Pengujian Sifat Antioksidan Galaktomanan Yang Diekstraksi Dari Ampas Kelapa
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ananthi, S., Raghavendran, H.R.B., Sunil, A.G., Gayathri, V., Ramakrishnan, G. AND
Vasanthi, H.R., 2010, In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Anti Inflammatory
Potential of Crude Polysaccharide from Turbinaria Ornata (Marine Brown
Alga), Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 187-192
Anna. P., F. M. Titin. S, 2006, Dasar-dasar Biokimia. Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.
Antolovich, Michael, Paul D. Prenzler, Emilios Patsalides, Suzanne McDonald,
Kevin Robards. 2002. Methods for Testing Antioxidant Activity. Analyst.
127:183-198.
Almatsier, S. 2003. Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Asker, M.M.S. and Shawky, B.T., 2010, Structural Characterization and Antioxidant
Activity of an Extracellular Polysaccharide Isolated from Brevibacerium
Otitidis BTS 44, Food Chemistry, 123, 315-320
Athukorala, Y., Kim, K.N. and Jeon, Y.J., 2006, Antriproliferative and Antioxidant
Properties of an Enzymatic Hydrolysate from Brown Alga, Ecklonia Cava,
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44, 1065-1074
Brand- Williams, W., Cuvelier, `M.E., and Berset., C., 1995, Use of Free Radical
Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity, Lebensm-Wiss.u- Technol, 28
25-30, didalam Gordon, N.H., 2001, Measuring Antioxidant Activity,
The University of Reading, by Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
Capek, P., Machova, E. And Turjan, J., 2009, Scavenging and Antioxidant
Activities of Immunomodulating Polysaccahrides Isolated from Salvia
officinalis L., International Jornal of Food Protection, 67, 4: 833-848
Cerqueira, M.A., Lima, A.M., Souza, B.W.S., Teixeira, J.A., Moreira. R.A., and
Vicente, A.A., 2009a, Functional Polysaccharides as Edible Coatings for
Cheese, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 4: 1456-1462
Cerqueira, M.A., Lima, A.M., Teixeira, J.A., Moreira., R.A., and Vicente, A.A.,
2009b, Suitability of Novel Galactomannans as Edible Coating for
Tropical Fuits, Journal of Food Engineering, 94: 372-378
Cerqueira, M.A., A.C., Pinheiro, B.W.S. Souza, A. M. P. Lima, C. Ribeiro, C.
Miranda, J.A. Teixeira, R.A. Morira, M.A. Coimbra, M.P. Goncalves, 2009c,
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Extraction, Purification and Characterization of Galactomannans from NonTraditional Sources, Carbohydrate Polymers, 75: 408-414
Chattopadhyay, N., Ghosh, T., Sinha, S., Chattopadhyay, P.K. and Ray, B., 2010,
Polysaccharides from Turbinaria Canoides: Structural Features and
Antiooxidant Capacity, Food Chemistry, 118, 823-829
Chen, G.T., Ma, X.M., Liu, S.T., Liao, Y.L., and Zhao, G.O., 2012, Isolation,
Purification and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Grifola
frondosa, Carbohydrate Polyners, 89, 61-66
Chen, H., Ju, Y., Li, J. And Yu , M., 2012, Antioxidan Activities of Polysaccharides
from Lentinus Edodes and their Significance for Disease Prevention,
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 50, 214-218
Creswell, C. J. 2005. Analisis Spektrum Senyawa Organik. Bandung : Penerbit ITB.
Dalimartha, S and Soedibyo, M. 1998. Awet Muda dengan Tumbuhan Obat dan Diet
Suplemen. Jakarta : Trubus Agriwidya.
Egorov et al. 2003. Composition and Structure of Galactomannan from the Seed of
Gleditsia ferox Desf. Russia; Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russia Academy
Of Sciences.
