The influence of environment differences to kaname`s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture in Junichiro Tanizaki`s some prefer nettles - USD Repository
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT DIFFERENCES TO KANAME’S ATTITUDE TOWARD TRADITIONAL JAPANESE CULTURE IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S SOME PREFER NETTLES AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
DITA SURWANTI
Student Number: 044214006
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT DIFFERENCES TO
KANAME’S ATTITUDE TOWARD TRADITIONAL
JAPANESE CULTURE IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S
SOME PREFER NETTLES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
DITA SURWANTI
Student Number: 044214006
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
Success is not Final, Failure is
not Fatal; I t is the Courage to
Continue that Counts
(
Winston Churchil)
For M y Beloved Parents W ho W ork V ery
H ard for M e and I hope I can M ake Them
H appy and Proud
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Allah S.W.T for all blessing and gifts for me. I realize that Allah has given me strength and chance to be able to finish this thesis. Then I would like to thank my beloved parents who have worked hard to give me opportunity to study in this faculty. Because of them, I can be stronger in life and believe in myself.
Then it is a great pleasure to express my gratitude to Dra. Theresia Enny Anggraini, M.A., due to her guidance and assistance during this study. I really appreciate her advice and her patience to help me finish this thesis. I also want to thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M. Hum. who gives suggestion for this thesis. Therefore, I thank them and pray for their happiness and health.
I would also like to thank all my best friends: Tiny, Nofi, Elin, Pita, Lutfi, Indri, Disti, Amel and all my friends in this faculty for their continuous support and love which are really helping me. I also thank my friends in my ex-boarding house: Neny, Yanti, Santi, also my KKN’s friends and all my friends wherever they are. Thank you so much and hopefully our entire dream will come true and we will always be friends forever.
The next gratitude goes to all secretariat staff members in the English letters and all the library staffs of Sanata Dharma University. I thank them for their helpful services.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE2. Theories of Characterization .......................................................9
C. The Influence of Environment Changes to Kaname’s Attitude toward Traditional Japanese Culture .................................................41
B. Kaname’s Environment Changes.......................................................32
A. Kaname’s Attitude toward Traditional Japanese Culture at the Beginning of the Story......................................................................23
............................................................................23
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
C. Method of the Study.........................................................................19
B. Approach of the Study......................................................................18
A. Object of the Study...........................................................................17
................................................................17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
C. Theoretical Framework.....................................................................15
4. Theories of Psychology...............................................................12
3. Theories of Setting......................................................................11
1. Theories of Character .................................................................8
...................................................................................................i
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ....................................................6
A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................6 B. Review of Related Theories ..............................................................8D. Definition of Terms...........................................................................4
C. Objectives of the Study.....................................................................4
B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................3
A. Background of the Study ..................................................................1
....................................................................1
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................vii
ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................viii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................ix
.............................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
......................................................................................v
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ....................................................................................iii
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................iv
DEDICATION PAGE.........................................................................................ii
APPROVAL PAGE
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................54
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................57 APPENDIX: Summary of Some Prefer Nettles..................................................59
ABSTRACT
DITA SURWANTI. The Influence of Environment Differences to Kaname’s
Attitude toward Traditional Japanese Culture in Junichiro Tanizaki’s Some
Prefer Nettles. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University, 2008.This story is talking about the conflict between the traditional and modern Japanese culture. Kaname is created by the author as a modern Japanese man who does not like the traditional Japanese culture. In this story Kaname is psychologically developed. Kaname’s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture is not the same as what it is at the beginning of the story. As the story goes forward Kaname experiences many environment differences which give contribution to his attitude change.
The reason of writing this thesis is derived from the writer’s curiosity to understand more about the change of Kaname’s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture, his environment differences and also the influence of his environment differences to his attitude toward the traditional Japanese culture. Thus, the writer has formulated the following problems that base the writing of this thesis, they are: (1) What are Kaname’s attitude toward the traditional Japanese culture described at the beginning of the story? (2) What are Kaname’s environment differences that happened in the story? (3) How do the environment differences influence Kaname’s attitude toward the traditional Japanese culture?
This study applies a library research. There are two kinds of sources; the primary source is the story itself, Some Prefer Nettles. The secondary sources are obtained from several books on literature, psychology, and also from the internet. In answering the problems, several theories on literature and psychology are applied. They are theory of character, characterization, setting, influence of environment and attitude change. The psychological approach is chosen to explain Kaname’s attitude change.
Finally, the writer concludes that at the beginning of the story Kaname does not like the traditional Japanese culture even he is annoyed at it, but it is changed after he experiences many environment differences that makes him meet many different places, arts and people. The environment differences bring influence to Kaname’s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture. He is attracted to the traditional Japanese culture and even he enjoys the traditional Japanese culture.
ABSTRAK
DITA SURWANTI. The Influence of Environment Differences to Kaname’s
Attitude toward Traditional Japanese Culture in Junichiro Tanizaki’s Some
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Satra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Prefer Nettles. Sanata Dharma, 2008.
Novel ini menceritakan tentang konflik antara kebudayaan tradisional Jepang dan kebudayaan modern Jepang. Kaname diciptakan oleh pengarang sebagai seorang pria Jepang modern yang tidak suka dengan kebudayaan tradisional Jepang. Dalam novel ini Kaname mengalami perkembangan psikologi. Sikap Kaname terhadap kebudayaan tradisional Jepang tidak sama seperti pada awal cerita. Seiring berjalannya cerita Kaname mengalami banyak lingkungan berbeda yang mempengaruhi perubahan sikapnya.
Alasan dibalik penulisan skripsi ini adalah rasa ingin tahu dari penulis untuk memahami lebih jauh mengenai perubahan sikap Kaname terhadap kebudayaan tradisional Jepang, lingkungan Kaname yang berbeda dan bagaimana hal tersebut mempengaruhi sikapnya terhadap kebudayaan tradisional Jepang. Oleh karena itu penulis merumuskan masalah yang mendasari penulisan skripsi ini seperti di bawah ini: (1) Apa saja sikap Kaname terhadap kebudayaan tradisional Jepang yabg diceritakan di awal cerita? (2) Apa saja lingkungan Kaname yang berbeda? (3) Bagaimana perbedaan lingkungan tersebut mempengaruhi sikap Kaname terhadap kebudayaan tradisional Jepang?
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber informasi, sumber informasi yang utama adalah cerita itu sendiri, yaitu Some
Prefer Nettles . Sumber informasi yang kedua didapat dari bebrapa buku sastra,
psikologi dan juga dari internet. Dalam menjawab rumusan masalah, beberapa teori sastra dan psikologi juga digunakan, yaitu teori karakter, teori karakterisasi, teori lokasi, teori pengaruh lingkungan dan teori perubahan sikap. Pendekatan psikologi dipilih untuk menjelaskan tentang perubahan sikap Kaname.
Akhirnya penulis menyimpulkan bahwa pada awal cerita Kaname tidak suka dengan kebudayaan tradisional Jepang bahkan dia merasa terganggu dengan kebudayaan tersebut. Akan tetapi hal tersebut berubah setelah Kaname mengalami banyak lingkungan berbeda yang membuat dia menjumpai tempat-tempat yang berbeda, kesenian-kesenian yang berbeda dan juga orang-orang yang berbeda. Perbedaan lingkungan tersebut juga membawa pengaruh terhadap sikap Kaname pada kebudayaan tradisional Jepang dan bahkan dia menikmati kebudayaan tradisional Jepang.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Drama and novel are stories where the author makes the characters. Characters are not real people, but characters are drawn from real life. Characters
are reasonable imitation of human being with all the good and bad traits of being human. A story is usually concerned with a major problem that a character must face. This may involve interaction with another character, with a difficult situation, or with ideas or general circumstances that force action. The character may win, lose, or tie. He or she may learn and be the better for the experience or may miss the point and be unchanged despite of what has happened (Roberts and Jacobs, 1989: 56).
