DEIXIS : USES AND REASONS OF THEIR USING IN OPERA VAN JAVA.

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……….

ABSTRACT ………......

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………..

LIST OF TABLES ……….

LIST OF APPENDICES ……...

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………..

1.1. Background ………... 1.2. Scope of the Study... 1.3. Statement of the Problems ………... 1.4. Aims of the Study ………... 1.5. Significance of the Study………..

1.6. Clarification of Terms ………..

1.7. Organization of the Paper ……….

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ……….

2.1. Deixis in Spoken Discourse ……….

2.2. Types of Deixis ………...………

2.2.1 Person Deixis ……… 2.2.2 Temporal Deixis ………

i ii iv v viii ix 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 5 7 7 10 10 11

2.2.3 Spatial Deixis ………

2.3. Reasons of Using the Deixis ………

2.4. Theories of Humour ………

2.5. Previous Studies ………

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ……….………

3.1. Statement of the Problems ...………

3.2. Research Method ……..………

3.3. Sample ………..………

3.3.1 Opera Van Java Seandainya Dia Tahu ………... 3.3.2 Opera Van Java Gejolak Kaula Muda ……… 3.3.3 Opera Van Java Goyang- Goyang Cinta ……… 3.3.4 Opera Van Java Jawara Betawi Mencari Cinta di Melbourne……

3.4. Data Collection ……..………...

3.5. Data Analysis ………..

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ………..

4.1. Types of Deixis that are Used in Opera Van Java …………...………… 4.1.1. Person Deixis ………... 4.1.2. Temporal Deixis ………... 4.1.3. Spatial Deixis ………...

4.2. Reasons of Using Deixis ………

4.2.1. Purposes of Humor ….………... 13 13 15 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 21 22 25 25 25 27 28 29 29

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java

4.2.2. Characteristics of the Adrdressee ... 4.2.3. Background of the Speaker …...

4.3 Discussions ………

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ………

5.1. Conclusions...

5.2. Suggestions ………...

BIBLIOGRAPHY ….………

APPENDICES ... 35 37 39

41 41 42

43 44

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Form of Personal Pronouns ………...11

Table 3.2 The Example of Empty Data Card ………21

Table 3.3 The Example of Filling Data Card ………23

Table 3.4 The Appearance of Person Deixis ……….25 Table 3.5 The Appearance of Temporal Deixis ………....27

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices 1. Transcript of Dialogues in Opera Van Java ………44 Appendices 2. The Appearances of Deictic Expressions to Analyze Reasons of Using Deixis ….……….…………...63

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter explains the concept of the research. It consists of background and the brief explanations.

1.1 Background

Language is important to everyone because language is a media to communicate with other people in the world. Communication is the main aspect of people‟s daily life to create a good relationship. Language helps to deliver someone‟s mind to the other people because language gives us a sign of something. So the speaker has to use a good language to make the interlocutor understands what the speaker means. Sometimes, many people do not understand how to make a good language and even sometimes they do not understand or be confused how to say something.

A good language is needed to create a good communication because it can influences the interlocutor‟s understanding. The use of language is influenced by many factors. The background of the speaker can be a factor of using certain language. A person who comes from Javanese will use Javanese in her communication. Deictic expressions often appear in the communication because it is a basic term in the utterances. The use of deixis also is influenced by many factors and gives an impact.

Deixis is “a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances or it means „pointing‟ via language” (Yule, 1996:9). Any

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java

linguistic form used to accomplish this „pointing‟ is called a deictic expression. He suggests that in face-to-face interaction, deictic expression can be easily understood by the people who are right there, but it may need a translation for someone who is not right there.

Based on Yule (1996), there are three types of deixis: person, temporal and spatial deixis. Person deixis is used to indicate people („me‟, „you‟), whereas temporal deixis is used to indicate time („now‟, „then‟). We can also indicate location via spatial deixis („here‟, „there‟). Levinson states in Nadar (2009: 55) that

“Person deixis concerns the encoding of the participants in the speech event in which the utterance in question is delivered. Place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial locations relative to the locations of the participants in the speech event. Time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or a written message inscribed).”

There are some previous researches that talk about deixis. Pardillos (1995) observed about Deixis as a Reference to an Alleged Shared Situation in Persuasive Discourse. He investigates deixis used in advertisement. Saputra (2010) also did the research about deixis entitled Deiksis Dalam Tuturan Anak Usia 3-5 Tahun. She investigates types of deixis and the deictic expressions used by children in the age of 3-5 years.

Deixis can be used in every language because every language has facility to point something. Because every language has the uniqueness, so deictic expressions that appear in different language will be different too. In present research, the researcher does not analyze deictic expressions in natural language. The researcher analyzes deictic expressions in one comedian show. Recently, we

can find the use of deixis in Opera Van Java. Based on Wikipedia, Opera Van Java is an improvisation comedy show in Indonesian television station. The comedians are called the puppets even though they do not always show puppet story. They fill the event with the guidance of puppeteer. They also improvise the dialogues without a script so it looks natural. The show depends on the puppeteer guide but sometimes the puppets do a mess because they deviate the stories from the outline. The researcher chooses Opera Van Java because is a famous comedy show and the puppets are from different ethnic groups and the puppets use more than one language. The puppets use Javanese, Sundanese, Indonesian and English in their dialogues. Therefore, the researcher is interested to investigate the types of deixis used by the puppets in Opera Van Java and reasons of using the deixes.

1.2 Scope of the Study

The research will be focused on the use of deixis in Opera Van Java. Deixis that will be analyzed are person, temporal, and spatial deixis. The data were taken in October 2011 and September 2012 by using video recorder. The researcher only chose four titles of the show in Opera Van Java. To know the reasons of using deixis, the researcher sees the context of the stories.

1.3 Statement of the Problems

According to background above, the researcher will analyze deixis used in Opera Van Java. The research problems are formulated in the following research questions:

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java

1. What types of deixis are used in Opera Van Java? 2. Why such deixes are used?

1.4 Aims of the Study

The study aims to investigate the types of deixis that are used in Opera Van Java and the types of deixis that are mostly used by the puppets. We can also know the languages that are used by them, so the researcher can find deictic expressions in various languages. The reasons of using it also will be known by seeing the contexts.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The research is expected to make the students use the deixis correctly, so the interlocutor can understand what the speaker said. The paper is expected to be a reference about deixis especially for the next researcher. It can give more knowledge about the use of deixis in different language.

1.6 Clarification of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding that lead to the confusion in reading the title, the terms of the research are clarified.

a. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances or it means „pointing‟ via language

b. Opera Van Java is an improvisation comedy show in Indonesian television station. The event performs puppet in modern version where they fill the event with the guidance of puppeteer and improvises without a script.

(Retrieved on 10 September 2011 at

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Van_Java)

c. Reason is cause or explanation for something that has happened or that has happened or that somebody has done (Oxford Learner‟s Pocket Dictionary, 2008:366).

d. Humor is “an occurrence in a social play” (Nash, 1985 :12)

1.7 Organization of the Paper

In first chapter, the researcher discusses about background, scope of the study, statement of the problems, aims of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the main terms, and organization of the paper. The next chapter deals with the theoretical framework. It explains about some literature terms that will be used as the concept of the research, such as deixis in spoken discourse, types of deixis, reasons of using the deixis, theories of humor, and previous studies. Chapter three elaborates the way of conducting the study. It also deals with the statements of the problem, method of the research, sample of story in Opera Van Java, data collection, and data analysis. Next chapter deals with the data representation. This chapter discusses data findings and discussions. The last chapter is divided into two parts. The first part discusses about conclusions

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java

derived from the result of the findings and discussions. The second part discusses some suggestions for the readers and the next researchers.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter presents the methods carried out in the research. It consists of research method, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Statement of the Problems

The research methods were used to determine the steps of research by concerning the problems. The problems in Opera Van Java that will be analyzed by the researcher are the types of deixis used and the reason of using it.

3.2 Research Method

The research was conducted by using qualitative- descriptive approach to investigate the use of deixis in Opera Van Java. The research used qualitative- descriptive because the analysis described the act than describe the data by using statistics as explained in Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah (2012: 26). The data were collected from Opera Van Java show in television in October 2011. In the middle of analysis, the researcher felt the lack of data, so the researcher collected the data again in September 2012.

The data was recorded by using video recorder. After getting the data, the researcher copied it and made the transcription. Then the researcher analyzed the types of deixis and reasons of using deixis in Opera Van Java.

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java 3.3 Sample

There were four titles of the show in Opera Van Java used as samples of the research. Those four titles of the show are Seandainya Dia Tahu, Gejolak Kaula Muda, Goyang- Goyang Cinta, Jawara Betawi Mencari Cinta di Melbourne. In different episode, Opera Van Java has different story and roles of puppets. The researcher analyzed four titles in which the puppets played as different characters in Opera Van Java.

The researcher used purposive sampling to determine the sample because the researcher can choose the data based on her personal judgment for specific purpose (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1990; Ramayanti, 2010). By employing the purposive sampling, the researcher can get various data because the speaker used different deictic expressions and languages. The data description of four titles of the show in Opera Van Java can be seen below:

3.3.1 Opera Van Java Seandainya Dia Tahu

The title of Opera Van Java in this episode is Seandainya Dia Tau (SDT). In this episode the puppets were Sule as Aldi, Andre as Rendi, Nunung as Lala,

Desta as Aldi’s friend, and Aziz as someone who were acted in many roles and

not important in story. Parto as usually played as puppeteer who controled the story. The setting of the story was in the school in Jakarta and most of them played as the students. The story told the competition between Rendi and Aldi to get Lala’s heart.

3.3.2 Opera Van Java Gejolak Kaula Muda

In this episode, Opera Van Java chose the title Gejolak Kaula Muda (GKM) which told rivalry between OV and VJ Senior High Schools. Sule, Andre, Azis, and Nunung played as students in OV and VJ Senior High Schools. Angel Karamoy was a guest in this episode and she played as a beautiful girl. The boys in both of that school like the beautiful girl. As usual, Parto played as the puppeteer who controlled the story.

3.3.3 Opera Van Java Goyang- Goyang Cinta

In Goyang- Goyang Cinta (GGC) episode, a guest star was Inul. The puppets played the story of Inul’s life and her love story. This episode told Inul who had to fight her love because her parent did not agree if she married to her boy friend. Inul also had to fight in Jakarta by singing everywhere. Inul in this episode only as a guest star in one of talk show. In this episode, Nunung as Inul’s mother, Sule as Inul, Aziz as Haji Romlah and Inul’s father, Andre as a host in Kick Andri and Inul’s father, Desta as Adam’s friend and Parto as the puppeteer and host.

3.3.4 Opera Van Java Jawara Betawi Mencari Cinta di Melbourne

Opera Van Java often does road show in some cities in Indonesia, but in this episode Opera Van Java did road show to Melbourne, Singapore. To complete the story, Nunung played as Aisyah, Sule as Pitung, Andre as Jampang,

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java

be her boy friend. Pitung’s rival tried to disturb the relationship between Pitung

and Aisyah. He asked his daughter to seduce Pitung and Pitung left Aisyah. Finally Pitung’s rival recognized that the girl who seduced Pitung was his daughter.

3.4 Data Collection

The data were collected through audio and video recording Opera Van Java in November 2011 and September 2012. The researcher used audio and video recording to get whole information because it could minimize the missing of information (Wray et al., 1998:153). By using audio and video recording, the researcher not only heard the puppets’ voice but also saw their gestures and expressions to know the stories. It also made the data analysis easier because the researcher could replay the data anytime.

The data that had been collected were filled in the data card. The data card was used to help the researcher analyzing the data. The example of data card is as follow:

Table 3.2

The Example of Empty Data Card No Data :

Data:

The data card above has three columns. The first is no data contains of number of analysis and types of deixis that had beeen analyzed, for example 01PD (person deixis), 01TD (temporal deixis), and 01SD (space deixis). The second is data which explains data transcription or dialogue that will be analyzed by researcher. Deixis that appear in dialogue will be underlined. The last column is analysis. In this column, the researcher tells data analysis from data columns. The researcher describes person deixis that appear in dialogue and reasons of using deixes by seeing the context and other aspects, such as purposes of humor, the characteristics of the addressee, and background of the speaker.

3.5 Data Analysis

After collecting data, the researcher did some steps to analyze the data. First step was transcribing the data that had been collected from the dialogue, so it can be analyzed easily. Then, the data were sorted based on the research questions. After that, the researcher identified the data to investigate the types of deixis and the reasons of using them. The things that were concerned by the researcher are contexts of the stories. Finally, the data were classified based on their types and transferred into tables.

The researcher used data card to analyze the data, so it can make easy when the researcher transferred the data. The data card that had been filled can be seen below.

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java Table 3.3

The Example of Filling Data Card No Data : 01PD (SDT)

Reasons : Purpose of Humor Data: Aldi and his friend: Hey

Aldi’s friend : Duduk, duduk

Aldi : Bang Norman.

Aldi’s friend : Duduk aje.duduk yang enak

Analysis:

In the story, Aldi and his friend met in the class and greeted each other. Then Aldi called his friend ‘Bang Norman’. ‘Bang’ is a nick name in Betawi means brother and it is usually used to person that has a close relationship. ‘Bang’ was used by Aldi to make him as someone who has a close relationship with Norman. Aldi used ‘Bang Norman’ because at that time there was a video of police named Norman Kamaru in YouTube. He was so famous at that time and many TV shows talked about him. Aldi said ‘Bang Norman’ to allude social phenomenon that was happening. Allusion of social phenomenon can be a humor (Nash, 1985:21), so the puppets used ‘Bang Norman’ to purposes of humor and made the audience laughed. In the fact, on the stage there was no one who had name ‘Norman’ or played as ‘Norman’.

In the data number, the researcher fills 01PD because it is the first data that will be analyzed. PD means person deixis because in the second column, the researcher analyzed person deixis in dialogue. SDT (Seandainya Dia Tahu) refers to the title in Opera Van Java. In the third column, dialogue is taken from the data that researcher had. The dialogue is only chosen by categorizing the reason of using deixis. The researcher underlined the deixis appeared in dialogue of Opera Van Java. It will be clearer to know person deixis in the dialogue. In the analysis

column, first researcher told the context at that time, the language of deictic word, meaning and finally the reasons of using it.

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter describes the conclusions of the research that have been done by the researcher and suggestions for the next researcher who want to do research on deixis.

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the data analysis, the researcher concludes that three types of deixis used in Opera Van Java are person, temporal, and spatial deixis. Person deixis that appeared is 84.1 %, temporal deixis is 7.8, and spatial deixis is 8.1. From the result, person deixis is mostly used by the puppets. The uses of deixis are influenced by several factors, e.g. purposes of humor, characteristics of the addressee, and background of the speaker. It shows that deixis can also be used in humorous context to make people laugh. Deixes that appear in Opera Van Java are various, so through this research, the research findings can help readers to know other languages, e.g. Javanese, English, Indonesian, and Betawi. Because Opera Van Java is comedy show,sometimes deictic expressions used by the puppets were not suitable to its functions.

5.2 Suggestions

The researcher hopes that this research will give description to next researcher to analyze deixis by using different analyses and objects, such as talk

show, novel, news, and daily conversation in classroom or one community. The next researcher also can focus only in one type of deixis, for example analysis of person deixis, so the analysis will be more specific. Deixis in one language can also be analyzed by next researcher to understand deixis used in certain language because different language has different characteristics. The next researcher can analyze not only in the studies of pragmatics or sociolinguistics, but also in the grammar of deixis.

