ANALISYS ON PRAGMATIC FORCE OF DECLARATIVE UTTERANCES IN FILM ENTITLED "AVATAR".
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Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film
Entitled “Avatar”
THESIS
By:
EKO WIDIANTO
K2209104
English Education Department
Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Sebelas Maret University
Surakarta
2013
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PRONOUNCEMENT
I would like to certify that the thesis entitled "Analysis on Pragmatic Force of
Declarative Utterances in Film Entitled Avatar” is really my own work. It is not plagiarism or
made by others. Everything related to others‟ works are written in quotation, the sources of
which are listed on the bibliography.
If then, this pronouncement proves wrong, I am ready to receive any academic
punishment.
Ngawi,
September 2013
Eko Widianto
commit
ii to user
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Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film
Entitled “Avatar”
Submitted to the Teacher Training and education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University to Fulfil
one of the requirements for obtaining the undergraduate degree in english education
THESIS
By:
EKO WIDIANTO
K2209104
English Education Department
Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Sebelas Maret University
Surakarta
2013
commit
iii to user
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APPROVAL OF CONSULTANTS
This thesis has been apprived by thesis Consultants to be examined by the thesis Examiners
board of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
On
:
By
:
First Consultant
Second Consultant
Drs. Suparno, M.Pd.
Teguh Sarosa, S.S., M.Hum
NIP. 195111271986011001
NIP. 19730205 200604 1 001
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APPROVAL OF THE BOARD EXAMINERS
This thesis has been examined by the Board of Thesis Examiners of the English Education
Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University Surakarta
and has been accepted to fulfill one of the requirements for obtaining the Undergraduate Degree
in English Education.
Date :
Day :
The Board of Examiners:
1. Chair
Drs. Muh. Asrori, M.Pd.
NIP. 19601015 198702 1 001
2. Secretary
Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd.
NIP. 19520307 198003 1 005
3. First Examiner
Drs. Suparno, M.Pd.
NIP. 19511127 198601 1 001
4. Second Examiner
Teguh Sarosa, S.S., M.Hum.
NIP. 19730205 200604 1 001
(..................................)
(..................................)
(..................................)
(..................................)
Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta
Dean,
Prof. Dr. H. Furqon Hidayatullah, M.Pd.
NIP. 19600727 198702 1 001
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ABSTRACT
Eko Widianto. K2209104. Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film
Entitled “Avatar”. Thesis. English Department. Teacher Training and Education Faculty.
Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta.
This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The sources of data are the manuscript
and video of “Avatar” film. It is an epic science fiction film made by Lightstorm Entertainment
and released by 20th Century Fox on December 18, 2009. The film is written and directed by
James Cameron.
The goals of this research are 1) to identify the contexts of declarative utterances uttered
by the main characters (Jake Sully) in the film entitled “Avatar”, 2) to identify the hearer’s
responses of declarative utterances uttered by the main character (Jake Sully) in the film entitled
“Avatar”, 3) to explain the pragmatic forces of declarative utterances uttered by the main
character (Jake Sully) in the film entitled “Avatar” viewed from the illocutionary force. The
researcher classifies the declarative utterances by their illocutionary forces based on Searle’s
theories. Before defining the pragmatic force, the researcher explains the context for a better
understanding about the speaker’s intention. From the film, the researcher found 120 declarative
utterances uttered by the main character (Jake Sully). The researcher takes 40 utterances as the
data of the research.
The results of this research are, 1) every utterance has its own context which is different
from another utterance. The declarative utterances produced by Jake Sully in film entitled Avatar
have their own context; situation, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms,
and genre, 2) the hearer’s responses of Jake Sully’s declarative utterance are many and varied;
they are not only organized as word, phrase, or sentence, but some of the responses are formed in
acts, and some hearers do not give any response. Some responses are formed in words responses
as statement and question, while some other responses are formed in act responses; eying,
nodding, attacking, etc. Those responses are influenced by Jake’s meaning by those declarative
utterances, 3) the pragmatic force of the declarative utterance in film entitled “Avatar” is
reflected by the function of the utterance, the 40 declarative utterances bring various force as
suggesting, appointing, reporting, requesting, claiming, thanking, asking, complaining,
apologizing, confirming, blaming, ordering, advising, and sentencing.
The contributions of this research to teaching and learning activity are, 1) the pragmatic
force of declarative utterances can be used as teacher’s instruction, and 2) the pragmatic force of
declarative utterances can also be used as a teaching materials.
Keywords: pragmatic, speech act, illocution, declarative
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ABSTRAK
Eko Widianto. K2209104. Penelitian tentang Pragmatik pada Tuturan Pernyataan dalam
Film yang Berjudul “Avatar”. Skripsi. Bahasa Inggris. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan.
Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini
adalah transkrip dan video asli dari film “Avatar”. Film “Avatar” ini merupakan sebuah film
fiksi ilmiah kepahlawanan yang diproduksi oleh Lightstorm Entertainment dan drilis oleh 20th
Century Fox pada 18 Desember 2009. Film ini ditulis dan disutradarai oleh James Cameron.
Peneliti menemukan 120 tuturan pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully)
dalam transkrip dan video.
Data penelitian ini adalah tuturan pernyataan yang diambil dari transkrip film dan video.
Untuk mencapai tujuan dari penelitian ini, yakni 1) untuk mengenali konteks dari tuturan
pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully) dalam film “Avatar”, 2) untuk
mengenali tanggapan dari para pendengar tuturan pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama
(Jake Sully) dalam film “Avatar”, 3) untuk menjelaskan pragmatik pada tuturan pernyataan yang
diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully) dalam film “Avatar” dipandang dari pengaruh ilokusi
dari masing-masing tuturan. Peneliti mengklasifikasi tuturan pernyataan menurut pengaruh
ilokusi masing-masing dengan berdasar pada teori Searle. Sebelum menganalisa data, peneliti
menjelaskan konteks terlebih dahulu untuk pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang maksud tuturan
yang sebenarnya.
Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah 1) setiap tuturan memiliki konteks tersendiri yang berbeda
dari tuturan lain. Tuturan pernyataan yang dihasilkan oleh Jake Sully dalam film “Avatar”
memiliki konteks masing-masing yakni situasi, peserta, tujuan, rangkaian tindakan, petunjuk,
perantara, norma, dan jenis, 2) tanggapan pendengar terhadap tuturan pernyataan Jake Sully
begitu banyak dan bermacam-macam; tidak hanya berbentuk kata, frase, atau kalimat, tetapi juga
berbentuk tindakan, dan yang lain tidak memberikan tanggapan. Beberapa tanggapan berbentuk
kata-kata antara lain pernyataan, dan pertanyaan, sedangkan yang lain berbentuk tindakan seperti
memandang, mengangguk, menyerang, dsb. Tanggapan-tanggapan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh
maksud Jake yang sebenarnya lewat tuturan pernyataan tersebut, 3) pragmatik pada tuturan
pernyataan dalam film “Avatar” dicerminkan oleh fungsi dari masing-masing tuturan, 40 tuturan
dalam penelitian ini membawa berbagai macam bentuk pragmatik seperti mengusulkan,
menetapkan, melaporkan, meminta, mengklaim, berterimakasih, bertanya, mengeluh, meminta
maaf, menyalahkan, memesan, menasehati, memvonis.
Kontribusi penelitian ini terhadap pengajaran dan pembelajaran adalah 1) pragmatik pada
tuturan pernyataan dapat diterapkan sebagai instruksi guru, 2) pragmatik pada tuturan pernyataan
juga dapat digunakan sebagai materi pengajaran.
Kata kunci: pragmatik, tindak tutur, ilokusi, pernyataan
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MOTTO
“Real education must ultimately be limited to men who insist on knowing,
the rest is mere sheep-herding”
(Ezra Pound)
“The object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves
throughout their lives”
(Robert M. Hutchins)
commit
viii to user
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DEDICATION
This thesis is lovingly dedicated to:
My mother and my father.
My lovely sister.
commit
ix to user
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin.
All praise be to Allah SWT to the blesses for the researcher to finish the thesis as one of
the requirements for achieving Undergraduate Degree in English Department, Teacher Training
and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University. The researcher believes that many people have
given support to finish this thesis. So, he would like to express his sincere gratitude to the
following:
1.
The Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University
for his permission to write this thesis.
2.
The Head of English Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of
Sebelas Maret University, for his permission to write this thesis.
3.
Drs. Suparno, M. Pd., the first consultant for all his patience, motivation, enthusiasm,
and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and
writing of this thesis.
4.
The second consultant, Teguh Sarosa, S.S., M.Hum, for his time, advice, and
patience to make the thesis better.
5.
All the lecturers, administrative staffs and friends in the English Department of
Sebelas Maret University for the assistance so the researcher could enjoy the time
during his learning in the English Department.
6.
His mother and his father for their massive supports and patience, for giving birth to
the researcher at the first place and supporting the researcher spiritually throughout
his life.
commit
x to user
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7.
digilib.uns.ac.id
The researcher’s best friends: Qosim, Heru, Reza, Chandri, Andri, Habyby, for
always helping and brightening the researcher’s life when he has been through a
storm.
8.
ED 2009 B for a good love and laugh.
9.
The entire members of English Department, especially for ED 2009 for the
friendship and happiness that he has spent with.
This thesis is far from being perfect, so the researcher would be very pleased for all the
suggestion, criticism, and comment on this thesis better. The researcher hopes that this thesis
could give some knowledges to everyone who read it.
Ngawi,
September 2013
Eko Widianto
commit
xi to user
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TABLE OF CONTENT
PRONOUNCEMENT .....................................................................................
ii
TITLE .............................................................................................................
iii
APPROVAL OF CONSULTANTS ...............................................................
iv
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ........................................
v
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
vi
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................
vii
MOTTO ..........................................................................................................
viii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................
xii
LIST OF APPENDIX .....................................................................................
xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................
1
A. Background of the Research ...................................................
1
B. Problem Limitation .................................................................
4
C. Problem Statement ..................................................................
4
D. Research Objectives ................................................................
5
E. Benefits of the Research ..........................................................
5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..............................
6
A. Pragmatics ...............................................................................
6
1. The differences of semantics and pragmatics .....................
6
2. Aspects of pragmatics .........................................................
8
3. The domain of pragmatics ………………………………..
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9
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B. Speech Acts .............................................................................
11
1. Definition of speech acts .....................................................
11
2. Categories of speech acts ....................................................
12
3. Direct and indirect speech acts ............................................
15
4. Classification of speech acts ................................................
16
5. Pragmatic force …………………………………………...
18
C. Declarative Utterance ..............................................................
19
D. Context .....................................................................................
21
E. Human Communication ...........................................................
24
1. Definition of communication ……………………………..
24
2. Characteristic of communication ........................................
25
3. Types of communication ………………………………….
25
4. Function of communication ……………………………….
27
F. Film ...........................................................................................
28
G. Synopsis of the Film “Avatar” ………………………………
30
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................
33
A. Object of the Research ............................................................
33
B. Type of the Research ...............................................................
33
C. Data and Source of Data ..........................................................
34
D. Population, Sample and Sampling Technique ........................
34
E. Technique of Collecting Data ..................................................
35
F. Technique of Analyzing the Data ............................................
36
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS ...............................................................
40
A. Introduction to Analysis ..........................................................
40
B. Data Analysis ...........................................................................
40
C. Discussion ................................................................................
96
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, SUGGESTION.................
99
A. Conclusion ...............................................................................
99
B. Implication ...............................................................................
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100
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1. As teacher’s instruction …………………………………...
101
2. As teaching materials ……………………………………..
102
C. Suggestion …………………………………………………...
117
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………. ..
118
APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………….. 120
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LIST OF APPENDIX
1.
The manuscript of “Avatar” film.
2.
Legalizations.
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Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film
Entitled “Avatar”
THESIS
By:
EKO WIDIANTO
K2209104
English Education Department
Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Sebelas Maret University
Surakarta
2013
commit
i to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
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PRONOUNCEMENT
I would like to certify that the thesis entitled "Analysis on Pragmatic Force of
Declarative Utterances in Film Entitled Avatar” is really my own work. It is not plagiarism or
made by others. Everything related to others‟ works are written in quotation, the sources of
which are listed on the bibliography.
If then, this pronouncement proves wrong, I am ready to receive any academic
punishment.
Ngawi,
September 2013
Eko Widianto
commit
ii to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film
Entitled “Avatar”
Submitted to the Teacher Training and education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University to Fulfil
one of the requirements for obtaining the undergraduate degree in english education
THESIS
By:
EKO WIDIANTO
K2209104
English Education Department
Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Sebelas Maret University
Surakarta
2013
commit
iii to user
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APPROVAL OF CONSULTANTS
This thesis has been apprived by thesis Consultants to be examined by the thesis Examiners
board of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
On
:
By
:
First Consultant
Second Consultant
Drs. Suparno, M.Pd.
Teguh Sarosa, S.S., M.Hum
NIP. 195111271986011001
NIP. 19730205 200604 1 001
commit
iv to user
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APPROVAL OF THE BOARD EXAMINERS
This thesis has been examined by the Board of Thesis Examiners of the English Education
Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University Surakarta
and has been accepted to fulfill one of the requirements for obtaining the Undergraduate Degree
in English Education.
Date :
Day :
The Board of Examiners:
1. Chair
Drs. Muh. Asrori, M.Pd.
NIP. 19601015 198702 1 001
2. Secretary
Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd.
NIP. 19520307 198003 1 005
3. First Examiner
Drs. Suparno, M.Pd.
NIP. 19511127 198601 1 001
4. Second Examiner
Teguh Sarosa, S.S., M.Hum.
NIP. 19730205 200604 1 001
(..................................)
(..................................)
(..................................)
(..................................)
Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta
Dean,
Prof. Dr. H. Furqon Hidayatullah, M.Pd.
NIP. 19600727 198702 1 001
commit
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ABSTRACT
Eko Widianto. K2209104. Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances in Film
Entitled “Avatar”. Thesis. English Department. Teacher Training and Education Faculty.
Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta.
This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The sources of data are the manuscript
and video of “Avatar” film. It is an epic science fiction film made by Lightstorm Entertainment
and released by 20th Century Fox on December 18, 2009. The film is written and directed by
James Cameron.
The goals of this research are 1) to identify the contexts of declarative utterances uttered
by the main characters (Jake Sully) in the film entitled “Avatar”, 2) to identify the hearer’s
responses of declarative utterances uttered by the main character (Jake Sully) in the film entitled
“Avatar”, 3) to explain the pragmatic forces of declarative utterances uttered by the main
character (Jake Sully) in the film entitled “Avatar” viewed from the illocutionary force. The
researcher classifies the declarative utterances by their illocutionary forces based on Searle’s
theories. Before defining the pragmatic force, the researcher explains the context for a better
understanding about the speaker’s intention. From the film, the researcher found 120 declarative
utterances uttered by the main character (Jake Sully). The researcher takes 40 utterances as the
data of the research.
The results of this research are, 1) every utterance has its own context which is different
from another utterance. The declarative utterances produced by Jake Sully in film entitled Avatar
have their own context; situation, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms,
and genre, 2) the hearer’s responses of Jake Sully’s declarative utterance are many and varied;
they are not only organized as word, phrase, or sentence, but some of the responses are formed in
acts, and some hearers do not give any response. Some responses are formed in words responses
as statement and question, while some other responses are formed in act responses; eying,
nodding, attacking, etc. Those responses are influenced by Jake’s meaning by those declarative
utterances, 3) the pragmatic force of the declarative utterance in film entitled “Avatar” is
reflected by the function of the utterance, the 40 declarative utterances bring various force as
suggesting, appointing, reporting, requesting, claiming, thanking, asking, complaining,
apologizing, confirming, blaming, ordering, advising, and sentencing.
