Fitoremediasi Sawah Tercemar Logam Kromium di Kecamatan Kebakkramat Kabupaten Karanganyar Sebagai Upaya Menuju Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan - UNS Institutional Repository

  

FITOREMEDIASI SAWAH TERCEMAR LOGAM KROMIUM

DI KECAMATAN KEBAKKRAMAT KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR

SEBAGAI UPAYA MENUJU PERTANIAN SEHAT RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

TESIS

Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Sebagian Persyaratan Mencapai Derajat Magister

Program Studi Ilmu Lingkungan

  

Oleh

Alfian Chrisna Aji

A131508002

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

SURAKARTA

  

2017

  

RINGKASAN

  Alfian Chrisna Aji. A131508002. Fitoremediasi Sawah Tercemar Logam

  

Kromium di Kecamatan Kebakkramat Kabupaten Karanganyar Sebagai Upaya

Menuju Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan. Tesis. Magister Ilmu Lingkungan.

  Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. Agustus 2017.

  Kebakkramat adalah salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Karanganyar yang wilayahnya memiliki beberapa kegiatan industri yang menghasilkan limbah cair mengandung logam kromium dibuang ke sungai. Limbah logam kromium dapat mencemari tanah sawah karena digunakan sebagai sumber air irigasi dan sangat merugikan karena dapat merusak tanah serta berbahaya bagi lingkungan. Alternatif solusi penyelesaian pencemaran logam kromium secara ramah lingkungan adalah fitoremediasi menggunakan tanaman rami (Boehmeria nivea), mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) dikombinasikan dengan Agrobacterium sp. I

  3 , dan bahan organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan

  untuk 1). mengetahui kemampuan rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan mendong (Fimbristylis

  

globulosa ) yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator dalam menyerap logam kromium;

  2). mendapatkan perlakuan yang efektif dalam menyerap logam kromium ke dalam jaringan tanaman; 3). mengetahui pengaruh rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator terhadap penurunan kadar logam kromium dalam tanah; dan 4). mengetahui sikap petani terhadap sistem pertanian sehat ramah lingkungan setelah fitoremediasi.

  Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) dengan desain percobaan faktorial, data abiotik, biotik, dan sosial diambil secara purposive

  

sampling . Data abiotik dan biotik dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA uji F taraf 5%.

  Apabila perlakuan berpengaruh nyata terhadap variabel yang diamati, dilanjutkan dengan uji DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) dibantu SPSS versi 16. Data sosial dianalisis dengan statistik inferensial. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain 1). analisis serapan logam kromium oleh rami, serapan logam kromium oleh akar tertinggi pada perlakuan kontrol (P0B0T1), yaitu 7,17 µg dan tajuk tertinggi pada perlakuan pupuk NPK-tanpa khelator- rami (P1B0T1), yaitu 317,04 µg. Sedangkan, pada mendong, serapan logam kromium oleh akar tertinggi pada perlakuan kontrol (P0B0T2), yaitu 40,35 µg dan tajuk tertinggi pada perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK-Agrobacterium sp. I

  3 -mendong (P0B1T2), yaitu 148,27

  µg; 2). perlakuan terbaik serapan logam logam kromium ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan pupuk NPK-tanpa khelator-rami (P1B0T1): 317,04 µg; tanpa pupuk NPK-Agrobacterium

  3

  sp. I -rami (P0B1T1): 221,75 µg; pupuk NPK-kompos-rami (P1B2T1): 194,88 µg; dan

  3

  tanpa pupuk NPK-Agrobacterium sp. I -mendong (P0B1T2): 159,02 µg; 3). analisis kadar logam kromium terendah di dalam tanah terjadi pada perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK-

  Agrobacterium sp. I 3 -rami (P0B1T1) dan tanpa pupuk NPK-kompos-rami (P0B2T1),

• 1

  yaitu 1,37 µg.g dengan penurunan sebesar 42,01 % dibandingkan tanah awal (2,36 µg.g

  1

  ), serta perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK-kompos-mendong (P0B2T2) dan pupuk NPK-

• 1

  kompos-mendong (P1B2T2), yaitu 1,39 µg.g dengan penurunan sebesar 41,27 %

• 1

  dibandingkan tanah awal (2,36 µg.g ); dan 4). petani mendukung sistem pertanian sehat ramah lingkungan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini antara lain 1). serapan logam kromium oleh rami dan mendong yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator tergolong tinggi, berperan dalam proses fitoekstraksi, dan dapat dikatakan sebagai tanaman hiperakumulator; 2). terdapat beberapa perlakuan yang efektif dalam menyerap logam kromium ke dalam jaringan tanaman rami dan mendong > 100 ppm; 3). fitoremediasi dengan rami dan mendong yang dikombinasikan dengan agen khelator berpengaruh dalam menurunkan kadar logam kromium tanah; dan 4). petani mendukung sistem pertanian sehat ramah lingkungan, maka Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Karanganyar perlu mengeluarkan kebijakan khusus, sehingga rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat diberikan kepada Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Karanganyar sebagai upaya menuju pertanian sehat ramah lingkungan adalah pertanian yang pengolahannya bebas polutan dan hasilnya aman dikonsumsi yang disebut Environmentally Healthy Agriculture System (EHAS)

  

Kata Kunci: Boehmeria nivea, environmentally healthy agriculture system,

Fimbristylis globulosa, fitoremediasi, logam kromium, sikap petani.

  

ABSTRACT

  Alfian Chrisna Aji. A131508002. Phytoremediation of Rice Fields Contaminated by

  

Chromium Metals in Kebakkramat Subdistrict Karanganyar Regency as an Effort

towards Environmentally Friendly Healthy Agriculture. Thesis. Master of

  Environmental Science. Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. August 2017.

  Kebakkramat is one of the subdistricts in Karanganyar Regency whose territory has some industrial activities which produces liquid waste containing chromium metal dumped into the river. Chromium metal wastes can contaminate rice fields because they are used as irrigation water sources and it is very harmful because it can damage the soil, also harmful to the environment. An alternative solution to the chromium metal contamination in an environmentally friendly manner are phytoremediation using ramie (Boehmeria nivea), mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) combined with Agrobacterium sp.

  I

  

3 , and organic matters. This research aims 1). to know ability of ramie (Boehmeria nivea)

  and mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) which combined with chelating agents to absorb chromium metals; 2). obtain an effective treatment in absorbing chromium metals into plant tissues; 3). to know the influence of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) and mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) which combined with chelating agents to decrease of chromium metals content in soil; and 4). to know farmers attitude towards environmentally friendly healthy agriculture after phytoremediation.

  This research using randomized completely block design with experimentation design type of factorial, abiotic, biotic, and social data were taken by purposive sampling. Abiotic and biotic data were analyzed using F test ANOVA of 5 % level. If the treatment had significant effect on the observed variables, followed by DMRT test (Duncan Multiple Range Test) assisted by SPSS version 16. Social data was analyzed with the help of inferential statistic. Results of this research are showed 1). analysis of chromium metals uptake by ramie, chromium metals uptake by the highest roots of control treatment (P0B0T1), i.e. 7,17 μg and the highest shoots in the treatment of NPK fertilizers-without chelating agents-ramie

  (P1B0T1), i.e. 317,04 μg. Whereas, at mendong, chromium metals uptake by the highest roots in control treatment (P0B0T2), i.e. 40,35 μg and the highest

  3 shoots in treatment without NPK fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I -mendong (P0B1T2), i.e.

  148.27 μg; 2). best treatments of chromium metals uptake are showed by the treatment of NPK fertilizers-without chelating agents- ramie (P1B0T1): 317,04 μg; without NPK

  3

• fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I ramie (P0B1T1): 221,75 μg; NPK fertilizers-compost-

  3

• mendong ramie (P1B2T1): 194,88 μg; and without NPK fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I (P0B1T2): 159,02 μg; 3). analysis of the lowest chromium metals content in soil occurred in the treatment without NPK fertilizers-Agrobacterium sp. I

  3 -ramie (P0B1T1) and

• 1

  without NPK fertilizers-compost- with a decrease of ramie (P0B2T1), i.e. 1,37 μg.g

• 1

  ), as well as treatments of without NPK 42,01 % compared to the initial soil (2,36 μg.g fertilizers-compost-mendong (P0B2T2) and NPK fertilizers-compost-mendong

• 1

  with a decrease of 41.27 % compared to the initial soil (2.36 (P1B2T2), ie 1.39 μg.g

• 1 ); and 4). farmers support environmentally friendly healthy farming system.

  μg.g Conclusions of this research are 1). the uptake of chromium metal by ramie and mendong in combination with chelating agents are high, play a role in phytoextraction process, and can be regarded as hyperaccumulator plants; 2). There are some effective treatments in absorbing chromium metals into plant tissues of ramie and mendong > 100 ppm; 3). phytoremediation with ramie and mendong are combined with chelating agents has an effect on lowering the soil chromium metals content; and 4). farmers support environmentally friendly healthy farming system, the Local Government of Karanganyar Regency need to issuing a special policy, so the policy recommendation that can be given to Local Government of Karanganyar Regency as an effort toward environmentally friendly healthy farming is agriculture which in processing is free from pollutants and this products are safe to be consumed which called Environmentally Healthy Agriculture System (EHAS)

  

Keywords: Boehmeria nivea, chromium metals, environmentally healthy agriculture

system, farmers attitude, Fimbristylis globulosa, phytoremediation.

  

MOTTO

  Wahai orang- orang yang beriman! Apabila dikatakan kepadamu, “Berilah kelapangan di dalam majelis- majelis”, maka lapangkanlah, niscaya Allah akan memberi kelapangan untukmu. Dan apabila dikatakan,

  “Berdirilah kamu”, maka berdirilah, niscaya Allah akan mengangkat (derajat) orang-orang yang beriman di antaramu dan orang-orang yang diberi ilmu beberapa derajat. Dan Allah Maha Mengetahui terhadap apa yang kamu kerjakan

• Q.S. Al Mujaddalah: 11- Orang besar menempuh jalan ke arah tujuan melalui rintangan dan kesukaran yang hebat
• Nabi Muhammad S.A.W.- Bila kau tidak tahan lelahnya belajar, maka kau harus menahan perihnya kebod
• Imam Asy-

  Syafi’i-

  

Man Jadda Wa Jadda (Siapa yang bersungguh-sungguh akan berhasil)

Man Shabara Zhafira (Siapa yang bersabar akan beruntung)

Man Sara Darbi ‘Ala Washala (Siapa yang berjalan di jalan-Nya akan sampai)

• Muslim Quotes- Awali segala suatu dengan membaca Bismillahirrohmaanirrohiim dan berdoa, diikuti ikhtiar dari segenap fisiologi tubuh, serta diakhiri tawakal dan Alhamdulillah -AL-

  Seluruh organisme, khususnya mikroorganisme bersama dengan lingkungan fisik menghasilkan sistem kontrol yang menjaga keadaan bumi sesuai untuk kehidupan

• Hipotesis Gaia-James Lovelock-

  

The best revenge is massive success

• Frank Sinatra-

  DAFTAR ISI

  HALAMAN JUDUL .................................................................................. i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................... ii PENGESAHAN PENGUJI TESIS ............................................................. iii PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TESIS DAN PUBLIKASI ......................... iv PRAKATA ................................................................................................. v RINGKASAN ............................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... viii MOTTO ...................................................................................................... x DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................. xi DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................... xiv DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................. xv DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .............................................................................. xvi DAFTAR RUMUS ..................................................................................... xvii DAFTAR SATUAN DAN SINGKATAN ................................................. xviii BAB I. PENDAHULUAN .........................................................................

  1 A.

  1 Latar Belakang Masalah .................................................................

  B.

  4 Rumusan Masalah ..........................................................................

  C.

  4 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................

  D.

  4 Manfaat Penelitian ...........................................................................

  BAB II. LANDASAN TEORI ......................................................................

  6 A.

  6 Tinjauan Pustaka .............................................................................

  1.

  6 Pencemaran Logam Berat .........................................................

  a.

  6 Pencemaran Logam Berat ...................................................

  b.

  6 Penanganan Pencemaran Logam Berat ..............................

  2.

  7 Logam Kromium (Cr) ...............................................................

  a.

  7 Sifat Umum Logam Kromium ............................................

  b.

  8 Dampak Logam Kromium Bagi makhluk Hidup ...............

  3.

  9 Fitoremediasi ............................................................................

  a.

  9 Pengertian Fitoremediasi ....................................................

  b.

  10 Fitoekstraksi ........................................................................

  c.

  10 Fitostabilisasi ......................................................................

  d.

  3 ...........................................................

  11 Agrobacterium sp. I 4.

  11 Tanaman untuk Fitoremediasi ..................................................

  a.

  12 Rami (Boehmeria nivea) .....................................................

  b.

  13 Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) .....................................

  5.

  15 Parameter Sifat Tanah ...............................................................

  a.

  15 Keasaman Tanah (pH) .........................................................

  b.

  15 Carbon Organik-Bahan Organik Tanah .............................

  c.

  16 Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ................................

  d.

  16 Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ..............................................

  6.

  16 Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan ..........................................

  7.

  18 Azas Lingkungan ......................................................................

  a.

  18 Azas 3 (Sumber Daya Alam) ...............................................

  b.

  18 Azas 5 (Sumber Daya Alam) ..............................................

  c.

  19 Azas 7 (Keanekaragaman) ...................................................

  B.

  19 Penelitian Relevan ..........................................................................

  C.

  21 Kerangka Berpikir ..........................................................................

  D.

  22 Hipotesis .........................................................................................

  BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN ............................................................

  23 A.

  23 Tempat Penelitian ............................................................................

  B.

  23 Waktu Penelitian ..............................................................................

  C.

  25 Tata Laksana Penelitian ..................................................................

  1.

  25 Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ................................................

  2.

  26 Alat dan Bahan .........................................................................

  .......................................................................

  3.

  27 Populasi dan Sampel 4.

  27 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ....................................................

  5.

  28 Variabel Penelitian .....................................................................

  ...................................................................

  6.

  28 Pelaksanaan Penelitian 7.

  35 Teknik Analisis Data ................................................................

  BAB IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ...................................................

  36 A.

  36 Deskripsi Umum Lokasi Penelitian .................................................

  B.

  37 Analisis Karakteristik Kimia dan Biologi Tanah .............................

  1.

  37 Kemasaman Tanah (pH) ............................................................

  2.

  39 C-Organik Tanah ........................................................................

  ............................................

  3. Tanah

  41 Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) 4.

  42 Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah .....................................................

  C.

  Kemampuan Rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan Mendong (Fimbristylis

  globulos

  a) yang Dikombinasikan Dengan Agen Khelator dalam Menyerap Logam Kromium (Cr) ke Jaringan Tanaman ................

  45 1.

  45 Karakteristik Tanaman Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ......................

  2.

  53 Karakteristik Tanaman Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) .......

  D.

  Pengaruh Rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan Mendong (Fimbristylis

  globulosa ) yang Dikombinasikan Dengan Agen Khelator Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Logam Cr Tanah ................................................

  60 1.

  60 Kadar Logam Kromium (Cr) Tanah ..........................................

  2.

  62 Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium (Cr) Tanah ............

  E.

  Sikap Petani Terhadap Sistem Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan Setelah Fitoremediasi .....................................................................

  63 1.

  63 Informasi Kegiatan Pertanian .....................................................

  2. Persepsi Petani Terhadap Fitoremediasi dan Sistem Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan .........................................................

  65 3. Rekomendasi Kebijakan Kepada Pemerintah Kabupaten Karanganyar ...............................................................................

  71 F.

  75 Pembahasan Umum .........................................................................

  G.

  78 Diseminasi dan Publikasi Hasil Penelitian ......................................

  BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ....................................................

  79 A.

  79 Kesimpulan .....................................................................................

  B.

  80 Saran ............................................................................................... DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................

  81 LAMPIRAN ...............................................................................................

  91

  DAFTAR TABEL

  Tabel Halaman

  1. Penelitian Relevan .................................................................................. 19

  2. Jadwal Penelitian .................................................................................... 23

  3. Rancangan Penelitian .............................................................................. 25

  4. Analisis Sampel Tanah Akhir, Tanaman, dan Data Sosial ..................... 35

  5. Diseminasi dan Publikasi Hasil Penelitian ............................................. 78

  DAFTAR GAMBAR

  Gambar Halaman 1.

  Rami (Boehmeria nivea) ........................................................................ 12 2. Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) ......................................................... 14 3. Kerangka Berpikir .................................................................................. 21 4. Peta Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................................ 24 5. Denah Lahan Penelitian ......................................................................... 32 6. Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah .................................................................... 37 7. Kadar C-Organik Tanah ......................................................................... 39 8. Kapasitas Tukar Kation Tanah ............................................................... 41 9. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah Perlakuan Khelator .................................. 43 10.

  Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah ................................................................ 44 11. Berat Kering Boehmeria nivea ............................................................ 46 12. Kadar Logam Cr Boehmeria nivea ...................................................... 48 13. Serapan Logam Cr Akar Boehmeria nivea .......................................... 50 14. Serapan Logam Cr Tajuk Boehmeria nivea ......................................... 51 15. Serapan Logam Cr Boehmeria nivea ................................................... 52 16. Berat Kering Fimbristylis globulosa ................................................... 54 17. Kadar Logam Cr Fimbristylis globulosa ............................................. 55 18. Serapan Logam Cr Akar Fimbristylis globulosa ................................. 58 19. Serapan Logam Cr Tajuk Fimbristylis globulosa ................................ 59 20. Serapan Logam Cr Fimbristylis globulosa .......................................... 59 21. Kadar Logam Kromium Tanah ............................................................ 61 22. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium Tanah ............................. 63 23. Kebermanfaatan Fitoremediasi di Lahan Pertanian ............................. 65 24. Potensi Rami dan Mendong Secara Ekologi dan Ekonomi .................. 66 25. Pertanian Sehat Ramah Lingkungan .................................................... 67 26. Sistem Irigasi Terintegrasi ................................................................... 68 27. Potensi Pertanian Organik .................................................................... 69 28. Urgensi Monitoring dari Pemerintah Daerah ...................................... 70 29. Partisipasi Masyarakat Terhadap EHAS ............................................. 72 30. Model Kolaborasi Pengelolaan EHAS ................................................ 73 31. Bagan Usulan Kebijakan EHAS .......................................................... 74

  DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

  Lampiran Halaman

  1. Tingkat Kemasaman (pH) Aktual Tanah ................................................. 91

  2. Kandungan C-Organik Tanah ................................................................. 92

  3. Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ..................................................... 93

  4. Total Koloni Mikroba Tanah .................................................................. 94

  5. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Rami dari BALINGTAN .............. 95

  6. Biomassa Kering Rami ........................................................................... 96

  7. Kadar dan Serapan Logam Kromium Pada Rami ................................... 97

  8. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Mendong dari BALINGTAN ....... 98

  9. Biomassa Kering Mendong .................................................................... 99

  10. Kadar dan Serapan Logam Kromium Pada Mendong ............................ 100

  11. Hasil Pengukuran Logam Kromium Tanah dari BALINGTAN ............. 101

  12. Kandungan Logam Kromium Tanah ...................................................... 103

  13. Pertanyaan dan Hasil Jawaban Kuesioner (Data Sosial) ......................... 106

  14. Dokumentasi Penelitian dan Surat Terkait Tesis ..................................... 112

  DAFTAR RUMUS

  Rumus Halaman

  1. Analisis Kandungan Logam Kromium Tanah ......................................... 29

  2. Analisis Kandungan C-Organik Tanah ................................................... 29

  3. Analisis Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) Tanah ...................................... 30

  4. Dosis Pupuk Tanaman Rami ................................................................... 32

  5. Dosis Pupuk Tanaman Mendong ............................................................ 32

  6. Dosis Pupuk Perlakuan Kontrol .............................................................. 32

  7. Efektivitas Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium Tanah ................................ 62

  

DAFTAR SATUAN DAN SINGKATAN

Singkatan Satuan Keterangan (Besaran Pokok)

  Ha Hektar Produksi (Massa per luas) kg Kilogram Massa/bobot g Gram Massa/bobot mg Miligram Massa/bobot

  µg Mikrogram Kadar mL Mililiter Volume km Kilometer Panjang

  Simbol Arti

  ° Derajat, umumnya dalam celcius ' Menit (dalam koordinat)

  " Detik (dalam koordinat) Sampai -

  % Persen (per seratus)

  Singkatan Arti

  LS Lintang Selatan BT Bujur Timur

  NAB Nilai Ambang Batas BML Baku Mutu Lingkungan

  B3 Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun pH

  Potential of Hydrogen

  Cr Kromium KTK Kapasitas Tukar Kation AAS Atomic Absoption Spectrophotometer

  UU Undang-Undang PP Peraturan Pemerintah

  LB Luria Bertani N Nitrogen

  P Phospat K Kalium

  RAKL Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap sp Spesies FP Fakultas Pertanian

  DMRT Duncan Multiple Range Test RT Rukun Tetangga

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  Adriano, D.C. 2001. Trace elements in the terrestrial environments: biogeochemistry,

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