THE STUDY ON ENGLISH NEGATIVE PREFIXES {IN-} AND {UN-} WITH ADJECTIVES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
Student Number: 044214067
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE STUDY ON ENGLISH NEGATIVE PREFIXES {IN-} AND {UN-} WITH ADJECTIVES
BAYU PRABOWO SIGIT
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
Student Number: 044214067
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE STUDY ON ENGLISH NEGATIVE PREFIXES {IN-} AND {UN-} WITH ADJECTIVES
BAYU PRABOWO SIGIT
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE PERSON WHO RISKS NOTHING, DOES NOTHING,
HAS NOTHING,
(LEO F. BUSCAGLIA) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Bayu Prabowo Sigit Nomor mahasiswa : 044214067
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE STUDY ON ENGLISH NEGATIVE PREFIXES
{IN-} AND {UN-} WITH ADJECTIVES
Bersama perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 30 September 2011 Yang menyatakan, Bayu Prabowo Sigit PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In finishing this thesis, I would like to thank many people who have supported me with their hand, care, love, and prayer. First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Jesus, the Almighty, for His endless blessing and guidance in accomplishing this thesis.
My gratitude is also dedicated to my beloved mother and father, who always support me during my education program. They have worked so hard to make my dreams come true. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor and my co-advisor, who have spent their time in helping me to correct and improve my thesis.
I also would like to thank my best friends from English Letters: Moniq, Adi, Bendot, Kristin, Susan, Rony, Galih, and Letty: who have left me behind and gave more spirit for me. Besides, I would like to thank Antok, Bambang, Wawan and Minto for accompany me on the courses. Last but not least, I would like to thank the people at G12 and J36 crib for giving me nice place to work hard on this thesis.
Bayu Prabowo Sigit
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE .................................................................................................... i APPROVAL ......................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE .................................................................................... iii MOTTO PAGE ………………………………………………………… iv LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI……………………………… v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... ix ABSTRAK ........................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ...................................................1 B. Problem Formulation ..........................................................
3 C. Objectives of the Study .....................................................
4 D. Benefit of the Study ...........................................................
4 E. Definition of Terms ............................................................
4 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW .....................................
6 A. Review of Related Studies .................................................
6 B. Review of Related Theories ...............................................
9 1. Theory on Roots ……......................................................
9 2. Theory on Affixation ….……........................................
10 3. Theory on Assimilation …..............................................
11 C. Theoretical Framework .......................................................
11 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY .................................................. 13 A. The Data of the Study ........................................................
13 B. Approach of the Study …...................................................
14 C. Method of the Study ..........................................................
15 1. Data Collection ..............................................................
15 2. Data Analysis ...................................................................
16 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ...............................................................
18 A. Origin of Prefixes in- and un- Roots ..................................
18 1. Roots of Adjectives with in- …………………………....
18
2. Roots of Adjectives with un- ……..………………….…
27 B. The Morphological Process of in- and un- ………………...
42 1. The Morphological Process of Prefix in- ……………….
43
2. The Morphological Process of Prefix un- ………………
48 C. The Phonological Processes of Prefix in- ………………….
59
1. Prefix in- followed by Liquids ……………………………
59
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ..........................................................
63 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................
67 APPENDIX ....................................................................................
68 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Bayu Prabowo Sigit. The Study on English Negative Prefixes {in-} and {un-}
with Adjectives. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University, 2011.Language is potential to produce more utterances to enrich its vocabulary. Affixes are an element of language to produce more words. The negative prefixes
in - and un- are chosen as the object of the study because they have the same
semantic effect to the word they are attached to but the environment is different from one to another. Certain adjectives may be attached to prefix in- but not to un and vice versa. This is an interesting topic because the speaker may use this kind of negative words but they do not understand why certain adjectives attach only to
- and vice versa. There are three objectives of this study. First is to find out the
in
etymology of the roots of prefixes in- and un-. Second is to show the morphological processes of the affixation. Last is the analysis on morphophonemic processes of prefix in-.