Ensofas, 2010.Dari Gizi.net:
http://ensofas.wordpress.com/2010/10/31/antioksidanresep--sehat-umurpanjang/ akses 25 September 2011,23-37
Fessenden Ralp J. & Fessenden Joan S. 1986. Kimia Organik . Edisi Ketiga , Jilid II,
Alih Bahasa Aloysius Hadyana Pudtjaatmaka Ph.D.. Jakarta: Penerbit
Erlangga.
Fray. S.C., 1998, Oxidative Scission of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides by AscorbateInduced Hydrixyl Radicals, Biochem. J., 332: 507-515
Gong, H., Liu, M., Chen, J., Han, F., Gao, C., and Zhang, B, 2012, Synthesis and
characterization of carboxy guar gum and rheological properties of its solution,
Journal homepage,Carbohydrate Polymers; vol 88 : 1015-1022
Haris, Chairunnisa. 1996. Kimia Organik : Suatu Kuliah Singkat. Edisi kesebelas.
Terjemahan Suminar Setiati Achmadi. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Hart, H., Craine, Hart, D. 2003 : Kimia Organik : Suatu Kuliah Singkat. Edisi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
kesebelas. Terjemahan Suminar Setiati Achmadi. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Hirota, A., Taki, S., Kawai, S., Yano, M dan Abe. 2000. 1,1-diphenyl- 2picrilhydrazil radical scavenging compounds from soybean miso and
antiproliferative activity of isoflavanes from saybean miso toward the
cancer cell lines. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64(5): 1038-1040
http://www.indonesia.com/f/8205-emas-tercecer-sampah/,diakses tanggal 19
desember 2009
Ionita, P. 2005. Is DPPH Stable Free Radical a Good Scavenger for Oxigen Avtive
Species. Chem. Pap. 59(1) Romania. Pages 11- 16
Kardosova, A., and Machova, E., 2006, Antioxidant activity of medicinal plant
polysaccharides. Fitoterapia 77: 367-373
Ketaren, S. 1986. Minyak dan Lemak Pangan. Jakarta: UI-press.
Khopkar, S. M. 2003. Konsep Dasar Kimia Analitik. Jakarta: UI press.
Kok, M. S. Hill. S. E, & Mitchell.J. R., 1999, Viscosity of Galagtomannan during high
temperature processing: Influence of degradation and solubilisation, Food
Hydrocolloids, 15, 535-542
Kooiman, P. 1971. Structures of The Galactomannas from seeds of Annona muricata
Arenga saccahrifera, Cocos nucifera, Convolvulus tricolo , and Shopora
japonica.
Netherlands:
Laboratory of
General
and
Technical
Biology,Technological University, Delfi.
Kosasih, E. N. 2004. Peran Antioksidan Pada Lanjut Usia. Jakarta : Pusat Kajian
Nasional Masalah Lanjut Usia.
Li, X., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Walid, E., and Zhang, H, 2012, In Vitro Antioxidant and
Anti-Proliferation Activities of Polysaccharides from Various Extracts of
Different Mushrooms, Int. J. Mol. SCi, 2012, 13, 5801-5817
Lin, D., and Zhao, Y., 2007, Innovations in the Development and Application of
Edible Coatings for Fresh and Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables,
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 6, 3: 60-75
Liu, G. Mazza and X. Liao, 2010, Purification, Composition and Antioxidant Activity
of Polysaccharides from Wolfberry, Cherry, Kiwi and Cranberry Fruits, Croat.,
J. Food Sci Technol., 2: 9-17
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Mathur, N.K., 2012, Industrial Galactomannan Polysaccharide, CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Florida.
Mikkonen, K.S., Maija, T., Peter, C., Chunlin, X., Hannu, R., Stefan, W., Bjarne, H.,
Kevin, B. H., and Madhav, P. Y., 2009, Mannan As Stabilizers of Oil-In-Water
Beverage Emulssions, LWT-Food Science and Technology, 42:849-855
Misra. 1997. Karbohidrat. Karya Ilmiah. Jurusan Farmasi. Fakultas Matematika dan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Medan. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Molyneux, Philip. 2004. The Use of The Stable Free Radical diphenylpicrylhydrazil
(DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity. Songklankarin J. Sci. Technol.
26(2): 211-219
Morris, E R., Rees,, D.A., Young, G., Walkinshaw, M.D., and Darke, A., 1977, A Role
for Polysaccharide Corformation in Recognition Between Xanthomonas
Pathogen and it Plant Hot, J. Mol. Biol., 110:1-16
Nordmann,R., 1993. Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Vitamins. CR
Sciences Soc.Biol.Fil. Pages 277-285
Pavia, D.L., Lampmann, G.M., Kriz,G.S. 1979. Introduction to Spectroscopy: A Guide
for Student of Organic Chemistry. Washington: Saunders College Publishing.
Pavia, D. L. 2006. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques. United state :
Brooks Cole/Thomson.
Pokorny. J., Yanishlieva, N and Gordion, N. 2001. Antioxidant in Food. England:
Woodhead Publishing Limited.
Ponce, a., Roura, S.I., del Valle, C.E., and Moreira, M.R., 2008, Antimicrobial and
Antioxidant Activies of Edible Coating Enriched with Natural Plant Extract: in
vitro and in vivo studies, Postharverst Biology and Technology, 49: 294-300
Purawisastra, S., 2005. Pembuatan dan Pengujian Sediaan Isolat Galaktomanan
Kelapa Untuk Mencegah Kenaikan Kadar Kolesterol
http:digilid,litbag,depkes,go.id. Pebruari 2005
Qiao, D., Ke, C., Hu, B., Luo, J., Ye, H., Sun, Y., Yan, X., and Zeng X., 2009,
Antioksidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Hyriopsis Cumingii,
Carbohydrat Polymers, 78, 199-204
Ramaswamy, V., N. Varghese, and A. Simon, 2011. An Investigation on Cytologic
Universitas Sumatera Utara
and Antioxidant Properties of Clitoria Ternatea L. International Journal of
Drug Discovery. Vol.3: 74-77, ISSN: 0975-4423
Reid. J. S. G, and Edwards, M. E. 1995, Galactomannans and other cell wall storage
Polysaccharides in seeds, In A. M. Stephen (Ed), Food polysaccharides and
their application (pp. 155-186), New York: Macel Dekker Inc.
Riswiyanto. 2009. Kimia Organik Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Ronald. 2004. The IC 50 Rating for Antioxidant Effectiveness. Ebytes Issue.
Sahfitri, W.,2006. Pemanfaatan Limbah Ampas Kelapa Sebagai Bahan Pembuatan
Galaktomanan, Politeknik Negeri, Lhokseumawe.
Sastrohamidjojo. H. 2005. Kimia Organik : Stereokimia Karbohidrat. Lemak dan
Protein. Jogjakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Scherbukhin and Anulov. 1999. Biokhim Mikrobiol. Vol 35. No 3, pp.257-274
Siagian, P. 2012. Keajaiban Antioksidan. Jakarta : Kompas Gramedia.
Sibuea, P., 1971, Structures of The Galactomannan Seeds of Annona nuricata,
Arenga saccharifera, Cocos nucifera, Convolvulus tricolor, and Sophora
japonica, Carbohyd. Rs., 20: 329-337
Silverstein. R.M., Bassler, G.C., Morril, T.C. 1981. Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds. Forth Edition. USA : John Wiley and Sons.
Smirnova et al. 2003. Fractional Isolation and Study of the structure of
Galactomannans from sophora (Styphnolobium japonicum) Seeds. Noscow:
Bach Institute of Biochemmistry, Russian Academy of Science.
Srivastava, M., and Kapoor. V. P., 2005, Seed Galactomannan: An overview, In
Chemistry & Biodiversity.2. 295 – 317
Stanley, Pinc. H. 1998. Kimia Organik 2. Terbitan keempat. Diterjemahkan oleh
Rroehyati Joedodibroto dan Sasanti w. Purbohadiwidjojo.Bandung:Penerbit
ITB.
Suhardiman.P., 1996, Kelapa Hibrida, Penebar Swadaya, Surabaya.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sun, Y.X., J.C. Liu, X.D. Yang and J.F. Kennedy, 2010, Purification, Structural
Analysis and Hydroxyl Radical-Scavenging Capacity of a Polysaccharide
from the Fruiting Bodies of Russula virescens, Process Biochemistry, 45:
874 - 879
Syah. A. N. A., 2005. Virgin Coconut Oil : Minyak Penakluk Aneka Penyakit,
Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.
Tarigan, J., 2012, Karakterisasi Edible Film yang bersifat Antioksidan dan
Antimikroba dari Galaktomanan Biji Aren (Arenga pinnata) Yang
Diinkoporasi dengan Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Disertasi. Jurusan Kimia. Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam.
Universitas Sumatera Utara.Medan.
Tian, L., Zhao, Y., Guo, C., and Yang, X., 2011, A Comparative Study on the
Antioxidant Activities of an Acidic Polysaccharides and Various Solvent
Extracts Derived from Herbal Houmuynia Cordata, Carbohydrate Polymers, 83,
538-544
Tian, Y., Zeng, H., Xu, Z., Zheng, B., Lin, Y., Gan, C., and Lo, Y.M., 2012,
Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides
Recovered from White Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus),
Carbohydrate Polymer, 88, 522-529
Tong, H., Xia, P., Feng, K., Sun, G., Gao, X., Sun, L., Jiang, R.,and Tian, D, 2008,
Structural characterization and vitro antitumor activity of a novel
polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus.,Jornal homepage
Bioresource Technology,vol 100: 1682-1686
Uner, M.., and Altinkurt, T. , 2004, Evaluation of honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthas
Linn.) Gum as Sustaining Material in Tablet Dosage Forms, IL Farmaco., 59:
567-573
Vargas, M., Pastor,C., Chiralt, A., McClements, D. J., and Gonzalez- Martinez, C.,
2008, Recent Advance In Edible Coating For Fresh And Minimally Processed
Fruit, Critical Review in Food Sciences And Nutrition, 48: 496-511
Vieira, I.G.P,. F.N.V. Menders, M. I., Gallao, and E.S. de Brito, 2007), NMR Study of
Galactomannans from the seeds of Mesquite Tree (Prosopis juliflora (Sw)
Dc),Food Chemistry, 101: 70-73
Wang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Zhao, B., Yao, J., and Wang, Y., 2010, Structure
Antioxidant Relationship of Sulfated Galactomannan from Guar Gum,
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 46, 59-66
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Wang, Z., and Luo, D., 2007, Antioxidant Activies of Different Fractions of
Polysaccharide Purified from Gynostemma pentaphylum Makino, Carbohydrate
Polymer, 68, 54-58
Winarno, 1982. Ekstraksi Galaktomanan Kima Pangan dan Gizi. PT. Gramedia,
Jakarta.
Yang, B., Wang, J., Zhao, M., Liu, Y., Wang, W. And Jiang, Y., 2006,
Identification of Polysaccharides from Pericap Tissues of Litchi (Litchi
Chinensis Sonn) Fruit in Relation to their Antioxidant Activities,
Carbohydrate Research, 341, 634-638
Yao, L., Zhao, Q., Xiao, J., Sun, J., Yuan, X., Zhao, B., Yao, J. And Wang, Y.,
2010, Structure Antioxidant Relationships of Sulfated Galactomannan
from Guar Gum, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 46,
59-66
Yao, L., Zhao, Q., Xiao, J., Sun, J., Yuan, X., Zhao, B., Su, H., and Niu, S., 2012,
Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Cultivated
Saussurea Involucrata, International Journal of Biological Macromolucules,
50, 849-853
Zhang, Z.S., Wang, X.M., Han, Z.P., Zhao, M.X. and Yin, L., 2012, Purification,
Antioxidant and Moisture- Preserving Activities of Polysaccharides from
Papaya, Carbohydrate Polymer, 87, 2332-2337
Zultiniar, Gaffar, D., dan Cassoni, S M., 2009, Ekstraksi Galaktomanan dari Ampas
Kelapa Jurnal, Tehnik Kimia , Fakultas Tehnik Universitas Riau
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Ananthi, S., Raghavendran, H.R.B., Sunil, A.G., Gayathri, V., Ramakrishnan, G. AND
Vasanthi, H.R., 2010, In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Anti Inflammatory
Potential of Crude Polysaccharide from Turbinaria Ornata (Marine Brown
Alga), Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 187-192
Anna. P., F. M. Titin. S, 2006, Dasar-dasar Biokimia. Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.
Antolovich, Michael, Paul D. Prenzler, Emilios Patsalides, Suzanne McDonald,
Kevin Robards. 2002. Methods for Testing Antioxidant Activity. Analyst.
127:183-198.
Almatsier, S. 2003. Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Asker, M.M.S. and Shawky, B.T., 2010, Structural Characterization and Antioxidant
Activity of an Extracellular Polysaccharide Isolated from Brevibacerium
Otitidis BTS 44, Food Chemistry, 123, 315-320
Athukorala, Y., Kim, K.N. and Jeon, Y.J., 2006, Antriproliferative and Antioxidant
Properties of an Enzymatic Hydrolysate from Brown Alga, Ecklonia Cava,
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44, 1065-1074
Brand- Williams, W., Cuvelier, `M.E., and Berset., C., 1995, Use of Free Radical
Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity, Lebensm-Wiss.u- Technol, 28
25-30, didalam Gordon, N.H., 2001, Measuring Antioxidant Activity,
The University of Reading, by Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
Capek, P., Machova, E. And Turjan, J., 2009, Scavenging and Antioxidant
Activities of Immunomodulating Polysaccahrides Isolated from Salvia
officinalis L., International Jornal of Food Protection, 67, 4: 833-848
Cerqueira, M.A., Lima, A.M., Souza, B.W.S., Teixeira, J.A., Moreira. R.A., and
Vicente, A.A., 2009a, Functional Polysaccharides as Edible Coatings for
Cheese, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 4: 1456-1462
Cerqueira, M.A., Lima, A.M., Teixeira, J.A., Moreira., R.A., and Vicente, A.A.,
2009b, Suitability of Novel Galactomannans as Edible Coating for
Tropical Fuits, Journal of Food Engineering, 94: 372-378
Cerqueira, M.A., A.C., Pinheiro, B.W.S. Souza, A. M. P. Lima, C. Ribeiro, C.
Miranda, J.A. Teixeira, R.A. Morira, M.A. Coimbra, M.P. Goncalves, 2009c,
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Extraction, Purification and Characterization of Galactomannans from NonTraditional Sources, Carbohydrate Polymers, 75: 408-414
Chattopadhyay, N., Ghosh, T., Sinha, S., Chattopadhyay, P.K. and Ray, B., 2010,
Polysaccharides from Turbinaria Canoides: Structural Features and
Antiooxidant Capacity, Food Chemistry, 118, 823-829
Chen, G.T., Ma, X.M., Liu, S.T., Liao, Y.L., and Zhao, G.O., 2012, Isolation,
Purification and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Grifola
frondosa, Carbohydrate Polyners, 89, 61-66
Chen, H., Ju, Y., Li, J. And Yu , M., 2012, Antioxidan Activities of Polysaccharides
from Lentinus Edodes and their Significance for Disease Prevention,
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 50, 214-218
Creswell, C. J. 2005. Analisis Spektrum Senyawa Organik. Bandung : Penerbit ITB.
Dalimartha, S and Soedibyo, M. 1998. Awet Muda dengan Tumbuhan Obat dan Diet
Suplemen. Jakarta : Trubus Agriwidya.
Egorov et al. 2003. Composition and Structure of Galactomannan from the Seed of
Gleditsia ferox Desf. Russia; Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russia Academy
Of Sciences.
Ensofas, 2010.Dari Gizi.net:
http://ensofas.wordpress.com/2010/10/31/antioksidanresep--sehat-umurpanjang/ akses 25 September 2011,23-37
Fessenden Ralp J. & Fessenden Joan S. 1986. Kimia Organik . Edisi Ketiga , Jilid II,
Alih Bahasa Aloysius Hadyana Pudtjaatmaka Ph.D.. Jakarta: Penerbit
Erlangga.
