3 Past Tense
Had, felt, tried, kept, got, pointed, said, shouted, picked, threw, continued, left,
came back, opened, saw 4
Past Perfect Tense -
5 Action Verb
- 6
Adverb of Time Once upon a time, one day, the next day,
at the moment 7
Adverb of Place Catano, the chicken house
8 Coordinate Conjunction
But, and, for 9
Temporal Conjunction Then, next, after
10 Saying Verb
Say said, shouted, screaming 11
Linking Verb Was, were
12 Modality
Would, could, will Adapted from Josephine S.M., 2007
C. Story Mapping
1. The Understanding of Story Mapping
Before we know exactly what the story mapping is, it is necessary to know
the origin of story maps based on Pamela J. Farris:
The origin of story maps lies within story grammar research. The term story grammar refers to the hierarchical rules or psychological structures
that people use to create and remember stories, the skeleton underlying a story, so to speak. These psychological models of comprehension and
memory are used by both adults and children to encode and store in formation in their long-term memories.
31
Based on that definition, in this sense, story mapping would be effective for the readers recognize the story in their long-term memories. It may be
practical way for them to organize the story content into a coherent whole.
31
Pamela J. Farris, Teaching Reading: A Balanced Approach for Today’s Classrooms,
New York: McGraw Hill, 2004, p. 345.
Beside of tha t, Oxford dictionary defines „story’ as “a description of
events and people that the writer or speaker has invented in order to entertain people.” In other words story is regarded as a fiction selection to entertain a
reader; as a part of pleasure. Meanwhi le the definition of „map’ is “a drawing
to describe or give information about something, especially the way it is arranged or organized.” It means that mapping could be defined as a sketch or
drawing that shows location or relation between things or place. Pamela J. Faris viewed that “mapping is an effective technique in teaching
narrative text, and it is also an effective strategy to improve note taking and creative thinking skills.”
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Because through story mapping, a reader could be easily to illustrate the story structures and to categorize the main events in
sequential order by writing key words of a story by using a reader’s own
words. The story map or story web present a graphic organizer that prepares a
reader of a short story by previewing six critical components of any work of fiction:
a. Title b. Characters
c. Settings d. Main events
e. Problems and conflicts f. Solution or resolution
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Considering the explanation above, story map is a graphic or semantic visual representation of a story. This map illustrates way to provide an
overview of a story. It is usually implemented after a story has been read. It
32
Pamela J. Farris, Teaching Reading: A Balanced Approach for Today’s Classrooms,
New York: McGraw Hill, 2004, p. 346.
33
Larry Lawin, Paving the Way in Reading and Writing: Strategies and Activities to Support Struggling Students in Grades 6-12, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003, p. 68.
