THE NEVER ENDING STRUGGLES OF ATHENA’S LIFE AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S THE WITCH OF PORTOBELLO

  

THE NEVER ENDING STRUGGLES OF ATHENA’S

LIFE AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S THE WITCH

OF PORTOBELLO

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Adrianus Seto Anggoro

Student Number: 071214139

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

  

ABSTRACT

Anggoro, Adrianus Seto. 2012. The Never Ending Struggles of Athena’s Life as

seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello. Yogyakarta: English Education

Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers

Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This study discusses The Witch of Portobello, a literary work written by a

Brazilian novelist, Paulo Coelho. The Witch of Portobello tells about the life of

the main character, Athena, who is accused by many people as a witch. The

objective of the study is to discover the meaning of Athena’s life. There are two

questions to be answered in this study (1) “how is Athena portrayed in the novel?”

and (2) “how does Athena find the meaning of her life?”

  The primary datum of this study is the novel itself. The secondary data are

taken from the related books and the Internet. The theories employed in this study

are theory of critical approaches, theory of motivation, theory of character and

characterization, and theory of love, while the approach employed was

psychoanalysis. That psychoanalysis approach is used to answer the formulated

questions.

  There were two things that could be concluded after analysing the novel.

First was the portrayal of Athena in the novel. Athena was a beautiful woman. She

was independent since she raised her child without a husband. She was also

determined because she had a strong will to defend the things she think was right.

She was charismatic because many people followed her. As a mother she was

motherly because she loves her son very much. She was adventurous because she

believed that it is her path. Second was the meaning of Athena’s life as seen in her

struggles. Athena’s struggles are listed as following: Athena’s struggle in

university; Athena’s struggle in her marriage; and Athena’s struggle in teaching

people. Those struggles ended up in failures. However, there are true meanings

behind those failures. The true meaning behind Athena’s failure in university is

for achieving love. Her failure in her marriage by accepting divorce request from

her husband had true meaning to fulfill her safety needs. Athena’s failure in

teaching people ended with the announcement of her own death, the true meaning

of this action was also to fulfill her safety needs. Athena’s life is a never ending

struggle since her life was full of struggles, and the climax of her struggle was the

struggle to stay alive.

  The writer suggested future researchers should explore more about the

portrayal of the other characters that also plays a vital role in this novel such as

Athena’s parents, Athena’s friends, Athena’s son, and so on. Future researchers

can also analyze Athena’s enjoyment towards dance because she danced at most

of the times. The novel itself can be used as material to teach Prose II in English

Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University.

  

ABSTRAK

Anggoro, Adrianus Seto. 2012. The Never Ending Struggles of Athena’s Life as

Seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello. Yogyakarta: Program Studi

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas

Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Studi ini membahas The Witch of Portobello, sebuah karya sastra yang

ditulis oleh seorang novelis Brazil, Paulo Coelho. The Witch of Portobello

menceritakan kehidupan dari tokoh utamanya, Athena yang memiliki kemampuan

seorang penyihir.

  Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan makna sebenarnya dari hidup

Athena. Ada dua rumusan masalah untuk dijawab dalam studi ini (1) “bagaimana

Athena digambarkan dalam novel?” dan (2) “bagaimana Athena menemukan

makna hidupnya?”

  Sumber utama yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah novel itu sendiri.

Sumber tambahan yang digunakan diambil dari buku-buku yang terkait dan

internet. Studi ini menggunakan teori pendekatan kritis, teori motivasi, teori

karakter dan perwatakan, dan teori cinta, sedangkan pendekatan dilakukan melalui

analisis psikologi. Pendekatan melalui analisis psikologi tersebut digunakan untuk

menjawab rumusan-rumusan masalah di atas.

  Ada dua hal yang dapat disimpulkan setelah menganalisis novel ini.

Kesimpulan pertama adalah penggambaran Athena di dalam novel. Athena adalah

wanita yang cantik. Dia wanita mandiri karena mampu membesarkan anaknya

tanpa suami. Dia juga memiliki tekad kuat karena akan memperjuangkan yang dia

anggap benar. Dia orang yang karismatis karena banyak orang mengikutinya.

  

Sebagai seorang ibu dia keibuan karena sangat mencintai anaknya. Dia senang

berpetualang karena dia percaya itulah jalan hidupnya. Kesimpulan kedua adalah

makna hidup Athena seperti yang terlihat dalam perjuangan-perjuangannya.