Fray. S.C., 1998, Oxidative Scission of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides by AscorbateInduced Hydrixyl Radicals, Biochem. J., 332: 507-515
Gong, H., Liu, M., Chen, J., Han, F., Gao, C., and Zhang, B, 2012, Synthesis and
characterization of carboxy guar gum and rheological properties of its solution,
Journal homepage,Carbohydrate Polymers; vol 88 : 1015-1022
Haris, Chairunnisa. 1996. Kimia Organik : Suatu Kuliah Singkat. Edisi kesebelas.
Terjemahan Suminar Setiati Achmadi. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Hart, H., Craine, Hart, D. 2003 : Kimia Organik : Suatu Kuliah Singkat. Edisi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
kesebelas. Terjemahan Suminar Setiati Achmadi. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Hirota, A., Taki, S., Kawai, S., Yano, M dan Abe. 2000. 1,1-diphenyl- 2picrilhydrazil radical scavenging compounds from soybean miso and
antiproliferative activity of isoflavanes from saybean miso toward the
cancer cell lines. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64(5): 1038-1040
http://www.indonesia.com/f/8205-emas-tercecer-sampah/,diakses tanggal 19
desember 2009
Ionita, P. 2005. Is DPPH Stable Free Radical a Good Scavenger for Oxigen Avtive
Species. Chem. Pap. 59(1) Romania. Pages 11- 16
Kardosova, A., and Machova, E., 2006, Antioxidant activity of medicinal plant
polysaccharides. Fitoterapia 77: 367-373
Ketaren, S. 1986. Minyak dan Lemak Pangan. Jakarta: UI-press.
Khopkar, S. M. 2003. Konsep Dasar Kimia Analitik. Jakarta: UI press.
Kok, M. S. Hill. S. E, & Mitchell.J. R., 1999, Viscosity of Galagtomannan during high
temperature processing: Influence of degradation and solubilisation, Food
Hydrocolloids, 15, 535-542
Kooiman, P. 1971. Structures of The Galactomannas from seeds of Annona muricata
Arenga saccahrifera, Cocos nucifera, Convolvulus tricolo , and Shopora
japonica.
Netherlands:
Laboratory of
General
and
Technical
Biology,Technological University, Delfi.
Kosasih, E. N. 2004. Peran Antioksidan Pada Lanjut Usia. Jakarta : Pusat Kajian
Nasional Masalah Lanjut Usia.
Li, X., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Walid, E., and Zhang, H, 2012, In Vitro Antioxidant and
Anti-Proliferation Activities of Polysaccharides from Various Extracts of
Different Mushrooms, Int. J. Mol. SCi, 2012, 13, 5801-5817
Lin, D., and Zhao, Y., 2007, Innovations in the Development and Application of
Edible Coatings for Fresh and Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables,
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 6, 3: 60-75
Liu, G. Mazza and X. Liao, 2010, Purification, Composition and Antioxidant Activity
of Polysaccharides from Wolfberry, Cherry, Kiwi and Cranberry Fruits, Croat.,
J. Food Sci Technol., 2: 9-17
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Mathur, N.K., 2012, Industrial Galactomannan Polysaccharide, CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Florida.
Mikkonen, K.S., Maija, T., Peter, C., Chunlin, X., Hannu, R., Stefan, W., Bjarne, H.,
Kevin, B. H., and Madhav, P. Y., 2009, Mannan As Stabilizers of Oil-In-Water
Beverage Emulssions, LWT-Food Science and Technology, 42:849-855
Misra. 1997. Karbohidrat. Karya Ilmiah. Jurusan Farmasi. Fakultas Matematika dan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Medan. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Molyneux, Philip. 2004. The Use of The Stable Free Radical diphenylpicrylhydrazil
(DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity. Songklankarin J. Sci. Technol.
