The motivation of Yukiko Makioka`s family in finding a husband for Yukiko as seen in Junichiro Tanizaki`s The Makioka Sisters.

THE MOTIVATION OF YUKIKO MAKIOKA’S FAMILY

IN FINDING A HUSBAND FOR YUKIKO

AS SEEN IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S THE MAKIOKA SISTERS

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

by

Christina Putri Widowati Student Number: 041214016

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

i

THE MOTIVATION OF YUKIKO MAKIOKA’S FAMILY

IN FINDING A HUSBAND FOR YUKIKO

AS SEEN IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S THE MAKIOKA SISTERS

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

by

Christina Putri Widowati Student Number: 041214016

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, May 20, 2011 The Writer,

Christina Putri Widowati 041214016

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :

Nama : Christina Putri Widowati Nomor Mahasiswa : 041214016

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :

THE MOTIVATION OF YUKIKO MAKIOKA’S FAMILY

IN FINDING A HUSBAND FOR YUKIKO

AS SEEN IN JUNICHIRO TANIZAKI’S THE MAKIOKA SISTERS

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, me-ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Yogyakarta, 20 Mei 2011 Yang menyatakan

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I BELIEVE YOUR PROMISE

When my heart is hurt

When I have a lot of problems When I am sad

I come to Jesus

You give me power You are always with me When there is no one can help me Jesus gives me the way

When I don’t understand something in my life His speak becomes my light

(By: Liliana Tanoesoedibjo)

“PEOPLE WITH GOOD HEARTS ARE THE ULTIMATE WINNERS…”

(By: Girls Generation Seo Hyun)

This Thesis is dedicated to:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to express my deepest praise and gratitude to Jesus Christ for His big love and kindness. He gives me an opportunity to study in the English Language Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University. He

guides me so that I can finish my thesis. He also gives me power when I am tired.

Next, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Henny Herawati S.Pd., M.Hum. for her patience to guide me. I thank her for her support and encouragement so that I can accomplish my thesis.

My sincere gratitude goes to my beloved family. I deeply thank my father, mother, and Mbak Kiki for giving me support and encouragement. Thank for praying for me. I will give my best for my beloved family. Cici (my little dog), I want to say thank for accompanying me every time and being my best

friend.

I would like to express my gratitude to Arsita, Patrice, Suksma, Rini, Cahya, Reni, Risa, Elly, Tia, Retno, Nana, Lani, Oon, Jody, Adit, Bram, Dian, Tiwi, Riri, Desi, Herjiyanti, Tini, and Tria who always support and encourage me. I would thank for the bad time and good time that we shared. I also

thank my KKN friends: Rini, Ella, Anjar, Mira, Veni, Ucok, Kaka, Topik, and Andrian for their help, and for sharing happiness, laughter, and madness.

I would like to thank all my lecturers in PBI and PBI secretary for teaching and being helpful. I also thank the headmaster and all teachers in SMAN

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1 Kalasan Yogyakarta to give me an opportunity to teach English Conversation

Class.

Finally, I would like to thank Intan and Molen for being my partner to teach English Conversation Class in SMAN 1 Kalasan Yogyakarta. I also thank

for their support me to finish my thesis.

Christina Putri Widowati

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ... v

PAGE OF DEDICATION... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

ABSTRACT ... xii

ABSTRAK ... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problem Formulation ... 4

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 4

1.4 Benefits of the Study ... 4

1.5 Definitions of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 6

2.1 Review of Related Theories ... 6

2.1.1 Critical Approaches ... 6

2.1.2 Character ... 7

2.1.3 Characterization ... 9

2.1.4 Psychology ... 12

2.1.5 Motivation ... 12

2.1.5.1 Definition of Motivation ... 12

2.1.5.2 Types of Motivation ... 14

x

2.1.5.2.2 Human Motives ... 16

2.1.5.2.3 Approach and Avoidant ... 18

2.1.6 Reviews on Literature Marriage Motivation in Japan... 19

2.2 Theoretical Framework ... 24

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ... 26

3.1 Subject Matter ... 26

3.2 Approach of the Study ... 27

3.3 Method of the Study ... 27

CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS ... 29

4.1 Description of Yukiko Makioka’s Character ... 29

4.1.1 Psychological Traits ... 30

4.1.1.1 Shy ... 30

4.1.1.2 Quiet ... 31

4.1.1.3 Submissive ... 32

4.1.1.4 Patient ... 33

4.1.1.5 Passive ... 33

4.1.1.6 Introvert ... 34

4.2 The Motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko ... 35

4.2.1 Extrinsic ... 36

4.2.2 Intrinsic ... 39

4.2.3 Achievement ... 41

4.2.4 Approach ... 50

4.2.5 Avoidant ... 52

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 54

5.1 Conclusions ... 54

5.2 Suggestions ... 55

5.2.1 Suggestion for Future Researchers... 55

xi

REFERENCES ... 59

APPENDICES ... 61

xii

ABSTRACT

Widowati, Christina Putri. 2011. The Motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko as Seen in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters. Yogyakarta: Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analyzed the novel, The Makioka Sisters by Junichiro Tanizaki. Yukiko Makioka is one of four main characters in the novel. She is 33 years old and still unmarried. According to Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, in the middle 19th century, girls were often married by the age of sixteen. Japanese society still thought that a girl who was 30 years old and still unmarried was a taboo. That made the family tried to arrange for marriage (miai). Yukiko’s family also has motivations in finding a husband for Yukiko.

There are two problems discussed in this study. The first problem is how is Yukiko Makioka’s character described in the novel? The second problem is what motivate Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko?

The method used in this study was library study. The primary source of this study was the novel, The Makioka Sisters by Junichiro Tanizaki. The secondary sources were books related to the theory of Literature, theory of Psychological Approach, theory of Character and Characterization, theory of Psychology, theory of Motivation, and articles on Marriage Motivation in Japan.

There are two results based on the analysis in this study. The first result is Yukiko is described as shy, quiet, submissive, passive, patient, and introvert. The second result reveals five motivations of Yukiko’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko. First, Yukiko’s family has the extrinsic motivation because Yukiko is so passive and shy and looks so lonely that makes Yukiko’s family have to find a husband for Yukiko. Second, Yukiko’s family’s intrinsic motivation is to find a wealthy husband for Yukiko. Third, Yukiko’s family’s achievement motivation is to maintain the Makioka’s status and reputation. Fourth, Yukiko’s family’s approach motivation is to expect Yukiko to get married soon. Finally, Yukiko’s family’s avoidant motivation is to avoid what people said and thought negatively about Yukiko.

There are some suggestions for future researchers who are interested in analyzing the novel, The Makioka Sisters. Future researchers can analyze Japanese wedding motivation, Japanese women and family life in Japan, traditions, cultures, and customs in Japan in 1930s-1940s found in The Makioka Sisters. In this thesis, there are also a lesson plan and materials to teach Intensive Reading 2. The source for the materials is selected from some parts of the novel The Makioka Sisters.

xiii

ABSTRAK

Widowati, Christina Putri. 2011. The Motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko as Seen in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini menganalisa novel The Makioka Sisters dari Junichiro Tanizaki. Yukiko Makioka adalah salah satu dari empat tokoh utama di dalam novel. Dia berusia 33 tahun dan masih tidak menikah. Menurut Ensiklopedia dari Kebudayaan Jepang Kontemporer, dipertengahan abad ke-19, gadis-gadis sering dinikahkan pada usia 16 tahun. Masyarakat Jepang masih berpikir bahwa seorang gadis berusia 30 tahun dan masih tidak menikah adalah suatu hal yang tabu. Hal itu membuat keluarga mencoba untuk mengatur pernikahan (miai). Keluarga Yukiko juga mempunyai motivasi dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko.

Terdapat dua masalah yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Yukiko Makioka digambarkan dalam novel? Masalah kedua adalah apa motivasi keluarga Yukiko Makioka dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko?

Metode yang dipakai dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian perpustakaan. Sumber utama dalam skripsi ini adalah novel The Makioka Sisters karya Junichiro Tanizaki. Sumber lainnya adalah buku yang berhubu.bungan dengan teori Kesusastraan, teori Pendekatan Psikologi, teori Karakter dan Karakterisasi, teori Motivasi, dan artikel tentang Motivasi Pernikahan di Jepang.

Ada dua hasil berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan dalam skripsi ini. Hasil analisa pertama adalah Yukiko digambarkan pemalu, pendiam, penurut, pasif, dan introvert. Hasil analisa kedua menyatakan lima motivasi dari keluarga Yukiko dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko. Pertama, keluarga Yukiko mempunyai motivasi ekstrinsic karena Yukiko sangat pasif dan pemalu. Hal itu membuat keluarganya harus mencarikan seorang suami untuk Yukiko. Kedua, motivasi intrinsik dari keluarga Yukiko adalah untuk mencarikan seorang suami yang kaya untuk Yukiko. Ketiga, motivasi pencapaian dari keluarga Yukiko adalah untuk mempertahankan status dan reputasi Makioka. Keempat, motivasi pendekatan dari keluarga Yukiko adalah mengharapkan Yukiko segera menikah. Terakhir, motivasi menjauh adalah untuk menghindari apa yang orang katakan dan pikirkan tentang Yukiko secara negative.

Terdapat beberapa saran bagi peneliti selanjutnya yang tertarik menganalisa novel yang sama. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat menganalisa motivasi pernikahan orang Jepang, kehidupan wanita Jepang dan keluarga di Jepang, tradisi, kebudayaan, dan adat istiadat Jepang di tahun 1930an-1940an yang dapat ditemukan dalam novel. The Makioka Sisters. Di skripsi ini juga terdapat Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran mata kuliah Intensive Reading 2. Sumber untuk materi diambil dari sebagian novel The Makioka Sisters.

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LIST OF APPENDICES

1. Summary of The Makioka Sister ... 61

2. Biography of Junichiro Tanizaki ... 63

3. Lesson Plan for Teaching Intensive Reading 2 ... 66

1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

In the introduction, there are five parts that are discussed in this study. They are background of the study, objectives of the study, problem formulation, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The first part is background of the study, which explains reasons why the novel is chosen as the source of this study. The second part is objectives of study. It deals with the aim in conducting this study. In the third part, problem formulation, two problems become the main discussion in this study. The fourth part, benefit of the study provides some information about the benefits of this study. The last part is definition of terms that defines some terms related to the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is an expression of life through a language. According to Wellek and Warren states that the works of “literature portray life as reality. They also say literature looks like a real life portrait. It is an illustration of human lives because the literary works present the reality of human situations, problems, feelings, and relationship” (96). Literature can be a reflection of someone’s experiences in his or her daily life. Wellek also says literature is a creative working, an art contains imagination, and figurative language (3). Authors can create literary works based on their imagination creatively.

Wellek and Warren (227) state that most modern literary theory divides three main’s genre in literature. The first one is prose. Prose divides into types. They are fiction (short stories, fairy tales, folk tales, novels, poems) and non-fiction (short stories, reports, letters). The second is drama. The last one is poetry. I am interested in novel among several genres of literature above. Therefore, I decided to use a novel as the source of this study.

According to Abrams, “novel is applied to a great variety of writings that have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in prose” (130). Chevally explains that novel is a fiction in prose of a certain extent and the extent over 50,000 words (3). Thus, novel is a fiction story which is written in a book form. It has a certain length, with characters, plots, time and place of action, and incidents. The story in novels is closely related to human life. Readers see experiences, problems, feelings, relationship, romance, characters’ development and the symbolic action that is intended as a dramatization of the book’s ideas, mood or state of the mind. Novel has six elements. Hudson (130-131) states that the six elements are plot, characters, dialogue, time and place of action, style, and a stated or implied philosophy of life entering into the composition of any work of prose fiction, small or great, good or bad.

In this study, I used one of Junichiro Tanizaki’s novels as the source. The title of the novel is The Makioka Sisters. It is the Japanese greatest post war novel. What is interesting about this novel is its theme, which is about a girl who lives in Osaka. She comes from an upper class family just before the war. She is

33 years old and is unmarried. Her name is Yukiko Makioka. In the end, she gets married in her 30s.

The reason why this study chooses this novel is because in this novel, Tanizaki tried to tell the readers about Japanese women’s life and marriage in 1930s-1940s. As stated above, literature and novel are closely related to human life or human nature, and The Makioka Sisters also relates to women’s life. Therefore, I am very interested in knowing the realities, problems, feelings, and relationship in that novel. After I read that novel, I could see one problem which Tanizaki wanted to tell to the readers, which is about Japanese women’s marriage. In 1930s-1940s, the average age for marriage was very important for girls. According to Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, in the early 19th century, girls were often married by the age of sixteen (9). Japanese society still thought negatively about a girl who was 30 years old and still unmarried was sort of a taboo. It made the family tried to arrange for marriage (omiai). Yukiko Makioka’s family also tries to find a husband for Yukiko.

In the same way, Yukiko Makioka’s family must have motivations in finding a husband for Yukiko Makioka. Therefore, I am interested in analyzing the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family to find a husband for Yukiko Makioka. Before analyzing the motivations, I also analyze Yukiko Makioka’s character. It helps me to know her behavior that makes her family to help her in finding a husband. It is because motivations are causes or reasons underlying particular behaviors.

1.2Problem Formulation

Based on the background above, the questions are: 1. How is Yukiko Makioka’s character described in the novel?

2. What motivate Yukiko Makioka’s family to find a husband for Yukiko?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

This study aims to answer the questions in the problem formulation. The first one is to describe Yukiko Makioka’s character. The second one is to find out the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko. These two objectives are related to each other. The first one is used to answer the second one.

1.4 Benefits of the Study

This study has the benefits for the readers and students of English Education Study Program. By reading this study, they may know about Japanese marriage motivation in 1930s-1940s. This study also gives a good contribution for the readers and students of English Education Study Program who want to analyze Asian novels, especially Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters, because they can enrich their knowledge about Japanese women’s life, Japanese culture, customs, and society in 1930s-1940s.

1.5 Definition of Terms

According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, motivation “refers to factors within an individual, such as needs, desires, and interests that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal”. This indicates that the way a person did some behaviors is guided by some purpose and that it leads to a goal or the satisfaction of some need (392). Thus, in this novel, motivation is factors (needs, desires, and interests) of an individual that activate, maintain, and direct behavior reach a goal.

1

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts. Those are review of related theories and theoretical framework. In the review of related theories, I discuss The Theory of Critical Approaches, Theory of Character, Theory of Characterization, Theory of Psychology, Theory of Motivation, and Reviews on Literature Marriage Motivation in Japan. The last part is theoretical framework which explains the theories used to analyze the novel.

2.1Review of Related Theories

In review of related theories, I discuss the theory of critical approaches, theory of character and characterization.

2.1.1Theory of Critical Approaches

Novel is one of literary works that give us a lot of knowledge and values that it implies. We have to broaden our knowledge so that we understand the novel deeper. To understand the values of the novel, the readers must know critical approaches. According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, the purpose of a critical approach is “to put you in a position to receive some of the positive esthetic values, to provide the means whereby you can understand how literature is shaped and something of what it means” (3). They also state there are five critical approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological

approach (6-15). In this study, I use the psychological approach. The Psychological Approach uses the theory of human psychology to understand characters in the story (14). Human psychology field is motivation, personality, behavior, emotion, and thought. Through the psychological approach, the character’s personality, motivation, behavior, emotion, and thought can be analyzed.

2.1.2 Theory of Character

Character has an important role in the novel. By understanding the characters in the novel, the readers also understand the story, feeling, and events. In The Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makika Sisters, I am interested in one of four characters as the main character to be analyzed in this study. In the novel, Junichiro Tanizaki describes Yukiko Makioka’s life clearly. By analyzing Yukiko Makioka’s character, I also get to analyze the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko. Therefore, some theories of character are used to give more understandings about what the character is.

According to Abrams, “character is the person presented in dramatic or narrative works who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed by moral dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue and what they do-the actions” (21). In the same way, Abrams says characters are the representative of human beings. Characters are presented not only from the narration of the author in his work but also from their and actions which the author shows.

While Blair says “character is a description of figures in the story. The description includes the description of professions, statements, dialogues, and thoughts. The purpose is to describe what the character is to the readers, such as his behavior and how he lies” (52-54).

Milligan states that character can be determined into two terms. There is major and minor character. Major character is the most important character in the literary work because he or she plays the important role. He or she plays from the beginning until the end of the story. He or she often appears more than the other characters. In other word, a major character is the centre of the story. While minor characters are characters who plays less important role in the story. They just appear in certain setting and support the major character to develop the story (155).

Another expert, such as Foster, defines two kinds of characters. The first type is a “flat” character. This character is formed in “a single idea or quantity”. The readers usually recognize this character without any difficulty. It is because a flat character does not have a complexity in the sense. The author also usually describes the flat character in a short explanation. The description of this character is not presented in details. It can be in a short sentence (21).

The second type is a “round” character. This character is more complex in temperament and motivation. The readers do not easily recognize a round character because this character can change his or her personality. This character is unpredictable. Therefore, he or she is always surprising the readers. The round character is more or less the same as a person in real life (21).

Kenny also says that there are traits that influence the building the whole character. They are physical traits, psychological traits, and social traits. Physical traits are related to the physical appearance of the character, such as handsome, beautiful, thin, fat, tall, short, straight hair, etc. Psychological traits concern with the emotion, intellectuality, feeling, and motivation of the character. Social traits are related to the character’s role in society e.g. the relationship with groups or institutions that are recognized by society (32-34). Therefore, characters in this study are persons who are presented in the story.

2.1.3 Theory of Characterization

The process by which the author reveals the personality of a character or the process of conveying information about characters in fiction is called characterization. By giving description of characterization of the characters in the novel, the author makes the readers to understand the characters. The author also creates different characterization between one character and other characters in the novel. As we know that all human in the world must have different characterization. To understand what characterization is, I give some definitions of characterization from some experts.

According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (21), characterization is the process of how authors make a character to exist. They also say that characterization can be described by using two principles. Two principles are direct principle and dramatic principle. Direct principle is used to draw physical appearances of the character, such as height, weight, color of slim or eyes, hair,

and others. Dramatic principle is used to put the character in certain situations so that the readers understand what he or she is, through his or her way on behaving or speaking.

Abrams defines characterization as process for distinguishing the persons in a narrative. This process uses two techniques. They are showing and telling. In showing technique or the dramatic method, the author simply presents his or her characters talking and acting. In telling technique, the author intervenes and authoritatively in order to describe and to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of his or her characters (21).

Barnet, Berman, and Burto divides three various points to understand the characteristic of a character in the literary work. The first is what the character says. The way of his or her speaking helps us to determine his or her feeling and emotion (71-72).

The second is what the character does. It relates to the character’s action during the story. His or her reaction also reflects his or her personality. Sometimes he or she does not say in reacting in a certain moment but through the description of their body language by the author also helps us to understand the character well.

The third is what the other characters say about the character. This method is based on the comments and opinions of other characters toward the character itself and the last is what other characters do that refers to their action toward the character help us to analyze the character.

Furthermore, Murphy states there are nine ways to get better understanding on the characteristics and personalities of the main character (161-173). The first way is personal description. The author uses personal description to describe a character’s physical appearance of the character, such as face, body, skin, haircut, and clothes. By knowing the appearances of the character, the readers also can imagine the character well (161-162).

The second way is character as seen by another. The author describes the character through the opinions of another (162).

The third way is speech. The author gives the readers an insight of the character in the novel through what the character or the person says. When the character is in conversation with another, and he or she gives his or her opinion, he or she is giving the readers some clues to his personality (164).

The fourth way is past life. Sometimes in a story of the novel, the plot jump to the past events and it also includes the past life of the character. It can be done by direct comment by the author, though the person’s thoughts, through his or her conversation or through the medium of another person (165).

The fifth way is conversation with other characters. The author tries to describe a person’s character through conversation other people and the things they say about the character (166).

The sixth way is reactions. The author tries to describe the character through how the character reacts to various situations and events. In this way, the readers see the quality of the character in dealing with any conflicts, problems, or situations arise (168).

The seventh way is direct comment. The author describes or comments about the character directly (170).

The eighth way is thoughts. The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. It is very important for the readers to know the thought of the character in the novel because they understand the motives behind the actions of the character (171).

The last way is mannerism. The author describes mannerisms and habits of the character in the novel. The author reveals the habits or the mannerism of the character positively or negatively (173).

Through some definitions above, characterization in this study is a process to describe person in the story.

2.1.4 The Theory of Psychology

I need the psychological theory to analyze the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko Makioka, because this theory is suitable for this study. There is one theory that is used in this study. That is theory of motivation. This theory is related with the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for her.

2.1.5 Theory of Motivation 2.1.5.1 Definition of Motivation

Every individual must have goals that want to be reached in his or her life. Those goals stimulate individuals to do certain thing and behave in a certain way.

Franken in states “motivation theorists start with the assumption that, for every behavior, there is a cause” (3). Murray says motivations theorists are concerned with the origins or causes of action. Therefore, they are also interested in why people do any number of things. Early motivation theorists also hypothesized that needs cause action. Needs gives people a push or nudge in a certain direction (27). Worchel and Shebilske state “psychologists have used the term motive to describe the condition that energizes and directs the behavior of organisms.” Therefore, motivation is defined as a reason why an organism acts in a certain way in certain time caused by some energy from the body which devices temporarily translate the capabilities into action (373). Some energy from the body is called desires.

According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, motivation “refers to factors within an individual, such as needs, desires, and interests that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal”. This indicates that the way a person did some behaviors is guided by some purpose and that it leads to a goal or the satisfaction of some need (392).

Murray says motivation distinguished from the other factors that also influence behavior, such as the past experience of a person, the physical capabilities, and the environmental situation in which a person finds himself (7). Abram also says that the ground in the characters’ temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation (23).

Robert C. Beck says “motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior” (24). Therefore, when an organism has one or more behaviors

are equally possible and one of the behaviors is chosen, the organism persists in that behavior with more or less vigor until a goal becomes more dominant (24).

Benjamin B. Lahey states motivation is “the internal state or condition that activates and gives direction to our thoughts, feelings, and actions” (360)

According to Herbert L. Petri, motivation is “the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior” (4). The concept of motivation is often used to indicate the direction of behavior.

From the definitions of motivation above, motivation in this study is factors that can stimulate, maintain, and direct behavior on someone thoughts, feelings, and behaves to reach a goal. The factors that influence behavior are needs, desires, and interests, past experiences, physical capabilities and the environmental situation. The other factors that influence behavior are past experiences, physical capabilities, and the environmental situation.

2.1.5.2 Types of Motivation

To analyze the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko deeper, we must also know about what the types of motivation are.

2.1.5.2.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, two forms of motivation that affect achievement are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is “the desire to perform an act for its own sake; motivation is derived

from the satisfaction arising out of the behavior” (401). Extrinsic motivation is “the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance punishment” (401).

Herbert L.Petri defines intrinsic motivation as “the value or pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed” (315). People can be motivated to do a task because their behavior itself is rewarding, not because an external reward. Extrinsic motivation emphasizes “the external goals toward which the activity is directed” (315). People motivate to do something because they want to get an external reward. Herbert L. Petri divides rewards into three types. They are extrinsic, intrinsic, and affective. Extrinsic reward consists of “some external object or situation that satisfies some expectation of the individual” (319). Intrinsic reward is “different, involving the feeling of competence one obtains when one successfully complete a task” (319). Affective reward involves “the positive emotional experience that one gains when a goal is reached” (319).

According to Worchel and Shebilske, intrinsic motivation is “motivated behavior that derives from the enjoyment of performing the task rather than from an expected reward” (409). Intrinsic rewards are intellectual challenge or pride make us fell that we are in control (408). Extrinsic motivation is “motivated behavior that results from external factors, such as a promotion, or other type of reward” (409). This reward can control our behavior.

Therefore, intrinsic motivation in this study is enjoyment or satisfaction to do something and not because external rewards. It is because the successful to do

something is the reward. While extrinsic motivation is the motivation is from external factors (a promotion or other type of reward) of individuals. The extrinsic reward consists of some external object or situation that satisfies some expectation of the individual and the intrinsic reward involves the feeling of competence one obtains when one successfully complete a task.

2.1.5.2.2 Human Motives

According to David McClelland, there are four human motives. They are achievement motive, power motive, affiliative motive, and avoidance motive (224). Worchel and Shebilske state achievement motive is “motive to do things as rapidly and/or as well as possible” (406). McClelland in Robert A. Baron’s defines power motive is “the motive is in charge, to have status and prestige, and influence others” (394). Houston in Benjamin B. Lahey’s defines affiliative motive is “the need to be with other people and to have personal relationships” (368). Avoidance motive is “motives as efforts to avoid discomfort and to reduce strong stimulation, whether caused by hunger, thirst, pain, electric shock, conflict, or frustration” (374). This study only discuss about achievement motive since this motive is appropriate.