Perjuangan-perjuangan Athena antara lain: Perjuangan Athena di universitas;

Perjuangan Athena dalam perkawinannya; dan perjuangan Athena dalam

mengajar orang-orang. Perjuangan-perjuangan tersebut berakhir dengan

kegagalan. Bagaimanapun juga, terdapat makna sebenarnya dari kegagalan-

kegagalan tersebut. Makna sebenarnya dari kegagalannya di universitas adalah

mendapatkan cinta. Kegagalannya dalam perkawinan dengan menerima ajakan

bercerai dari suaminya memiliki makna sesungguhnya yaitu untuk memenuhi

kebutuhannya akan keamanan. Kegagalan Athena dalam mengajar orang-orang

berakhir dengan pengumuman kematiannya, makna sebenarnya dari perbuatan ini

juga untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya akan keamanan. Hidup Athena merupakan

perjuangan tanpa akhir karena hidupnya penuh dengan perjuangan, dimana

puncak dari perjuangannya adalah perjuangan untuk tetap hidup.

  Penulis menganjurkan penulis di masa yang akan datang untuk

menganalisis lebih lanjut mengenai penggambaran karakter-karakter lain yang

  

datang juga dapat menganalisis kesukaan Athena terhadap menari karena dia

sering menari di banyak kesempatan. Novel ini sendiri dapat digunakan sebagai

materi untuk mengajar Prose II untuk Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris di

Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Kata kunci: karakter, perjuangan, motivasi, penyihir.

THIS THESIS IS PRESENTED AND DEDICATED TO MY FAMILY AND MY FRIENDS.

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My greatest gratitude is addressed to all those who gave me the

possibility to complete this thesis. First of all, my deepest gratitude is to my

  

Almighty God, Lord Jesus Christ, for His wonderful love and guidance so I could

finish this thesis, my advisor Drs. Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D., as my

major sponsor who has spent his precious time, and dedicated his energy in

guiding me to finish this thesis. His inputs, patience, guidance, and correction

throughout the processes of writing this thesis are the biggest contributions, which

have helped me to finish it. I would like to give my deepest thanks to the lecturers

who became the examiners in my thesis defense, C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. and

Ag. Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A. for the guidance, support, and opportunity given.

  

I would also like to thank all lecturers and staff of the English Education Study

Program, Sanata Dharma University. I would also like to express my particular

thanks to the library staff of Sanata Dharma University.

  I would also deeply be grateful to my beloved family, especially my

parents B.S. Hartaja and Afra Tien Sotyaningrum for their endless prayers,

support, affection, attention, motivation, and love so I could finish my study and

my thesis. I would like to give my deepest thanks to my friends who help me

correcting my grammar: Gaby, Bre, and Hening. My gratitude also goes to my

friends of English Education Study Program 2007: Tommy, Rian, Asep, Wendy,

Bretya, Yusak, Dwi, Dezta, Lala, Popon, Asti, Rara, Dei, Haya, Nidya, and those

  Last but not least, I would like to give my respect for those whom I

cannot mention individually, but surely this thesis could not be done without their

support and help.

  Adrianus Seto Anggoro

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

  

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGES ............................................................................................ ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY.................................................. iv

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI....................................................v

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRAK............................................................................................................. vii

PAGE OF DEDICATION ................................................................................... ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................. x

TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... xii

  

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1

  1.1. Background of the Study.........................................................1

  1.2. Objectives of the Study ...........................................................3

  1.3. Research Problem....................................................................3

  1.4. Definition of Terms.................................................................3

  1.4.1 Character ..........................................................................3

  1.4.2 Struggle ............................................................................4

  1.4.3 Motivation ........................................................................4

  1.4.4 Witch ................................................................................4

  

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.................................5

