S IND 1002651 Table of content
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ..................................................................................... i
KATA PENGANTAR .............................................................................................. ii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ................................................................................... iii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ v
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................. vi
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR DIAGRAM .............................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ xii
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ..................................................................... 1
B. Identifikasi Masalah Penelitian .......................................................... 5
C. Batasan Masalah Penelitian................................................................ 5
D. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian ............................................................. 5
E. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................... 6
F. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................. 6
1. Manfaat Teoretis .......................................................................... 6
2. Manfaat Praktis ............................................................................ 6
G. Struktur Organisasi Skripsi ................................................................ 7
BAB II
TEKNIK
PARAFRASE
DENGAN
PENGANDAIAN
180
DERAJAT BERBEDA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS
CERPEN ................................................................................................ 9
A. Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat Berbeda ............ 9
1. Teknik Parafrase........................................................................... 9
2. Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat Berbeda ................... 9
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Penerapan Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat berbeda dalam pembelajaran
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3. Tahapan dalam Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180
Derajat Berbeda ............................................................................ 10
4. Kelebihan
dan
Kekurangan
Teknik
Parafrase
dengan
Pengandaian 180 Derajat Berbeda ............................................... 11
B. Hakikat Menulis ................................................................................. 12
1. Pengertian Menulis....................................................................... 12
2. Tujuan Menulis ............................................................................ 13
3. Fungsi Menulis ............................................................................. 14
C. Hakikat Cerpen................................................................................... 15
1. Pengertian Cerpen ........................................................................ 15
2. Ciri-ciri Cerpen ............................................................................ 15
3. Penggolongan Jenis Cerpen ......................................................... 16
4. Unsur-unsur Cerpen ..................................................................... 17
5. Penilaian Cerpen .......................................................................... 18
D. Asumsi ............................................................................................... 20
E. Hipotesis............................................................................................. 20
BAB III
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ........................................................... 21
A. Metode Penelitian............................................................................... 21
B. Desain Penelitian ................................................................................ 22
C. Populasi dan Sampel .......................................................................... 23
1. Populasi ........................................................................................ 23
2. Sampel .......................................................................................... 23
D. Definisi Operasional........................................................................... 24
E. Instrumen Penelitian........................................................................... 25
1. Instrumen Pengumpulan Data ...................................................... 25
2. Instrumen Perlakuan..................................................................... 28
F. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ................................................................. 48
1. Tes ................................................................................................ 48
Mardwitanti Laras, 2014
Penerapan Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat berbeda dalam pembelajaran
menulis cerpen
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2. Observasi ...................................................................................... 48
G. Teknik Pengolahan Data .................................................................... 51
BAB IV
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN .................................... 56
A. Deskripsi Proses Penelitian ................................................................ 56
B. Data Hasil Penelitian .......................................................................... 62
1. Data Prates ................................................................................... 62
2. Data Pascates ................................................................................ 64
C. Analisis Cerpen Kelas Eksperimen Berdasarkan Kriteria Penilaian.. 67
1. Analisis Cerpen Prates Kelas Eksperimen ................................... 67
2. Analisis Cerpen Pascates Kelas Eksperimen ............................... 75
D. Analisis Cerpen Kelas Kontrol Berdasarkan Kriteria Penilaian ........ 83
1. Analisis Cerpen Prates Kelas Kontrol .......................................... 83
2. Analisis Cerpen Pascates Kelas Kontrol ...................................... 91
E. Pengolahan Data Hasil Penelitian ...................................................... 98
1. Uji Reliabilitas ............................................................................. 99
2. Indeks Gain .................................................................................. 111
3. Uji Normalitas .............................................................................. 116
4. Uji Homogenitas .......................................................................... 118
5. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................ 120
F. Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian ............................................................. 125
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN .................................................................... 131
A. Simpulan ............................................................................................ 131
B. Saran ................................................................................................... 132
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................... 134
LAMPIRAN .............................................................................................................. 136
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Mardwitanti Laras, 2014
Penerapan Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat berbeda dalam pembelajaran
menulis cerpen
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Mardwitanti Laras, 2014
Penerapan Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat berbeda dalam pembelajaran
menulis cerpen