The contributions of this research to teaching and learning activity are, 1) the pragmatic
force of declarative utterances can be used as teacher’s instruction, and 2) the pragmatic force of
declarative utterances can also be used as a teaching materials.
Keywords: pragmatic, speech act, illocution, declarative
commit
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ABSTRAK
Eko Widianto. K2209104. Penelitian tentang Pragmatik pada Tuturan Pernyataan dalam
Film yang Berjudul “Avatar”. Skripsi. Bahasa Inggris. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan.
Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini
adalah transkrip dan video asli dari film “Avatar”. Film “Avatar” ini merupakan sebuah film
fiksi ilmiah kepahlawanan yang diproduksi oleh Lightstorm Entertainment dan drilis oleh 20th
Century Fox pada 18 Desember 2009. Film ini ditulis dan disutradarai oleh James Cameron.
Peneliti menemukan 120 tuturan pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully)
dalam transkrip dan video.
Data penelitian ini adalah tuturan pernyataan yang diambil dari transkrip film dan video.
Untuk mencapai tujuan dari penelitian ini, yakni 1) untuk mengenali konteks dari tuturan
pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully) dalam film “Avatar”, 2) untuk
mengenali tanggapan dari para pendengar tuturan pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama
(Jake Sully) dalam film “Avatar”, 3) untuk menjelaskan pragmatik pada tuturan pernyataan yang
diucapkan oleh tokoh utama (Jake Sully) dalam film “Avatar” dipandang dari pengaruh ilokusi
dari masing-masing tuturan. Peneliti mengklasifikasi tuturan pernyataan menurut pengaruh
ilokusi masing-masing dengan berdasar pada teori Searle. Sebelum menganalisa data, peneliti
menjelaskan konteks terlebih dahulu untuk pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang maksud tuturan
yang sebenarnya.
Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah 1) setiap tuturan memiliki konteks tersendiri yang berbeda
dari tuturan lain. Tuturan pernyataan yang dihasilkan oleh Jake Sully dalam film “Avatar”
memiliki konteks masing-masing yakni situasi, peserta, tujuan, rangkaian tindakan, petunjuk,
perantara, norma, dan jenis, 2) tanggapan pendengar terhadap tuturan pernyataan Jake Sully
begitu banyak dan bermacam-macam; tidak hanya berbentuk kata, frase, atau kalimat, tetapi juga
berbentuk tindakan, dan yang lain tidak memberikan tanggapan. Beberapa tanggapan berbentuk
kata-kata antara lain pernyataan, dan pertanyaan, sedangkan yang lain berbentuk tindakan seperti
memandang, mengangguk, menyerang, dsb. Tanggapan-tanggapan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh
maksud Jake yang sebenarnya lewat tuturan pernyataan tersebut, 3) pragmatik pada tuturan
pernyataan dalam film “Avatar” dicerminkan oleh fungsi dari masing-masing tuturan, 40 tuturan
dalam penelitian ini membawa berbagai macam bentuk pragmatik seperti mengusulkan,
menetapkan, melaporkan, meminta, mengklaim, berterimakasih, bertanya, mengeluh, meminta
maaf, menyalahkan, memesan, menasehati, memvonis.
Kontribusi penelitian ini terhadap pengajaran dan pembelajaran adalah 1) pragmatik pada
tuturan pernyataan dapat diterapkan sebagai instruksi guru, 2) pragmatik pada tuturan pernyataan
juga dapat digunakan sebagai materi pengajaran.
Kata kunci: pragmatik, tindak tutur, ilokusi, pernyataan
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MOTTO
“Real education must ultimately be limited to men who insist on knowing,
the rest is mere sheep-herding”
(Ezra Pound)
“The object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves
throughout their lives”
(Robert M. Hutchins)
commit
viii to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
DEDICATION
This thesis is lovingly dedicated to:
My mother and my father.
My lovely sister.
commit
ix to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin.
All praise be to Allah SWT to the blesses for the researcher to finish the thesis as one of
the requirements for achieving Undergraduate Degree in English Department, Teacher Training
and Education Faculty, Sebelas Maret University. The researcher believes that many people have
given support to finish this thesis. So, he would like to express his sincere gratitude to the
following:
1.
The Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University
for his permission to write this thesis.
2.
The Head of English Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of
Sebelas Maret University, for his permission to write this thesis.
3.
Drs. Suparno, M. Pd., the first consultant for all his patience, motivation, enthusiasm,
and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and
writing of this thesis.
4.
The second consultant, Teguh Sarosa, S.S., M.Hum, for his time, advice, and
patience to make the thesis better.
5.
All the lecturers, administrative staffs and friends in the English Department of
Sebelas Maret University for the assistance so the researcher could enjoy the time
during his learning in the English Department.
6.
His mother and his father for their massive supports and patience, for giving birth to
the researcher at the first place and supporting the researcher spiritually throughout
his life.
commit
x to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
7.
digilib.uns.ac.id
The researcher’s best friends: Qosim, Heru, Reza, Chandri, Andri, Habyby, for
always helping and brightening the researcher’s life when he has been through a
storm.
8.
ED 2009 B for a good love and laugh.
9.
The entire members of English Department, especially for ED 2009 for the
friendship and happiness that he has spent with.
This thesis is far from being perfect, so the researcher would be very pleased for all the
suggestion, criticism, and comment on this thesis better. The researcher hopes that this thesis
could give some knowledges to everyone who read it.
Ngawi,
September 2013
Eko Widianto
commit
xi to user
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digilib.uns.ac.id
TABLE OF CONTENT
PRONOUNCEMENT .....................................................................................
ii
TITLE .............................................................................................................
iii
APPROVAL OF CONSULTANTS ...............................................................
iv
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ........................................
v
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
vi
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................
vii
MOTTO ..........................................................................................................
viii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................
xii
LIST OF APPENDIX .....................................................................................
xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................
1
A. Background of the Research ...................................................
1
B. Problem Limitation .................................................................
4
C. Problem Statement ..................................................................
4
D. Research Objectives ................................................................
5
E. Benefits of the Research ..........................................................
5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..............................
6
A. Pragmatics ...............................................................................
6
1. The differences of semantics and pragmatics .....................
6
2. Aspects of pragmatics .........................................................
8
3. The domain of pragmatics ………………………………..
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B. Speech Acts .............................................................................
11
1. Definition of speech acts .....................................................
11
2. Categories of speech acts ....................................................
12
3. Direct and indirect speech acts ............................................
15
4. Classification of speech acts ................................................
16
5. Pragmatic force …………………………………………...
18
C. Declarative Utterance ..............................................................
19
D. Context .....................................................................................
21
E. Human Communication ...........................................................
24
1. Definition of communication ……………………………..
24
2. Characteristic of communication ........................................
25
3. Types of communication ………………………………….
25
4. Function of communication ……………………………….
27
F. Film ...........................................................................................
28
G. Synopsis of the Film “Avatar” ………………………………
30
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..........................................
33
A. Object of the Research ............................................................
33
B. Type of the Research ...............................................................
33
C. Data and Source of Data ..........................................................
34
D. Population, Sample and Sampling Technique ........................
34
E. Technique of Collecting Data ..................................................
35
F. Technique of Analyzing the Data ............................................
36
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS ...............................................................
40
A. Introduction to Analysis ..........................................................
40
B. Data Analysis ...........................................................................
40
C. Discussion ................................................................................
96
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, SUGGESTION.................
99
A. Conclusion ...............................................................................
99
B. Implication ...............................................................................
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1. As teacher’s instruction …………………………………...
101
2. As teaching materials ……………………………………..
102
C. Suggestion …………………………………………………...
117
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………. ..
118
APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………….. 120
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LIST OF APPENDIX
1.
The manuscript of “Avatar” film.
2.
Legalizations.
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