  2.1. Theoretical Review .................................................................5

  2.1.1. Theory of Critical Approaches ........................................5

  2.1.1.1. The Formalist Approach ..........................................6

  2.1.1.2. The Biographical Approach.....................................6

  2.1.1.3. The Sociocultural-Historical Approach...................6

  2.1.1.4. The Mytophoeic Approach ......................................7

  2.1.1.5. The Psychological Approach...................................7

  2.1.2.1. The Id.......................................................................8

  2.1.2.2. The Ego....................................................................9

  2.1.2.3. The Superego ...........................................................9

  2.1.2.3.1 The Ego Ideal ..................................................10

  2.1.2.3.2 The Conscience ...............................................10

  2.1.2.4. The interaction of the Id, Ego, and Superego ........10

  2.1.3. Theory of Motivation ....................................................11

  2.1.3.1. Self-Actualization ..................................................12

  2.1.3.2. Esteem Needs.........................................................13

  2.1.3.3. Social Needs ..........................................................13

  2.1.3.4. Safety Needs ..........................................................14

  2.1.3.5. Physiological Needs...............................................14

  2.1.4. Theory of Character and Characterization ...................14

  2.1.5. Theory of Love .............................................................15

  2.1.5.1. Intimacy ................................................................15

  2.1.5.2. Passion ..................................................................16

  2.1.5.3. Commitment .........................................................16

  2.1.5.4. Forms of Love........................................................16

  2.1.5.4.1. Liking or Friendship .....................................17

  2.1.5.4.2. Infatuated Love ..............................................17

  2.1.5.4.3. Empty Love....................................................17

  2.1.5.4.4. Romantic Love...............................................17

  2.1.5.4.5. Companionate Love .......................................17

  2.1.5.4.6. Fatuous Love..................................................17

  2.1.5.4.7. Consummate Love ........................................17

  2.2. Theoretical Framework .........................................................17

  2.3. Context of the Novel .............................................................19

  2.3.1. The Novelist ..................................................................19

  2.3.1. The Novel ......................................................................19

  

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...................................................................21

  3.1.Subject Matter......................................................................21

  3.2.Approach..............................................................................22

  3.3.Procedures............................................................................23

  

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ................................................................................25

  4.1.Athena’s Character ..............................................................25

  4.1.1. Beautiful......................................................................26

  4.1.2. Independent .................................................................27

  4.1.3. Determined..................................................................27

  4.1.4. Charismatic .................................................................30

  4.1.5. Motherly......................................................................31

  4.1.6. Adventurous ................................................................32

  4.2. The Meaning of Athena’s Life as Seen in Her Struggles ...32

  4.2.1. The List of Athena’s Struggles ...................................33

  4.2.1.1. Athena’s Struggle in University ........................33

  4.2.1.2. Athena’s Struggle in Her Marriage ...................34

  4.2.1.3. Athena’s Struggle in Teaching People ..............35

  4.2.2. The True Meaning of Athena’s Struggles...................37

  4.2.2.1. Athena’s Struggle in University ........................37

  4.2.2.2. Athena’s Struggle in Her Marriage ... ................38

  4.2.2.3. Athena’s Struggle in Teaching People ...............39

  4.2.3. The Meaning of Athena’s Life....................................39

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................................41

  5.1. Conclusions ...........................................................................41

  5.2. Suggestions ...........................................................................43

  5.2.1. Suggestions for Future Researchers .............................43

  5.2.2. Suggestions for English Lecturers.................................44

REFERENCES .....................................................................................................45

  

APPENDICES ......................................................................................................46

A PPENDIX 1:

  SUMMARY OF THE WITCH OF PORTOBELLO .............47 A PPENDIX 2: AUTO BIOGRAPHY OF PAULO COELHO ....................48

  A PPENDIX 3: SYLLABUS OF PROSE II ............................................53 A PPENDIX 4: LESSON PLAN ..........................................................59 A PPENDIX 5: MATERIAL ...............................................................62

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This first chapter consists of four sub-chapters. They are Background of Study, Objective of the Study, Problem Formulations, and Definition of Terms. In Background of Study, the primary datum was discussed. Objective of the Study

  explains the aim of this study. Problem Formulation mentions the questions to be answered in this study. The last sub-chapter, Definition of Terms, describes the meaning of the important words and expressions used in this study.

1.1. Background of the Study

  When we talk a about novel, the first thing coming in our mind might be a written story of certain events. It is clear that the title of the novel the writer would like to study is The Witch of Portobello written by Paulo Coelho—where Athena is the main character. This study deals with Athena’s life, especially in her struggle to search the meaning of her life. The primary datum was a novel titled The Witch of Portobello. The author of the novel was Paulo Coelho. Though the original novel was published in 2006 in Portuguese language, what the writer mentioned here is the English- translation version—translated by Margaret Jull Costa in 2007. This novel was published in 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers in the United States of America. From the publication year, this novel is still considered fresh. The type of this novel is Portuguese fiction. Here is the brief summary of the novel:

  This novel consists of people’s point of view about the main characters so the writer told the summary in general. The novel begins with Athena’s dead. Her real name was Sherine Khalil. In the novel she was usually called Athena. She is the main character of the novel. She was an adopted child. She was abandoned by her gipsy mother in Transylvania, Romania. She was taken by her adoptive parents to Beirut. They moved to London, where Athena continued her education until university. There she met a man that later became her husband. She then got divorced and lived with her son. Her last job known was a real-estate agent in Dubai. She learned calligraphy from a teacher in a desert. She also went back to Transylvania to find her birth mother. Her life was never flat. Later on, many people accused her as a witch. In the end, she was murdered—or at least that is what people were thinking. Mostly, the points of view that create the story come from the people who knew her: her adoptive mother, her ex-husband, a journalist, a priest, her landlord, her calligraphy teacher, and an actress. As we see in the brief summary, Athena as the main character of the novel always seeks for something in her life.

  Having read this novel, the writer found that the portrayals of Athena in the novel are interesting, especially her portrayal as a witch. The way the story was told is unique. The story of Athena’s life was told from many different perspectives. The writer found out that it is interesting to analyze Athena’s struggles. She had an extraordinary life. This study has its purpose to discover the meaning of Athena’s life.

  1.2. Objective of the Study

  The aim of this study is to discover the meaning of Athena’s life as seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello.

  1.3. Research Problem

  The problem of this study can be formulated into two research questions: 1) How is Athena portrayed in the novel? 2) How does Athena find the meaning of her life?

  1.4. Definition of Terms

  The following is the meaning of important words used in this study. These terms are needed to be defined to avoid misunderstanding in this study.

1.4.1. Character

  Character refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral

principles that makes up each of these individuals (Stanton, 1965, p. 17). In this

  study, character refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up Athena .

  1.4.2. Struggle

  Struggle is the act or process, or an instance of struggling (Webster encyclopedic unabridged dictionary of English language, 1989, p. 1410). In this study, struggle means the act or process, or an instance of struggling that Athena did in her life.

  1.4.3. Motivation

  Motivation is the grounds in a character’s temperament and moral nature for his speech and actions (Abrams, 1981, p. 20). In this study, motivation means the grounds in Athena’s temperament and moral nature for her speech and actions.

  1.4.4. Witch

  Witch is a lady with a long history behind her, recorded in the psyche, and with a complicated development of personality transference which legend has shaped, clothed and brought to life as hostile character (The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols, 1996, p. 1118). In this study, witch means the nickname for Athena since she had a long history behind her, recorded in the psyche, and with a complicated development of personality transference which legend has shaped and clothed, but many people considered her as hostile character.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This second chapter consists of four sub-chapters. They are Theoretical Review, Theoretical Framework and Context of the Novel. In Theoretical Review, the theories

  employed are discussed. Theoretical Framework explains the contributions of the theories employed. The last sub-chapter, Context of the Novel, describes the social, cultural, political, and economical situation of the novelist and the novel.

2.1. Theoretical Review In order to answer the research questions, the writer is employing several theories.

  They are Theory of Critical Approaches, Psychoanalysis, Theory of Motivation, Theory of Character and Characterization, and Theory of Love.

2.1.1. Theory of Critical Approaches

  This theory is introduced by RohrBerger and Woods, Jr. in their work Reading

  

and Writing About Literature in 1971. It consists of five approaches to study a

  literary work (pp. 6-15). They are The Formalist Approach, The Biographical Approach, The Sociocultural-Historical Approach, The Mythopoeic Approach, and The Psychological Approach.

  2.1.1.1. The Formalist Approach

  This approach has purpose to apprehend the totality of the literary object. Mostly it concentrates on its esthetic value. Furthermore, the extreme formalist critic examines the literary piece without reference to facts of the author’s life, without reference to the genre of the piece or to its place in the development of the genre or in literary history, and without reference to its social milieu (pp. 6-7).

  2.1.1.2. The Biographical Approach

  Proponents of the biographical approach assert the necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of the literary object. It provides useful facts about the author will help the readers to have a better understanding and appreciation toward the literary object (pp. 8-9).

  2.1.1.3. The Sociocultural-Historical Approach

  This approach is concerned with the social background in which work of literary was created. Behind every art form there is also a philosophy of life which can be expressed and viewed in moral terms. Two factors are present here: First, accuracy in the presentation of historical facts is of value to the historian, but not necessarily to the author. Second, a work of literature might have historical significance, but not necessarily literary significance (pp. 9-11).

  2.1.1.4. The Mythopoeic Approach

  Critics who make use of the mythopoeic frame of reference seek to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought, which they believe find expression in significant works of art (pp. 11-13).