It means that the author describes characters in the stories just like those you find in the real life. Characters in the stories undergo experiences which are sometimes difficult and painful, other times happy and successful, sometimes mixtures of many emotions. With many kinds of different experiences they have their own characteristics, thought and completed with the capabilities to change in their disposition or outlooks as the plot of the story progresses so that they may also be different sort of person at the end of the story as they are at the beginning. However, person in a literary work might remain stable from the beginning until the end of the story. They still can be the same person from their first characteristics.
One of the authors who create their works or characters based on reality is Junichiro Tanizaki. Tanizaki was one of the major writers of Modern Japanese literature and remain one of the most popular Japanese novelists nowadays.
Tanizaki is a Japanese novelist whose works run strains of lyricism together with a good deal of imagery taken from the acute observation of real life. We can find many evidences of characters with dominant or even destructive woman in many of his novel, as are subtle contrasts of new and old, Japanese and Occidental.
Tanizaki saw and depicted vividly the clash between Japan and the West, but on the aesthetic plane (.
One of his works where we can find theme about Japanese and Western cultures and history is Some Prefer Nettles. In this novel the characters are described very well of having cultural conflict. One of characters in this novel that is having conflict on Japanese and Western cultures along the story is Kaname.
Even E.E. Seidensticker, the translator of this novel, remarks it in the introduction of the novel: The real theme of Some Prefer Nettles is the clash between the new and the old, the imported and the domestic. The marital conflict and cultural conflict are in a very general way coextensive. Kaname for his part longs to bury his emotional troubles in the calm unity of the old Japanese way of life. The new and the old for Kaname and Tanizaki there is on the one hand Tokyo and on the other Osaka. (1954: x-xi). From the marriage and cultural conflict which are happening to the main character above, Tanizaki created a character who is having a complex or round characteristics. He may develop as the story goes forward, since he experiences different environment from the beginning until the end of the story.
After reading Tanizaki’s Some Prefer Nettles, the writer is interested in examining Kaname, the main character of the novel. The main character of Kaname is indeed not a flat character, but he is a complex character. The writer finds out that from the beginning until the end of the story, Kaname is psychologically developed, so that he is not the same sort of person at the end as he is at the beginning. His attitude toward traditional Japanese culture is changed as the story goes forward.
Reading the novel, the writer finds out that the psychological change in Kaname or in his attitude toward traditional Japanese culture is interesting. It is interesting because the writer saw that through out the novel Kaname experiences environment differences and meets different people that gradually give contribution to the change of his attitude and finally give experiences for his self evaluation. In other words, Kaname gradually gets influences from the environment differences that happen to him and change his attitude.
Seeing the facts above, the writer is going to focus this study on the character of Kaname. The writer is trying to find out how his attitude toward traditional Japanese culture changes under the influence of the environment differences that he experienced. Thus the environment in the novel is very important toward the main character’s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture. The environment differences surround him give influence and make his attitude change. Therefore this study is particularly intended to Kaname’s attitude change under the influence of the environment differences. This study is also to examine those differences contribute to the change of Kaname’s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture.
B. Problem Formulation
In this paper, the writer will present the problems to be analyzed in the study based on the background of the study above. They are:
1. What are Kaname’s attitudes toward traditional Japanese culture described at the beginning of the story?
2. What are Kaname’s environment differences that happened in the story?
3. How do the environment differences influence the main character’s attitude?
C. Objectives of the Study
In this study the change of Kaname’s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture under the influence of the environment differences will be analyzed. The writer’s intention firstly is to identify Kaname’s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture at the beginning of the story.
Secondly, the study wants to figure out kinds of environmental differences that Kaname experienced during the course of the story from the beginning until the end of the story.
Lastly, this study aims to see how the environmental differences that Kaname experienced influence his attitude toward traditional Japanese culture.
D. Definition of Terms
There are some terms related to the topic that need to be clarified to avoid misunderstanding of the meaning of the terms.
The first one is “environment”. According to Leon Mann in the book ,
Social Psychology
Environment is a major determinant of the individual’s social environment and thereby defines his opportunities for learning and social interaction, among the environmental determinant of social behavior, those of climate, region and area are the most significant (1969: 15).
In this study, the writer defines environmental differences as different social behavior, social interaction, climate, region and area where the character live. It happens because the character goes to different environment where there are many different things, places and people from where the character used to live.
The second one is “attitude”. Based on James Drever in his book A
Dictionary of Psychology , attitude is defined as:
A more or less stable set of disposition of opinion, interest or purpose, involving expectancy of a certain kind of experience, and readiness with an appropriate response; sometimes used in wider sense, but rather less definitely, as in aesthetic attitude, in the sense of a tendency to appreciate or produce artistic results, or a social attitude, in the sense of being sensitive to social relations, social duties or social opinions; attitude scales and attitude tests are scales and tests devised to throw light on temperament and personality traits (1958: 22).
From the definition above, it can be concluded that attitude is character’s opinion or interest which are shown from the character’s response of certain events. It can also be concluded that attitude is part of personality. It is also approved again by Hurlock that part of personality pattern least likely to change is
The third one is “influence”. Again according to James Drever in his book , ”influence is any past or present condition,
A Dictionary of Psychology
experienced as or actually playing a part in determining one’s behavior, or course of thought, in the present” (1958: 134).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies The writer found some related studies that had been done by other
researchers or writers on the same novel or author. Dorothy Perkins in wrote that Tanizaki is a novelist who is especially known
Encyclopedia of Japan
for writing about men’s obsessive sexual desire for women. He was born in cosmopolitan heart of Tokyo and studied Japanese literature at Tokyo University.
During the 1920s, he wrote plays and novels that portray men’s masochistic erotic desire for the beautiful yet demonic power that women seemed to embody for him (1991: 343).
According to Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, Tanizaki is one of major modern Japanese novelists whose writing is characterized by eroticism and ironic wit. Tanizaki’s earliest short stories, of which “Shisei” (1910; “The Tattooer”) is an example, have affinities with Edgar Allan Poe and the French Decadents. After moving from Tokyo to the more conservative Osaka area in 1923, however, he seemed to turn toward the exploration of more traditional Japanese ideals of beauty (1995: 1091-1092).
Again Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, it is said that this novel is autobiography and was published in Japan in 1928 as Tade Kuu Mushi. It originally appeared as a newspaper serial and is generally considered one of the traditional and modern culture in Japan. The protagonist, Kaname, considered himself to be a modern man in a modern marriage. The novel’s other characters, including his wife, mistress, and father in-law, and even the cities in which they live, each symbolize either modernity or ancient way of life. In time of Kaname, by degrees, resumes traditional attitudes and tastes. Eventually he makes love to his father in-law’s old-fashioned mistress and leaves the modern world entirely (1995:1049).
While according to Laurel Graeber, Tanizaki wrote the death or the end of a marriage. The different taste of the partners and their faltering relationship mirror the lost of Japan’s traditional way of life. It is engagingly written, often very witty novel (1995).
In the reviews before it is mentioned that this novel is about modern and ancient of Japanese life and culture. It is also telling about Kaname’s characteristics toward the modern and traditional culture. In this study the writer wants to analyze the main character more specific. The writer wants to analyze the change of Kaname’s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture deeper and also wants to figure out the factors that give influence to his attitude change.
After reading the novel, the writer found that the environment differences happened to Kaname influence and even change his attitude toward traditional Japanese culture. The environment differences include the different places, social relationship, social behavior and custom. Thus, the study is different from the previous reviews because it discovers something new and significant of the novel, reviews, which mentioned about the environment differences that influence and change the main character’s attitude toward traditional Japanese culture.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Character
In the book of Mastering English Literature, Richard Gill defines a character as someone in a literary work that has some sort of identity. It does not need to be a strong one as long as it can picture what kind of character he or she is. (1995: 127).
Based on Colwell (1968), character involves in two basic qualities. The first is morality; it defines character as having moral status such as goodness or badness. The second one is personality; it includes speech, habits, hairstyle, hobby, attitude toward works, and all the complex attitudes and feelings that define the individual.
The classification of characters is made by E.M. Forster in his book
Aspect of the Novel (1974: 18) which divides character into two types; they are
flat and round characters. The flat characters are built around a single idea or quality and are represented in outline and without many individuality details, and so they can be fairly described in a single phrase or sentence. The flat characters are characterized by one or two traits. The round characters are complex in temperament and motivation and are represented with subtle peculiarity. The round character based Colwell (1968) is a fully developed character and it needs making different decision to indicate his complexity and how much he seems like a person. It swings from one aspects of his character to another that has been hinted at all along and it can develop without startling us.
2. Theories of Characterization
According Richard Gill, characterization is the way in which a character is created and described in the story (1995:127).
Characterization based on Kate Grenville (1998: 36-39) is all the things writers do to build up the characters as they want. It is a process that transforms real-life people into characters in fiction. He also defines seven ways of how the author creates character. The first is character should be drawn from real life. The second is that character should not be allowed to take over from the writer. The third is that character must be consistent. The four is that the character should be thoroughly described and explained. The fifth is that character must be lifelike. The sixth is that the character must be interesting. The last is that the character has to be motivated.
Motivation based on Abrams (1993) is the ground in the character’s temperament, desire and moral nature for their speech and action.motivation becomes the reason behind the character’s action and utterance.
M.J Murphy (1972: 161-173) said in his book Understanding Unseens that there are several ways in which the author attempts to make his characters understandable to and alive for his readers: a. Personal description The author can describe a character through his appearance or clothes.
b. Character as seen by another Rather than describing a character directly, the author can describe a character through the eyes and opinions of another.
c. Speech The author can give the reader an inside into the character of one of the person in the book through what the character says whenever he/she speaks, has a conversation with another, puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to his/her character.
d. Past life Character’s past life that is given by the author can give the reader clue to events that have helped to shape a character. It can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others The author can also gives the readers clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other and the things they say about him.
f. Reaction The author can also gives the reader a clue to a person’s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events.
g. Direct comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. h. Thoughts The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person or character is thinking about. i. Mannerism The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his or her character.
3. Theories of Setting
Before we go to the description of setting we should understand that setting is a broad term and based on Richard Gill (1995: 148) it covers: the places in which characters appear; the social context of characters, such as their families, friends and class; the customs, beliefs and rules of behavior that give identity to a society; the particular location of events; and the atmosphere, mood and feel that all the above elements created.
While E.M. Forster (1974: 143- 146) defines three points of setting that should be concerned, they are time, place and atmosphere. Setting of time is divided into present time, past time, future time and no specific time. Setting of place is divided into familiar place, unfamiliar place and imaginary place. While atmosphere is the general feeling that is conveyed to the novel, it can be gloomy, somber, terrifying, evil, cheerful, happy, sordid, pessimistic, optimistic and so on.
Robert Stanton on his book An Introduction to Fiction said, “Setting is the environment of its events, the immediate world in which they occur” (1965: 18).
He also added that sometimes setting exemplifies a theme and evokes a definite emotional tone or mood that surrounds the character. It means that setting also influence the theme and character of the story.
4. Theories of Influence of Environment
According to Pervin, Cervone and John in their book Personality Theory
and Research ,
“Even the most biologically oriented of psychologists recognizes that the environment plays a critical role in the development of our personalities. Some environmental determinants make people similar to one another, whereas others contribute to individual differences and individual uniqueness. The environmental determinants that have proven to be important in the study of personality development include culture, social class, family and peers” (2005:17). Based on Pervin, et al, each culture has its own institutionalized and sanctioned patterns of learned behavior, rituals and belief. These culture practices, which in turn often reflect long-standing religious and philosophical beliefs, provide people with answer to significant question about the nature of the self, one’s role in one’s community, an the values and principles that are most important in life.
Few aspects of an individual’s personality can be understood without reference to the group to which that person belongs. One’s social group; whether lower class or upper class, working class or professional; is of particular importance. Social classes factors help determine the status of individuals, the roles they perform, and the duties they are bound by, and the privileges they enjoy.
While parents may be warm, loving, hostile, rejecting, overprotective and possessive or aware of their children’s need for freedom and autonomy. Each parent of parental behavior affects the personality development of the child.
Environmental features outside the family life are important to personality development. It is the child’s experiences with members of his or her peer group.
Peer influences are so strong that some psychologists view them as more important to personality development than the family experiences. The peer group serves to socialize the individual into acceptance of new rules of behavior and provide for experiences that will long lasting influences on personality development.
Walter Mischel said in his book Introduction to Personality that social environment does not influence the structure of the genes, but it can influence their expression, the brain and the person’s personality. Situations and environments importantly influence what people experience and do in a stable relationship to these context: when the situations remain stable, so does their characteristics pattern of social behavior; when the situations change, the behavior pattern also does so predictably (1999: 228).
It is also supported by Elizabeth B. Hurlock in the book Personality , that at all ages, the more stable the environment, and the fewer
Development
pressure will be on a person to change his personality. It means that environment influence the personality so much. If the environment does not change, the personality would not change. If the environment changes, the personality would
5. Theories of Attitude Change
Attitude change based on Milton Rokeach in Belief Attitudes and Values is a change in predisposition, the change being either change in the organization or structure of beliefs or a change in the content of one or more of the beliefs entering into the attitude organization. It may be focused on either an object or situation. Sometimes attitude change can be called as opinion change, since significant change in the expression of an opinion also represents a change in attitude (1989: 134-139).
Marie Jahoda and Neil Warren said in their book Attitudes that there are three processes on how attitude can change; they are compliance, identification and internalization (1970: 152- 155). i. Compliance
It occurs when an individual accepts influence from another person or a group because he hopes to achieve a favorable reaction from other. It is concerned with gaining approval or avoiding disapproval from the influencing agent when the individual complies, he or she does what the agent wants him or her to do- or what he or she thinks the agent wants him or her to do- because he or she sees this as a way of achieving a desired response from the agent. It is instrumental in the production of a satisfying social effect. ii. Identification
It occurs when an individual adopts attitude from another because it is associated with a satisfying self-defining relationship or self-image to this person the other says, doing what he does, believing what he believes, the individual maintains this relationship and the satisfying self definition that it provides him.
An influencing agent who is likely to be an attractive object for such a relationship is one who occupies a role desired by the individual- who possesses those characteristics that the individual himself or herself lacks- such as control in a situation in which he is disoriented or belongingness in a situation in which he or she is isolated. iii. Internalization
It occurs when an individual accepts influence because the induced attitude is congruent with his value system. It is the content of the induced behavior that is intrinsically rewarding here. The individual adopts it because he or she finds it useful for the solution of a problem, or because it is congenial to his own orientation, or because it is demanded by his own values, because he perceives it as inherently conducive to the maximization of his values. The characteristics of the influencing agent do play an important role in internalization; the crucial is the agent credibility that is his relation to the content.
Based on Pervin, et al, the past, present, and future factors are important in governing the personality change. A basic principle of causality is that presently active processes are the causes of events. In this sense, only the present is important in understanding personality and behavior, but the present can be influenced by experiences in the remote past or in the recent past. Similarly, what one is thinking about in the present can be influenced by thoughts about the immediate future or distant future. People vary in the extent to which they worry about the past and the future (2005: 25).
C. Theoretical Framework
In this study the writer used some reviews and theories to support the analysis. Reviews of related studies are used to give the information about the novel and a little thing about the author. It also gives explanation of how this novel is worthwhile to analyze.
Theories used in this study are theories of character, characterization, setting, and psychology that is divided into theories of influence of environment, and attitude change. All of these theories are used in order to answer the questions revealed in the problem formulation.
Theories of character and characterization are applied to understand what kind of people is the main character and how are his characteristics and characterization.
Before analyzing the environmental influence toward the main character, the writer needs to know the description of place where the main character lives during the story. Thus, the theory of setting is used to get clear information toward the place where the main character lives.
After understanding the description of the place, the writer needs to use the psychological theories to analyze the attitude change of the main character. Thus the writer applies theory of influence of environment to understand the scope of what so called environment, what kind of environment that can influence character’s attitude and also the relation between attitude and environment.
To show the environment influence to the main character’s attitude, the writer needs the theory of attitude change. This theory help the writer understand what can be called as attitude change and the process on how the environment changes the main character’s attitude.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study A novel written by Junichiro Tanizaki entitled Some Prefer Nettles was
firstly published in Japan in the year of 1930. It was originally appeared in Japan as Tade Kuu Mushi. The one that the writer used in this study is the fifteenth printing edition that was printed in Singapore in 2001 by Tuttle Publishing. It originally appeared as a newspaper serial and is generally considered as one of the author’s finest works.
This novel consists of 202 pages and 14 chapters. It tells about cultural conflict between the new and the old, the imported and the domestic (Tanizaki, 2001: x). It is a story of a modern man whose name is Kaname. Kaname lives in Tokyo with his wife, Misako, and his son, Hiroshi. His tastes are very well influenced by the Western Aesthetics. One day, Kaname agrees to accompany his father in law seeing the puppet show in the downtown of Osaka as his last filial duty since he is going to divorce his wife. After visiting the puppet show and several times going with his old-fashioned father in-law, he got many experiences and his interest is turned toward traditional Japanese Arts. A lot of things happened inside Kaname’s mind and there are also lots of things that remind him of his childhood’s memory. This Tokyo man who has superficial Western taste is unconsciously attracted to Osaka and the Japanese past.
B. Approach of the Study In this study, the approach that the writer uses is psychological approach.
According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971:13), psychological approach is an approach involving the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns and which refers to a different body of knowledge, which is psychology. In applying this approach, psychological theories are generally used as the interpretive tool.
The writer decides to apply the psychological approach because in this study the writer is going to find out the attitude change of Kaname as one of the main character of Tanizaki’s Some Prefer Nettles. In analyzing an individual’s attitude change, it is necessary to deal with psychological aspect because attitude is part of recurrent pattern of psychology.
Like what Robert Stanton said on his book An Introduction to Fiction that psychological approach is principally to explore the mind of its central character, especially on the deeper, less conscious level (1965: 64).
Thus, it is proper to use psychological approach because a better understanding of a character’s attitude can be achieved. More, attitude is one of the subjects of psychology, so it will guide the writer on the right analysis because it views a literary work based on literary interpretation.
C. Method of the Study
The writer used library research to support the writing of this paper. In this literary text to analyze this work correctly. Information were also collected from some sites on the Internet.
There are two kinds of sources; primary sources and secondary sources. The primary source that the writer used was the literary work itself, Some Prefer (2001), while some of the secondary sources that the writer used on this
Nettles
work were Richard Gill’s Mastering English Literature (1995), C. Carter Colwell’s A Student’s Guide to Literature (1968), M.H Abrams’s A Glossary of
Literary Terms (1993), E.M Forster’s Aspects of the Novel (1974), Kate
Grenville’s The Writing Book: A Workbook for Fiction Writers (1998), M.J.Murphy’s Understanding Unseens (1972), Robert Stanton’s An Introduction to
Fiction (1965), Pervin, et al’s Personality Theory and Research (2005), Elizabeth
B. Hurlock’s Personality Development (1976), Walter Mischel’s Introduction to
Personality (1999) Marie Jahoda and Neil Warren’s Attitudes (1970), Milton
Rokeach’s Beliefs Attitudes and Values (1989) also other sources that the writer got from the internet.
After the writer got enough information from the sources then the writer began to analyze the literary text. There were several steps that the writer took in order to solve the problem. First was analyzing the main character and the development of his life events by applying the theories of character and characterization. Theory of character from Richard Gill was applied to understand the identity of the main character in the story. Colwell’s theory of character was used to understand how the character’s identity was presented, whether from the habit, hobby, attitude and feeling. Forster’s theory of character was used to explore what kind of character Kaname is, whether he is a flat or round character from his individuality details that are single or complex. While Colwell’s theory of character was applied to prove round character should have developed character, which is shown from many actions, situations and unexpected decisions that the character chose.