26(2): 211-219
Morris, E R., Rees,, D.A., Young, G., Walkinshaw, M.D., and Darke, A., 1977, A Role
for Polysaccharide Corformation in Recognition Between Xanthomonas
Pathogen and it Plant Hot, J. Mol. Biol., 110:1-16
Nordmann,R., 1993. Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Vitamins. CR
Sciences Soc.Biol.Fil. Pages 277-285
Pavia, D.L., Lampmann, G.M., Kriz,G.S. 1979. Introduction to Spectroscopy: A Guide
for Student of Organic Chemistry. Washington: Saunders College Publishing.
Pavia, D. L. 2006. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques. United state :
Brooks Cole/Thomson.
Pokorny. J., Yanishlieva, N and Gordion, N. 2001. Antioxidant in Food. England:
Woodhead Publishing Limited.
Ponce, a., Roura, S.I., del Valle, C.E., and Moreira, M.R., 2008, Antimicrobial and
Antioxidant Activies of Edible Coating Enriched with Natural Plant Extract: in
vitro and in vivo studies, Postharverst Biology and Technology, 49: 294-300
Purawisastra, S., 2005. Pembuatan dan Pengujian Sediaan Isolat Galaktomanan
Kelapa Untuk Mencegah Kenaikan Kadar Kolesterol
http:digilid,litbag,depkes,go.id. Pebruari 2005
Qiao, D., Ke, C., Hu, B., Luo, J., Ye, H., Sun, Y., Yan, X., and Zeng X., 2009,
Antioksidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Hyriopsis Cumingii,
Carbohydrat Polymers, 78, 199-204
Ramaswamy, V., N. Varghese, and A. Simon, 2011. An Investigation on Cytologic
Universitas Sumatera Utara
and Antioxidant Properties of Clitoria Ternatea L. International Journal of
Drug Discovery. Vol.3: 74-77, ISSN: 0975-4423
Reid. J. S. G, and Edwards, M. E. 1995, Galactomannans and other cell wall storage
Polysaccharides in seeds, In A. M. Stephen (Ed), Food polysaccharides and
their application (pp. 155-186), New York: Macel Dekker Inc.
Riswiyanto. 2009. Kimia Organik Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Ronald. 2004. The IC 50 Rating for Antioxidant Effectiveness. Ebytes Issue.
Sahfitri, W.,2006. Pemanfaatan Limbah Ampas Kelapa Sebagai Bahan Pembuatan
Galaktomanan, Politeknik Negeri, Lhokseumawe.
Sastrohamidjojo. H. 2005. Kimia Organik : Stereokimia Karbohidrat. Lemak dan
Protein. Jogjakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Scherbukhin and Anulov. 1999. Biokhim Mikrobiol. Vol 35. No 3, pp.257-274
Siagian, P. 2012. Keajaiban Antioksidan. Jakarta : Kompas Gramedia.
Sibuea, P., 1971, Structures of The Galactomannan Seeds of Annona nuricata,
Arenga saccharifera, Cocos nucifera, Convolvulus tricolor, and Sophora
japonica, Carbohyd. Rs., 20: 329-337
Silverstein. R.M., Bassler, G.C., Morril, T.C. 1981. Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds. Forth Edition. USA : John Wiley and Sons.
Smirnova et al. 2003. Fractional Isolation and Study of the structure of
Galactomannans from sophora (Styphnolobium japonicum) Seeds. Noscow:
Bach Institute of Biochemmistry, Russian Academy of Science.
Srivastava, M., and Kapoor. V. P., 2005, Seed Galactomannan: An overview, In
Chemistry & Biodiversity.2. 295 – 317
Stanley, Pinc. H. 1998. Kimia Organik 2. Terbitan keempat. Diterjemahkan oleh
Rroehyati Joedodibroto dan Sasanti w. Purbohadiwidjojo.Bandung:Penerbit
ITB.
Suhardiman.P., 1996, Kelapa Hibrida, Penebar Swadaya, Surabaya.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sun, Y.X., J.C. Liu, X.D. Yang and J.F. Kennedy, 2010, Purification, Structural
Analysis and Hydroxyl Radical-Scavenging Capacity of a Polysaccharide
from the Fruiting Bodies of Russula virescens, Process Biochemistry, 45:
874 - 879
Syah. A. N. A., 2005. Virgin Coconut Oil : Minyak Penakluk Aneka Penyakit,
Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.
Tarigan, J., 2012, Karakterisasi Edible Film yang bersifat Antioksidan dan
Antimikroba dari Galaktomanan Biji Aren (Arenga pinnata) Yang
Diinkoporasi dengan Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Disertasi. Jurusan Kimia. Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam.
Universitas Sumatera Utara.Medan.
Tian, L., Zhao, Y., Guo, C., and Yang, X., 2011, A Comparative Study on the
Antioxidant Activities of an Acidic Polysaccharides and Various Solvent
Extracts Derived from Herbal Houmuynia Cordata, Carbohydrate Polymers, 83,
538-544
Tian, Y., Zeng, H., Xu, Z., Zheng, B., Lin, Y., Gan, C., and Lo, Y.M., 2012,
Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides
Recovered from White Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus),
Carbohydrate Polymer, 88, 522-529
Tong, H., Xia, P., Feng, K., Sun, G., Gao, X., Sun, L., Jiang, R.,and Tian, D, 2008,
Structural characterization and vitro antitumor activity of a novel
polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus.,Jornal homepage
Bioresource Technology,vol 100: 1682-1686
Uner, M.., and Altinkurt, T. , 2004, Evaluation of honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthas
Linn.) Gum as Sustaining Material in Tablet Dosage Forms, IL Farmaco., 59:
567-573
Vargas, M., Pastor,C., Chiralt, A., McClements, D. J., and Gonzalez- Martinez, C.,
2008, Recent Advance In Edible Coating For Fresh And Minimally Processed
Fruit, Critical Review in Food Sciences And Nutrition, 48: 496-511
Vieira, I.G.P,. F.N.V. Menders, M. I., Gallao, and E.S. de Brito, 2007), NMR Study of
Galactomannans from the seeds of Mesquite Tree (Prosopis juliflora (Sw)
Dc),Food Chemistry, 101: 70-73
Wang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Zhao, B., Yao, J., and Wang, Y., 2010, Structure
Antioxidant Relationship of Sulfated Galactomannan from Guar Gum,
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 46, 59-66
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Wang, Z., and Luo, D., 2007, Antioxidant Activies of Different Fractions of
Polysaccharide Purified from Gynostemma pentaphylum Makino, Carbohydrate
Polymer, 68, 54-58
Winarno, 1982. Ekstraksi Galaktomanan Kima Pangan dan Gizi. PT. Gramedia,
Jakarta.
Yang, B., Wang, J., Zhao, M., Liu, Y., Wang, W. And Jiang, Y., 2006,
Identification of Polysaccharides from Pericap Tissues of Litchi (Litchi
Chinensis Sonn) Fruit in Relation to their Antioxidant Activities,
Carbohydrate Research, 341, 634-638
Yao, L., Zhao, Q., Xiao, J., Sun, J., Yuan, X., Zhao, B., Yao, J. And Wang, Y.,
2010, Structure Antioxidant Relationships of Sulfated Galactomannan
from Guar Gum, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 46,
59-66
Yao, L., Zhao, Q., Xiao, J., Sun, J., Yuan, X., Zhao, B., Su, H., and Niu, S., 2012,
Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Cultivated
Saussurea Involucrata, International Journal of Biological Macromolucules,
50, 849-853
Zhang, Z.S., Wang, X.M., Han, Z.P., Zhao, M.X. and Yin, L., 2012, Purification,
Antioxidant and Moisture- Preserving Activities of Polysaccharides from
Papaya, Carbohydrate Polymer, 87, 2332-2337
Zultiniar, Gaffar, D., dan Cassoni, S M., 2009, Ekstraksi Galaktomanan dari Ampas
Kelapa Jurnal, Tehnik Kimia , Fakultas Tehnik Universitas Riau
Universitas Sumatera Utara