iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak
i Abstract
ii Acknowledgement
iii Table of Content
iv List of Tables
viii List of Figures
xi List of Abbreviations
xiv List of Symbols
xv
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective 3
1.4 Scope 3
1.5 Chapter Overview 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Polymer Blends
5 2.1.1 Thermoset Elastomer TSE
7 2.1.2 Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE
8 2.1.2.1 Thermoplastic
9 2.1.2.2 Elastomer
10 2.1.2.3 Current Development of Thermoplastic Elastomer
12 2.2
Compounding Process 14
2.2.1 Melt Blending 15
2.2.1.1 Internal Mixer 15
2.2.1.2 Twin-Screw Extruder 16
2.2.1.3 Two Roll Mill 17
2.2.1.4 Injection Molding 18
v 2.2.2 Compressing Molding
19
2.3 VulcanizationCuring Process
20 2.3.1 Sulfur Vulcanization
20 2.3.2 Peroxide Vulcanization
23 2.3.3 Mixed Vulcanization
24 2.4
Fabrication 24
2.4.1 Hot Press 24
2.4.2 Cold Press 25
2.4.3 Isostatic Press 25
2.5 Testing and Analysis
26 2.5.1 Physical Test
26 2.5.1.1 Density Test
26 2.5.1.2 Melt Flow Index MFI
26 2.5.2 Mechanical Test
27 2.5.2.1 Tensile Test
27 2.5.2.2 Izod Impact Test
28 2.5.2.3 Hardness Test
29 2.5.3 Morphological Study
31 2.5.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM
31 2.5.4 Thermal Analysis
32 2.5.4.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
32 2.6
Optimization 32
2.6.1 Response Surface Methodology SEM 33
3. METHODOLOGY 38
3.1 Introduction
38 3.2
Raw Material 40
3.3 Characterization of Raw Material
40 3.3.1 Polypropylene
40 3.3.2 Epoxidized Natural Rubber
41 3.3.3 Sulfur
42
vi 3.4
Optimization of Internal Mixer Parameter using Response Surface Methodology RSM
44 3.4.1 Design of Experiment
44 3.4.1.1 Screening Factor
44 3.5
Blending of PPENR Blends in Internal Mixer 46
3.6 Pelletizing
48 3.7
Hot Pressing 50
3.8 Testing and Analysis
52 3.8.1 Physical Test
52 3.8.1.1 Density Test
52 3.8.1.2 Melt Flow Index MFI
53 3.8.2 Mechanical Test
55 3.8.2.1 Tensile Test
55 3.8.2.2 Hardness Test
56 3.8.2.3 Izod Impact Test
58 3.8.3 Morphological Study
59 3.8.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM
59 3.8.4 Thermal Analysis
60 3.8.4.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC
60
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 61
4.1 Introduction
61 4.2
Raw Material Characterization 62
4.2.1 Density 62
4.2.2 Melt Flow Index 62
4.3 Optimization of Physical and Mechanical Properties
63 4.3.1 Density Analysis
63 4.3.2 Hardness
70 4.3.3 Melt Flow Index
76 4.3.4 Impact Strength
82 4.3.5 Tensile Properties
89 4.3.5.1 Tensile Strength
90 4.3.5.2 Elongation to Break
95
vii 4.3.5.3 Young Modulus
101 4.4
Analysis 107
4.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM 107
4.4.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC 110
4.5 Determination of the optimum formulation of PPENR using the
Response Surface Methodology RSM 111
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 114
