Kebijakan Intervensi Militer Perancis ke
ABSTRAKSI
Skripsi ini menganalisa intervensi militer Perancis ke Pantai Gading tahun
2011. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan. Tujuan penelitian ini
adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi tindakan intervensi
tersebut, dengan mempertimbangkan faktor domestik dan eksternal. Kerangka
pemikiran skripsi yang digunakan dalam ini adalah konsep politik luar negeri dan
faktor-faktor determinasi politik luar negeri dalam frame work K.J. Holsti.
Argumen ini dirumuskan melalui tahapan analisa, yaitu dengan melihat sejarah
konflik di Pantai Gading, dinamika hubungan Perancis dan Pantai Gading, dari
masa kolonial hingga keterlibatan Perancis dalam konflik di Pantai Gading tahun
2011, serta menelaah kepentingan nasional Perancis di Pantai Gading.
Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa faktor domestik dan eksternal menjadi
faktor yang menentukan kebijakan Perancis dalam melakukan intervensi militer
ke Pantai Gading. Faktor domestik tersebut adalah kebutuhan sosio-ekonomi dan
keamanan, atribut nasional, partai politik, opini publik, dan peran Nikolas Sarkozy
sebagai stake holder mempengaruhi tindakan intervensi Perancis. Pandangan
politik Sarkozy yang beraliran nasionalis-Gaulis serta hubungan personal Sarkozy
dengan Ouattara dan Gbagbo menjadi faktor determinan dalam intervensi yang
dilakukan Perancis. Sedangkan peningkatan peran Tiongkok di Afrika dan
ancaman kelompok ektrimis serta kejahatan transnasional menjadi faktor eksternal
dari intervensi militer Perancis ke Pantai Gading.
5
KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin, segala puji penulis haturkan kepada kehadirat
Allah Subhanallahu Wa Ta’ala, tuhan semesta alam, berkat segala rahmat, taufik,
dan hidayah-Nya, penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini dengan judul,
“Intervensi Militer Perancis ke Pantai Gading Tahun 2011”. Skripsi ini
dikerjakan demi memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk mendapatkan gelar sarjana
pada program studi Hubungan Internasional.
Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan karena adanya
bimbingan, bantuan, dan motivasi oleh berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis
ingin
mengungkapkan rasa terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang telah
mendukung penulis untuk menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini, diantaranya:
1. Bapak Prof. Dr. Bachtiar Effendy selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan
Ilmu Politik, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
2. Ibu Debbie Affianty Lubis, M.si selaku Ketua Jurusan Hubungan
Internasional Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dan
Bapak Agus Nilmada Azmi, M.si selaku sekretaris jurusan Hubungan
Internasional Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
3. Bapak Andar Nubowo, DEA. selaku desen pembimbing penulis. Terima
kasih telah meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan masukan ilmu dan
motivasi dari awal penulisan hingga skripsi ini selesai.
4. Orangtua penulis, Papa Almarhum Drs. Teuku Sofyan, M.Kes dan Mama
tercinta Tjut Rachmawati Berabo atas semua kasih sayang diberikan.
6
Terima kasih atas doa, kesabaran dan motivasi yang diberikan selama
penulis menyelesaikan studi.
5. Adik dan kakak tercinta Pocut Nayla Annisa, Teuku Muhammad
Rachmanda, S.E, Cut Galuh Vanessa, S.E, drg. Cut Nadira Sabilla, Teuku
Miersal Fajar Almursalin, M.A. dan keponakan terkasih Cut Shayma
Amira dan Cut Shaza Altayra yang menjadi motivasi untuk menyelesaikan
skripsi ini.
6. Teman-teman jurusan Hubungan Internasional UIN Jakarta, khususnya
angkatan 2009. HMJ HI 2011-2012, terutama Departemen Advokasi
Mahasiswa yang membantu penulis menjalankan tugas.
7. Teman-teman IMAPA cabang Ciputat yang telah menjadi saudara
seperantauan.
Jakarta, 4 Desember 2011
Teuku Muhammad Valdy Arief
DAFTAR ISI
7
ABSTRAKSI .....................................................................................................
iv
KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................
v
DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ xii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................. xiii
BAB I
BAB II
PENDAHULUAN
A.
Latar Belakang Masalah ......................................... ..... 1
B.
Pertanyaan Penelitian ............................................. ..... 6
C.
Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian................................ ....
6
D.
Tinjauan Pustaka..................................................... ....
7
E.
Kerangka Pemikiran................................................. ....
9
1. Politik Luar Negeri............................................... ....
9
2. Faktor Determinasi Politik Luar Negeri............. ....
10
F.
Metode Penelitian.................................................... ....
15
G.
Sistematika Penulisan.............................................. ....
17
KONFLIK SIPIL DI PANTAI GADING
A.
Sejarah Konflik di Pantai Gading................................. 19
B.
Pihak yang Terlibat Dalam Konflik Sipil di Pantai Gading
..................................................................................... 28
C.
BAB III
Internasionalisasi Konflik di Pantai Gading.................... 30
KEBIJAKAN
PERANCIS
UNTUK
MENGINTERVENSI
KONFLIK DI PANTAI GADING PADA TAHUN 2011
8
A.
Sejarah keterlibatan Perancis di Pantai Gading........ ..... 34
1.
Periode Kolonial.................................................... ..... 34
2.
Periode Setelah Kemerdekaan dan Sebelum Konflik Sipil
..............................................................................
B.
..... 38
Sikap dan Kebijakan Perancis terhadap Konflik di Pantai
Gading......................................................................... 44
C.
