteen

– Pengucapan angka 40 yaitu forty bukan fourty – Pengucapan angka 15 yaitu fifteen bukan fiveteen – Pengucapan angka 55 adalah fifty five

– Pengucapan angka 105 adalah a hundred five

– Pengucapan angka 421st adalah four hundred and twenty-first

– Pengucapan angka 5,111th adalah five thousand, one hundred and eleventh

– Pengucapan angka 110 adalah one hundred and ten (namun bisa juga tidak memakai “and“)

– pengucapan angka 110 adalah one hundred ten – Pengucapan angka 1,250 adalah one thousand two hundred fifty

– Pengucapan angka 1,254 adalah one thousand two hundred fifty-four

– Pengucapan angka 2,001 adalah two thousand one – Pengucapan angka 100 adalah one hundred

– Pengucapan angka 2,100 adalah two thousand one hundred

– Pengucapan angka 1,000 adalah one thousand

– Pengucapan angka 201,000 adalah two hundred one thousand

– Pengucapan angka 1,000,000,000 adalah one billion – Pengucapan angka 1,000,000,000,000 adalah one trillion

– Pengucapan angka Rp.100,- adalah one hundred rupiah – Pengucapan angka $100 adalah one hundred dollar – Pengucapan angka €100 adalah one hundred euro – Pengucapan angka €200 adalah two hundred euros

(karena angka dua adalah jamak, kalau angka satu

tidak perlu pakai kata “s“)

Cardinal numbers (bilangan biasa)

Cardinal numbers adalah angka yang mengatakan berapa banyak dari sesuatu yang ada.

1 one 11 eleven 21 Twenty- one

2 two 12 twelve 22 Twenty- two

3 three 13 thirteen 23 Twenty- three

4 four 14 fourteen 24 Twenty- four

5 five 15 fifteen 25 Twenty- five

8 eight 18 eighteen 100 a/one hundred

9 nine 19 nineteen 1.000 a/one thousand

10 ten 20 twenty 1.000.000 a/one million

MEMBACA GRAFIK, TABEL, DAN BENTUK

INFORMASI NONVERBAL LAINNYA

Informasi verbal adalah informasi yang

disampaikan dengan kata-kata. Adapun informasi

nonverbal adalah informasi yang disajikan dengan

bentuk visual, seperti gambar, bagan, grafik,

diagram, matriks, dan tabel.

Bagan merupakan gambar rancangan/skema/alat

peraga grafis untuk menyajikan data agar

memudahkan penafsiran.

1. Grafik adalah lukisan pasang surut atau naik

turunnya suatu keadaan. Macamnya ada grafik

batang, grafik garis, grafik lingkaran.

2. Diagram merupakan gambaran (buram,

sketsa) untuk memperlihatkan atau menerangkan

sesuatu.

3. Tabel adalah daftar berisi ikhtisar sejumlah

data atau informasi.

4. Matriks adalah tabel yang disusun dalam

lajur dan jajaran sehingga butirbutir uraian yang

diisikan dapat dibaca dari atas ke bawah atau dari

kiri ke kanan.

5. Bagan adalah gambaran secara analisis yang

digunakan untuk membantu memperjelas proses

kerja

6. Peta adalah gambar yang menunjukkan letak

suatu tempat

Contoh Grafik

• Jumlah blog yang semakin dipercaya sebagai sumber informasi sebesar 71%

• Masyarakat yang mendapatkan berita dan hiburan dari blog dibandingkan dari media tradisional dalam 5 tahun ini sebesar 51%

• Blog yang memiliki keabsahan yang sama dengan media tradisional sebesar 49%

• Yang mendapatkan informasi dan berita lebih banyak dari blog dibandingkan dari media artikel tradisional sebesar 37 %

• Yang beranggapan koran tidak akan bertahan dalam 10 tahun kedepan sebesar 21%

Berikut adalah daftar kata-kata baik kata benda, kata kerja atau kata sifat yang sering digunakan dalam menjelaskan grafik.

 Increase = naik atau kenaikan (kata kerja dan kata benda)

 Decrease = turun (kata kerja dan kata benda)  Drop = jatuh, turun drastis (kata kerja dan kata

benda)

 Sharp = tajam (kata sifat)  Slight = sedikit (kata sifat)  Rocket = naik tajam

 Go down = turun

Perhatikan chart berikut:

Year

A B C 2011 420 260 300 2012 300 400 310 2013 200 600 315

In 2012, product A sales dropped from 420 to 300 but product B sales rose from 260 to 400. Sales of Product C also increased slightly from 300 to 310.

References:

1. Raymond Murphy., 2001. Essensial grammar in use,

Cambridge University Press.

2 Farhady.H. (1977). Subject Verb Agreement in English: a Usage Study

3.. Quirk, R. et al. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English, London:Longman.

4. Van Shaik. J.D. (1976). “Subject Verb Agreement in English: What the Books Say vs. Native Speaker Usage.”

– Pengucapan angka 40 yaitu forty bukan fourty – Pengucapan angka 15 yaitu fifteen bukan fiveteen – Pengucapan angka 55 adalah fifty five

– Pengucapan angka 105 adalah a hundred five

– Pengucapan angka 421st adalah four hundred and twenty-first

– Pengucapan angka 5,111th adalah five thousand, one hundred and eleventh

– Pengucapan angka 110 adalah one hundred and ten (namun bisa juga tidak memakai “and“)

– pengucapan angka 110 adalah one hundred ten – Pengucapan angka 1,250 adalah one thousand two hundred fifty

– Pengucapan angka 1,254 adalah one thousand two hundred fifty-four

– Pengucapan angka 2,001 adalah two thousand one – Pengucapan angka 100 adalah one hundred

– Pengucapan angka 2,100 adalah two thousand one hundred

– Pengucapan angka 1,000 adalah one thousand

– Pengucapan angka 201,000 adalah two hundred one thousand

– Pengucapan angka 1,000,000,000 adalah one billion – Pengucapan angka 1,000,000,000,000 adalah one trillion

– Pengucapan angka Rp.100,- adalah one hundred rupiah – Pengucapan angka $100 adalah one hundred dollar – Pengucapan angka €100 adalah one hundred euro – Pengucapan angka €200 adalah two hundred euros (karena angka dua adalah jamak, kalau angka satu tidak perlu pakai kata “s“)

Cardinal numbers (bilangan biasa)

Cardinal numbers adalah angka yang mengatakan berapa banyak dari sesuatu yang ada.

1 one 11 eleven 21 Twenty- one 2 two 12 twelve 22 Twenty- two 3 three 13 thirteen 23 Twenty- three 4 four 14 fourteen 24 Twenty- four 5 five 15 fifteen 25 Twenty- five

8 eight 18 eighteen 100 a/one hundred 9 nine 19 nineteen 1.000 a/one thousand 10 ten 20 twenty 1.000.000 a/one million

MEMBACA GRAFIK, TABEL, DAN BENTUK

INFORMASI NONVERBAL LAINNYA

Informasi verbal adalah informasi yang

disampaikan dengan kata-kata. Adapun informasi

nonverbal adalah informasi yang disajikan dengan

bentuk visual, seperti gambar, bagan, grafik,

diagram, matriks, dan tabel.

Bagan merupakan gambar rancangan/skema/alat

peraga grafis untuk menyajikan data agar

memudahkan penafsiran.

1. Grafik adalah lukisan pasang surut atau naik

turunnya suatu keadaan. Macamnya ada grafik

batang, grafik garis, grafik lingkaran.

2. Diagram merupakan gambaran (buram,

sketsa) untuk memperlihatkan atau menerangkan

sesuatu.

3. Tabel adalah daftar berisi ikhtisar sejumlah

data atau informasi.

4. Matriks adalah tabel yang disusun dalam

lajur dan jajaran sehingga butirbutir uraian yang

diisikan dapat dibaca dari atas ke bawah atau dari

kiri ke kanan.

5. Bagan adalah gambaran secara analisis yang

digunakan untuk membantu memperjelas proses

kerja

6. Peta adalah gambar yang menunjukkan letak

suatu tempat

Contoh Grafik

• Jumlah blog yang semakin dipercaya sebagai sumber informasi sebesar 71%

• Masyarakat yang mendapatkan berita dan hiburan dari blog dibandingkan dari media tradisional dalam 5 tahun ini sebesar 51%

• Blog yang memiliki keabsahan yang sama dengan media tradisional sebesar 49%

• Yang mendapatkan informasi dan berita lebih banyak dari blog dibandingkan dari media artikel tradisional sebesar 37 %

• Yang beranggapan koran tidak akan bertahan dalam 10 tahun kedepan sebesar 21%

Berikut adalah daftar kata-kata baik kata benda, kata kerja atau kata sifat yang sering digunakan dalam menjelaskan grafik.

 Increase = naik atau kenaikan (kata kerja dan kata benda)

 Decrease = turun (kata kerja dan kata benda)  Drop = jatuh, turun drastis (kata kerja dan kata

benda)

 Sharp = tajam (kata sifat)  Slight = sedikit (kata sifat)  Rocket = naik tajam

 Go down = turun

Perhatikan chart berikut:

Year

A B C 2011 420 260 300 2012 300 400 310 2013 200 600 315

In 2012, product A sales dropped from 420 to 300 but product B sales rose from 260 to 400. Sales of Product C also increased slightly from 300 to 310.

References:

1. Raymond Murphy., 2001. Essensial grammar in use,

Cambridge University Press.

2 Farhady.H. (1977). Subject Verb Agreement in English: a Usage Study

3.. Quirk, R. et al. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English, London:Longman.

4. Van Shaik. J.D. (1976). “Subject Verb Agreement in English: What the Books Say vs. Native Speaker Usage.”