The three objectives were accomplished by doing data gathering and data analysis. The object of this study is adjectives listed on Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary . The data were classified into adjectives with prefix in- and
adjectives with prefix un-. The researcher analyzed each root to find the origin of the word. The morphological and morphophonemic processes of both prefixes are used to show any distinct character between them. The adjectives with prefix un- has wider scope than the adjectives of prefix in-. The 234 roots of prefix un- are originated from English, French, Latin, Greek, Norse, Italian, and Scots. The 118 roots of prefix in- are taken from Latin and French. Both prefixes have roots originated from Latin and French, the differences are English borrowed completely built-up adjectives for prefix in- but English only borrowed the root for prefix un-. The prefix in- is also different because of occurrence of the morphophonemic process. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Bayu Prabowo Sigit. The Study on English Negative Prefixes {in-} and {un-}
with Adjectives. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2011.Bahasa berpotensi untuk memproduksi lebih banyak kata untuk memperkaya perbendaharaan katanya. Kata sisipan adalah sebuah alat yang dimiliki bahasa untuk memproduksi kata. Prefik-prefik negatif in- dan un- dipilih sebagai obyek penelitian karena mereka mempunyai efek yang sama pada arti kata yang dihubungkan pada prefix tetapi penyebarannya berbeda satu sama lain. Beberapa kata keterangan bisa disisipi prefik in- tetapi tidak bias disisipi un-, dan sebaliknya. Ini adalah topik yang menarik karena pengguna bisa menggunakan kata dengan prefik negatif tetapi mereka tidak tahu kenapa prefik in- hanya bisa menempel pada kata keterangan tertentu dan sebaliknya. Dalam penelitian ini ada tiga pembahasan. Pembahasan pertama yaitu untuk mengetahui asal kata dasar prefik in- dan un-. Pembahasan kedua yaitu untuk menunjukkan proses penyatuan prefix dengan kata dasar. Pembahasan terakhir yaitu proses penyesuaian suara prefik in-.
Ketiga tujuan diatas dicapai dengan mengumpulkan data dan menelitinya. Data penelitian ini adalah kata keterangan yang tercantum pada Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary . Data tersebut kemudian diklasifikasi berdasarkan
pembedaan kata keterangan berprefik negatif in- atau un-. Peneliti menganalisa kata dasar untuk menentukan dari mana mereka berasal. Proses-proses morfologi dan morfofonemik dari kedua prefik digunakan untuk menunjukkan perbedaan keduanya. Kata keterangan dengan prefik un- memiliki penyebaran yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kata dasar dari prefix in-. 234 kata dasar prefik un- adalah pinjaman dari Bahasa Inggris, Perancis, Latin, Yunani, Norman, Itali, dan Skotlandia. 118 kata dasar prefix in- diambil dari Bahasa Latin dan Perancis. Kedua prefik sama-sama memiliki kata dasar pinjaman dari Bahasa Latin dan Perancis, yang membedakan keduanya. Bahasa Inggris meminjam langsung kata yang sudah disisipi dengan prefix in- tetapi hanya meminjam kata dasar untuk prefik un-. Prefik in- juga berbeda karena munculnya proses morfofonemik. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Language is a tool for human communication, so they are able to express
their feelings, thoughts, and ideas through language. According to O’Grady and Dobrovolsky, language is a system of communication, medium for thought, a vehicle for literary expression, a social institution, a matter for political controversy, and a factor in nation building (1989: 1). Every language has its own complexity, one and another may have similar complexity but there is no exact similarity that occurs between them. By this complexity, the language is potential to produce more utterance to enrich its vocabulary. Like in English, it has the ability to produce more words. One example of this kind of word productivity can be easily found in the affixation. Here, the researcher analyzes the affix based on function. As it is deals with the internal structure of complex words, this research is in a small part of morphological study.
A derivational affix is categorized as one of the affixes based on its function. A derivational affix functioned to form a new word. In English, affixes are divided by their position. Prefixes are the affixes in initial position, infixes are in the middle, suffixes are in the final position, and the circumfixes are in both initial and final position. All of affixes have their own function. The affixes may change the word-class and the meaning. For example, the word fixable, the root of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
example that affix is able to change the meaning is in the prefix un- as in the word unhappy . The meaning is different from the root because of the reversion.
In this thesis, the negative prefix is chosen as the object of the study because some of this prefixes: in- and un- will have the same semantic effect to the word they are attached to, especially to an adjective. The prefixes in- and un- are some of the affixes that negate the meaning of a word. However, an adjective may attach to prefix in- but cannot attach to prefix un- and vice versa. In by P. H. Matthews, it is stated that there are certainly negatives in
Morphology
un - which do mean simply ‘not X’. But it has often been noted that un- more
easily negates a positive quality (1991: 73).
Usually, the people who speak English tend to use the negative prefixes because of the words are already listed in the dictionary. This condition occurs because the people do not understand the point that distinct these negative prefixes in- and un-. The people do not understand why certain word can be attached to the prefix in- but not to the prefix un- and vice versa. This kind of distribution will show how the environment constructs the differentiation among the words that attached to prefix in- or prefix un-.
The consistency of the distribution of the negative prefixes in- and un- is another problem that may also occur in using the word with a negative prefix. The consistency of the negative prefixes in- and un- can also be a pattern that empowers the characteristic of each prefix. The character of each prefix will show which prefix is wider in proportion and also show the different in environment. In PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
negative words with prefix in- or un- is needed to see how productive the prefixes are. The analysis on the history of the word will reveal the environment needed by the negative prefixes. The etymology of the word has a big role to a negative prefix to build the characteristic, what kind of environment they can attach to.
The distribution of the words which have the negative prefix seems only as they are shown in the dictionary. For the students who learn English, most of them do not know what character of an adjective which can be negated by the prefix in- or the prefix un-. Most of them knew the adjectives with in- or un- from the dictionary or simply by memorizing them. This is an interesting topic because they may use this kind of negative words but they do not understand the characteristic that differentiate them.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background mentioned above, there are three problems in this research. The present researcher formulates the problem formulation as follows:
1. What are the origins of the roots with in- and un-?
2. What are the morphological processes of the adjectives prefixed with in- and un-?
3. What is the phonological process of the adjectives prefixed with in-? PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
C. Objectives of the Study
There are three objectives of this study. First is to find out the origin or the etymology of the adjective roots attached to negative prefixes in- and un-. Second is to understand the morphological processes or the attachment of the prefixes in- and un- from roots to prefixed form. The last is to understand the morphophonemic processes of the prefix in-.
D. Benefit of the Study
By doing this study, the present researcher expects that it can give more understanding about the adjective words with negative prefixes and its roots. This study also gives more understanding on the word origin of the roots. It can also become a new contribution to the readers who are interested in conducting further study in prefixes in- and un-, and their origin. Moreover, the result of the study can be used as valuable information for students who learn English, especially in adjective words with prefixes in- or un-.
E. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misleading interpretation in the process of analyzing the data, it is important to know some definition of linguistics terminologies. The terms used in this study are root, adjective, prefix, and etymology. The definitions of these terms are taken from The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Linguistics by Peter Matthews. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Root is “A form from which words or parts of words are derived and which is not itself derivable from any smaller or simpler form; e.g. carefully derived from careful which is from the root care”. (1997: 324)
Adjective is “A word of a class whose most characteristic role is as the modifier of a noun. Hence typically understood as referring to properties not essential to whatever is denoted by noun. Adjective seen in antiquity as a distinct sub-class of a noun, added or adjoined to others: as such they were sometimes said to have a role parallel to that of adverbs in their relation to verbs”. (1997: 8) Prefix is “An affix which comes before the form to which it is joined; e.g.
un- in unkind (1997: 292)
Etymology is “The study of the historical relation between a word and the earlier form of forms from which it has, or has hypothetically developed. Loosely described as a study of the ‘origins of words’ but if this expression is taken too literary it can be misleading”. (1997: 119) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter covers three parts: the review of related studies, the review of
related theories, and the theoretical framework. The first part includes reviews of other studies which also discuss similar topic with this analysis. This part covers the morphological studies on many other English prefixes. The second part contains some theories that will help in accomplishing the analysis. The theories which will be used are theories about morphology including theory on the roots, affixation, and assimilation. Indeed, the theory of roots and affixation are important since this research will find out the form of English negative prefixes and their roots. The theory on assimilation used to identify the prefix in- of different environments.
A. Review of Related Studies
Since prefix is a very broad subject, there have been researches done on this subject. A thesis done by Artasari Novita entitled A Morphological Study on
the Prefixes of Time ante-, fore-, pre- in English (2003). The study is first about
the stems that the prefixes of time occur with. The stem here refers to all the free morphemes that attach to the prefix of time, also the categories whether the stems are complex or not. The writer also tries to see morphophonemic process of the words. The second thing is about the meanings that the prefixes show in the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
deeper meaning of the derived words. The writer studied the morphophonemic process of the affixation. Knowledge of phonology will be implemented for the analysis of the morphophonemic process involved in affixation. (2003:3)
The study above analyzes the morphology of the prefixes show the quality of time. As the study is a morphological study, the writer also analyzes the stems which time prefixes attach to, categorize whether the stem is complex or not, and analyze whether the stems are morphophonemic or polymorphemic words. In affixation, an affix needs the stem to attach to. In negative prefixes, the negative words or the data will be analyzed to determine the proportion of the negative prefixes. There will be no need of categorizing the complex and non-complex stems. The etymology of the word will show the proportion of the prefix in- and
un- . The second problem is the meaning of the time prefixes which generally
means showing the time. In this study, the writer tries to analyze the semantic effect of the time prefixes deeper. In the study of negative prefixes, the morphological process will be analyzed. The study of phonology will be implemented for the analysis of the negative prefixes because there will be morphophonemic process made by certain prefix.
On another thesis written by Olivia Soenantho entitled A Morphological
Study of English Prefixes: mega-, macro-, poly-, multy- (2006). The research
discusses the morphological aspect of the English prefixes that are the descended from Greek namely mega-, macro-, poly- and from Latin multi-. The morphological aspect that becomes the main discussion deals with the words PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
word are spoken. The four prefixes are chosen since they all show the characteristics of large in size and number. Beside the similar characteristics, those prefixes are still widely used. The inclusion of the phonetic transcription has to do with the major problem in morphology, in which the pronunciation of a word is thought to be part of it. (2006:4)
In general, the analyses of the research above are similar to the study of time prefixes. In this research, the study of morphology is used to see the word formation and to determine the lexical category of the words. The meaning of the words is also the concern of the study, which the prefixes generally mean large in size or number. The writer states the prefixes mega-, macro-, poly- is from Greek and the prefix multi- is from Latin. The writer analyzes the etymology of the prefixes but not the words which the prefixes attach to. Here, the etymology is only used to determine where the prefixes come from. In the study of the negative prefixes, the etymology is used to have the deeper analysis in the words which the prefixes attach to and to search the characteristics of these words which affect to their distribution.
On the thesis written by Kristiani Sulistyowati entitled The Frequency of
the Prefixes dis-, in-, and un- in Negative Word Formation as Used by English
Native Writers (1998). She states that the study of prefixes would likely prevent
many misspellings and assist the learners to know words meanings. In short the study helps them to enlarge their vocabulary. Hence, the study of the study of the prefixation is all important for student of English. In this study, three prefixes, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
prefixes have high productivity and are used by English native writers in writing articles, textbooks, and novels. The prefixes have the same meaning (negative).
Therefore, the writer wants to know further about those negative word formations. (1998: 3)
The object of the study above concerns on the usage of words with negative prefixes by the English native writers in writing articles, textbooks, and novels. The negative prefix dis- is also included as the object of the study. This study analyzes the distribution of the words taken from the usage by the English native writers. This distribution is not analyzed into the etymology of the words. The concern of the study is mainly on the word formation, function of the prefixes, and the meaning of the prefixes in a word. The narrowing of the study which only analyzes the works of English native writer is the limitation considering the high productivity of the negative prefixes.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory on Roots According to Nida, roots constitute the nuclei (or cores) of all words.
There may be more than one root in a single word. For example; blackbird,
catfish, he-goat (1982: 82). The single word catfish has two roots which are cat
and fish. Each of the word cat, fish, and catfish refers to one thing and different from one to another. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Nida further explains some roots may have unique occurrences, for example; cran in cranberry does not constitute the nucleus of any other words but it occurs in the position occupied by root (1982:82). Another example related to present study is meaningful, there are three morphemes on it. Morpheme mean is termed the root and the structurally more peripheral morphemes -ing and -ful are called affixes.
2. Theory on Affixation
According to Katamba, an affix is a morpheme which only occurs when it is attached to some other morpheme or morphemes such as a root or stem or base.
Obviously, by definition affixes are bound morphemes. No word may contain only an affix standing on its own, like -s or -ed or -al or even a number of affixes strung together like -al-s (1993: 44). The root is called as a free morpheme because it can stand by itself without any affix. However, the bound morpheme cannot stand by itself or stand together with any other bound morpheme.
Katamba further explains that a prefix is an affix attached before a root or stem or base like re-, in- and un-. For example: remake, reread, indecent,
inaccurate , unkind, and untidy (1993: 44). The present study concerned only on
negative prefixes which attached only on adjectives. These negative prefixes are in - and un-. They simply mean ‘not’ and negate the meaning of the root.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 3.
Theory on Assimilation
According to Fromkin, an assimilation rule assimilates one segment to another by ‘copying’ or ‘spreading’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, making the two phones more similar. There is a tendency when we speak to increase the ease of articulation, that is, to make it easier to move the articulators (2000: 278). For example, English devoices the nasals and liquids in fast speech of snow /snou/, slow /slou/, and smart / smat/.
Fromkin further explains assimilation rules in languages reflect what phoneticians often call coarticulation-the spreading of phonetic features either in anticipation of sounds or the preservation of articulatory processes (2000: 279). In this case, the prefix in- is assimilated into some forms which characterized by the sound following in-.
C. Theoretical Framework
The theory on roots by Nida provides the basic step for the study. This theory will be applied to find the roots of the prefixed adjective. Then origin of the roots will be identified to find where they are borrowed from. As an example, the root legal from the affixation il- + legal, the root legal is derived from Latin word legalis. The word legal can stand by itself but not with prefix in-. By identifying the etymology of the roots, the origin of the prefixes in- and un- and their roots will be illustrated. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The theory on affixation by Katamba is used to prove that the words with
in - and un- are the prefixed adjectives. The morphological process shows the
affixation of both prefixes. The morphological process also reveals the meaning and sound stress shifting. The word institution is not a prefixed word because there is no word such stitution. The word illogical is a form of prefixed adjective because the word logical exists and in- negates its meaning. This theory is used to distinguish non-prefixed words to the prefixed one.
The theory on assimilation by Fromkin will be applied to observe the data of adjectives with prefix in- has many forms such as im-. il-, and ir-. The phonological processes of prefix in- are affected by the sound which following the prefix in-. The word irrelevant is a result of attachment of prefix in- with word
relevant , in- transformed into ir- because it occurs before sound /r/. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This part gives information on the research procedure. It contains
information about the data of the study, the approach, and sample of the data. This chapter also discusses the data collection and data analysis of this study.
A. The Data of the Study
Since this study concerns on Morphology, the data will be words taken
th
from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary: 7 Edition . The words here are not words consisting only one morpheme. The data are the words which already attach to certain affixes. By the attachment of the affixes, these words have more than one morpheme. These words are adjectives which attach to the prefixes in- and un-. What is meant by negative prefixes here is the prefixes in- and un- which attach to an adjective and negate the meaning of the words. The data is the words with the specification that stated above.
Morphology deals with the internal structure of complex words. These words can be divided into two broad categories, closed and open. This study does not discuss the closed categories. The open categories of word are the major lexical categories, such as adjective itself. It is to these categories that new words may be added. This kind of category is the data that will be used in the study.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI B.
Approach of the Study
The approach that is applied is the morphological approach since the study concern on morphology. The approach is significant because the data determine by the word formation. Morphological approach is the approach of how words are structured and how they are put together from a smaller part. The morphology does not simply record and list the usage of words one by one as the dictionary did, but tries to uncover the underlying principles in creating words. It attempts to show the proportion of what negative prefixes are suitable to certain adjective.
The morphophonemic approach is also applied in this study because the data should be analyzed in the assimilation of prefix in-. This assimilation rule used to analyze the prefix in- which has many forms characterized by the environment. This analysis is to show the characteristic of prefix in- on its morphophonemic processes affected by the sound after in-.
The other approach used in this study is etymological approach. This approach is to determine the characteristic where the words are derived from. That is why the adjective with prefix in- different to adjective with prefix un-. This approach is significant to reveal the difference among two negative prefixes which have the same semantic effect and adjective root to attach.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI C.
Method of the Study 1. Data Collection
The adjective words with prefixes in- and un- are used as the population found in the dictionary. In morphology, this branch of linguistic produces rules which may have non-occurring words but they are possible. By this kind of rule, the English speaker may find words that never occur before but actually these words are possible in morphology.
To make the collection of data easier, the data will be taken from Oxford
th
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7 Edition . In the dictionary, the adjective words
with prefixes in- and un- are listed and identified to search the roots. The roots can be a reference to negative prefixes attached words which is used as the data.
The reference is to determine whether the word is a prefixed word or not, by looking the stem and the meaning of word.
The adjective with in- and un- are in very big amount. However, in conducting this study it will not analyze the whole adjective words with prefixes
in- and un- since it is impossible to get all the words. Moreover, to analyze all of
them one by one will be time consuming and impractical. Therefore, samples of the population are used to get the representative of the population.
The samples were limited on two adjective words, adjective with prefix in- and adjective with prefix un-. The examples of each adjective will be taken from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Every example taken from dictionary has the chance to be included in the sample but with randomizing strategy only PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
this study aimed to present efficiency and quality of the research rather than the quantity of the data.
The data were collected by searching the adjective words with prefixes in- and un- in the dictionary. The data identified whether the words are prefixed by
in- and un- or not. The words that prefixed by in- and un- will have the contrary
meaning from the base. They were classified according to the negative prefix they attached to. The form seen through the prefix that the adjective attached to, the prefixes are in- and un-. After determining the distribution of negative prefixes in- and un-, next step is analyzing the morphological processes of the attachment of negative prefixes.
2. Data Analysis
The first step in analyzing the data was searching the adjectives attach to prefixes in- and un-. Then the adjectives with prefixes compared to their roots to see any meaning shifting. The identification was done to determine the proportion of the negative prefixes in- and un-. Next was classifying or categorizing the data.
The classification of the data was made based on which prefix the adjective words are attached to; it is attached to in- or un-. The classification is only on two negative prefixes that have the same semantic impact on the root they are attached to. The technique used in the analysis is determining the adjective by using the morphology rule. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
After classifying the adjective into two categories, the next step was identifying the root of the prefixed words to find its etymology which made these negative adjectives are divided into two classes. In one side, both of these classes are adjectives and have the negative meaning from the root. Etymology of these words is used to determine the environment that these two classes are needed.
The morphological processes of the attachment of the negative prefixes are the next concern of the present study. This kind of process showed how the roots attached to the negatives prefixes and showed the changes that occurred as the result of the attachment. The phonological processes on prefix in- are also the concern of present study. It results on a character that differentiates the distribution of prefixes in- and un-. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS A. The Origin of Prefixes in- and un- Roots English adjectives could be derived from many languages. They are not
originated only from one language. English is able to borrowed words or morphemes from other languages. For example, the prefix in- was derived from Latin which means not (McKean, 2005: 910). Previous is an example of borrowed morpheme, the next example is the loan word. Adjective legal also borrowed from Latin. When both examples attached, they form the prefixed adjective illegal.
In order to discover the origin of the roots, the prefixed adjectives have to be identified. In identifying the prefixed adjectives, this analysis is the application of the theory on roots by Nida (1982). The data are analyzed to find the roots. The classification of the roots is separated in two categories: the roots with prefix in- and roots with prefix un-. The roots with prefix in- were the adjectives which attach to the prefix in-. The roots with prefix un- were the adjectives which attach to the prefix un-.
1. Roots of Adjectives with in-
Of all 352 adjectives attached to prefixes in- and un-, 118 roots belong to the prefix in-. The data of prefix in- are less than half of all data. The following are the analysis on the origin of roots belongs to prefix in-. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
a. Latin-originated Roots From 118 adjectives that belong to the prefix in-, the 89 roots were belong to Latin-originated roots. The Latin-originated roots classified into three groups:
11 roots were borrowed from Medieval Latin, 58 roots were borrowed from Latin, and 20 roots were borrowed from Late Latin. The following roots are some of the 11 adjectives which were borrowed from Medieval Latin: (1.a) legitimate (1.b) logical (1.c) miscible (1.d) admissible (1.e) relevant (1.f) compatible
The researcher found that adjective in (1.a) was derived from the Medieval Latin word legitimatus. English took the Medieval Latin legitimatus and modified it into English adjective legitimate (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix in- transforms into il- since the first letter of the root is l. English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root legitimate from Medieval Latin.
The root in (1.b) came from the Medieval Latin word logicalis. English acquired the Medieval Latin word logicalis and transformed it into English word
logical (McKean: 2005). The prefix in- becomes il- because it attached to root
with initial letter l. English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root logical PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The datum in (1.c) was originated from the Medieval Latin word
miscibilis . English loan the Medieval Latin word miscibilis and turns it into
English word miscible (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix in- transformed into im- because it attached to the root with initial letter m. English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root miscible from Medieval Latin. The adjective (1.d) was acquired from the Medieval Latin word
admissible
. English borrowed the Medieval Latin word admissibilis and turned it
admissibilis
into English word admissible (McKean: 2005). English acquired the prefix in- from Latin and the root admissible from Medieval Latin.
The datum in (1.e) came from the Medieval Latin word relevare. English took the Medieval Latin word relevare and modified it into English word relevant (McKean: 2005). English borrowed the prefix in- from Latin and the root relevant from Medieval Latin.
The root in datum (1.f) was derived from the Medieval Latin word
compatibilis . English acquired the Medieval Latin word compatibilis and
transformed it into English word compatible (Soukhanov: 1996). English loan the prefix in- from Latin and the root compatible from Medieval Latin.
The following roots are some of the 55 adjectives which were borrowed from Latin: (2.a) legal (2.b) mature (2.c) mobile PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
(2.e) competent (2.f) consistent The researcher found that adjective in (2.a) was originated from the Latin word legalis. English took the Latin word legalis and turned it into English word
legal (McKean: 2005). The prefix in- turns to il- since the initial letter of the root
is l. English borrowed both prefix in- and root legal from Latin.The root in datum (2.b) was derived from the Latin word maturus. English acquired the Latin word maturus and transformed it into English word mature (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix in- turns into im- because the initial of the root is bilabial m. English took both prefix in- and root mature from Latin.
The datum (2.c) came from the Latin word mobilis. English took the Latin word mobilis and modified it into English word mobile (Soukhanov: 1996). The prefix in- changed into im- because the initial of the root is bilabial m. English borrowed both prefix in- and root mobile from Latin.
The adjective in (2.d) was originated from the Latin word rationalis. English borrowed the Latin word rationalis and turned it into English word
rational (McKean: 2005). Since the prefix in- was derived from Latin, English
acquired both prefix in- and root rational from Latin.The root in datum (2.e) was derived from the Latin word competent. English acquired the Latin word competent and kept it into the inventory of adjective (McKean: 2005). English took both prefix in- and root competent from Latin. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The adjective in (2.f) came from the Latin word consistent. English borrowed the Latin word consistent and used it as English adjective (McKean: 2005). Since the prefix in- was derived from Latin, English took both prefix in- and root consistent from Latin.
The following roots are some adjectives from 20 roots borrowed from Late Latin:
(3.a) legible (3.b) material (3.c) perceptible (3.d) audible (3.e) capable (3.f) curable