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java BIBLIOGRAPHY

Atia, Elsa. (2009). Analisis Deiksis Persona Dalam Rubrik Cerpen Pada Harian Umum Galamedia. Paper of Sarjana Sastra of UPI. Bandung: Unpublished Paper

Chaer, Abdul. (2009).Kamus Dialek Jakarta. Jakarta: Masup

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. (2008). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa. Fourth Ed. Gramedia: Jakarta

Lyons, John. (1968). Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Mangunsuwito, S.A. (2002). Kamus Bahasa Jawa. Bandung: Yrama Widya. Mey, Jacob L. (1993). Pragmatics An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell

Nadar, F.X. (2009). Pragmatik & Penelitian Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Nash, Walter. (1985). The Language of Humour. New York: Longman Inc.

Oxford University. (2008). Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. Eight Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Paltridge, Brian. (2006). Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.

Pardillos, M.A.C. (1995). “Deixis as a Reference to an Alleged Shared Situation in Persuasive Discourse”. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses [Online],

Alicante: Universidad de Alicante. Retrieved:

http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/5409/1/RAEI_08_05.pdf [2 March 2011]

Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti. (1984). Deiksis Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PN Balai Pustaka

Rastrinadya, Gilang Septa. (2011). Strategi Tindak Tutur Wacana Humor Pada Acara Bukan Empat Mata. Paper of Sarjana Sastra of UPI. Bandung: Unpublished Paper

Ramayanti, Desi. (2010). The Use of Mind Mapping Technnique in Teaching Narrative Text to Improve Student’s Reading Comprehension. Paper of Sarjana Pendidikan of UPI. Bandung: Unpublished Paper

Roach, Peter. (2001). Phonetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Saputra, Utari Septiani. (2010). Deiksis Dalam Tuturan Anak Usia 3-5 Tahun. Paper of Sarjana Sastra of UPI. Bandung: Unpublished Paper

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. (2012). Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Bandung: Unpublished

Website Opera Van Java [Online]. Retrieved:

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Van_Java [10 September 2011]

Wray, A., Trott, K. and Bloomer, A. (1998). Projects in Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

Yule, George. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Yule, George. (2006). The Study of Language. Third Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

The data card above has three columns. The first is no data contains of number of analysis and types of deixis that had beeen analyzed, for example 01PD (person deixis), 01TD (temporal deixis), and 01SD (space deixis). The second is data which explains data transcription or dialogue that will be analyzed by researcher. Deixis that appear in dialogue will be underlined. The last column is analysis. In this column, the researcher tells data analysis from data columns. The researcher describes person deixis that appear in dialogue and reasons of using deixes by seeing the context and other aspects, such as purposes of humor, the characteristics of the addressee, and background of the speaker.

3.5 Data Analysis

After collecting data, the researcher did some steps to analyze the data. First step was transcribing the data that had been collected from the dialogue, so it can be analyzed easily. Then, the data were sorted based on the research questions. After that, the researcher identified the data to investigate the types of deixis and the reasons of using them. The things that were concerned by the researcher are contexts of the stories. Finally, the data were classified based on their types and transferred into tables.

The researcher used data card to analyze the data, so it can make easy when the researcher transferred the data. The data card that had been filled can be seen below.

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

Table 3.3

The Example of Filling Data Card No Data : 01PD (SDT)

Reasons : Purpose of Humor Data: Aldi and his friend: Hey

Aldi’s friend : Duduk, duduk Aldi : Bang Norman.

Aldi’s friend : Duduk aje.duduk yang enak Analysis:

In the story, Aldi and his friend met in the class and greeted each other. Then Aldi called his friend ‘Bang Norman’. ‘Bang’ is a nick name in Betawi means brother and it is usually used to person that has a close relationship. ‘Bang’ was used by Aldi to make him as someone who has a close relationship with Norman. Aldi used ‘Bang Norman’ because at that time there was a video of police named Norman Kamaru in YouTube. He was so famous at that time and many TV shows talked about him. Aldi said ‘Bang Norman’ to allude social phenomenon that was happening. Allusion of social phenomenon can be a humor (Nash, 1985:21), so the puppets used ‘Bang Norman’ to purposes of humor and made the audience laughed. In the fact, on the stage there was no one who had name ‘Norman’ or played as ‘Norman’.

In the data number, the researcher fills 01PD because it is the first data that will be analyzed. PD means person deixis because in the second column, the researcher analyzed person deixis in dialogue. SDT (Seandainya Dia Tahu) refers to the title in Opera Van Java. In the third column, dialogue is taken from the data that researcher had. The dialogue is only chosen by categorizing the reason of using deixis. The researcher underlined the deixis appeared in dialogue of Opera Van Java. It will be clearer to know person deixis in the dialogue. In the analysis

column, first researcher told the context at that time, the language of deictic word, meaning and finally the reasons of using it.

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter describes the conclusions of the research that have been done by the researcher and suggestions for the next researcher who want to do research on deixis.

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the data analysis, the researcher concludes that three types of deixis used in Opera Van Java are person, temporal, and spatial deixis. Person deixis that appeared is 84.1 %, temporal deixis is 7.8, and spatial deixis is 8.1. From the result, person deixis is mostly used by the puppets. The uses of deixis are influenced by several factors, e.g. purposes of humor, characteristics of the addressee, and background of the speaker. It shows that deixis can also be used in humorous context to make people laugh. Deixes that appear in Opera Van Java are various, so through this research, the research findings can help readers to know other languages, e.g. Javanese, English, Indonesian, and Betawi. Because Opera Van Java is comedy show,sometimes deictic expressions used by the puppets were not suitable to its functions.

5.2 Suggestions

The researcher hopes that this research will give description to next researcher to analyze deixis by using different analyses and objects, such as talk

show, novel, news, and daily conversation in classroom or one community. The next researcher also can focus only in one type of deixis, for example analysis of person deixis, so the analysis will be more specific. Deixis in one language can also be analyzed by next researcher to understand deixis used in certain language because different language has different characteristics. The next researcher can analyze not only in the studies of pragmatics or sociolinguistics, but also in the grammar of deixis.

Deka Meylitasari, 2013

Deixis : Uses and Reasons of Their Using in Opera Van Java Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Atia, Elsa. (2009). Analisis Deiksis Persona Dalam Rubrik Cerpen Pada Harian Umum Galamedia. Paper of Sarjana Sastra of UPI. Bandung: Unpublished Paper

Chaer, Abdul. (2009).Kamus Dialek Jakarta. Jakarta: Masup

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. (2008). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa. Fourth Ed. Gramedia: Jakarta

Lyons, John. (1968). Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Mangunsuwito, S.A. (2002). Kamus Bahasa Jawa. Bandung: Yrama Widya. Mey, Jacob L. (1993). Pragmatics An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell

Nadar, F.X. (2009). Pragmatik & Penelitian Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Nash, Walter. (1985). The Language of Humour. New York: Longman Inc.

Oxford University. (2008). Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. Eight Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Paltridge, Brian. (2006). Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.

Pardillos, M.A.C. (1995). “Deixis as a Reference to an Alleged Shared Situation in Persuasive Discourse”. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses [Online],

Alicante: Universidad de Alicante. Retrieved:

http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/5409/1/RAEI_08_05.pdf [2 March 2011]

Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti. (1984). Deiksis Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PN Balai Pustaka

Rastrinadya, Gilang Septa. (2011). Strategi Tindak Tutur Wacana Humor Pada Acara Bukan Empat Mata. Paper of Sarjana Sastra of UPI. Bandung: Unpublished Paper

Ramayanti, Desi. (2010). The Use of Mind Mapping Technnique in Teaching

Narrative Text to Improve Student’s Reading Comprehension. Paper of

Sarjana Pendidikan of UPI. Bandung: Unpublished Paper Roach, Peter. (2001). Phonetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Saputra, Utari Septiani. (2010). Deiksis Dalam Tuturan Anak Usia 3-5 Tahun. Paper of Sarjana Sastra of UPI. Bandung: Unpublished Paper

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. (2012). Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Bandung: Unpublished

Website Opera Van Java [Online]. Retrieved:

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Van_Java [10 September 2011]

Wray, A., Trott, K. and Bloomer, A. (1998). Projects in Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

Yule, George. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Yule, George. (2006). The Study of Language. Third Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press