According to Henry Murray in Worchel and Shebilske’s, people are driven by the motive to do things as well as possible. People who have high achievement motive are “driven by the general desire to set and achieve high standards of excellent” (406). Henry Murray in Franken’s book defines achievement motivation is “the need to achieve as a desire or tendency to overcome obstacle, to

exercise power, to strive to do something difficult as well as and as quickly as possible” (364).

Atkinson and Birch say achievement motivation identifies two dimensions (406). They are hope for success and fear of failure. People who have the highest need of achievement are people who have a high hope for success and a low fear of failure. People who have a high hope for success seek out tasks that will challenge their abilities. In contrast, people who are dominated by fear of failure attract to simple goals. Family characteristics and lifestyle also influence the development of achievement motive (406-407).

John Jung states “achievement comes from social factors such as prestige, and the recognition and admiration of other people” (135). Admiration comes from people who themselves value to achieve equal feats. In addition, social factors of achievement are also money and other material benefits. Intrinsic reward in achievement motivation is the pride of accomplishment. The successful of achievements are also followed by extrinsic rewards such as social approval or material rewards (136).

Therefore achievement motivation in this study is the need to achieve a desire or tendency to overcome obstacle, to exercise power, to strive to do something difficult as well as and as quickly as possible. The successful of achieving goals is also influenced by intrinsic reward (pride) and extrinsic reward (admiration, prestige, and material benefits).

2.1.5.2.3 Approach and Avoidant Motivation

Franken states motivation theorists have the assumption that every

behavior, there is a cause. Their goal is to identify those causes (3). According to Higgins (3-4), psychologists distinguish between approach causes and avoidant causes. In approach behavior, people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. This is often conceptualized in terms of a specific goal object. For example, someone wants to eat because they are hungry. While in avoidant behavior, people do things to avoid something. Anxiety may not immediately elicit a specific goal object. People who are anxious are often unable to specify the source. Avoidant causes tend to be very compelling. People are not only aversive or noxious but they are also difficult to ignore. For example, someone is afraid of a snake, feel a strong and immediate need to distance from that goal object. He/she is often unable to specify the source of his/her anxiety and he/she attempts to find a safe place.

Watson and Clark in Franken’s say every individual has different anxiety. He or she is more anxious from birth. As a result, he or she is likely to engage in avoidant behaviors. Even thinking of certain activities is enough to make them anxious. For example, someone avoids eating certain foods because he or she fears to get sick (4).

Zuckerman in Franken’s says “extraverts (positive emotionally) and sensation seekers spend more time in approach behaviors. They see the world as a source of opportunities and excitement. For example, people climb a high mountain or hang gliding or traveling the world” (4). Zuckerman also says the

distinction between approach and avoidant motivation. The important determinant of behavior is feelings. Feelings are often caused by chemical reactions in our body or brain (21).

LeDoux in Franken’s states theorists have suggested that people should monitor their feelings. Therefore, they can guide their actions because their feelings are more closely linked to their survival than is rational thought (21).

Higgins in Franken’s states the different of approach and avoidant motivation. Higgins says “the need to understand the role of self-focus in helping humans to achieve goals (approach motivation) and to keep themselves safe and out of harms way (avoidant motivation)” (8).

Elliot and Covington state “motivation differs as a function of valence” (73). In approach motivation, “behavior is instigated or directed by a positive/desirable event or possibility” (73). Avoidant motivation is “behavior that is instigated or directed by a negative/undesirable event or possibility” (74).

Therefore, approach motivation in this study is motivation that people do things because of their want, desire, and need. Avoidant motivation is motivation that makes people to avoid something and keep themselves safe and out of harms way.

2.1.6 Reviews on Literature Marriage Motivation in Japan

In the article “Marriage in Japan and in the West”, Maciamo (the writer) says about the difference between Japanese marriage and Westerners (from Europe to America or Australia) marriage. Westerner marriage is based on love.

Marriage is the legal union of a man and a woman who promise to love each other forever. Therefore, marriage is usually a proof of love and commitment for life. If love disappears, people tend to divorce easily. Even in modern laws, people can get children outside marriage. Therefore, if people only want children, marriage is not even necessary (1). While, in Japan marriage with or without love is not very important. In the past, lots of marriage are still arranged (miai) and some Japanese think that it is better than love marriage because loveless arranged marriage rarely end up in divorce as the purpose is to raise children and care about the household (“Getting Married in Japan”, 1). In modern Japan, lots of marriages are referred to as “love marriages”, the rest are the more traditional still arranged marriages (miai).

Because this study discusses about the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko, I want to discuss about the history of marriage in Japan. Over the past several centuries until now, Japan had several marriage periods (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”). They were Heian Period (794-1185), Muromachi Period (in the 13th and 14th centuries), Feudal Period, Tokugawa Period (1603-1867), during Meiji Period (1890-1911), Latter Half of the Meiji Period to the Taishō Period (1890-1926), World War II Period, and Modern-Day Japan Period (Post-WWII).

In Heian Period (794-1185) the central was the selection of mates to create children, not the marriage itself. Men could have more than one mate. They also were not bound at any time to a single mate in monogamous marriage. Women

were insignificant and always became subservient to males. In this period, marriages were endogamous. Endogamous was characteristic of all levels of Heian society. On all levels, marriages to cousins were frequent (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 3).

In Muromachi Period (in the 13th and 14th centuries), the rise of “bushi” warriors made the most significant change. The change from the age of aristocracy to the age of the shoguns (military governors) led to a change from the old practice of “muko-iri” to the new practice of “yome-iri”. “Muko-iri” was the groom joining the bride’s family. While “yome-iri” was the bride would join the groom’s family upon the death of a parent or birth of a child. In this period, Japanese viewed marriage as more of a link between two families as opposed to a joining of two individuals. It was as an opportunity for political, economic, and social alliances that promoted the interests of families rather than a romantic between two individuals. In Muromachi Period, polygynous marriage became less common. Men began to have concubines for two main reasons. They were as a symbol of status and success. In this period, Japan was also predominantly a matriarchal society, particularly in lower-class and rural areas. Women had freedom in the areas of love and marriage (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 3-4).

In Feudal Period (approx. 9th century), both aristocracy and samurai class viewed marriage as an opportunity for political, economic, and social alliances that promoted the interests of families. Under the feudal system, marriages were often used as political and diplomatic approaches to maintain peace and unity

among feudal lords. In this period, Japanese had known about “miai”. Miai is “the practice of arranged marriages.” A matchmaker who arranged marriages on behalf of both families called “nakado”. Men and women could not choose their partners in marriage (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 4).

In Tokugawa Period (1603-1867), there were two forms of marriage. They were the arranged marriage and love marriage. There were also social classes. They were samurai (at the top), peasants, artisans, and merchants. The arranged marriages were the characteristic mainly of samurai (warrior class). While commoners married for love. The marriage system just became subject to many rules and regulations to preserve the “status quo”. A law was instituted requiring governmental registries to keep track of the status of every household. Household planning marriage had to report such plans, marriages had to be cleared by officially, and a nakado (matchmaker) was required to confirm that the families were indeed of equal rank and class (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 4-5).

During Meiji Period (1890-1911) began a period of modernization in Japan. Miai spread through all classes of Japanese society. Marriage was most frequently arranged by parents through the offices of the nakado (matchmaker). The arranged marriage or miai was to ensure the continuation of the family and its assets and lineage. It was still imperative that the prospective partner come from a family of compatible status and family background. In this period, the couple was brought formally by the nakado (matchmaker) to meet before their wedding day

(“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 5).

In Latter Half of the Meiji Period to the Taishō Period (1890-1926) did not many significant changes took place that involved marriage or the family. During Taisho Period (1912-1926), the number of illegitimate births drooped significantly, as well as unplanned pregnancies that directly led to marriage. According to Murstein, love marriages were quite uncommon up until World War II (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 5-6).

In World War II Period, there were many aspects of Japanese life for years changed dramatically. Japanese Constitution was rewritten. The Constitution or at least the part of it that deals with marriage:

“Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes, and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis. With regard to choice of spouse, property rights, inheritance, choice of domicile, divorce and other matters pertaining to marriage and the family, laws shall be enacted from the standpoint of individual dignity and the essential equality of the sexes” (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 6).

In Modern-Day Japan Period (Post-WWII), the postwar Constitution shape today’s society in Japan. Some of the biggest changes came from new laws included the total abolishment of the family system, including men as the head of the family and women were given more equality, including in having more legal divorce their husband. Prior of amendments to the Japanese Constitution was “women usually had to be accepted by the bridegroom and his family, and in the

extended family their status was very low until the mother-in-law passed away. Today, young women can count on more equal treatment” (6).

Nowadays, Japanese modern system of marriages has adjusted to pressure from the Western custom of love marriages. In the past, Japanese marriages were arranged by their parents. From the mid-1960s, love matches replaced arranged marriages as a social norm, and dating became new fashion among young men and women to look for a compatible partner. The majority of marriages today are love marriages (“Marriage and the Family in Japan: History of Marriage and Arranged Marriages in Japan”, 6-7). Therefore miai (arranged marriage) seems to be falling rapidly out of use.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

In this part, I explain the theories that are used to answer the problems of this study. It is important for me because it can be the guidance to analyze the novel. The theories involve theory of critical approaches, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of psychology, theory of motivation, and reviews on literature marriage motivation in Japan.

First, I use theory of critical approaches to select the suitable approach to analyze the novel. I choose psychological approach because this study focuses on the psychological aspects of the character. Second, I use the theory of character and theory of characterization to analyze Yukiko Makioka’s character. Third, I use the theory of motivation. The theory of motivations is used to find out the motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko. I

describe the definition of motivation to explain motivation to ease the discussion. Then I describe five kinds of motivation. They are intrinsic, extrinsic, achievement, approach, and avoidant motivation. The next is human motive. In human motives, I only describe the definition of achievement motivation. Reviews on literature marriage motivation in Japan are also used to help me to analyze Yukiko’s family motivation in finding a husband for Yukiko. By using those theories, I am able to answer the problems of the study.

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology used in this study. In this chapter is divided into three parts, namely subject matter, approach of the study, and method of the study. The first part is subject matter. I explain the focus of the study in this part. The second part discusses the approach that is used to analyze this novel. The last part is method of the study. This part discusses method of gathering data, primary and secondary data, and procedure.

3.1Subject Matter

The subject of the study in this thesis is The Makioka Sisters. This is a Japan’s greatest post-war novel written by Junichiro Tanizaki. It was firstly published in 1947 in Japan with the title Sasame Yuki, Light Snow. This study uses the English translation The Makioka Sisters, which was published in 1957 by Edward G. Seidensticker. The novel contains 37 chapters and 530 pages long.

This novel tells about a declining glory of a great Osaka merchant family on the eve of war. The family’s name is Makioka. There are four sisters Makioka. This study analyzes one of the four sisters. Her name is Yukiko Makioka, the third daughter. She is 30 years old and still unmarried. The story starts from the attempts of finding a husband for Yukiko Makioka. Her sisters and brothers-in-law always try to find a good husband for her. They get many proposals from men who want to get married to Yukiko Makioka but they cannot accept those

proposals. It is because those men cannot fulfill the criteria of Yukiko Makioka’s family and herself. They know those men cannot fulfill their criteria because they investigate those men after they get the proposal. Actually, Yukiko Makioka wants to get married when she was 20 years old. She loves her father very much. Therefore, she wants to get to a man who has a good job, good personality, good house, and good status in the society because she came from the great family and upper class just before the war and her father died. In fact, she cannot find a man who has those criteria. In the end, she gets married to Mimaki who is an architect.

3.2Approach of the Study

This study focuses on the character of Yukiko Makioka and the motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for her. I need an approach to analyze the problems in this study. Based on Rohrberger and Woods (6-15), theory of approaches, I select the psychological approach. The psychological approach is the most suitable one for this study because the psychological approach helps me in analyzing human motivation, personality, behavior, emotion, and thought which is related to the field of psychology. Therefore, I get more understandings of Yukiko Makioka’s character and the motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for her by using the psychological approach in this study.

3.3 Method of the Study

This study is a library study. I use two kinds of sources in this study. They were primary and secondary sources. The primary source was the novel itself. The

title was The Makioka Sisters (1947) by Junichiro Tanizaki. The secondary sources were books which supported the analysis on the problems in this study. There were several books related to the theories of literature, theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of psychology, theory of motivation, and reviews on literature marriage motivation in Japan.

The method of this study was library study. There were some steps to conduct this study in answering the questions in the problem formulation. The first step was to read, understand, and comprehend the novel. The aim of this step was I got more understanding of the novel so that it helped me to analyze the novel. The second step was to determine the theories and approach that were applied or appropriate for this study. This study used psychological approach. This study also used two theories. They were theory of motivation and theory of personality. After determined the theories and approach, the third step was analyzing the novel by using the theories and approach to answer the questions in the problem formulation. The last step was trying to draw conclusions of the result of the analysis.

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CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS

In this chapter, there are two parts. The first part discusses how Yukiko Makioka’s personality is described in The Makioka Sisters. The second part discusses the motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters.

4.1Description of Yukiko Makioka’s Character

According to the theory of character of Milligan (155), Yukiko Makioka is the major character in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters because she mostly appears in the novel. Yukiko Makioka is also the round character in the novel based on the theory of character of Foster (21). It is because the character of Yukiko Makioka is more complex in temperament and motivation. The author also describes the character of Yukiko in details. To analyze Yukiko Makioka’s character deeper, I also use the theory of Kenny. Kenny says that there are traits that influence the building the whole character. They are physical traits, psychological traits, and social traits. Physical traits are related to the physical appearance of the character, such as handsome, beautiful, thin, fat, tall, short, straight hair, etc. Psychological traits concern with the emotion, intellectuality, feeling, and motivation of the character. Social traits are related to the character’s role in society e.g. the relationship with groups or institutions that are recognized by society (32-34).

4.1.1 Psychological Traits 4.1.1.1Shy

Yukiko is a shy woman. She cannot talk with strangers when she meets them. It is seen by Tatsuo (Yukiko’s brother-in-law), “But the shy, introverted Yukiko, unable though she was to open her mouth before strangers, had a hard core that was difficult reconcile with her apparent docility. Tatsuo discovered that his sister-in-law was sometimes not as submissive as she might be” (10).

Yukiko’s family also understands her shyness, but they cannot expect that strangers understands Yukiko’s shyness. This is Sachiko’s thought: “Though her sisters understood this shyness, they could hardly expect a stranger to understand” (410).

When Mrs. Jimba introduces Yukiko to Nomura, she asks Yukiko and Nomura to ride a cab to go to Chinese restaurant. Directly Teinosuke says to Mrs. Jimba that Yukiko will be stiffer. This is Teinosuke’s thought: “And then I think it would only make Yukiko stiffer than ever. It would not have at all the effect we want”. “I see. It was only a thought” (140).

The author also gives his direct comment to show that Yukiko is unable to talk to Mr. Hasidera when he invites Yukiko to go out through the telephone. It is the author’s direct comment:

“Even if Sachiko had been with her, Yukiko would not have been able to talk to the man. And short of her accepting the invitation and going out with him, it did not seem likely that he would have been satisfied. The ultimate source of the trouble was to be found in Yukiko’s nature. And not in the simple question of whether or not Sachiko was with her at the telephone. Even if they had made their way safely through this crisis, there would have been others head. The talks were doomed to failure from the start. Yukiko had not managed to change herself” (415).

In addition, the author shows Yukiko’s shyness by telling Yukiko’s reaction when she meets strangers. She always looks at the floor when she meets strangers. This is Yukiko’s reaction when she meets with Sawazaki, “Since it was her unfortunate question that had spoiled the conversation, Sachiko wanted to make amends she found Sawazaki thoroughly unapproachable, however, and in desperation she turned to her sister. Yukiko had been looking at the floor since they came in” (348).

4.1.1.2Quiet

The author gives his direct comment to show that Yukiko is quiet when she is out of the house: “Yukiko was never talkative when she was out of the house, and she was especially helpless when the occasion demanded not the Osaka dialect, but standard Japanese” (43).

Sachiko’s thought shows that Yukiko’s childhood was quiet, “Sachiko thought how even as a child Yukiko had endured in silence, only sobbing quietly to herself” (120).

Not only the author’s direct comment and Sachiko’s thought, but also other characters also say that she is quiet. When Taeko asks Sachiko about Yukiko’s comment of a man’s picture, Sachiko says that Yukiko does not say anything. Here is Sachiko’s speech:

“I left a picture with Itani, and she sent it without telling me. She says he is very pleased.”

“Do you have a picture of him?”

The practicing went on below. It did not seem likely that Yukiko would interrupt them.

“Look in the drawer on the right.” Puckering her lips as though she were about to kiss the mirror, Sachiko took up her lipstick. “Did you find it?” “Here it is. You have shown it to Yukiko?”

“Yes.” “And?”

“As usual, she said almost nothing. What do you think, Koisan?” (5). Mrs. Niu introduces Yukiko to Mr. Hasidera. After Yukiko and Mr. Hasidera met, Mr. Hasidera says that Yukiko looks like a little moody. It is because Yukiko is very quiet when she meets Mr. Hasidera. He likes a cheerful girl. This is Mr. Hasidera’s speech, “There was one difficulty, though: Mrs. Niu had that morning had a call from Hasidera, who said that Miss Yukiko struck him as a little moody. He preferred bright, lively, sparkling girls” (398).

After Mrs. Niu hears that Yukiko looks like a little moody from Mr. Hasidera, Mrs. Niu directly tells to Mrs. Itani. Mrs Itani tries to explain to Mrs. Niu that Yukiko is not moody. She is just gentle and quiet. This is Mrs. Itani’s speech, “But Itani had explained everything. Miss Yukikio impressed people as a little moody at first, but she was in fact not moody at all. Mrs. Niu must be sure to tell Hasidera so. Miss Yukiko might be a little reserved, but she was certainly not moody. She was so gentle and quiet that she sometimes made the wrong impression on strangers” (398).

4.1.1.3Submissive

Yukiko always obeys what Sachiko, Teinosuke and Tsuruko said. This is Teinosuke’s speech to show that Yukiko is submissive:

“Will it be all right, then? If Yukiko has no objection…”

“Yukiko is Yukiko, and she’ll have no objection, I’m sure. But if everything goes well, there should be plenty of opportunities later” (140).

By knowing Yukiko’s speech, the readers also know that Yukiko is submissive. It is Yukiko’s speech:

“What shall I do? What shall I tell her?” Sachiko fluttered about the room. Yukiko on the other hand was quite calm, as if to say that the matter was no concern of hers. “What shall I say, Yukiko?”

“Whatever you like.”

“Not just any answer will do.” “I leave it to you.”

“Shall I refuse for tomorrow, then?” Yukiko nodded.

“You want me to, Yukiko?” Yukiko nodded again.

Sachiko could not see the expression on her sister’s face. Yukiko’s eyes were turned to the floor (24).

The author also gives his direct comment to show that Yukiko obeys what her family said: “Yukiko herself said that she would marry anyone her brothers-in-law and sisters agreed upon” (18-19).

4.1.1.4Patient

Yukiko is patient. She does not have an explosive anger when she is angry. She is just silent or she hides her emotion when she is angry. That is seen by Sachiko, “Sachiko watched carefully for a change in Yukiko’s expression, but Yukiko showed not a sign of emotion. If the only reason for not permitting the marriage immediately was that the sisters should be married in order of age, she said when Sachiko had finished, then there was really no reasons at all” (18).

4.1.1.5Passive

When Yukiko meets Mr. Hasidera in the miai (arranging marriage), Yukiko does not attempt to exploit the conversation of Mrs. Niu, Sachiko,

Teinosuke, and Mr. Hasidera. She always stays outside the conversation. Therefore, the author gives his direct comment to show that Yukiko is passive: “While the other four talked quite easily, Yukiko, just a little abashed, stayed outside the conversation. As always, she made no attempt to exploit openings the others gave her” (397).

4.1.1.6Introverted

Yukiko is an introverted woman. Even she cannot tell her thought to her family. Yukiko never gives comments for her candidate husband. Therefore, her family does not know what her views about her candidate husband. This is the author’s direct comment: “Although Sachiko had, it was true never insisted that a prospective husband be a drinker. Sachiko suspected that her sister felt much as she did. Yukiko was not the sort to make her views known, and unless she had husband who would drink with her she might well take to brooding” (44).

There is also a conversation between Sachiko and Yukiko. Sachiko asks Yukiko’s comment for Nomura (Yukiko’s candidate husband), but Yukiko does not say anything to reveal her feeling:

“What do you think of Mr. Nomura, Yukiko?”

Yukiko only nodded. Sachiko went on to report the substance of the conversation with Mrs. Jimba.

“And that is what she said. But you are so young, Yukiko, and he looks so old beside you. It seems wrong, somehow.” She watched carefully for a change in Yukiko’s expression.

“I do think he would do exactly as I wanted. I could live as I pleased.” Yukiko had nothing more revealing to say (146).

When Sachiko asks Yukiko’s feeling about Taeko’s misbehavior, Yukiko says that she is not bothered. This is Yukiko’s speech to show that she is not open-hearted to Sachiko about her feeling:

“Was the Leica broken, then?”

“I wonder. Teinosuke says that the lens at least must have been damaged.” “Probably.” Sachiko saw that Yukiko had listened to the story calmly. “This time I really, really think I have been stabbed in the back. I am furious the more I think of it. There is no point in going into all the details, but I am not the only one. Has anyone been hurt as you yourself have, Yukiko?”

“Me? I have not been especially bothered…”

“You are not to say that, Yukiko. Think of it all, since that newspaper affair” (286-287).

When she is sad about Segoshi’s affair, she tries to keeps her sadness from her family. This is also the author’s direct comment, “Yukiko as always showed nothing, and yet she had quite possibly been hurt by the Segoshi affair” (82).

4.2The Motivations of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko

According to Franken, the basic assumption of motivation theorists is there is a cause for every behavior (3). People do something because they have some reasons. Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy state motivation “refers to factors within an individual, such as needs, desires, interests that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal” (392). Therefore, people are influenced by their own reasons and factors to do something to reach their goals. In this study, Yukiko’s family is also influenced by their own reasons and factors to find a husband for Yukiko.

4.2.1Extrinsic Motivation

According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, extrinsic motivation is “the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance punishment” (401). Worchel and Shebilske state extrinsic motivation is “motivated behavior that results from external factors, such as a promotion, or the other type of reward” (409). Yukiko’s family expects Yukiko to get married. To fulfill their desire, they try to find a husband for Yukiko. We can see it through the author’s direct comment, “It was in this crisis, shortly after the father’s death, that Tatsuo became most enthusiastic about finding a husband for Yukiko” (9). There is also an external factor that makes Yukiko’s family has to find a husband for Yukiko. Yukiko’s character is the external factor that activates, maintains, and directs Yukiko’s family’s behavior to find a husband for Yukiko. The author states it directly through his comment, “Yukiko was different, not a person they could turn out to make her way alone. They should do everything for her” (278).

It has been discussed above that the character of Yukiko itself encourages Yukiko’s family to be concerned to Yukiko so that they try to find her a husband. Yukiko’s character is shy and passive that makes her impossible to find a husband in her own.

Yukiko is so shy when she meets strangers. It is seen by Tatsuo (Yukiko’s brother-in-law), “But the shy, introverted Yukiko unable though she was to open her mouth before strangers had a hard core that was difficult reconcile with her apparent docility” (10). Yukiko also cannot look at a man’s face in her omiai (arranging marriage). The author shows Yukiko’s reaction when she meets

Sawazaki: “Since it was her unfortunate question that had spoiled the conversation, Sachiko wanted to make amends she found Sawazaki thoroughly unapproachable, however, and in desperation she turned to her sister. Yukiko had been looking at the floor since they came in” (348). Even Sachiko (Yukiko’s sister) has to be with her when she talks with a man through the telephone. The author gives his direct comment to show Yukiko is unable to talk Mr. Hasidera:

“Even if Sachiko had been with her, Yukiko would not have been able to talk to the man. And short of her accepting the invitation and going out with him, it did not seem likely that he would have been satisfied. The ultimate source of the trouble was to be found in Yukiko’s nature. And not in the simple question of whether or not Sachiko was with her at the telephone. Even if they had made their way safely through this crisis, there would have been others head. The walks were doomed to failure from the start. Yukiko had not managed to change herself” (415).

Yukiko is so passive. She does not attempt to exploit the conversation with a man in her miai (arranging marriage). The author shows it through his direct comment, “While the other four talked quite easily, Yukiko, just a little abashed, stayed outside the conversation. As always, she made no attempt to exploit openings the others gave her” (397). She is never talkative when she is out of the house. We can see it through the author’s direct comment, “Yukiko was never talkative when she was out of the house, and she was especially helpless when the occasion demanded not the Osaka dialect, but standard Japanese” (43). Yukiko is quiet since she was child. It can be shown by Sachiko’s thought, “Sachiko thought how even as a child Yukiko had endured in silence, only sobbing quietly to herself” (120). That is why she does not have lots of friends and she has no one place to go. She likes staying in her home and nursing her niece and nephews. It is shown by Sachiko’s thought, “Sachiko felt sorriest for Yukiko. Yukiko had no

place to go. And Sachiko had given her Etsuko to keep her happy” (27). Yukiko is always very busy to care Etsuko and keep the house. It is shown by the author’s direct comment:

“She gradually began relieving Sachiko for her duties: nursing Etsuko when she was ill, hearing her lessons and her piano practice, making her lunch or afternoon tea. Yukiko was in many ways better qualified to care for the child than was Sachiko” (26).

It is hard for Yukiko to get married to a man because she is so passive. It is shown by the author’s direct comment, “The real difficulty was that Yukiko was so passive by nature” (401). Yukiko’s family knows if they do not arrange her marriage, Yukiko cannot find a husband and get married. In the arranging marriage (miai), Yukiko’s family always tries to ask Yukiko’s comment about a man who wants to be her husband, but Yukiko does not want to give her comment to her family. She is introvert. That makes Yukiko’s family is difficult to know Yukiko’s ideal man as her husband. We can see it through the author’s direct comment, “Yukiko was not the sort to make her views known, and unless she had husband who would drink with her she might well take to brooding” (44). Therefore, they do that by themselves.

Herbert L. Petri says extrinsic reward consists of “some external object or situation that satisfies some expectation of the individual” (319). Yukiko’s family expects Yukiko to get married. Therefore, Yukiko’s wedding is the extrinsic reward because it satisfies the expectation of Yukiko’s family. The author gives his direct comment, “Yukiko was in Tokyo until the end of March. She could have stayed on until her wedding day, but she wanted a leisurely farewell to Sachiko and the Ashiya family” (524).

called, and her sister, also a widow, cared for her. Ostensibly the illness was palsy, but tradesmen who knew the house said that there was evidence of mental disorder. There bad been a hint the report from the detective agency. They no longer worried a great deal about family and or money, and it was indeed because they thought this match so desirable. It was strange whenever talk came up of a husband for Yukiko, some really insurmountable difficulty always presented itself.

Early in June there was, surprisingly, word from Tsuruko of a marriage proposal. The new proposal, as Sachiko read of it in her sister’s letter, did not seem very promising. Tsuruko’s letter had little to say about the present head of the Sawazaki family, or about the circumstances that had led to talk of a miai with Yukiko. The Sawazaki fortune ran into tens of millions of yen, ridiculously out of proportion to what the Makioka family now had, but inasmuch as it was a second marriage, and the man had already sent someone off to Osaka to investigate Yukiko and the Makiokas, the prospect did not seem entirely hopeless. Back from the office the next day, Teinosuke said that there were many things he did not understand. He had talked with two or three people in the course of the day, and learned what he could about the head of the Sawazaki family: that he was about forty-five years-old, graduate of the Waseda University business school; that his wife, who had died two or three years before, had come from a noble court family; that they had three children, that though it was the previous head of the family who had sat in the House of Peers by virtue the taxes he paid, the family’s fortunes had deteriorated little it all since; and that the Sawazak’s were still one of the richest and most important families in Nagoya. Mr. Sawazaki had two or three children. With the face and figure came back all the impressions of the unhappy miai. She did not know how many times in the last ten years she had seen Yukiko through a miai. Always before she had displayed Yukiko proudly, a sister of whom she need never be ashamed, and yesterday she had trembled each time Sawazaki looked at Yukiko. There was evading the fact that Sawazaki had been the examiner and they the examined. Prepared though they had been in advance, the tone of the letters annoyed them, as did Mrs. Sugano’s way of ending the negotiations. It did not good to complain, of course, but Sawazaki’s letter was written in pen and ink on a sheet of very ordinary paper (the earlier letter to Mrs. Sugano had been in brush on more elegant paper). Although he said that the decision had been reached “upon conference”, he could probably have given his answer the day of the miai. Be that as it may, he was not writing to Makiokas, and could he not have thought of a less stiffly formal way to explain his reasons to Mrs. Sugano? Aside from the enormity of calling people a great distance only to reply that “the answer must be negative”, was it not an insult to the Sugano family not to give an explanation? “My son was yesterday informed by letter that whatever desires there might be on the other side, there was some doubt as to what yourselves would be thinking. It is an any case not a particularly fine match.”

There had, it was true, been a similar proposal some five years before. The man had belonged to a class above the Makiokas and when, much excited, they had set about investigating, they had found to their very great disappointment that

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there was evidence of a domestic scandal. Though grateful to Mrs. Sugano, Teinosuke could not help wondering whether they were being made fools of again. He was even a little angry: was it not insulting, he said, to demand Yukiko come for a miai before any of the usual preliminary steps had been taken? But this was, after all, the first proposal in two years and three months. Thinking how proposals had showered upon them until two or three years before and then had suddenly stopped, Sachiko could not help feeling that she had to take a certain amount of the blame herself: for on thing, the Makiokas had made too much of family and prestige and had set their sights too high, turning away proposal; for another, Taeko’s bad name seemed to be having its effect.

Yukiko and Sachiko were still regular customers at Mrs. Itani’s beauty shop, and “Itani”still worried about Yukiko. One day she asked whether Sachiko knew an Osaka lady name Mrs Niu. Itani had met her just the other day. She wondered if Miss Yukiko was married yet, and said she had a good prospect. Should Sachiko not talk to Mrs Niu, even over the telephone? Sachiko immediately called Mrs. Niu and learned that the man’s qualifications seemed surprisingly good: his name was Hashidera, he was from Shizuoka Prefecture, and he had two older brothers, both doctors: he had studied in Germany; he rented a house in Tenoji Ward, where he lived with his daughter and an old housekeeper; the daughter, a student in the Sekiyo Hill Seminary, had inherited all her mother’s elegance and grace; the man lived well, inasmuch as he had very probably received a share of the family property (the two brothers were both successful men, and the family was one of the more important in Shizuoka Prefecture), he probably had a sizable income besides as director of the East Asia Pharmaceutical Company; the man himself was well groomed and more than prepossessing-indeed one would not be wrong in calling him truly handsome. And how old was he? Probably forty-four or forty-five. If they chose not to worry about dignity, however, there was no reason why they should not send Yukiko off. Yukiko would not want to go alone, but Teinosuke had gone in Sachiko’s place before and could go again if he was free that evening. Teinosuke and Yukiko could only watch smilingly as the lady gangsters attack Hashidera. The dinner was the informal one they had been promised, and there was little to suggest a miai. But drug out a man who was not sure he wanted to marry, and to play out the little drama with which Teinosuke and Yukiko were being entertained-this was an art that only a lady gangster could have mastered. While the other four talked quite easily, Yukiko, just a little abashed, stayed outside the conversation. As always, she made no attempt to exploit openings the others gave her. But the next morning Itani came calling. She had already had a telephone call from Mrs. Niu, and she wondered what Miss Yukiko thought of the man. There was one difficulty, though: Mrs. Niu had that morning had a call from Hashidera, who said that Miss Yukiko struck him as a little moody. He preferred bright, lively, sparkling girls. Sachiko told Teinosuke afterwards that of the many prospective husbands they had inspected for Yukiko, this man seemed the best. All of their conditions were satisfied, and his family, his position, his way of living were neither ridiculously high nor ridiculously low by Makioka standards. Such a candidate was not likely to come again. The real difficulty was that Yukiko was so passive by nature.

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Sachiko thought how even as a child Yukiko had endured in silence, only sobbing quietly to herself.

