37
- Identifying the data: the data individually will be classified within the context
- Conclusion: making a conclusion is the final step of the research.
3.4 Data Analysis
Miles and Huberman 1994 in their book „Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook‟ suggest that qualitative data analysis consists of three
procedures; data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification.
3.4.1. Data Reduction
Miles and Huberman 1994 say “data reduction refers to the process of
selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcriptions. Not only do the data need to be condensed for
the sake of manageability, they also have to be transformed so they can be made intelligible in term
s of the issues being addressed.”
In collecting the data, observer might capture utterances that do not belong to English usage being investigated or simply say it out of the scope of the analysis.
This is the raw data. The raw data have to be reduced in order to be more specific and the utterances selected fit the study.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
38
3.4.2. Data Display
Data display is the second stage of analyzing the data, after the writer gets the data from reducing the raw data before. The data need to be displayed as the writer
needs to analyze the data intensively. The data will be displayed as a script of dialogues teaching
– learning process. Miles and Huberman 1994 say “a display can be an extended piece of text or a diagram, chart, or matrix that provides a new
way of arranging and thinking about the more textually embedded data.”
3.4.3. Conclusion Drawing and Verification
This step is to gain validity of the data; the final step is conclusions. In analyzing the data, the results of analyzing should be concluded in order to inform
people about the subject. The data analyzed are expected to meet the goal and purposed of the research.
In order to analyze the data, the writer determined the possible condition whether the teaching
– learning activities succeeded or failed. The writer stated the purposes of teaching
– learning first. Based on Schmidt in Ellis 1997 and Wagner- Gough and Hatch 1975 researches, the writer stated the goal of each method. The
goal is for students to perform all words that have been taught by the teacher. The goal for each method is different. For Audio-lingual the purpose is to
make the children able to perform „thank you‟ and „you are welcome‟. This is to acknowledge them on how to thank and give regard in English because it is essential
in daily live.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
39
Total Physical Response, the writer aim is to make the children be able to perform „stand up‟ and „sit down‟. They are expected to understand those words and
can perform the action. These words can be used when they start the lesson every morning to perform greetings. This research is not designed to understand English
grammar yet, just some words that are familiar with them and can be used later after the research. To claim whether the purpose of this research is fulfilled or not the
writer combines his op inion with the teachers‟ opinion. And the basic idea is simply
to determine the progress; whether the students are able or unable to perform the words after being taught.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
40
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING
