THE NEGATIVE POLITENESS USED BY THE MANCHESTER UNITED FANS TO GIVE COMMENTS IN SOCIAL MEDIA.
THE NEGATIVE POLITENESS USED BY THE MANCHESTER UNITED
FANS TO GIVE COMMENTS IN SOCIAL MEDIA
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of
English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
M. MAFAZY
Reg. Number: A03212047
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016
ABSTRACT
Mafazy, M. 2016. The Negative Politeness Strategies Used by The Manchester
United Fans Club to Gives Comments in Social Media. Thesis, English
Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, the State Islamic
University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah. M.Pd
This study discussed about the negative politeness strategy. The study
focuses on the utterances, the form of sentences, words and phrases used by the
users of social media, especially, for the Manchester United fans. Hopefully, this
study will be useful for the readers, especially, for students of English
Department, to make them realize the process of communication which every
human behavior include of action, attitude and statement.
In this study, the researcher applied descriptive approach. Because this
study is to describes the process of language in social media. The data are taken
from transcript of comments from Facebook and Instagram. The researcher uses
theory about the negative politeness strategy from Brown and Levinson (1968)
and some other supporting theories to conduct this study.
By this study, the researcher finds that the Manchester United fans apply
seven negative politeness strategies. Those strategies are; be conventionally
indirect, question and hedges, be pessimistic, give deference, minimize the
imposition, apologize, and impersonalize. The fans use those strategies as a means
to maintain close relationship and show their respect to their interlocutors.
Key words
: Negative Politeness, Manchester United fans club, Facebook,
Instagram.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INSIDE COVER ...................................................................................... ii
DECLARATION ....................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION .......................................................................................... iv
MOTTO .................................................................................................... v
THESIS’S ADVISOR’S APPROVAL ................................................... vi
THESIS’S EXAMINER’S APPROVAL ................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDMENTS .......................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................... x
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study ................................................................ 1
1.2
Statements of the Problems.................................................... 6
1.3
Objective of the Study ........................................................... 7
1.4
Significance of the Study ....................................................... 7
1.5
Scope and Limitation ............................................................. 7
1.6
Definition of Key Terms ........................................................ 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE RIVIEW
2.1
Pragmatic ............................................................................... 9
2.2
Politeness Strategy ................................................................. 10
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2.2.1. Positive Politeness................................................... 11
2.2.2. Negative Politeness ................................................. 16
2.3
Context ................................................................................... 21
2.4
Factors Influence the Use of Negative Politeness Strategy ... 22
2.5
Social Media .......................................................................... 25
2.5.1. Facebook .................................................................. 25
2.5.2. Instagram ................................................................. 26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design .............................................................................. 28
3.2 Data and Source .............................................................................. 28
3.3 Instrument ....................................................................................... 29
3.4 Data Collection................................................................................ 30
3.5 Data Analysis .................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Finding ............................................................................................ 35
4.1.1. Kinds of Negative Politeness Strategies ................................ 35
4.1.1.1. Be Conventionally Indirect ........................................ 36
4.1.1.2. Question and Hedges ................................................. 41
4.1.1.3. Be Pessimistic ............................................................ 45
4.1.1.4. Minimize the Imposition ............................................ 49
4.1.1.5. Give Deference .......................................................... 53
4.1.1.6. Apologize ................................................................... 57
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4.1.1.7. Impersonalize ............................................................. 62
4.1.2. The Factors that Influence’s the Choice of the Strategies ..... 66
4.2 Discussion ....................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER V
5.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 74
REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 77
APPENDICES ........................................................................................... 79
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is concerned about an overview of the language used by the
users of social media, especially, for the Manchester United fans club. The
digitalization and globalization turn the people to live with technology, and the
language does so. Furthermore, for the people who are in community, they have
different language to use in social media. The present study to describe the
introduction of this research consist of six parts, they are: background of study,
research questions, research purposes, significance of the study, scope and
limitation, and operational definitions.
1.1 Background of study
Language is a device to communicate among people in the society. It is
made to unite people in the world. Communication is important for all human
beings. Most of human use language to communicate to each other and as human
being, we cannot be separated from communication. It means camunication can
perform its features to change people’s behavior in the society.
Every person has their own way to communicate with others. The way that
the individual speaker uses to communicate does not exactly the same all the time.
Even though every person has different way to communicate each other, the
speaker may have different ways or techniques to share their ideas with other. It
means the way how the speaker uses is varied from others especially in their
language.
1
2
Communication process becomes something essential for people in
building a social relationship. It will be impossible or useless to create friendship
without communication. To get an attention from the others and make good
relation, by uttering good word to others is really recommended in society
because people commonly judge what we really are by seeing us from the
production of words through communication. Wardhaugh argues that language is
a profound of identity (2006: 6). In the other words, language can abstractly
describe to people about the basic personality of everyone.
Politeness is practical application of good manners or etiquettes. When we
communicate with other, first we have to be polite. However, politeness is the
important thing of communication because it shows that the speaker cares and
respects to the hearer’s feeling. There are a lot of advantages when we talk polite.
The first is to make good impression to the hearer, it means that when we
communicate with others by using polite language the hearers will be comfortable
and also it will make good relations. The second is to help the conversation
continues smoothly. However, in our culture polite is the important thing in daily
life because it related with our behavior and it is totally different with west
cultures. The third is to maintain harmony between two parties and for the fourth
is to show solidarity. These explain about the brotherhood or friendship with
other, because if we able to communicate by polite language, we will be able to
keep relation in society, because we will not able if we stand by our self and we
always need help each other.
3
Nowadays, people live in era modern. Now, most of people are have
smartphone or mobile phone. There are so many the advantages and also
disadvantages from smartphone. For a little example, we used it to learn
something new, because in social media there are so many information and
knowledge, it depends on the users. When we use social media sometimes we are
doing something out of our mind, usually we use it to share our worst behavior to
another people, in other we will get more attention from other users of social
media, but it is really not good because not all our privacy should share with
other. According Widdowson (2014: 68) stated that comment is feature in which
individuals are invited to express their personal and sometimes controversial,
views on professional issue. It means that every user of social media when they
give some comments it depends on the feeling or behavior of the users of social
media in expressing the word.
When we have a daily communication with others, whether we realize it or
not sometimes our utterances or actions offend and hurt someone’s feeling. For
example, when we joke, discuss, debate, we must say and do the act of apology.
According to terminology of Leech, the act of apologizing is a convivial speech
act, the goal of which coincides with the social goal of maintaining harmony
between the speakers and hearers (in Trosborg, 1995: 373).
Politeness strategy is one of strategy to speak politely. The purpose of
politeness is to maintain and keep a good relationship with others. Yule (2014:
132) defines politeness as showing awareness and consideration of another
person’s face. Brown and Levinson define “face” as the public self-image that
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every member wants to claim for himself (1978:61). Everybody has face needs or
basic wants, and people generally cooperate in maintaining each other’s and
partially satisfying each other’s face needs. Politeness involves showing concern
for 2 different kinds of face needs: first is negative face needs or the need to be
imposed upon and for the second is positive faces needs, the need to be liked and
admired.
There are some previous studies about negative politeness strategy which
take English dialogue as their object. They are Lailatul Mubarokah (2014), Mei
Sulandariani (2006), Negar Moradi (2015). The first study is from Lailatul
Mubarokah (2014) from State Islamic University of Surabaya. She applied
qualitative methodology with “Sad love Story” as a source of data. She
investigates the negative politeness used by the character from the story. The
result of his study shows that there are four strategies used by the character. They
are; be conventionally indirect, give deference, apologize, and impersonalize. She
finds that most of negative politeness strategy used by the character to maintain
the close relationship and show her respect to her interlocutors.
The second is Mei Sulandari (2006) from University of Surabaya. Her
research is qualitative research of negative politeness strategy in English dialogue
at class. She analyzes the variety of politeness strategy which consists of negative
politeness expression. She founds that the negative politeness strategy most
applied by the students when they interact to the teacher. They used word “Excuse
me mom?” when they call their teacher in order to show the respect to the teacher.
5
The last is Negar Moradi (2015) from Islamic Azad University Iran. The
International Journal of applied English linguistics and English literature. He
investigates the translation strategies used by Persian translator in translating
negative politeness. He also found that there are six strategies used by the Persian
translator to translate from English language to Persian language which indicates
to the Persian translations quality at an average level, implying the fact that even
professional translators require the higher mastery of pragmatics aspects of
language.
Based on the previous study above, most of them analyze negative
politeness strategies expressed by the character. It differs from Negar’s research
that he uses the translation strategies in translating the negative politeness.
However, this present study is different from the previous study in term of scope
of the research. In this study, the researcher analyzes the factors that influence in
choosing the strategy. None of these researches mentioned above who analyzes
the factors that influence the strategy.
The researcher is interested in analysing negative politeness that is used by
many people in the world, especially, for the fans named “Manchester United
Fans Club”. Most of the fans loves and loyal to the club, because the club has a
long history. There are many top players played in this club such as Eric Cantona,
David Beckham, Crtistiano Ronaldo. These fans are the fourth biggest fans in the
world after Real Madrid, Barcelona, and Bayer Munich.
The researcher is concerned with the Manchester United Fans Club,
because they were produced many comments, which consists of negative
6
politeness. Manchester United Fans club have uttered many categories of negative
politeness rather than the others supporter. They have contributed a lot of negative
politeness. Even though, when the players play in best performances, but they are
still in-consistent to play the game.
The researcher takes the data from social media as the data source.
Today’s social media is really needed for everyone. In the other hand, most of
human beings have the social media used to communicate with other. This present
study is to fill the research gaps by analysing the use of negative politeness.
Because every users of social media can judge and give any comment about the
news. Besides, they don’t meet each other directly. Therefore, from the
explanation above that is the reason for the researcher interesting to analyse about
negative politeness. Then the researcher find out the kinds of negative politeness
occur by the Manchester United fans club to give comments in social media.
1.2 Research Problems
The research problem consists of main problems that the researcher takes
in the context above. This research has some problem statements. Based on the
definition of the researcher formulate the problem as follow:
1.
What kinds of negative politeness strategies used by the
Manchester United fans club in social media?
2.
What factors that might influence the choice of the strategies used
by the Manchester United fans club in social media?
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1.3 Research Objectives
Based on the researcher problem above, the objective of the research are:
1.
To identify the kinds of negative politeness strategies used by
Manchester United fans club in social media
2.
To explain the factors that might influence the choice of negative
politeness strategies used by the Manchester United fans club in
social media
1.4 Significance of the Study
The researcher wants this study useful for himself and to improve his
knowledge about politeness especially negative politeness. Then the researcher
also want this study useful for every readers and hope this study also can useful to
all practically, all the used of social media and special for the Manchester United
fans club and for the others researcher.
In addition, the researcher hopes that the reader have encourage to learn
more about politeness special for negative politeness. Then the researcher also
expected to other leaners who wants to analyze and study about politeness and use
it as reference.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This research is focus on negative politeness strategies and the context
from the language and utterances which consist of word, sentences, and phrases.
The researcher used the social media of Facebook and Instagram as an object. The
researcher analyzed the negative politeness based on Brown and Levinson (1987).
8
The limitation of this research is the researcher does not do the interview
the Manchester United fans club every one, to see how they used the negative
politeness strategies, but the researcher analyzed from the language and
utterances.
1.6 Definition of Key Term
In order to avoid any misunderstanding about the term, the definition
bellow give to clarify and make clearly employed within this research.
1.6.1
Politeness is one of the human ability to interact which is to
propose to consider by felling of good or bad and it is include of
behavior.
1.6.2 Negative politeness strategies are the strategy to make some
request and offer less infringing to respect the other people act.
1.6.3 Manchester United Fans Club is the lovers and the loyal fans, or
the supporter of football club around the world.
1.6.4 Facebook is a free social networking website that allows registered
users to create profiles, uploads photos and video, send messages,
keep in touch with friends, family, colleagues, and it is popular.
1.6.5 Instagram is an online mobile or smartphone that can use to
photo-sharing, video sharing, social networking service that enable
to take pictures and videos and share them either publicly or
privately on the application.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of research and literature related with the
topic, which is language used by the Manchester United fans club in social media.
Literary, this chapter is to support the concepts and the backgrounds in the
previous chapter. There are four points of sub chapter here and the first one is
about pragmatics. It discussed about the context and meaning, as basic of the
study about meaning of meaning. Then the second sub chapter is about positive
and negative politeness strategies. The third sub chapter is about context. It helps
the readers to interpret the meaning of utterances. Then the last but not least, the
sub chapter is social media. In this digitalization era there are many social media
offers by the providers in the internet. However, this research is focused into
social media of Facebook and Instagram, and then the researcher used smartphone
as the additional tools.
2.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of context-depended aspect of meaning which are
systematically abstracted away from in the construction of content or logical form.
It means that pragmatics is the study about meaning of meaning, it differs from
semantic. In the other hands, semantic is the study about meaning of meaning
through sentences or clauses, it is called written text. Furthermore, pragmatics is
the study about meaning of meaning through utterances or conversation, called
spoken.
9
10
According Yule (1996:3) pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.
According to him, pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as
communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader) so
that is involves the interpretation what people mean in the particular context and
how the context influences what is said.
Based on the definition above, it can be said that pragmatics is the study of
meaning contained the utterance in the context. Therefore, in pragmatics view to
appreciate and to interpret the meaning of a statement or an utterance, one must
consider the relation between language and context in which the situation uttered.
2.2 Politeness strategy
For avoiding the face threatening acts of the hearer, it is better for the
speaker to know about politeness strategies. Politeness strategies are strategies
used to minimize or avoid the FTA (Face Threatening Acts) that the speaker
means (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 91). There are found kinds of politeness
strategies. They are bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and
off record. However writer will focus on negative politeness strategies because
what the writer going to analyze represents the implementation of negative
politeness strategies.
2.2.1
Positive Politeness
Positive politeness is used to satisfy the positive face of the hearers, desire
of being liked and accepted, by regarding them as people who have close
11
relationship with the speaker. According Brown and Levinson, positive politeness
consists of fifteen strategies. They are:
1. Notice, Attend to Hearer (his or her wants, interest, needs, and goods)
Brown and Levinson (1987) stated that in this strategy the speaker
should take notice or pay attention to the hearer’s condition. The speaker
should give a response to the hearer’s condition. By doing it, the hearer
will know and realize that the speaker notices to his condition. This kinds
of strategy is used by the speaker to show the solidarity and make close
relationship with the hearer. Therefore, the speaker can redress the FTA on
the hearer.
Example
: Goodness, you cut your hair! By the way, I came to
borrow some flour (p. 103)
2. Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with the hearer)
Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that for showing his interest,
approval, and sympathy, the speaker can exaggerate intonation, stress, or
other aspects of prosodics, such as really, for sure, exactly, and absolutely.
Example
: How absolutely marvelous! (p. 104-106)
3. Intensify Interest to the Hearer
Another way for the speaker to communicate to hearer is to
intensify his interest to the conversation. The speaker tries to put the
hearer into the middle of the events being discussed so that he can get his
hearer’s through his story. It can also be said that when the speaker puts
12
the hearer into the speaker’s conversation or story, he is increasing his
intrinsic interest.
Example
: I came down the stairs, and what do you think I see? A
huge mess all over the place, the phone’s off the hook and
clothes are scattered all over…. (Brown and Levinson,
1987: p. 106)
4. Use in-group Identity Markers
Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that the speaker can claim the
common ground with the hearer by conveying in-group membership.
These include in-group usage of address forms, of language or dialect, of
jargon or slang, and of contraction and ellipsis (p. 107)
Example
: Mind if I smoke? (p. 111-112)
5. Seek Agreement
In communication process, the speaker seeks ways to agree with
the hearer. When the speaker shows his agreement to the hearer means that
the speaker tries to satisfy
In communication process, the speaker seeks way to agree with the hearer.
When the speaker shows his agreement to the hearer means that the
speaker tries to satisfy the hearer’s positive face.
Example
:
A
: I got a flat tyre on the way home.
B
: Oh God, a flat tyre! (Brown and Levinson, 1987: p. 113)
13
6. Avoid Disagreement
a. Token agreement
Sacks (1973) quoted by Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that
someone can hide the disagreement by twisting his utterances. It can
be done by saying “yes…but”. It is better than a blatant, such as by
saying “No”.
Example :
A : What is she, small?
B : yes…yes.. she is small…uhm…not really small but certainly not
very big. (p. 114)
b. Pseudo-agreement
The speaker uses then a conclusory marker. It make becomes an
indication that the speaker drawing a conclusion to a line of reasoning
carried out cooperatively with the addressee.
Example : I’ll meet you in front of the theatre just before 8, then.
c. White lies
A further output of positive politeness desire to avoid disagreement
is the social “white lie”. Here, the speaker is better to say the lie to his
hearer than damage the positive face of his hearer in hiding the
disagreement.
Example : Oh I can’t. The batteries are dead. (p. 116)
14
d. Hedging opinion
The speaker can choose to be vague his own opinion, so as not to
be seen to disagree. The unclear opinion of the speaker is marked by
sort of, kind of, like, or in a way.
Example : It’s really beautiful, in a way. (p. 116)
7. Presuppose/ Raise/ Assert Common Ground
This is where the speaker as if he was the hearer or his knowledge
is same as the hearer’s. An example is the use of question tag with falling
intonation. Another example can be seen in case where, in giving empathy
or someone asserts what only the hearer can know. It is for showing that
the hearer is a central of the conversation.
Example
: A: Oh this curt hurt awfully, Mom!
B: I know. (p. 119)
8. Joke
Since jokes are based on mutual shared background knowledge and
values, they can to stress that shared background or those shared values.
They attempt to redefine the size of the FTA.
Example
: How about lending me this old heap of junk? (p. 124)
9. Assert/ Presuppose Speaker Knowledge of and Concern for Hearer
Intention
Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that to indicate the speaker and
hearer are cooperation is by putting pressure on the hearer. The speaker
may put other utterance that the speaker knows before asking for request
15
and offering something to the hearer in order to make the hearer accept
that request.
Example
: Look, I know you want the car at 5 o’clock, so shouldn’t I
got to the town now? (p. 125)
10. Offer, Promise
The speaker can claim whatever the hearer wants: he will help tp
obtain it. This strategy is used by the speaker to redress the potential threat
of some FTAs on his hearer.
Example
: I’ll drop by sometime next week. (p. 125)
11. Be Optimistic
This strategy suggests that the speaker can assume the hearer wants
the speaker’s intention for the speaker and will help obtain them.
Example
: Look, I’m sure you won’t mind if I borrow your
typewriter. (p. 126)
12. Include Both Speaker and Hearer In the Activity
The speaker uses the term we while actually the speaker intention
is “you” or “me”. It is to show his cooperation and redress the hearer’s
FTA.
Example
: Let’s get on with dinner, eh? (p. 127)
13. Give or Ask for Reason
The other way for the speaker to include the hearer in the activity
is by showing his reason as to why he wants what his intention.
Example
: Why don’t we go to the seashore? (p. 128)
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14. Assume or Assert Reciprocity
The existence of cooperation between the speaker and hearer may
also be claimed or urged by giving evidence of reciprocal rights. It means
the speaker promise to do something as long as the hearer does something
for the speaker to for cooperation.
Example
: I’ll give you bonus if you can sell these clothes. (p. 129)
15. Give Gift to the Hearer (sympathy, understanding, and cooperation)
The speaker can satisfy the hearer by giving gifts, human relation
wants such as desire of being liked, admired, cared about, understood, and
listened to.
Example
2.2.2
: I’m sorry to hear that. (p. 129)
Negative Politeness
It is usually used to express uncertainty through hedging and indirectness,
preferring some tag questions to direct statements. According to Brown and
Levinson (1987:129) Negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the
addressee’s negative face. Negative face itself is the want to have freedom of
action unhindered and every attention unimpeded (Brown and Levinson: 1987, p.
125). In the other words, negative face is used by the speaker to show his
behavior and to respect to his hearers.
Negative politeness can be called politeness as a strategy for selfprotection, it means negative politeness able to used to protect our self from any
distrubance. There are many advantages of practicing this form or using negative
politeness, it is to keep a safe distance from others. It is related to understanding
17
that sustained courtesy provide an opportunity of keeping as safe distance from
other while minimizing negative feeling. Although when we get any problem by
showing negative politiness it will safe us from distrubance. Brown and Levinson
(1987) define the following two notion, by corresponding to two types of
politeness. Negative face is the basic claim to territories and for positive face is
the positive consistenct self-image or personality and including the desire that
this self-image be appreciated and approved of claimed by the participants or
heares.
Negative politeness can be expressed to everyone, but it depends on who
you are talking with and what kind of people you are dealing with. It is does not
really work when elder people use negative politeness to talk with youger people
except it is necessecary when there is something important. However, there is a
possibility if somebody says using negative politeness to talk with other people.
In general negative politeness sometimes uses to comment or criticize something.
In other hands, negative politeness also uses to apologizing and it is using formal
and indirect language. Brown and Levinson (1987:129-130) aim that when we
think of politeness in western cultures, it is negative politeness behavior that
spring to mind. In our culture, negative politeness is the most elaborate and the
most conventionalized. It indicates that negative politeness cannot be expressed
anytime. People may utter negative politeness in the certain time in the proper
place to be and by who’s they are talking with. In the negative politeness there
are ten strategies here. They are:
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1. Be Conventionally Indirect
In this strategy the speaker uses phrases or sentences that have
contextually ambiguous meaning that are different from their literal
meaning.
Example: Can you pass me the salt?
The utterance above does mean that the speaker really asks to the
hearer and needs an answer from the hearer. It becomes an understandable
request of the speaker to the hearer. (p. 132-134)
2. Question, Hedges
According to Brown and Levinson (1987: p. 145) hedge is a
particle, word, or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a
predicate or noun phrase in a set. It is marked by sort of, a regular, a true,
rather, pretty, quite, or technically.
Example:
A swing is sort of a toy
I’m pretty sure I’ve read that book before.
3. Be Pessimistic
This strategy gives redress to the hearer negative face by explicitly
expressing doubt that the conditions of the appropriateness of speaker
speech act obtain. In the other word, the speaker shows his doubt to the
hearer by asking the hearer possibility.
Example: Could you jump over that five-foot fence?
This example is not likely to be a request thought it might the
function as a dare. (Brown and Levinson, 1987: p. 173)
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4. Minimize the Imposition
In this strategy the speaker uses an expression such as a tiny little,
a bit, or a taste to minimize the imposition.
Example: Could I have a taste of this cake?
It means that the speaker asks for a slice of a cake to the hearer. He
just change “a slice’’ into “a taste” in order to minimize the request.
(Brown and Levinson, 1987: p. 176)
5. Give Deference
According Brown and Levinson (1987) there are two sides in
realization in deference. First, the speaker lowers himself to shows that
humbles to the hearer. Second, the speaker raises the hearer in satisfying
his wants to be treated as superior.
Example:
a) We look forward very much to dining with you. (The speaker lowers
himself)
b) Excuse me, sir tom would you mind if I close the window? (The
speaker rises the hearer)
6. Apologize
In this strategy, by showing apologizing for doing an FTA such as
asking a request, the speaker can indicate his reluctance to impinge to the
hearer.
Example
: I know you must be busy, but……
I beg your indulgence……
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7. Impersonalize
In this strategy the speaker asks for request to the hearer by avoid
the word of “you and I” because the avoidance of both “you and I” in
English is aggressively rude.
Example :
a) Take that out! (It is better than you take that out!)
b) Someone should not do things like that! (It is better than you should
not do things like that!)
8. State the FTA as a General Rule
The way of dissociating speaker and hearer from the particular
imposition in the FTA, Brown and Levinson (1987) state that the speaker
can use pronoun avoidance in order to state the FTA as an instance of
some general social rule, regulation or obligation.
Example
: You will please refrain from flushing toilets on the
train.
9. Nominalize
Ross (1972) quoted by Brown and Levinson (1987) said that the
speaker can show the formality which is associated with the noun end of
continuum.
Example :
a) Your good performance well on the examinations and we were
favourably impressed. (seems very much a spoken sentences)
21
b) Your good performance on the examinations impressed us
favourably. (seems more formal, more like a business letter)
10. Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting the hearer.
According to Brown and Levinson (1987) the speaker redresses the
FTAs by explicitly claiming his indebtedness to the hearer or disclaiming
any indebtedness of the hearer, by means of expressions such as the
following for the request.
Example :
a) I would better be eternally grateful if you would…..
b) I will never be able to repay you if you…….
2.3 Context
Context is an important aspect to interpreting the meaning of an utterance.
According to Leech, context deals with relevant aspect of physical or social
setting of an utterance. It is the background of knowledge, which is shared by the
speaker and the hearer in understanding the utterance (1983:13). Therefore,
context has many contributions in spoken and written language. It functions to
help the speaker and the hearer or the writer and the reader deliver and to
understand the meaning of utterance.
From the statement above, it can be conclude that speech context is all
aspects in speaking whether social or physical including the speech, time, place,
social environment, political condition etc. Then, context is a set of propositions
describing the beliefs, knowledge, and commitments and so forth of the
participant in a discourse on order to understand the meaning of an utterance.
22
Because the researcher is investigating the use of language in context by the
speaker, so it is more concerned with the relation between the speaker and
utterance, on the particular occasion of use. During the proses of communicating
with other, it is necessary to be polite so the speaker context or illocution will be
delivered completely. If the speaker speaks by polite, it will satisfy to the hearer,
so their communicating is running well.
2.4 Factors Influence the Use of Negative Politeness Strategy
The employment of politeness strategy is influenced by several factors.
According Brown and Levinson (1987:71) there are two factors that influence to
the speaker to employ the politeness strategy. The factors are payoff and
circumstances.
1. Payoff
The speaker employs the politeness strategy because they can get
advantages. The speaker can benefit in following ways, they are: he can
pay respect, deference, he can maintain social distance, and avoid the
threat (or potential face loss) of advancing familiarity towards the
addressee and he can give a real “out” to addressee.
Example
: Let’s get on for dinner tonight.
The example above shows that the speaker can give conventional
outs to the addressee as opposed the real outs, that is pretend or offer an
escape route without really doing so, thereby to indicate that he has the
other person’s wants in mind.
23
2. Relevant Circumstances
The seriousness of an FTA is also influenced by the circumstance.
According Brown and Levinson (1987:74) the circumstances is similar
with the sociological variables. There are three dimensions to determine
the level of politeness. Which consist of Relative Power (P), Social
Distance (D), and Size of the Imposition (R).
a. Relative Power
According Brown and Levinson (1987:77) power is an
asymmetric social distance of relative power, roughly in
weber’s sense. In general point, relative power (P) is that we
tend to use a greater degree politeness with people who have
more power or authority over us to those who do not. It is
based on the asymmetric relation between the speaker and
hearer. These type of power are most found in obviously
hierarchical setting, such as courts, the military, workplace.
For example, you would probably be more polite about
conveying to your employer because he or she always arrive
late, than in conveying to your brother. This is because of your
employer can influence your career in a positive way (reward
power) or negative way (coercive way).
b. Social Distance
Social distance (D) can be seen as the composite of
psychologically real factors (status, age, sex, degree, of
24
intimacy etc) which together determine the overall degree of
respectfulness within a given speech situation. It based on the
symmetric relation between the speaker and hearer.
For example, you feel so close to your friend because he is
similar in terms of age or sex then you will get closer or
maintaining to him and the distance rating will get smaller. As
a result you will not employ polite utterance when you ask him
to do something. So, you will employ the polite utterance when
you interact with person whom you are not known well, such as
person who is older than you.
c. Size of Imposition
According Brown and Levinson (1987:77) size of the
imposition is a culturally define ranking of impositions by the
degree which they are considered to interfere with an agent’s
wants of self-determination or of approval. Size of the
Imposition (R) can be seen from the relative status between one
speech acts to another in a context.
For example, borrowing a car in the ordinary time will make us
feel reluctant but in urgent situation it will natural. Thus, in the
first context we will employ the polite utterance because the
situation is urgent.
25
2.5 Social Media
Commonly the social media is created to help human in build interaction
with another one to communicate. Since the social media such as Facebook is for
everyone and community, at glance it cannot be predicted and seen the users of
Facebook in details. However, the researcher conducts the research of language
used by the Manchester United fans club in social media. By deeper research and
analysis, there are many fans are using Facebook as their group account and there
are many ways to know that it is the real fans or just haters.
Concerning about this research, the researcher is using social media that
available for smartphone application as the tolls. First for all, the researcher uses
Facebook and Instagram as the main instrument of the research. The detail of this
case, the researcher focused into some detail below:
2.5.1
Facebook
Known as social media created by Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook is
very popular and many people use it. In this research, the researcher
analyzed the language used by the Manchester United fans in social media.
To know about the group in the details, the researcher like the Facebook
page and join the group. The name of the group is “Manchester United
Supporters Club” (MALTA). It is the official Facebook page of
Manchester United Fans and it is the oldest Facebook page of Manchester
United Fans in the world. In other side, the researcher itself is the fan of
Manchester United also.
26
The reason of using Facebook rather than Twitter for this research,
meanwhile both are the most used in social media in the world because
Facebook has wider page view. So it helps the researcher to interpret the
data easily and also Facebook has wider capacity for text, picture and
video than Twitter. In Facebook has timeline, personal massage
(messenger), group forum, and fan page. Then the researcher can access
some news from the group, in other to know the activities and get the
information in social media, and to analyze their language.
2.5.2
Instagram
Instagram is an online mobile photo-sharing and video-sharing. This
is available to download in play store in smartphone. This application
created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, and launched in October
2010 as a free mobile app. The unique from this application is the users
can share their image and it similar to Kodak Instamatic and Polaroid SX70 image, in contrast to the 4:3 aspect ratio typically used by mobile
device cameras. Then the users can also apply digital filters to their image
and video. The maximum duration for Instagram video is about 60
seconds. Many celebrities have profiles on Instagram, sharing photos and
videos of their personal and professional live with fans. By using this
application, the researcher able analyze the utterance that used by the
Manchester United fans club. To know about the group in details, the
researcher’s follow the Manchester United Fans account. The account is
“Manchester United.Fans Club. (King of England Champ2Ons)”. It is the
27
official account of Manchester United Fans in Instagram. By following
this account, the fans will know about the daily activity of their favorite
players and it can use to know about the live score.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This part tells about how the researcher to collect the data and analyzed
this study. This study include of research design, data collection, data and data
source, instruments, techniques of data collection.
3.1
Reseach Design
Research design is the specific procedures involved in the research
process, including data collection, data analysis, and report writing (W John.
2012). To answer the research problem the researcher used descriptive approach.
The data were taken from social media of Facebook and Instagram, which
focused on utterances, word, sentences, and phrase. In addition, in the descriptive
approach not need the statistic approach to analyze the data. The researcher
analyzed about the politeness strategy and focus on negative politeness.
The purpose of the research is to get the systematic description because the
data and the result of this research are descriptive. Thus, by knowing the kinds of
negative politeness strategy, the researcher found the expressing uncertainty
based on the actual event in the social media. Furthermore, the word has been
interpreted as the researcher knowledge.
3.2
Data and Data source
The researcher used the kinds of data sources. The data sources in this
research taken from social media, which consists of Facebook and Instagram. The
researcher used the “Manchester United Supporter’s Club” it called (Malta) as
28
29
data source. This was the official Facebook page of the oldest Manchester United
Supporter’s Club in the world, and from then till now this Facebook page is the
most up to date with the news of the club. Next, the researcher used Instagram of
“Manchester united.Fans Club”. The name is “The king of England Champ20ns”.
This Instagram pages used to share the activities of players consists of photosharing, video-sharing, and social networking service that share in Manchester
United Instagram. Fans Club the king of England Champ20ns, and for the
follower from this Instagram page has been 33.1 k followers.
Picture 1
Picture 2
Picture 3.1 Kinds of social media (1.Facebook, 2.Instagram)
3.2
Instruments
The instrument of this research is the researcher himself. Because he has
been the one who can manage and lead the process from the data collection and
data analysis. The data were taken from Facebook, Instargram. The researcher
30
used smartphone to screen capture the comments from Facebook and Instagram.
All activities have been done by using personal computer and office software.
3.4
Data Collection
The data in this research were taken from the utterances which consist of
words, phrase and sentences that expressed by the users of Facebook and
Instagram, especially, for the Manchester United Fans clubs that contained of
negative politeness strategies. The researcher applied several procedures to collect
the data.
1. First, the researcher toke several comments from Facebook, Instagram
and it is started to take the data from first April to the end of April and
it is randomly.
2. Second, the researcher captured all of the comments from Facebook
and Instagram by using smartphone.
3.
Then, the researcher transcribed all of the utterances from smartphone
to computer.
3.3
Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the researcher did several activities to analysis
the data. The researcher did several steps:
1. Transcribed the utterances from Facebook and Instagram
The researcher transcribed all the comments from Facebook and Instagram
that consist of negative politeness strategies.
31
Time
: 11 hours ago from post
Stiofan O Dalaigh
: I see idiot van gaal made an inspired substitution
bringing on Darmian, who was on the field 6 mins
and 3 goals were scored
Picture 3.2 The example of transcript from social media
2. Identifying the utterances
To identifying the negative politeness, the researcher used Brown and
Levinson (1978) theory to find out the kinds of negative politeness strategies. In
this way, the researcher underlined all utterances which include negative
politeness with various colors in each kind of negative politeness strategies. Then,
the researcher gave a mark in each utterance which is included in negative
politeness strategies.
Time
: 11 hours ago from post
Stiofan O Dalaigh
: I see idiot van gaal made an inspired substitution
bringing on Darmian, who was on the field 6 mins
and 3 goals were scored
Be conventionally indirect
Picture 3.3 The example of identifying data
3. Classifying each kind of negative politeness strategies.
To classify every utterance expressed by the Manchester United Fans based
on the negative politeness strategies. In order to make the classification and
analysis of the data in this research easier, each utterance is marked by code. The
coding of data in this research can be seen through the following ways:
32
1. Codes for Negative Politeness Strategies
a. Be conventionally indirect codes by BCI
b. Question, Hedge codes by QHD
c. Be pessimistic codes by BPS
d. Minimize the imposition codes by MNI
e. Give difference codes by GDF
f. Apologizing codes by APG
g. Impersonalize speaker and hearer codes by ISH
h. State the FTA as general rule codes by SFG
i. Nominalizing codes by NMZ
j. Go on record as incurring a debt codes by GRI
2. Codes for social media
a. Facebook codes by FB
b. Instagram codes by IG
Time
: 11 hours ago from post
Stiofan O Dalaigh
: I see idiot van gaal made an inspired substitution
bringing on Darmian, who was on the field 6 mins
and 3 goals were scored
BCI/1/FB
Picture 3.4 The example of identifying of data
33
The researcher classified the total number of each kind of negative
politeness strategies, the factor influence the choose of the strategies and the
researcher also applies it in the percentage by using this formula:
Percentage of each kind:
X 100 %
x: the frequency of each kind of apology strategies and social factor
y: the total number of frequency
NO
Code
1
BCI
2
Frequency
Percentage
OO6/1/IG, 005/1/FB
16
21.6%
QHD
009/4/FB
4
5.4%
3
BPS
42/7/IG, 97/17/FB, 114/21/IG
30
40.5%
4
MNI
5
GDF
6
APG
7
ISH
8
SFG
9
NMZ
10
GRI
Total
Data
63
3.5 The example table percentage of determining the data
100%
34
Factors
Pay off
Data
33, 54
Relevant
Power
circumstance
Distance
Frequency
2
Ranking
3.6 The example table percentage of determining the factor
4. Interpreting the data
In this research, the researcher made interpretation of the data of utterances
which contain of negative politeness strategies. The reason is to found out the
impact which to reveal in using negative politeness strategies that expressed by
the Manchester United Fans Club in social media. It represents to answer the
research problem no. 2
5. Drawing the conclusion
After analyzed the data based on the theory on Brown and Levinson, the
researcher drew the conclusion from the result of analysis in kinds of negative
politeness strategies.
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains the findings and analysis of negative politeness
strategies used by the user of social media. In this research, the researcher only
used the theory of negative politeness by Brown and Levinson (1987).
4.1
Findings
The findings in this research are divided into two parts according to the
research problem. The first part talks about the analysis of negative politeness
strategies used by the user of social media. The second part discussed about the
factors that might infl
FANS TO GIVE COMMENTS IN SOCIAL MEDIA
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of
English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
M. MAFAZY
Reg. Number: A03212047
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016
ABSTRACT
Mafazy, M. 2016. The Negative Politeness Strategies Used by The Manchester
United Fans Club to Gives Comments in Social Media. Thesis, English
Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, the State Islamic
University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah. M.Pd
This study discussed about the negative politeness strategy. The study
focuses on the utterances, the form of sentences, words and phrases used by the
users of social media, especially, for the Manchester United fans. Hopefully, this
study will be useful for the readers, especially, for students of English
Department, to make them realize the process of communication which every
human behavior include of action, attitude and statement.
In this study, the researcher applied descriptive approach. Because this
study is to describes the process of language in social media. The data are taken
from transcript of comments from Facebook and Instagram. The researcher uses
theory about the negative politeness strategy from Brown and Levinson (1968)
and some other supporting theories to conduct this study.
By this study, the researcher finds that the Manchester United fans apply
seven negative politeness strategies. Those strategies are; be conventionally
indirect, question and hedges, be pessimistic, give deference, minimize the
imposition, apologize, and impersonalize. The fans use those strategies as a means
to maintain close relationship and show their respect to their interlocutors.
Key words
: Negative Politeness, Manchester United fans club, Facebook,
Instagram.
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INSIDE COVER ...................................................................................... ii
DECLARATION ....................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION .......................................................................................... iv
MOTTO .................................................................................................... v
THESIS’S ADVISOR’S APPROVAL ................................................... vi
THESIS’S EXAMINER’S APPROVAL ................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDMENTS .......................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................... x
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study ................................................................ 1
1.2
Statements of the Problems.................................................... 6
1.3
Objective of the Study ........................................................... 7
1.4
Significance of the Study ....................................................... 7
1.5
Scope and Limitation ............................................................. 7
1.6
Definition of Key Terms ........................................................ 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE RIVIEW
2.1
Pragmatic ............................................................................... 9
2.2
Politeness Strategy ................................................................. 10
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2.2.1. Positive Politeness................................................... 11
2.2.2. Negative Politeness ................................................. 16
2.3
Context ................................................................................... 21
2.4
Factors Influence the Use of Negative Politeness Strategy ... 22
2.5
Social Media .......................................................................... 25
2.5.1. Facebook .................................................................. 25
2.5.2. Instagram ................................................................. 26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design .............................................................................. 28
3.2 Data and Source .............................................................................. 28
3.3 Instrument ....................................................................................... 29
3.4 Data Collection................................................................................ 30
3.5 Data Analysis .................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Finding ............................................................................................ 35
4.1.1. Kinds of Negative Politeness Strategies ................................ 35
4.1.1.1. Be Conventionally Indirect ........................................ 36
4.1.1.2. Question and Hedges ................................................. 41
4.1.1.3. Be Pessimistic ............................................................ 45
4.1.1.4. Minimize the Imposition ............................................ 49
4.1.1.5. Give Deference .......................................................... 53
4.1.1.6. Apologize ................................................................... 57
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4.1.1.7. Impersonalize ............................................................. 62
4.1.2. The Factors that Influence’s the Choice of the Strategies ..... 66
4.2 Discussion ....................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER V
5.1 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 74
REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 77
APPENDICES ........................................................................................... 79
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is concerned about an overview of the language used by the
users of social media, especially, for the Manchester United fans club. The
digitalization and globalization turn the people to live with technology, and the
language does so. Furthermore, for the people who are in community, they have
different language to use in social media. The present study to describe the
introduction of this research consist of six parts, they are: background of study,
research questions, research purposes, significance of the study, scope and
limitation, and operational definitions.
1.1 Background of study
Language is a device to communicate among people in the society. It is
made to unite people in the world. Communication is important for all human
beings. Most of human use language to communicate to each other and as human
being, we cannot be separated from communication. It means camunication can
perform its features to change people’s behavior in the society.
Every person has their own way to communicate with others. The way that
the individual speaker uses to communicate does not exactly the same all the time.
Even though every person has different way to communicate each other, the
speaker may have different ways or techniques to share their ideas with other. It
means the way how the speaker uses is varied from others especially in their
language.
1
2
Communication process becomes something essential for people in
building a social relationship. It will be impossible or useless to create friendship
without communication. To get an attention from the others and make good
relation, by uttering good word to others is really recommended in society
because people commonly judge what we really are by seeing us from the
production of words through communication. Wardhaugh argues that language is
a profound of identity (2006: 6). In the other words, language can abstractly
describe to people about the basic personality of everyone.
Politeness is practical application of good manners or etiquettes. When we
communicate with other, first we have to be polite. However, politeness is the
important thing of communication because it shows that the speaker cares and
respects to the hearer’s feeling. There are a lot of advantages when we talk polite.
The first is to make good impression to the hearer, it means that when we
communicate with others by using polite language the hearers will be comfortable
and also it will make good relations. The second is to help the conversation
continues smoothly. However, in our culture polite is the important thing in daily
life because it related with our behavior and it is totally different with west
cultures. The third is to maintain harmony between two parties and for the fourth
is to show solidarity. These explain about the brotherhood or friendship with
other, because if we able to communicate by polite language, we will be able to
keep relation in society, because we will not able if we stand by our self and we
always need help each other.
3
Nowadays, people live in era modern. Now, most of people are have
smartphone or mobile phone. There are so many the advantages and also
disadvantages from smartphone. For a little example, we used it to learn
something new, because in social media there are so many information and
knowledge, it depends on the users. When we use social media sometimes we are
doing something out of our mind, usually we use it to share our worst behavior to
another people, in other we will get more attention from other users of social
media, but it is really not good because not all our privacy should share with
other. According Widdowson (2014: 68) stated that comment is feature in which
individuals are invited to express their personal and sometimes controversial,
views on professional issue. It means that every user of social media when they
give some comments it depends on the feeling or behavior of the users of social
media in expressing the word.
When we have a daily communication with others, whether we realize it or
not sometimes our utterances or actions offend and hurt someone’s feeling. For
example, when we joke, discuss, debate, we must say and do the act of apology.
According to terminology of Leech, the act of apologizing is a convivial speech
act, the goal of which coincides with the social goal of maintaining harmony
between the speakers and hearers (in Trosborg, 1995: 373).
Politeness strategy is one of strategy to speak politely. The purpose of
politeness is to maintain and keep a good relationship with others. Yule (2014:
132) defines politeness as showing awareness and consideration of another
person’s face. Brown and Levinson define “face” as the public self-image that
4
every member wants to claim for himself (1978:61). Everybody has face needs or
basic wants, and people generally cooperate in maintaining each other’s and
partially satisfying each other’s face needs. Politeness involves showing concern
for 2 different kinds of face needs: first is negative face needs or the need to be
imposed upon and for the second is positive faces needs, the need to be liked and
admired.
There are some previous studies about negative politeness strategy which
take English dialogue as their object. They are Lailatul Mubarokah (2014), Mei
Sulandariani (2006), Negar Moradi (2015). The first study is from Lailatul
Mubarokah (2014) from State Islamic University of Surabaya. She applied
qualitative methodology with “Sad love Story” as a source of data. She
investigates the negative politeness used by the character from the story. The
result of his study shows that there are four strategies used by the character. They
are; be conventionally indirect, give deference, apologize, and impersonalize. She
finds that most of negative politeness strategy used by the character to maintain
the close relationship and show her respect to her interlocutors.
The second is Mei Sulandari (2006) from University of Surabaya. Her
research is qualitative research of negative politeness strategy in English dialogue
at class. She analyzes the variety of politeness strategy which consists of negative
politeness expression. She founds that the negative politeness strategy most
applied by the students when they interact to the teacher. They used word “Excuse
me mom?” when they call their teacher in order to show the respect to the teacher.
5
The last is Negar Moradi (2015) from Islamic Azad University Iran. The
International Journal of applied English linguistics and English literature. He
investigates the translation strategies used by Persian translator in translating
negative politeness. He also found that there are six strategies used by the Persian
translator to translate from English language to Persian language which indicates
to the Persian translations quality at an average level, implying the fact that even
professional translators require the higher mastery of pragmatics aspects of
language.
Based on the previous study above, most of them analyze negative
politeness strategies expressed by the character. It differs from Negar’s research
that he uses the translation strategies in translating the negative politeness.
However, this present study is different from the previous study in term of scope
of the research. In this study, the researcher analyzes the factors that influence in
choosing the strategy. None of these researches mentioned above who analyzes
the factors that influence the strategy.
The researcher is interested in analysing negative politeness that is used by
many people in the world, especially, for the fans named “Manchester United
Fans Club”. Most of the fans loves and loyal to the club, because the club has a
long history. There are many top players played in this club such as Eric Cantona,
David Beckham, Crtistiano Ronaldo. These fans are the fourth biggest fans in the
world after Real Madrid, Barcelona, and Bayer Munich.
The researcher is concerned with the Manchester United Fans Club,
because they were produced many comments, which consists of negative
6
politeness. Manchester United Fans club have uttered many categories of negative
politeness rather than the others supporter. They have contributed a lot of negative
politeness. Even though, when the players play in best performances, but they are
still in-consistent to play the game.
The researcher takes the data from social media as the data source.
Today’s social media is really needed for everyone. In the other hand, most of
human beings have the social media used to communicate with other. This present
study is to fill the research gaps by analysing the use of negative politeness.
Because every users of social media can judge and give any comment about the
news. Besides, they don’t meet each other directly. Therefore, from the
explanation above that is the reason for the researcher interesting to analyse about
negative politeness. Then the researcher find out the kinds of negative politeness
occur by the Manchester United fans club to give comments in social media.
1.2 Research Problems
The research problem consists of main problems that the researcher takes
in the context above. This research has some problem statements. Based on the
definition of the researcher formulate the problem as follow:
1.
What kinds of negative politeness strategies used by the
Manchester United fans club in social media?
2.
What factors that might influence the choice of the strategies used
by the Manchester United fans club in social media?
7
1.3 Research Objectives
Based on the researcher problem above, the objective of the research are:
1.
To identify the kinds of negative politeness strategies used by
Manchester United fans club in social media
2.
To explain the factors that might influence the choice of negative
politeness strategies used by the Manchester United fans club in
social media
1.4 Significance of the Study
The researcher wants this study useful for himself and to improve his
knowledge about politeness especially negative politeness. Then the researcher
also want this study useful for every readers and hope this study also can useful to
all practically, all the used of social media and special for the Manchester United
fans club and for the others researcher.
In addition, the researcher hopes that the reader have encourage to learn
more about politeness special for negative politeness. Then the researcher also
expected to other leaners who wants to analyze and study about politeness and use
it as reference.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This research is focus on negative politeness strategies and the context
from the language and utterances which consist of word, sentences, and phrases.
The researcher used the social media of Facebook and Instagram as an object. The
researcher analyzed the negative politeness based on Brown and Levinson (1987).
8
The limitation of this research is the researcher does not do the interview
the Manchester United fans club every one, to see how they used the negative
politeness strategies, but the researcher analyzed from the language and
utterances.
1.6 Definition of Key Term
In order to avoid any misunderstanding about the term, the definition
bellow give to clarify and make clearly employed within this research.
1.6.1
Politeness is one of the human ability to interact which is to
propose to consider by felling of good or bad and it is include of
behavior.
1.6.2 Negative politeness strategies are the strategy to make some
request and offer less infringing to respect the other people act.
1.6.3 Manchester United Fans Club is the lovers and the loyal fans, or
the supporter of football club around the world.
1.6.4 Facebook is a free social networking website that allows registered
users to create profiles, uploads photos and video, send messages,
keep in touch with friends, family, colleagues, and it is popular.
1.6.5 Instagram is an online mobile or smartphone that can use to
photo-sharing, video sharing, social networking service that enable
to take pictures and videos and share them either publicly or
privately on the application.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of research and literature related with the
topic, which is language used by the Manchester United fans club in social media.
Literary, this chapter is to support the concepts and the backgrounds in the
previous chapter. There are four points of sub chapter here and the first one is
about pragmatics. It discussed about the context and meaning, as basic of the
study about meaning of meaning. Then the second sub chapter is about positive
and negative politeness strategies. The third sub chapter is about context. It helps
the readers to interpret the meaning of utterances. Then the last but not least, the
sub chapter is social media. In this digitalization era there are many social media
offers by the providers in the internet. However, this research is focused into
social media of Facebook and Instagram, and then the researcher used smartphone
as the additional tools.
2.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of context-depended aspect of meaning which are
systematically abstracted away from in the construction of content or logical form.
It means that pragmatics is the study about meaning of meaning, it differs from
semantic. In the other hands, semantic is the study about meaning of meaning
through sentences or clauses, it is called written text. Furthermore, pragmatics is
the study about meaning of meaning through utterances or conversation, called
spoken.
9
10
According Yule (1996:3) pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.
According to him, pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as
communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader) so
that is involves the interpretation what people mean in the particular context and
how the context influences what is said.
Based on the definition above, it can be said that pragmatics is the study of
meaning contained the utterance in the context. Therefore, in pragmatics view to
appreciate and to interpret the meaning of a statement or an utterance, one must
consider the relation between language and context in which the situation uttered.
2.2 Politeness strategy
For avoiding the face threatening acts of the hearer, it is better for the
speaker to know about politeness strategies. Politeness strategies are strategies
used to minimize or avoid the FTA (Face Threatening Acts) that the speaker
means (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 91). There are found kinds of politeness
strategies. They are bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and
off record. However writer will focus on negative politeness strategies because
what the writer going to analyze represents the implementation of negative
politeness strategies.
2.2.1
Positive Politeness
Positive politeness is used to satisfy the positive face of the hearers, desire
of being liked and accepted, by regarding them as people who have close
11
relationship with the speaker. According Brown and Levinson, positive politeness
consists of fifteen strategies. They are:
1. Notice, Attend to Hearer (his or her wants, interest, needs, and goods)
Brown and Levinson (1987) stated that in this strategy the speaker
should take notice or pay attention to the hearer’s condition. The speaker
should give a response to the hearer’s condition. By doing it, the hearer
will know and realize that the speaker notices to his condition. This kinds
of strategy is used by the speaker to show the solidarity and make close
relationship with the hearer. Therefore, the speaker can redress the FTA on
the hearer.
Example
: Goodness, you cut your hair! By the way, I came to
borrow some flour (p. 103)
2. Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with the hearer)
Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that for showing his interest,
approval, and sympathy, the speaker can exaggerate intonation, stress, or
other aspects of prosodics, such as really, for sure, exactly, and absolutely.
Example
: How absolutely marvelous! (p. 104-106)
3. Intensify Interest to the Hearer
Another way for the speaker to communicate to hearer is to
intensify his interest to the conversation. The speaker tries to put the
hearer into the middle of the events being discussed so that he can get his
hearer’s through his story. It can also be said that when the speaker puts
12
the hearer into the speaker’s conversation or story, he is increasing his
intrinsic interest.
Example
: I came down the stairs, and what do you think I see? A
huge mess all over the place, the phone’s off the hook and
clothes are scattered all over…. (Brown and Levinson,
1987: p. 106)
4. Use in-group Identity Markers
Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that the speaker can claim the
common ground with the hearer by conveying in-group membership.
These include in-group usage of address forms, of language or dialect, of
jargon or slang, and of contraction and ellipsis (p. 107)
Example
: Mind if I smoke? (p. 111-112)
5. Seek Agreement
In communication process, the speaker seeks ways to agree with
the hearer. When the speaker shows his agreement to the hearer means that
the speaker tries to satisfy
In communication process, the speaker seeks way to agree with the hearer.
When the speaker shows his agreement to the hearer means that the
speaker tries to satisfy the hearer’s positive face.
Example
:
A
: I got a flat tyre on the way home.
B
: Oh God, a flat tyre! (Brown and Levinson, 1987: p. 113)
13
6. Avoid Disagreement
a. Token agreement
Sacks (1973) quoted by Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that
someone can hide the disagreement by twisting his utterances. It can
be done by saying “yes…but”. It is better than a blatant, such as by
saying “No”.
Example :
A : What is she, small?
B : yes…yes.. she is small…uhm…not really small but certainly not
very big. (p. 114)
b. Pseudo-agreement
The speaker uses then a conclusory marker. It make becomes an
indication that the speaker drawing a conclusion to a line of reasoning
carried out cooperatively with the addressee.
Example : I’ll meet you in front of the theatre just before 8, then.
c. White lies
A further output of positive politeness desire to avoid disagreement
is the social “white lie”. Here, the speaker is better to say the lie to his
hearer than damage the positive face of his hearer in hiding the
disagreement.
Example : Oh I can’t. The batteries are dead. (p. 116)
14
d. Hedging opinion
The speaker can choose to be vague his own opinion, so as not to
be seen to disagree. The unclear opinion of the speaker is marked by
sort of, kind of, like, or in a way.
Example : It’s really beautiful, in a way. (p. 116)
7. Presuppose/ Raise/ Assert Common Ground
This is where the speaker as if he was the hearer or his knowledge
is same as the hearer’s. An example is the use of question tag with falling
intonation. Another example can be seen in case where, in giving empathy
or someone asserts what only the hearer can know. It is for showing that
the hearer is a central of the conversation.
Example
: A: Oh this curt hurt awfully, Mom!
B: I know. (p. 119)
8. Joke
Since jokes are based on mutual shared background knowledge and
values, they can to stress that shared background or those shared values.
They attempt to redefine the size of the FTA.
Example
: How about lending me this old heap of junk? (p. 124)
9. Assert/ Presuppose Speaker Knowledge of and Concern for Hearer
Intention
Brown and Levinson (1987) argued that to indicate the speaker and
hearer are cooperation is by putting pressure on the hearer. The speaker
may put other utterance that the speaker knows before asking for request
15
and offering something to the hearer in order to make the hearer accept
that request.
Example
: Look, I know you want the car at 5 o’clock, so shouldn’t I
got to the town now? (p. 125)
10. Offer, Promise
The speaker can claim whatever the hearer wants: he will help tp
obtain it. This strategy is used by the speaker to redress the potential threat
of some FTAs on his hearer.
Example
: I’ll drop by sometime next week. (p. 125)
11. Be Optimistic
This strategy suggests that the speaker can assume the hearer wants
the speaker’s intention for the speaker and will help obtain them.
Example
: Look, I’m sure you won’t mind if I borrow your
typewriter. (p. 126)
12. Include Both Speaker and Hearer In the Activity
The speaker uses the term we while actually the speaker intention
is “you” or “me”. It is to show his cooperation and redress the hearer’s
FTA.
Example
: Let’s get on with dinner, eh? (p. 127)
13. Give or Ask for Reason
The other way for the speaker to include the hearer in the activity
is by showing his reason as to why he wants what his intention.
Example
: Why don’t we go to the seashore? (p. 128)
16
14. Assume or Assert Reciprocity
The existence of cooperation between the speaker and hearer may
also be claimed or urged by giving evidence of reciprocal rights. It means
the speaker promise to do something as long as the hearer does something
for the speaker to for cooperation.
Example
: I’ll give you bonus if you can sell these clothes. (p. 129)
15. Give Gift to the Hearer (sympathy, understanding, and cooperation)
The speaker can satisfy the hearer by giving gifts, human relation
wants such as desire of being liked, admired, cared about, understood, and
listened to.
Example
2.2.2
: I’m sorry to hear that. (p. 129)
Negative Politeness
It is usually used to express uncertainty through hedging and indirectness,
preferring some tag questions to direct statements. According to Brown and
Levinson (1987:129) Negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the
addressee’s negative face. Negative face itself is the want to have freedom of
action unhindered and every attention unimpeded (Brown and Levinson: 1987, p.
125). In the other words, negative face is used by the speaker to show his
behavior and to respect to his hearers.
Negative politeness can be called politeness as a strategy for selfprotection, it means negative politeness able to used to protect our self from any
distrubance. There are many advantages of practicing this form or using negative
politeness, it is to keep a safe distance from others. It is related to understanding
17
that sustained courtesy provide an opportunity of keeping as safe distance from
other while minimizing negative feeling. Although when we get any problem by
showing negative politiness it will safe us from distrubance. Brown and Levinson
(1987) define the following two notion, by corresponding to two types of
politeness. Negative face is the basic claim to territories and for positive face is
the positive consistenct self-image or personality and including the desire that
this self-image be appreciated and approved of claimed by the participants or
heares.
Negative politeness can be expressed to everyone, but it depends on who
you are talking with and what kind of people you are dealing with. It is does not
really work when elder people use negative politeness to talk with youger people
except it is necessecary when there is something important. However, there is a
possibility if somebody says using negative politeness to talk with other people.
In general negative politeness sometimes uses to comment or criticize something.
In other hands, negative politeness also uses to apologizing and it is using formal
and indirect language. Brown and Levinson (1987:129-130) aim that when we
think of politeness in western cultures, it is negative politeness behavior that
spring to mind. In our culture, negative politeness is the most elaborate and the
most conventionalized. It indicates that negative politeness cannot be expressed
anytime. People may utter negative politeness in the certain time in the proper
place to be and by who’s they are talking with. In the negative politeness there
are ten strategies here. They are:
18
1. Be Conventionally Indirect
In this strategy the speaker uses phrases or sentences that have
contextually ambiguous meaning that are different from their literal
meaning.
Example: Can you pass me the salt?
The utterance above does mean that the speaker really asks to the
hearer and needs an answer from the hearer. It becomes an understandable
request of the speaker to the hearer. (p. 132-134)
2. Question, Hedges
According to Brown and Levinson (1987: p. 145) hedge is a
particle, word, or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a
predicate or noun phrase in a set. It is marked by sort of, a regular, a true,
rather, pretty, quite, or technically.
Example:
A swing is sort of a toy
I’m pretty sure I’ve read that book before.
3. Be Pessimistic
This strategy gives redress to the hearer negative face by explicitly
expressing doubt that the conditions of the appropriateness of speaker
speech act obtain. In the other word, the speaker shows his doubt to the
hearer by asking the hearer possibility.
Example: Could you jump over that five-foot fence?
This example is not likely to be a request thought it might the
function as a dare. (Brown and Levinson, 1987: p. 173)
19
4. Minimize the Imposition
In this strategy the speaker uses an expression such as a tiny little,
a bit, or a taste to minimize the imposition.
Example: Could I have a taste of this cake?
It means that the speaker asks for a slice of a cake to the hearer. He
just change “a slice’’ into “a taste” in order to minimize the request.
(Brown and Levinson, 1987: p. 176)
5. Give Deference
According Brown and Levinson (1987) there are two sides in
realization in deference. First, the speaker lowers himself to shows that
humbles to the hearer. Second, the speaker raises the hearer in satisfying
his wants to be treated as superior.
Example:
a) We look forward very much to dining with you. (The speaker lowers
himself)
b) Excuse me, sir tom would you mind if I close the window? (The
speaker rises the hearer)
6. Apologize
In this strategy, by showing apologizing for doing an FTA such as
asking a request, the speaker can indicate his reluctance to impinge to the
hearer.
Example
: I know you must be busy, but……
I beg your indulgence……
20
7. Impersonalize
In this strategy the speaker asks for request to the hearer by avoid
the word of “you and I” because the avoidance of both “you and I” in
English is aggressively rude.
Example :
a) Take that out! (It is better than you take that out!)
b) Someone should not do things like that! (It is better than you should
not do things like that!)
8. State the FTA as a General Rule
The way of dissociating speaker and hearer from the particular
imposition in the FTA, Brown and Levinson (1987) state that the speaker
can use pronoun avoidance in order to state the FTA as an instance of
some general social rule, regulation or obligation.
Example
: You will please refrain from flushing toilets on the
train.
9. Nominalize
Ross (1972) quoted by Brown and Levinson (1987) said that the
speaker can show the formality which is associated with the noun end of
continuum.
Example :
a) Your good performance well on the examinations and we were
favourably impressed. (seems very much a spoken sentences)
21
b) Your good performance on the examinations impressed us
favourably. (seems more formal, more like a business letter)
10. Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting the hearer.
According to Brown and Levinson (1987) the speaker redresses the
FTAs by explicitly claiming his indebtedness to the hearer or disclaiming
any indebtedness of the hearer, by means of expressions such as the
following for the request.
Example :
a) I would better be eternally grateful if you would…..
b) I will never be able to repay you if you…….
2.3 Context
Context is an important aspect to interpreting the meaning of an utterance.
According to Leech, context deals with relevant aspect of physical or social
setting of an utterance. It is the background of knowledge, which is shared by the
speaker and the hearer in understanding the utterance (1983:13). Therefore,
context has many contributions in spoken and written language. It functions to
help the speaker and the hearer or the writer and the reader deliver and to
understand the meaning of utterance.
From the statement above, it can be conclude that speech context is all
aspects in speaking whether social or physical including the speech, time, place,
social environment, political condition etc. Then, context is a set of propositions
describing the beliefs, knowledge, and commitments and so forth of the
participant in a discourse on order to understand the meaning of an utterance.
22
Because the researcher is investigating the use of language in context by the
speaker, so it is more concerned with the relation between the speaker and
utterance, on the particular occasion of use. During the proses of communicating
with other, it is necessary to be polite so the speaker context or illocution will be
delivered completely. If the speaker speaks by polite, it will satisfy to the hearer,
so their communicating is running well.
2.4 Factors Influence the Use of Negative Politeness Strategy
The employment of politeness strategy is influenced by several factors.
According Brown and Levinson (1987:71) there are two factors that influence to
the speaker to employ the politeness strategy. The factors are payoff and
circumstances.
1. Payoff
The speaker employs the politeness strategy because they can get
advantages. The speaker can benefit in following ways, they are: he can
pay respect, deference, he can maintain social distance, and avoid the
threat (or potential face loss) of advancing familiarity towards the
addressee and he can give a real “out” to addressee.
Example
: Let’s get on for dinner tonight.
The example above shows that the speaker can give conventional
outs to the addressee as opposed the real outs, that is pretend or offer an
escape route without really doing so, thereby to indicate that he has the
other person’s wants in mind.
23
2. Relevant Circumstances
The seriousness of an FTA is also influenced by the circumstance.
According Brown and Levinson (1987:74) the circumstances is similar
with the sociological variables. There are three dimensions to determine
the level of politeness. Which consist of Relative Power (P), Social
Distance (D), and Size of the Imposition (R).
a. Relative Power
According Brown and Levinson (1987:77) power is an
asymmetric social distance of relative power, roughly in
weber’s sense. In general point, relative power (P) is that we
tend to use a greater degree politeness with people who have
more power or authority over us to those who do not. It is
based on the asymmetric relation between the speaker and
hearer. These type of power are most found in obviously
hierarchical setting, such as courts, the military, workplace.
For example, you would probably be more polite about
conveying to your employer because he or she always arrive
late, than in conveying to your brother. This is because of your
employer can influence your career in a positive way (reward
power) or negative way (coercive way).
b. Social Distance
Social distance (D) can be seen as the composite of
psychologically real factors (status, age, sex, degree, of
24
intimacy etc) which together determine the overall degree of
respectfulness within a given speech situation. It based on the
symmetric relation between the speaker and hearer.
For example, you feel so close to your friend because he is
similar in terms of age or sex then you will get closer or
maintaining to him and the distance rating will get smaller. As
a result you will not employ polite utterance when you ask him
to do something. So, you will employ the polite utterance when
you interact with person whom you are not known well, such as
person who is older than you.
c. Size of Imposition
According Brown and Levinson (1987:77) size of the
imposition is a culturally define ranking of impositions by the
degree which they are considered to interfere with an agent’s
wants of self-determination or of approval. Size of the
Imposition (R) can be seen from the relative status between one
speech acts to another in a context.
For example, borrowing a car in the ordinary time will make us
feel reluctant but in urgent situation it will natural. Thus, in the
first context we will employ the polite utterance because the
situation is urgent.
25
2.5 Social Media
Commonly the social media is created to help human in build interaction
with another one to communicate. Since the social media such as Facebook is for
everyone and community, at glance it cannot be predicted and seen the users of
Facebook in details. However, the researcher conducts the research of language
used by the Manchester United fans club in social media. By deeper research and
analysis, there are many fans are using Facebook as their group account and there
are many ways to know that it is the real fans or just haters.
Concerning about this research, the researcher is using social media that
available for smartphone application as the tolls. First for all, the researcher uses
Facebook and Instagram as the main instrument of the research. The detail of this
case, the researcher focused into some detail below:
2.5.1
Known as social media created by Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook is
very popular and many people use it. In this research, the researcher
analyzed the language used by the Manchester United fans in social media.
To know about the group in the details, the researcher like the Facebook
page and join the group. The name of the group is “Manchester United
Supporters Club” (MALTA). It is the official Facebook page of
Manchester United Fans and it is the oldest Facebook page of Manchester
United Fans in the world. In other side, the researcher itself is the fan of
Manchester United also.
26
The reason of using Facebook rather than Twitter for this research,
meanwhile both are the most used in social media in the world because
Facebook has wider page view. So it helps the researcher to interpret the
data easily and also Facebook has wider capacity for text, picture and
video than Twitter. In Facebook has timeline, personal massage
(messenger), group forum, and fan page. Then the researcher can access
some news from the group, in other to know the activities and get the
information in social media, and to analyze their language.
2.5.2
Instagram is an online mobile photo-sharing and video-sharing. This
is available to download in play store in smartphone. This application
created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, and launched in October
2010 as a free mobile app. The unique from this application is the users
can share their image and it similar to Kodak Instamatic and Polaroid SX70 image, in contrast to the 4:3 aspect ratio typically used by mobile
device cameras. Then the users can also apply digital filters to their image
and video. The maximum duration for Instagram video is about 60
seconds. Many celebrities have profiles on Instagram, sharing photos and
videos of their personal and professional live with fans. By using this
application, the researcher able analyze the utterance that used by the
Manchester United fans club. To know about the group in details, the
researcher’s follow the Manchester United Fans account. The account is
“Manchester United.Fans Club. (King of England Champ2Ons)”. It is the
27
official account of Manchester United Fans in Instagram. By following
this account, the fans will know about the daily activity of their favorite
players and it can use to know about the live score.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This part tells about how the researcher to collect the data and analyzed
this study. This study include of research design, data collection, data and data
source, instruments, techniques of data collection.
3.1
Reseach Design
Research design is the specific procedures involved in the research
process, including data collection, data analysis, and report writing (W John.
2012). To answer the research problem the researcher used descriptive approach.
The data were taken from social media of Facebook and Instagram, which
focused on utterances, word, sentences, and phrase. In addition, in the descriptive
approach not need the statistic approach to analyze the data. The researcher
analyzed about the politeness strategy and focus on negative politeness.
The purpose of the research is to get the systematic description because the
data and the result of this research are descriptive. Thus, by knowing the kinds of
negative politeness strategy, the researcher found the expressing uncertainty
based on the actual event in the social media. Furthermore, the word has been
interpreted as the researcher knowledge.
3.2
Data and Data source
The researcher used the kinds of data sources. The data sources in this
research taken from social media, which consists of Facebook and Instagram. The
researcher used the “Manchester United Supporter’s Club” it called (Malta) as
28
29
data source. This was the official Facebook page of the oldest Manchester United
Supporter’s Club in the world, and from then till now this Facebook page is the
most up to date with the news of the club. Next, the researcher used Instagram of
“Manchester united.Fans Club”. The name is “The king of England Champ20ns”.
This Instagram pages used to share the activities of players consists of photosharing, video-sharing, and social networking service that share in Manchester
United Instagram. Fans Club the king of England Champ20ns, and for the
follower from this Instagram page has been 33.1 k followers.
Picture 1
Picture 2
Picture 3.1 Kinds of social media (1.Facebook, 2.Instagram)
3.2
Instruments
The instrument of this research is the researcher himself. Because he has
been the one who can manage and lead the process from the data collection and
data analysis. The data were taken from Facebook, Instargram. The researcher
30
used smartphone to screen capture the comments from Facebook and Instagram.
All activities have been done by using personal computer and office software.
3.4
Data Collection
The data in this research were taken from the utterances which consist of
words, phrase and sentences that expressed by the users of Facebook and
Instagram, especially, for the Manchester United Fans clubs that contained of
negative politeness strategies. The researcher applied several procedures to collect
the data.
1. First, the researcher toke several comments from Facebook, Instagram
and it is started to take the data from first April to the end of April and
it is randomly.
2. Second, the researcher captured all of the comments from Facebook
and Instagram by using smartphone.
3.
Then, the researcher transcribed all of the utterances from smartphone
to computer.
3.3
Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the researcher did several activities to analysis
the data. The researcher did several steps:
1. Transcribed the utterances from Facebook and Instagram
The researcher transcribed all the comments from Facebook and Instagram
that consist of negative politeness strategies.
31
Time
: 11 hours ago from post
Stiofan O Dalaigh
: I see idiot van gaal made an inspired substitution
bringing on Darmian, who was on the field 6 mins
and 3 goals were scored
Picture 3.2 The example of transcript from social media
2. Identifying the utterances
To identifying the negative politeness, the researcher used Brown and
Levinson (1978) theory to find out the kinds of negative politeness strategies. In
this way, the researcher underlined all utterances which include negative
politeness with various colors in each kind of negative politeness strategies. Then,
the researcher gave a mark in each utterance which is included in negative
politeness strategies.
Time
: 11 hours ago from post
Stiofan O Dalaigh
: I see idiot van gaal made an inspired substitution
bringing on Darmian, who was on the field 6 mins
and 3 goals were scored
Be conventionally indirect
Picture 3.3 The example of identifying data
3. Classifying each kind of negative politeness strategies.
To classify every utterance expressed by the Manchester United Fans based
on the negative politeness strategies. In order to make the classification and
analysis of the data in this research easier, each utterance is marked by code. The
coding of data in this research can be seen through the following ways:
32
1. Codes for Negative Politeness Strategies
a. Be conventionally indirect codes by BCI
b. Question, Hedge codes by QHD
c. Be pessimistic codes by BPS
d. Minimize the imposition codes by MNI
e. Give difference codes by GDF
f. Apologizing codes by APG
g. Impersonalize speaker and hearer codes by ISH
h. State the FTA as general rule codes by SFG
i. Nominalizing codes by NMZ
j. Go on record as incurring a debt codes by GRI
2. Codes for social media
a. Facebook codes by FB
b. Instagram codes by IG
Time
: 11 hours ago from post
Stiofan O Dalaigh
: I see idiot van gaal made an inspired substitution
bringing on Darmian, who was on the field 6 mins
and 3 goals were scored
BCI/1/FB
Picture 3.4 The example of identifying of data
33
The researcher classified the total number of each kind of negative
politeness strategies, the factor influence the choose of the strategies and the
researcher also applies it in the percentage by using this formula:
Percentage of each kind:
X 100 %
x: the frequency of each kind of apology strategies and social factor
y: the total number of frequency
NO
Code
1
BCI
2
Frequency
Percentage
OO6/1/IG, 005/1/FB
16
21.6%
QHD
009/4/FB
4
5.4%
3
BPS
42/7/IG, 97/17/FB, 114/21/IG
30
40.5%
4
MNI
5
GDF
6
APG
7
ISH
8
SFG
9
NMZ
10
GRI
Total
Data
63
3.5 The example table percentage of determining the data
100%
34
Factors
Pay off
Data
33, 54
Relevant
Power
circumstance
Distance
Frequency
2
Ranking
3.6 The example table percentage of determining the factor
4. Interpreting the data
In this research, the researcher made interpretation of the data of utterances
which contain of negative politeness strategies. The reason is to found out the
impact which to reveal in using negative politeness strategies that expressed by
the Manchester United Fans Club in social media. It represents to answer the
research problem no. 2
5. Drawing the conclusion
After analyzed the data based on the theory on Brown and Levinson, the
researcher drew the conclusion from the result of analysis in kinds of negative
politeness strategies.
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains the findings and analysis of negative politeness
strategies used by the user of social media. In this research, the researcher only
used the theory of negative politeness by Brown and Levinson (1987).
4.1
Findings
The findings in this research are divided into two parts according to the
research problem. The first part talks about the analysis of negative politeness
strategies used by the user of social media. The second part discussed about the
factors that might infl