Itani, who had been talking steadily, glanced at her watch and said she must hurry through the rest of her story. She had immediately thought of the Makiokas-this was exactly what they wanted for Miss Yukiko. But the timing was so bad. If she had planned to be in Japan herself, she would have said that she knew exactly the girl, that she would arrange everything, but here she was going abroad. She finally decided to say nothing, though Miss Yukiko’s name had been on the tip of her tongue. But the problem still troubled her-such an ideal match, if only it could be arranged. She must tell them more about Mr. Mimaki. She had already told them that he was forty-four, probably a year or two younger than Mr. Makioka. As was so often the case with men long abroad, he was growing bald. In Kunishima’s opinion, Mimaki was a man of really outstanding talent when it came to designing Western houses, and there was no doubt that he had a fine future as an architect. Though Kunishima did not claim that there was much he himself could do, he meant to back Mimaki to the very limits of his ability. Mimaki was having trouble because times were bad, but one need not be gloomy. The crisis would soon pass. Kunishima would see (and he thought the prospects were good) whether the Viscount would agree to pay wedding expenses, to buy the couple a house, and to give them an allowance for two or three years. That, then, was the story. Itani thought-would they not agree?-that while they might have certain misgivings, Mimaki was the husband they were looking for. He had many merits: it was his first marriage: though he was the son of a concubine, his family was descended from the great Fujiwara clan and his relatives without exception were illustrious men; he had no one to support (she had forgotten to tell them that his mother died very soon after he was born, and he had no memories of her); and he was a man with refined and varied tastes, well versed in the speech and customs of both France and America.

Yukiko and Taeko, sensing that the conversation was moving toward more delicate topics, left as soon as they had finished their tea.

“I told him about that spot.” Itani lowered her voice and glanced at Yukiko’s retreating figure. “I told him everything. It would not to do to have him find out later.”

“Quite right of you. We will all feel more comfortable. Of course Yukiko has been having injections, and, as you see, the spot hardly shows any more. And it will go away entirely once she is married. Could you explain that too?”

“Oh, I’ve already explained. He said he’d enjoy watching it go.” “Did he really!”

“And then-about Koi-san. I don’t know how much you’ve heard, but there are all sorts of rumors. But even if they’re true, we needen’t worry. Someone in every family is a little different, and I think myself it’s better that way. Mr. Mimaki says it makes no difference at all. He says he’s not marrying the sisters.”

“That seems very reasonable of him.”

Assuming that conditions were otherwise good, one thing was sure to make Yukiko hesitate: the fact, touched upon earlier, that the man lived in Tokyo. Or rather, to be quite honest, they could no longer let Yukiko have her way, and

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Yukiko was not likely to be stubborn; and it was Sachiko who secretly hoped that they could find Yukiko a home somewhere in Osaka or Kobe. Yukiko was in Tokyo until the end of March. She could have stayed on until her wedding day, but she wanted a leisurely farewell to Sachiko and the Ashiya family. She slipped away toward the end of the month, bringing word from Kunishima that the wedding had been set for April 29, the Emperor’s birthday; that it would be in the Imperial Hotel; and that Viscount Mimaki, too old to make the trip, would probably be represented by his heir and the latter’s wife.

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ABSTRACT

Widowati, Christina Putri. 2011. The Motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko as Seen in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters. Yogyakarta: Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analyzed the novel, The Makioka Sisters by Junichiro Tanizaki. Yukiko Makioka is one of four main characters in the novel. She is 33 years old and still unmarried. According to Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, in the middle 19th century, girls were often married by the age of sixteen. Japanese society still thought that a girl who was 30 years old and still unmarried was a taboo. That made the family tried to arrange for marriage (miai). Yukiko’s family also has motivations in finding a husband for Yukiko.

There are two problems discussed in this study. The first problem is how is Yukiko Makioka’s character described in the novel? The second problem is what motivate Yukiko Makioka’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko?

The method used in this study was library study. The primary source of this study was the novel, The Makioka Sisters by Junichiro Tanizaki. The secondary sources were books related to the theory of Literature, theory of Psychological Approach, theory of Character and Characterization, theory of Psychology, theory of Motivation, and articles on Marriage Motivation in Japan.

There are two results based on the analysis in this study. The first result is Yukiko is described as shy, quiet, submissive, passive, patient, and introvert. The second result reveals five motivations of Yukiko’s family in finding a husband for Yukiko. First, Yukiko’s family has the extrinsic motivation because Yukiko is so passive and shy and looks so lonely that makes Yukiko’s family have to find a husband for Yukiko. Second, Yukiko’s family’s intrinsic motivation is to find a wealthy husband for Yukiko. Third, Yukiko’s family’s achievement motivation is to maintain the Makioka’s status and reputation. Fourth, Yukiko’s family’s approach motivation is to expect Yukiko to get married soon. Finally, Yukiko’s family’s avoidant motivation is to avoid what people said and thought negatively about Yukiko.

There are some suggestions for future researchers who are interested in analyzing the novel, The Makioka Sisters. Future researchers can analyze Japanese wedding motivation, Japanese women and family life in Japan, traditions, cultures, and customs in Japan in 1930s-1940s found in The Makioka Sisters. In this thesis, there are also a lesson plan and materials to teach Intensive Reading 2. The source for the materials is selected from some parts of the novel The Makioka Sisters.

xiii ABSTRAK

Widowati, Christina Putri. 2011. The Motivation of Yukiko Makioka’s Family in Finding a Husband for Yukiko as Seen in Junichiro Tanizaki’s The Makioka Sisters. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini menganalisa novel The Makioka Sisters dari Junichiro Tanizaki. Yukiko Makioka adalah salah satu dari empat tokoh utama di dalam novel. Dia berusia 33 tahun dan masih tidak menikah. Menurut Ensiklopedia dari Kebudayaan Jepang Kontemporer, dipertengahan abad ke-19, gadis-gadis sering dinikahkan pada usia 16 tahun. Masyarakat Jepang masih berpikir bahwa seorang gadis berusia 30 tahun dan masih tidak menikah adalah suatu hal yang tabu. Hal itu membuat keluarga mencoba untuk mengatur pernikahan (miai). Keluarga Yukiko juga mempunyai motivasi dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko.

Terdapat dua masalah yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Yukiko Makioka digambarkan dalam novel? Masalah kedua adalah apa motivasi keluarga Yukiko Makioka dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko?

Metode yang dipakai dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian perpustakaan. Sumber utama dalam skripsi ini adalah novel The Makioka Sisters karya Junichiro Tanizaki. Sumber lainnya adalah buku yang berhubu.bungan dengan teori Kesusastraan, teori Pendekatan Psikologi, teori Karakter dan Karakterisasi, teori Motivasi, dan artikel tentang Motivasi Pernikahan di Jepang.

Ada dua hasil berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan dalam skripsi ini. Hasil analisa pertama adalah Yukiko digambarkan pemalu, pendiam, penurut, pasif, dan introvert. Hasil analisa kedua menyatakan lima motivasi dari keluarga Yukiko dalam mencari seorang suami untuk Yukiko. Pertama, keluarga Yukiko mempunyai motivasi ekstrinsic karena Yukiko sangat pasif dan pemalu. Hal itu membuat keluarganya harus mencarikan seorang suami untuk Yukiko. Kedua, motivasi intrinsik dari keluarga Yukiko adalah untuk mencarikan seorang suami yang kaya untuk Yukiko. Ketiga, motivasi pencapaian dari keluarga Yukiko adalah untuk mempertahankan status dan reputasi Makioka. Keempat, motivasi pendekatan dari keluarga Yukiko adalah mengharapkan Yukiko segera menikah. Terakhir, motivasi menjauh adalah untuk menghindari apa yang orang katakan dan pikirkan tentang Yukiko secara negative.

Terdapat beberapa saran bagi peneliti selanjutnya yang tertarik menganalisa novel yang sama. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat menganalisa motivasi pernikahan orang Jepang, kehidupan wanita Jepang dan keluarga di Jepang, tradisi, kebudayaan, dan adat istiadat Jepang di tahun 1930an-1940an yang dapat ditemukan dalam novel. The Makioka Sisters. Di skripsi ini juga terdapat Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran mata kuliah Intensive Reading 2. Sumber untuk materi diambil dari sebagian novel The Makioka Sisters.

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