  2.1.1.5. The Psychological Approach

  The psychological approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. This approach tries to find the human psychology such as human personality in the literary work. In applying these psychological theories the student must once again be careful not to take the part for the whole and reduce a piece of literature to a mere statement of a behavior pattern (pp. 13-15).

2.1.2. Psychoanalysis

  In 1923, Freud presented his new "structural theory" of an id, ego, and

  

superego in a book entitled The Ego and the Id . Structural theory divides the psyche

  into the id , the ego , and the super-ego . The id is present at birth as the repository of basic instincts, which Freud called "Triebe" ("drives"): unorganized and unconscious, it operates merely on the 'pleasure principle', without realism or foresight. The ego develops slowly and gradually, being concerned with mediating between the urgings of the id and the realities of the external world; it thus operates on the 'reality principle'. The super-ego is held to be the part of the ego in which self-observation, super-ego are both partly conscious and partly unconscious. Furthermore, Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality believes that personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality, known as the id, the ego and the superego, work together to create complex human behaviors.

2.1.2.1. The Id

  The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension.

  However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behavior would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need.

  2.1.2.2. The Ego

  The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses.

  In many cases, the id’s impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification, the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary process.

  2.1.2.3. The Superego

  The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society—our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgements. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego:

  2.1.2.3.1. The Ego Ideal

  The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors. These behaviors include those, which are approved of by parental and other authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment.

  2.1.2.3.2. The Conscience

  The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse.

2.1.2.4. The Interaction of the Id, Ego and Superego

  With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might arise between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego's ability to function despite these duelling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, while those with too much or too little ego strength can become too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego.

  Meanwhile, one of the approach introduced by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. in their work Reading and Writing About Literature in 1971 is the psychological approach: The psychological involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. This approach tries to find the human psychology such as human personality in the literary work. In applying these psychological theories the student must once again be careful not to take the part for the whole and reduce a piece of literature to a mere statement of a behavior pattern (pp. 13-15).

2.1.3. Theory of Motivation

  The basis of Maslow's motivation theory is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. According to Maslow (1987), there are general types of needs namely physiological, survival, safety, love, and esteem that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He calls these needs "deficiency needs." As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self- actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy, while preventing gratification makes us sick or acts evilly (pp. 80-122).

  As a result, for adequate workplace motivation, it is important that leadership understands the active needs active for individual employee motivation. In this manner, Maslow's model indicates that fundamental, lower-order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher- following hierarchical hierarchical diagram, sometimes called “'Maslow's Needs Needs Pyramid” or “Maslow's Needs Triangle Needs Triangle”, after a need is satisfied it stops acting acting as a motivator and the next need one rank higher starts to motivate. the next need one rank higher starts to motivate.

  Self-Actualization Esteem Needs Social Needs Safety Needs Physiological Needs

Figure 2.1. Maslow’s Needs Pyramid

2.1.3.1. Self-actualization actualization

  Self-actualization actualization is the summit of Maslow’s motivation theory. motivation theory. It is about the quest of reaching one’s reaching one’s full potential as a person. Unlike lower level lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualized people tend to have motivators such as truth, justice, wisdom, and meaning. Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization.

  2.1.3.2.Esteem Needs

  After a person feels that he “belongs”, the urge to attain a degree of importance emerges. Esteem needs can be categorized as external motivators and internal motivators. Internally motivating esteem needs are those such as self-esteem, accomplishment, and self respect. External esteem needs are those such as reputation and recognition. Some examples of esteem needs are recognition (external motivator), attention (external motivator), social status (external motivator), accomplishment (internal motivator), self-respect (internal motivator), and success. Maslow later improved his model to add a layer in between self-actualization and esteem needs: the need for aesthetics and knowledge.

  2.1.3.3.Social Needs

  Once a person has met the lower level physiological and safety needs, higher level motivators awaken. The first level of higher level needs is social needs. Social needs are those related to interaction with others and may include friendship, acceptance, affection, belonging to a group, and giving and receiving love.

  2.1.3.4.Safety Needs

  They are security, shelter, freedom from fear and anxiety. Once physiological needs are met, one’s attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security, and financial reserves might fulfil such needs. According to the Maslow hierarchy, if a person feels threatened needs further up the pyramid will not receive attention until that need has been resolved.