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ..................................................................................... i
KATA PENGANTAR .............................................................................................. ii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ................................................................................... iii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ v
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................. vi
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR DIAGRAM .............................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ xii
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ..................................................................... 1
B. Identifikasi Masalah Penelitian .......................................................... 5
C. Batasan Masalah Penelitian................................................................ 5
D. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian ............................................................. 5
E. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................... 6
F. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................. 6
1. Manfaat Teoretis .......................................................................... 6
2. Manfaat Praktis ............................................................................ 6
G. Struktur Organisasi Skripsi ................................................................ 7
BAB II
TEKNIK
PARAFRASE
DENGAN
PENGANDAIAN
180
DERAJAT BERBEDA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS
CERPEN ................................................................................................ 9
A. Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat Berbeda ............ 9
1. Teknik Parafrase........................................................................... 9
2. Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat Berbeda ................... 9
Mardwitanti Laras, 2014
Penerapan Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat berbeda dalam pembelajaran
menulis cerpen
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3. Tahapan dalam Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180
Derajat Berbeda ............................................................................ 10
4. Kelebihan
dan
Kekurangan
Teknik
Parafrase
dengan
Pengandaian 180 Derajat Berbeda ............................................... 11
B. Hakikat Menulis ................................................................................. 12
1. Pengertian Menulis....................................................................... 12
2. Tujuan Menulis ............................................................................ 13
3. Fungsi Menulis ............................................................................. 14
C. Hakikat Cerpen................................................................................... 15
1. Pengertian Cerpen ........................................................................ 15
2. Ciri-ciri Cerpen ............................................................................ 15
3. Penggolongan Jenis Cerpen ......................................................... 16
4. Unsur-unsur Cerpen ..................................................................... 17
5. Penilaian Cerpen .......................................................................... 18
D. Asumsi ............................................................................................... 20
E. Hipotesis............................................................................................. 20
BAB III
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ........................................................... 21
A. Metode Penelitian............................................................................... 21
B. Desain Penelitian ................................................................................ 22
C. Populasi dan Sampel .......................................................................... 23
1. Populasi ........................................................................................ 23
2. Sampel .......................................................................................... 23
D. Definisi Operasional........................................................................... 24
E. Instrumen Penelitian........................................................................... 25
1. Instrumen Pengumpulan Data ...................................................... 25
2. Instrumen Perlakuan..................................................................... 28
F. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ................................................................. 48
1. Tes ................................................................................................ 48
Mardwitanti Laras, 2014
Penerapan Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat berbeda dalam pembelajaran
menulis cerpen
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2. Observasi ...................................................................................... 48
G. Teknik Pengolahan Data .................................................................... 51
BAB IV
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN .................................... 56
A. Deskripsi Proses Penelitian ................................................................ 56
B. Data Hasil Penelitian .......................................................................... 62
1. Data Prates ................................................................................... 62
2. Data Pascates ................................................................................ 64
C. Analisis Cerpen Kelas Eksperimen Berdasarkan Kriteria Penilaian.. 67
1. Analisis Cerpen Prates Kelas Eksperimen ................................... 67
2. Analisis Cerpen Pascates Kelas Eksperimen ............................... 75
D. Analisis Cerpen Kelas Kontrol Berdasarkan Kriteria Penilaian ........ 83
1. Analisis Cerpen Prates Kelas Kontrol .......................................... 83
2. Analisis Cerpen Pascates Kelas Kontrol ...................................... 91
E. Pengolahan Data Hasil Penelitian ...................................................... 98
1. Uji Reliabilitas ............................................................................. 99
2. Indeks Gain .................................................................................. 111
3. Uji Normalitas .............................................................................. 116
4. Uji Homogenitas .......................................................................... 118
5. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................ 120
F. Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian ............................................................. 125
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN .................................................................... 131
A. Simpulan ............................................................................................ 131
B. Saran ................................................................................................... 132
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................... 134
LAMPIRAN .............................................................................................................. 136
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Mardwitanti Laras, 2014
Penerapan Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat berbeda dalam pembelajaran
menulis cerpen
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Mardwitanti Laras, 2014
Penerapan Teknik Parafrase dengan Pengandaian 180 Derajat berbeda dalam pembelajaran
menulis cerpen
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu