The Violations of Deborah Tannen's Theory of Six Contrasts in Cross-Gender Communication Seen in 'A Few Good Men' and 'The Peacemaker'.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ……… i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… ii
ABSTRACT ……… iii
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION Background of the Study ……… 1
Statement of the Problem ……… 4
Purpose of the Study ……… 5
Methods of Research ……… 5
Organization of the Thesis ……… 5
CHAPTER TWO : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……… 6
CHAPTER THREE : THE VIOLATIONS OF DEBORAH TANNEN’S THEORY OF SIX CONTRASTS IN CROSS-GENDER COMMUNICATION ……… 12
CHAPTER FOUR : CONCLUSION ……… 40
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……… 44
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ABSTRACT
Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, saya ingin mencari penyimpangan dari teori Deborah Tannen dalam bukunya yang berjudul You Just Don’t Understand. Tannen dalam bukunya membahas mengenai enam tipe perbedaan pesan dalam komunikasi antar gender.
Saya menggunakan dua buah film yang berjudul A Few Good Men dan The Peacemaker sebagai film rujukan untuk dianalisis. Dari kedua film ini, saya bermaksud membahas pesan yang diusung oleh para pemeran utama wanita dengan mengambil pendekatan sosiolinguistik.
Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiolinguistik, saya akan mencari pelanggaran yang dilakukan para tokoh utama wanita terhadap teori Deborah Tannen. Setelah itu saya akan mengklasifikasikan tiap pelanggaran berdasarkan teori enam tipe perbedaan isi dalam komunikasi antar gender. Di samping itu, saya juga akan mengungkapkan latar belakang dari pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh kedua tokoh utama wanita tersebut.
Pada akhirnya, saya mendapati pelanggaran pada tipe status vs. support paling sering dilakukan oleh para tokoh utama wanita. Tetapi, saya tidak mendapati pelanggaran pada tipe problem solver vs. sympathizer dari kedua film tersebut.
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APPENDICES
A Few Good Men tells about a murder of a soldier named Santiago. The murder happens in Guantanamo Bay. There are two soldiers who become the accused of the murder; they are Corporal Harold Dawson and private Louden Downey. In order to investigate the case Lieutenant Cdr. Galloway is sent by the Division to seek the truth of why these two soldiers murdered Santiago. To help her work, she is helped by another two soldiers, Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee as a defense lawyer and Lieutenant Sam Weinberg. Later on, it is disclosed that actually Dawson and Downey do not murder Santiago on purpose. It is told in the film that Santiago has asked to be transferred to another post because of his weak physical condition does not support his hard daily activities in Guantanamo. Owing to the fact that Santiago is considered to be too weak to become a border guardian in Guantanamo Bay, Colonel Jessep and Lieutenant Kendrick order Dawson and Downey to give a lesson to Santiago. They order Dawson and Downey to do Code Red. Unfortunately, when Dawson and Downey execute the Code Santiago dies. As a matter of fact, Code Red has been forbidden legally to be put into action. Still, the practice of this code goes on in Guantanamo. At the end of the story, Kaffee is succeeded in revealing the truth and bringing Colonel Jessep to the stand. Colonel Jessep finally acknowledges that he himself orders the Code Red for Santiago and he gets the punishment.
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While the second film, The Peacemaker, tells about a looting of ten nuclear missiles done by General Aleksander Kodoroff, a member of Soviet Union Army. It is told that Kodoroff steals ten of SS-18 to get some money from the terrorists. In order to solve this national issue, the government appoints dr. Julia Kelly to be a three-week leader. Kelly is given full authority to lead and take decisions in this mission. She also has obligation to report everything to the president. Meanwhile, Lieutenant Colonel Tom Devoe is also assigned to be one of Kelly’s colleagues in the mission. It is told in the film that Devoe together with his team succeeds in taking over the missiles and arresting the criminals. Apparently, there is one missile missing and it has been bought by Vlado Mirick. Mirick functions as the right hand of his brother, Dusan Gavrich. Actually, Gavrich wants to take an avenge to the government of United States which he considers to be the responsible party for his family death. So, he plans for exploding the United Nations building in Manhattan by using SS-18, the missing missile. At the end of the film, both of Kelly and Devoe are succeeded in saving United States from the bad intention of Gavrich.
A Few Good Men
NO Galloway’s Violation Type of Violation
Context 1. Lieutenant, how long have you
been in the navy? How long have you been out of law school? I see. No. It's just that when I petitioned Division to have counsel assigned, I was hoping I'd be taken seriously. Have you ever been in a court room?
Status vs. Support Independence vs. Intimacy
Kaffee disrespects Galloway when they meet for the first time in Galloway’s office.
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NO Galloway’s Utterance Type of Violation
Context 2. You haven't talked to a witness,
you haven't looked at a piece of paper. You're gonna have to go deeper than just—
My job is to make sure you do your job. I'm special counsel for Internal Affairs, so my jurisdiction's pretty much in your face.
Status vs. Support Independence vs. Intimacy
Galloway is upset towards Kaffee’s remark on the case. Besides, she wants to show her superiority.
3. Read the letters. You're not under any obligation, but I'd appreciate a report when you get back from Cuba.
Orders vs. Proposals Status vs. Support Independence vs. Intimacy
Galloway orders Kaffee straightly.
4. You’re dismissed. Status vs. Support Orders vs. Proposals Independence vs. Intimacy Conflict vs. Compromise
Galloway wants to show her superiority.
5. Tell your friend not to get cute down there. The marines in Guantanamo are fanatical.
Orders vs. Proposals Information vs. Feelings Status vs. Support
Galloway orders Weinberg to tell Kaffee not to have trouble in Gitmo.
6. I was wondering why two guys have been in a jail cell since this morning while their lawyer is outside hitting a ball.
Conflict vs. Compromise Status vs. Support
Galloway teases Kaffee for his having leisure time.
7. Lieutenant, would you feel very insulted if I recommended to your supervisor that he assign different counsel?
I don't think you're fit to handle this defense.
Conflict vs. Compromise Status vs. Support
Galloway feels Kaffee is not the right lawyer to handle this case, so she wants to replace him with someone else who is more competent than him.
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NO Galloway’s Utterance Type of Violation
Context 8. I do know you. Daniel AlliStair
Kaffee, born June 8th, 1964 at Boston Mercy Hospital. Your father's Lionel Kaffee, former Navy Judge Advocate and Attorney General, of the United States, died 1985. You went to Harvard Law on a Navy scholarship, probably because that's what your father wanted you to do, and now you're just treading water for the three years you've gotta serve in the JAG Corps, just kinda layin' low til you can get out and get a real job. And if that's the situation, that's fine ' I won't tell anyone. But my feeling is that if this case is handled in the same fast-food, slick-ass' Persian Bazaar manner with which you seem to handle everything else, something's gonna get missed. And I wouldn't be doing my job if I allowed Dawson and Downey to spend any more time in prison than absolutely necessary, because their attorney had pre-determined the path of least resistance.
Information vs. Feelings Conflict vs. Compromise Status vs. Support
Galloway feels she knows Kaffee enough by having all information about him. she feels that Kaffee does not have vision in his life.
9. I'm gonna speak to your supervisor.
Status vs. Support Conflict vs. Compromise Independence vs. Intimacy
Galloway intends to replace Kaffee with other lawyer so she will tell Kaffee’s supervisor.
10 Do you know what a Code Red is? What a pity.
Information vs. Feelings Status vs. Support Conflict vs. Compromise
Galloway wants to show that she is more knowledgeable about Code Red.
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NO Galloway’s Utterance Type of Violation
Context 11. Jesus Christ, Kaffee, you are in the
navy for crying out loud.
Conflict vs. Compromise Status vs. Support
Galloway laughs at Kaffe’s being incompetent.
12. You planning on doing any investigating or are you just gonna take the guided tour?
Conflict vs. Compromise Status vs. Support
Galloway sees Kaffee is not being serious in the investigation.
13. Wait a minute, I've got some questions.
Yes I do.
Colonel, on the morning that Santiago died, did you meet with Doctor Stone between three and five?
I was wondering if you've ever heard the term Code Red. Colonel, this past February, you received a cautionary memo from the Naval Investigative Service, warning that the practice of enlisted men disciplining their own wasn't to be condoned by officers.
My point is that I think code reds still go on down here. Do Code Reds still happen on this base, colonel?
Yeah, he really does. Colonel? Yes he does. Colonel, the practice of code Reds is still condoned by officers on this base, isn't it? I need an answer to my question, sir.
Conflict vs. Compromise Independence vs. Intimacy
Galloway insists asking questions to Jessep even though it seems dangerous for her.
14. How long have you known about the order?
Information vs. Feelings Independence vs. Intimacy Conflict vs. Compromise
Galloway straightly asks question to Ross.
15. No deal, we're going to a jury.
Conflict vs. Compromise Independence vs. Intimacy
Galloway disagrees Ross’ offer.
16. Yeah. One thing, though. When you ask the judge for new counsel, Danny, be sure and ask nicely.
Information vs. Feelings Conflict vs. Compromise
Galloway informs Kaffee to be polite with the judge.
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NO Galloway’s Utterance Type of Violation
Context 17. I want you to let 'em be judged! I
want you to stand up and make an argument!
Orders vs. Proposals Conflict vs. Compromise
Galloway wants Kaffee to move on to the court.
18. Why are you so afraid to be a lawyer? Were daddy's expectations really that high? You know nothing about the law. You're a used car salesman, Daniel. You're an ambulance chaser with a rank. You're nothing. Live with that.
Status vs. Support Conflict vs. Compromise Independence vs. Intimacy
Galloway feels disappointed with Kaffee for having no courage to go to the court.
19. Where I've earned two distinguished service medals and two letters of commendation.
Status vs. Support Information vs. Feelings
Galloway informs her achievements proudly to Kaffee. 20. Because I want you to think I'm
good lawyer.
Status vs. Support Information vs. Feelings Orders vs. Proposals
Galloway wants to gain Kaffee’s respect.
21. You chicken-shit. You're gonna use what happened today as an excuse to give up.
Bullshit! You could've gotten it by picking up the phone and calling any one of a dozen departments at the Pentagon. You didn't want the transfer order. You wanted to see Jessep's reaction when you asked for the transfer order. You had an instinct. And it was confirmed by Markinson. Now damn it, let's put Jessep on the stand and end this thing!
Conflict vs. Compromise Orders vs. Proposals
Galloway is mad with Kaffee because Kaffee does not have enough courage to stand for the truth.
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The Peacemaker
NO Kelly’s Utterrance Type of Violation
Context 1. OK, stay. General, I’m gonna need
military force with intellect and a Russia’s contact.
Orders vs. Proposals Status vs. Support
Independence vs. Intimacy
Kelly gives orders to her assistant.
2. And, General, makes sure he is willing to take orders from women.
Orders vs. Proposals Status vs. Support
Independence vs. Intimacy
Kelly asks the General to choose the right person.
3. Whoever has the data of the blast, I need it on my desk ASAP. Ken, try to contact missile commando of Russia. Sue, I need the start of research report. Not just the summary, not just the abstract but the whole thing.
Orders vs. Proposals Status vs. Support
Independence vs. Intimacy
In her office, Kelly gives orders to her staff.
4. Stay in your position. Wait for further instruction. Do not proceed without authorization. Do not proceed. Devoe, alright come back.
Orders vs. Proposals Status vs. Support
Independence vs. Intimacy
Kelly gives orders to Devoe when he leads 3 helicopters team.
5. Stop anyone who has bag pack. Shoot him, come on. Shoot him, take the shot!
Orders vs. Proposals Status vs. Support
Independence vs. Intimacy
Kelly gives orders to the police to stop anyone who carries a bag pack and she orders the snipers to take the shot. 6. Are you suggesting it was a
robbery? Well, we’ll certainly be considering your theory. Thank you, thank you very much.
Status vs. Support
Conflict vs. Compromise
Kelly feels interrupted by Devoe’s
explanation. 7. No, I’m in charge. I report it
directly to the president.
Status vs. Support
Conflict vs. Compromise
Kelly shows that she has superiority in this operation.
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NO Kelly’s Utterance Type of Violation
Context 8. Coffee? It’s over there. Information vs.
Feelings
Status vs. Support
Independence vs. Intimacy
Kelly only informs the coffee place to Devoe.
9. Is Kodoroff involved Kordech? Is that why we’re meeting at Vienna?
Information vs. Feelings
Independence vs. Inrimacy Status vs. Support
Kelly questions the information from the informant.
10. And I don’t want to provoke war because your personal agenda.
Conflict vs. Compromise Independence vs. Intimacy
Kelly forbids Devoe to act irrationally.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
As a social creature, every human being has the need to interact with others. Language is one of the instruments used in human interaction. By using language, we are able to communicate with others. In other words, language has become one of human basic needs. That is why language is very enjoyable to observe and analyze; it is really close to everybody’s life.
However, using language is not as simple and easy as we may think. On the contrary, it is a complex matter because it deals with at least two individuals. Misunderstanding or misinterpretation often occurs for the reason that these two individuals do not share the same message implied in their communication. It is believed that gender plays a role in the use of language. Realizing it or not, male and female do speak differently and it sometimes frustrates both sides in many ways. This difference is also influenced by culture. According to Goodenough (1957, p.167): ‘…a society’s culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members and to do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves.’ Departing from the previous statement, we can draw a conclusion that language is created by society. In
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addition, whether they realize it or not, male and female use language differently. They speak as the society wants them to and permit them to. Moreover, they speak as they are expected to. Generally speaking, female is expected to speak more politely than male. To make it clearer, let us take a look at a conversation between a couple, male and female, who is having a trip by car. The female wants to stop for a while in a coffee shop to buy a cup of coffee.
SHE: Would you like to stop by and have a cup of coffee? HE : No, thank you.
SHE: Why do you have to be so annoying?
HE : Give me a break. What do you mean? Am I doing something wrong? What have I done? I’ve done nothing…I’m just trying to be polite by saying no, thank you.
SHE: You don’t have to yell at me just because I want a cup of coffee.
HE :Now, I got it. You want a cup of coffee. Why don’t you just say it out loud?
We can see clearly from the conversation above that instead of giving an order, the female speaker gives a suggestion to deliver her message. As a consequence, the male participant thinks she only offers to stop by and buy a cup of coffee. He does not want to stop by; therefore, he rejects the offer in a polite way. It is obvious that he does not understand what she really wants. The female becomes upset for the reason that she feels he is being insensitive. Furthermore, she feels hurt because he does not seem to understand her. It is possible that both of these people are frustrated because they cannot understand each other. She thinks her male partner is insensitive. Nonetheless, he feels the female does not state what she really wants directly.
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been many researches focusing on language usage. Moreover, people wonder if gender does make a difference in the usage of language. There are some linguists who are deeply interested in this issue, such as, Dell Hymes, Henri Tajfel, Janet Holmes, Jennifer Coates, Peter Trudgill, Robin Lakoff and so on. Deborah Tannen is one of the linguists who have done a research about gender role in the use of language. She has been well-known all over the world through her works which eventually become best-sellers. One of her books, You Just Don’t Understand, becomes a best-seller book in New York, USA. In this book, Tannen states that there are six contrasts in cross-gender communication.
The first contrast deals with status and support. In doing communication, male always seeks to achieve the upper status; on the other hand, female always seeks to gain confirmation and support for their ideas. Second, male communication focuses more on being independent, while female tends to preserve intimacy. The third contrast occurs when dealing with problems. Male tends to give solution for the problem; on the other hand, female tends to give sympathy. The fourth contrast, male concerns more on what information that they can give or get, whereas female tends to concern more on what they feel. The fifth contrast, male tends to use and prefer to hear direct imperatives, whereas female tends to do indirect imperatives. The last contrast deals with how male and female show their disagreement. Male tends to show their disagreement outspokenly while female tends to compromise with it.
However, there is no such perfection in this world. There is always flaw or anomaly in everything, including in a theory. There are some cases where male speaks like female and vice versa. Concerning this, I would like to find out the
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anomalies of Tannen’s theory dealing with cross-gender communication. In addition, I would like to find out the reasons behind these anomalies. As a result, I choose to discuss “The Violations of Deborah Tannen’s Theory of Six Contrasts in Cross-Gender Communication Seen in The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men” as my thesis topic.
Owing to the fact that English is a foreign language in Indonesia, I would prefer to use films as my data source to get a clear picture of conversation between male and female in a real situation. Besides, I find that films are more reliable than other data sources. By using films, I am able to get clearer important information about the participants, the setting (time and place), the verbal and non-verbal behavior.
The films that will be my data source are The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men. The reason for choosing these two films is that the female major characters in these two films do not act or speak like what Tannen has stated in her theory.
.
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In analyzing The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men through Deborah Tannen’s theory of six contrasts in cross-gender communication, I would like to state the problems as follows:
1. What are the violations of Tannen’s theory that can be found in The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men?
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1.3. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1. To show violations of Tannen’s theory found in The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men.
2. To show the reasons behind the violations.
1.4. METHODS OF RESEARCH
In writing my thesis, I will begin by watching The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men, which are my data sources. While watching these films, I take notes of the female major characters’ utterances. Then, I analyze the utterances containing the violation of Tannen’s theory. After getting the valid data, I classify the data into Tannen’s six contrasts. The next step is to apply Tannen’s six contrasts into the classified data and write the research report.
1.5. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
The thesis is presented in four chapters. The first chapter is the Introduction, which consists of the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two is the Theoretical Framework, which contains the explanation about sociolinguistics and Tannen’s theory. The next chapter discusses the violations of Deborah Tannen’s theory of six contrasts in cross-gender communication. The last chapter is the Conclusion, consisting of the research result and the findings I get. The thesis ends with the Bibliography and Appendices.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
References :
Haree, Rom, and Roger Lamb., ed. The Dictionary of Personality and Social Psychology. Massachusetts: The MIT Press Cambridge Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2001.
Smalley, Gary. If Only He Knew. Trans. T. Wahyuni. Ed. Budijanto. Yayasan Media, 1995.
Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don’t Understand. Great Britain: Virago Press, 1990. Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishers,
1992.
Internet Website :
A Few Good Men. 8 September 2005
<http://www.godamongdirectors.com/scripts/fewgood.shtm/> DefenseLINK Template. 12 April 2006
<http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/> Wikipedia Online. Sociolinguistics. 17 October 2005
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
As a social creature, every human being has the need to interact with others. Language is one of the instruments used in human interaction. By using language, we are able to communicate with others. In other words, language has become one of human basic needs. That is why language is very enjoyable to observe and analyze; it is really close to everybody’s life.
However, using language is not as simple and easy as we may think. On the contrary, it is a complex matter because it deals with at least two individuals. Misunderstanding or misinterpretation often occurs for the reason that these two individuals do not share the same message implied in their communication. It is believed that gender plays a role in the use of language. Realizing it or not, male and female do speak differently and it sometimes frustrates both sides in many ways. This difference is also influenced by culture. According to Goodenough (1957, p.167): ‘…a society’s culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members and to do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves.’ Departing from the previous statement, we can draw a conclusion that language is created by society. In
(2)
addition, whether they realize it or not, male and female use language differently. They speak as the society wants them to and permit them to. Moreover, they speak as they are expected to. Generally speaking, female is expected to speak more politely than male. To make it clearer, let us take a look at a conversation between a couple, male and female, who is having a trip by car. The female wants to stop for a while in a coffee shop to buy a cup of coffee.
SHE: Would you like to stop by and have a cup of coffee? HE : No, thank you.
SHE: Why do you have to be so annoying?
HE : Give me a break. What do you mean? Am I doing something wrong? What have I done? I’ve done nothing…I’m just trying to be polite by saying no, thank you.
SHE: You don’t have to yell at me just because I want a cup of coffee.
HE :Now, I got it. You want a cup of coffee. Why don’t you just say it out loud?
We can see clearly from the conversation above that instead of giving an order, the female speaker gives a suggestion to deliver her message. As a consequence, the male participant thinks she only offers to stop by and buy a cup of coffee. He does not want to stop by; therefore, he rejects the offer in a polite way. It is obvious that he does not understand what she really wants. The female becomes upset for the reason that she feels he is being insensitive. Furthermore, she feels hurt because he does not seem to understand her. It is possible that both of these people are frustrated because they cannot understand each other. She thinks her male partner is insensitive. Nonetheless, he feels the female does not state what she really wants directly.
The example above shows that misunderstanding even between close partners often occurs because male and female have different ways of speaking and different purposes implied in their communication. At present, there have
(3)
been many researches focusing on language usage. Moreover, people wonder if gender does make a difference in the usage of language. There are some linguists who are deeply interested in this issue, such as, Dell Hymes, Henri Tajfel, Janet Holmes, Jennifer Coates, Peter Trudgill, Robin Lakoff and so on. Deborah Tannen is one of the linguists who have done a research about gender role in the use of language. She has been well-known all over the world through her works which eventually become best-sellers. One of her books, You Just Don’t Understand, becomes a best-seller book in New York, USA. In this book, Tannen states that there are six contrasts in cross-gender communication.
The first contrast deals with status and support. In doing communication, male always seeks to achieve the upper status; on the other hand, female always seeks to gain confirmation and support for their ideas. Second, male communication focuses more on being independent, while female tends to preserve intimacy. The third contrast occurs when dealing with problems. Male tends to give solution for the problem; on the other hand, female tends to give sympathy. The fourth contrast, male concerns more on what information that they can give or get, whereas female tends to concern more on what they feel. The fifth contrast, male tends to use and prefer to hear direct imperatives, whereas female tends to do indirect imperatives. The last contrast deals with how male and female show their disagreement. Male tends to show their disagreement outspokenly while female tends to compromise with it.
However, there is no such perfection in this world. There is always flaw or anomaly in everything, including in a theory. There are some cases where male speaks like female and vice versa. Concerning this, I would like to find out the
(4)
anomalies of Tannen’s theory dealing with cross-gender communication. In addition, I would like to find out the reasons behind these anomalies. As a result, I choose to discuss “The Violations of Deborah Tannen’s Theory of Six Contrasts in Cross-Gender Communication Seen in The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men” as my thesis topic.
Owing to the fact that English is a foreign language in Indonesia, I would prefer to use films as my data source to get a clear picture of conversation between male and female in a real situation. Besides, I find that films are more reliable than other data sources. By using films, I am able to get clearer important information about the participants, the setting (time and place), the verbal and non-verbal behavior.
The films that will be my data source are The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men. The reason for choosing these two films is that the female major characters in these two films do not act or speak like what Tannen has stated in her theory.
.
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In analyzing The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men through Deborah Tannen’s theory of six contrasts in cross-gender communication, I would like to state the problems as follows:
1. What are the violations of Tannen’s theory that can be found in The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men?
(5)
1.3. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1. To show violations of Tannen’s theory found in The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men.
2. To show the reasons behind the violations.
1.4. METHODS OF RESEARCH
In writing my thesis, I will begin by watching The Peacemaker and A Few Good Men, which are my data sources. While watching these films, I take notes of the female major characters’ utterances. Then, I analyze the utterances containing the violation of Tannen’s theory. After getting the valid data, I classify the data into Tannen’s six contrasts. The next step is to apply Tannen’s six contrasts into the classified data and write the research report.
1.5. ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
The thesis is presented in four chapters. The first chapter is the Introduction, which consists of the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two is the Theoretical Framework, which contains the explanation about sociolinguistics and Tannen’s theory. The next chapter discusses the violations of Deborah Tannen’s theory of six contrasts in cross-gender communication. The last chapter is the Conclusion, consisting of the research result and the findings I get. The thesis ends with the Bibliography and Appendices.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
References :
Haree, Rom, and Roger Lamb., ed. The Dictionary of Personality and Social Psychology. Massachusetts: The MIT Press Cambridge Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2001.
Smalley, Gary. If Only He Knew. Trans. T. Wahyuni. Ed. Budijanto. Yayasan Media, 1995.
Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don’t Understand. Great Britain: Virago Press, 1990. Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishers,
1992.
Internet Website :
A Few Good Men. 8 September 2005
<http://www.godamongdirectors.com/scripts/fewgood.shtm/> DefenseLINK Template. 12 April 2006
<http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/> Wikipedia Online. Sociolinguistics. 17 October 2005