  2.1.3.5.Physiological Needs

  Physiological needs are those required to sustain life, such as air, water, food, sex, and sleep. According to Maslow’s Needs Pyramid, if these fundamental needs are not satisfied then one will surely be motivated to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not recognized until one satisfies the needs basic to existence. (1987, pp. 123-154)

2.1.4. Theory of Character and Characterization

  Stanton (1965) states that character is commonly used in two ways. The first is

that character designates the individuals who appear in the story. The second is that

  

that makes up each of these individuals (p. 17). Character gives a certain situation or

circumstance in the story because he or she shows his or her emotions in it.

  Holman and Harmon (1986) believed that in lyric, essay, and autobiography,

authors reveal aspects of their own character; in biography and history, authors

present the characters of actual person; and in fiction (drama, novel, short story, and

narrative poem) authors reveal the characters of imaginary persons. The creation of

the imaginary persons so they exist for reader as lifelike is called characterization (p.

81).

2.1.5. Theory of Love

  Sternberg (1986) comes up with a Triangular Theory of Love. The underlying idea of this theory is that love can be dissected into three main parts: intimacy, passion and decision/commitment.

2.1.5.1. Intimacy

  This encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness, and boundedness. With passion, there is the initial infatuation, the strong emotions, and the attraction. It involves a high level of trust between two individuals.

  2.1.5.2. Passion

  This encompasses encompasses drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, physical attraction, and sexual consummation. With With intimacy, the lovers become closer, inter closer, inter-dependant, and psychologically their self-concepts begin to overlap. psychologically their self

  2.1.5.3. Commitment Commitment

  This encompasses, encompasses, in the short term, the decision to remain with remain with another, and in the long term, the shared the shared achievements and plans made with that other. with that other. Commitment is the most volitional of volitional of the three, the decision to take steps to maintain to maintain the love and the relationship (pp. 118 (pp. 118-135).

  2.1.5.4. These are the forms of love according to Sternberg e are the forms of love according to Sternberg:

Figure 2.2. Sternberg’s The Forms of Love

  

2.1.5.4.1. Liking/friendship: Is characterizes true friendships, in which a person

  feels a bond, warmth, and a closeness with another but not passion or long- term commitment.

  2.1.5.4.2. Infatuated love: It is pure passion.

  

2.1.5.4.3. Empty love: It is characterized by commitment without intimacy or

passion.

  

2.1.5.4.4. Romantic love: It bonds individuals emotionally through intimacy and

  physically through passionate arousal, but neither is sustained without commitment.

  

2.1.5.4.5. Companionate love: It is an intimate, non-passionate type of love that is

stronger than friendship because of the element of long-term commitment.

  The love ideally shared between family members is a form of companionate love, as is the love between close friends who have a platonic but strong friendship.

  

2.1.5.4.6. Fatuous love: Its commitment is motivated largely by passion without the

stabilizing influence of intimacy.

  

2.1.5.4.7. Consummate love: It is the complete form of love. Consummate love is

theorized to be that love associated with the “perfect couple” (p. 341).

2.2. Theoretical Framework

  This sub chapter explains how the mentioned theories give big contributions to Athena. By analyzing Athena psychologically, it gives better understanding towards the main subject of this study. The id, the ego, and super-ego presented by Freud analyze Athena deeply. By using psychoanalysis the psychological aspect of Athena as seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello can be revealed.

  The Theory of Critical Approaches proposed by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. becomes the second basic approaches to examine a literary works. The concepts presented by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. examine Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of

  

Portobello through five various approaches. Those approaches analyze the aspects of

the novel critically.

  Next, the novel is examined using the theory of motivation from Abraham Maslow. This theory is necessary to examine the novel the way it is intended. This theory used to give deep analysis to Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello. This is the final step that eventually concludes the whole study as seen in the final chapter. The upbringing of this concepts leads this study to the next, final evaluation to Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello.

  Forth, theories employed are the theory of character and characterization. This theory is significant because this study examines the Athena – the main character of Paulo Coelho’s The Witch of Portobello. The concepts of character here follow the theories proposed by Stanton. Furthermore, Holman and Harmon’s theory of characterization develops this study.

  The final theory used is the theory of love, since it is impossible for a mere the other characters of the story. Furthermore, the analysis using this theory answer one aspect of the second research question.

2.3. Context of the Novel

  This session deals with social, cultural, political, and economical situation of the novelist and the novel. This was taken from the interviews by Valerie Reiss with Paulo Coelho, the author of The Witch of Portobello (included in the Novel).

  2.3.1. The Novelist