Dukungan Perancis atas Intervensi bersama PBB di Pantai
Gading Tahun 2011................................................. ..... 46
BAB IV
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI KEBIJAKAN
PERANCIS DALAM INTERVENSI MILITER DI PANTAI
GADING PADA TAHUN 2010-2011
A.
Faktor Internal Intervensi Perancis ke Pantai Gading
..................................................................................... 48
1.
Kebutuhan Sosio-ekonomi dan Keamanan................. 48
2.
Atribut Nasional........................................................ 56
3.
Opini Publik.............................................................. 58
4.
Birokrasi.................................................................... 60
5.
Faktor Kepemimpinan Nikolas Sarkozy................... 62
B.
Faktor Eksternal Intervensi Perancis ke Pantai Gading
........................................................................ ................ 64
BAB V
1.
Kebijakan Negara Lain..............................................
2.
Masalah Global dari Sektor Privat..............................
PENUTUP
9
64
68
Kesimpulan..................................................................
70
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................xv
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN ............................................................................ xxiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel II. B. 1 Nilai Ekspor-Impor Pantai Gading tahun 1988..........................40
10
DAFTAR GAMBAR
11
Gambar I. Peta Eropa Barat dan Afrika...............................................................xiv
Gambar II.1 Afrika Paska Perjanjian Berlin dan Sebelum Perang Dunia............35
Gambar IV. 1 Tren Ekspor Impor China dan Afrika............................................62
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
AOF
: Afrique Occidentale Française
CSIS
: Centre for Strategic and International Studies
12
DK PBB
: Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
ECOWAS
: Economic Community Of West African States
FPI
: Front Populaire Ivoirien
HAM
: Hak Asasi Manusia
MINUCI
: Mission des Nations Unies en Côte d’Ivoire
MJP
: Mouvement pour la Justice et la Paix
MPCI
: Mouvement Patriotique pour la Côte d’Ivoire
MPIGO
: Mouvement Populaire Ivoirien du Grand Ouest
NATO
: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
PBB
: Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
PDCI
: Parti Démocratique de Côte d’Ivoire
PIGS
: Portugal Ireland Greece Spain
PS
:Parti Socialiste
RECAMP
: Renforcements des Capacités Africaines de Maintien de la Paix
RPR
: Rassemblement pour la République
UA
: Uni Afrika
UE
: Uni Eropa
UMP
: Union pour un Mouvement Populaire
UNOCI
: United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire
Gambar I. Peta Eropa Barat dan Afrika
13
Sumber : maps.google.com
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
14
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11-28476 (E)
*1128476*
Resolution 1975 (2011)
Adopted by the Security Council at its 6508th meeting,
on 30 March 2011
The Security Council,
Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1572 (2004), 1893 (2009),
1911 (2010), 1924 (2010), 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1946 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962
(2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011) and the statements of its President relating to the
situation in Côte d’Ivoire, and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,
Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity
and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of goodneighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,
Reiterating its strong desire that the post-electoral crisis in Côte d’Ivoire be resolved
peacefully and require an overall political solution that preserves democracy and peace
and promotes lasting reconciliation among Ivorians,
Commending the constructive efforts of the African Union High-level Panel for the
resolution of the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire and reiterating its support to the African Union
and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their commitment
to resolve the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire,
Welcoming the decision of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union adopted
at its 265th meeting at the level of Heads of State and Government, held on 10 March
2011 in Addis Ababa, which reaffirms all its previous decisions on the rapidly
deteriorating post-electoral crisis facing Côte d’Ivoire since the second round of the
presidential election, on 28 November 2010, which recognize the election of Mr Alassane
Dramane Ouattara as the President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire,
Welcoming the political initiatives and noting the communiqué and the resolution on Côte
d’Ivoire adopted by the Authority of Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS on 24
March 2011,
Expressing grave concern about the recent escalation of violence in Côte d’Ivoire and the
risk of relapse into civil war and urging all parties to show utmost restraint to prevent
such outcome and to resolve their differences peacefully,
23
Condemning unequivocally all provocative action and statements that constitute
incitement to discrimination, hostility, hatred and violence made by any party,
Condemning the serious abuses and violations of international law in Côte d’Ivoire,
including humanitarian, human rights and refugee law, reaffirming the primary
responsibility of each State to protect civilians and reiterating that parties to armed
conflicts bear the primary responsibility to take all feasible steps to ensure the protection
of civilians and facilitate the rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian assistance and
the safety of humanitarian personnel, recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008),
1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009) on women, peace and security, its resolution 1612 (2005)
and 1882 (2009) on children and armed conflict and its resolution 1674 (2006) and 1894
(2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts,
Welcoming the Human Rights Council resolution A/HRC/16/25 of 25 March 2011,
including the decision to dispatch an independent international commission of inquiry to
investigate the facts and circumstances surrounding the allegations of serious abuses and
violations of human rights committed in Côte d’Ivoire following the presidential elections
of 28 November 2010,
Stressing that those responsible for such serious abuses and violations, including by
forces under their control, must be held accountable,
Reaffirming that it is the responsibility of Côte d’Ivoire to promote and protect all human
rights and fundamental freedoms, to investigate alleged violations of human rights and
international law and to bring to justice those responsible for such acts,
Considering that the attacks currently taking place in Côte d’Ivoire against the civilian
population could amount to crimes against humanity and that perpetrators of such crimes
must be held accountable under international law and noting that the International
Criminal Court may decide on its jurisdiction over the situation in Côte d’Ivoire on the
basis of article 12, paragraph 3 of the Rome Statute,
Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire continues to constitute a threat to
international peace and security,
Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,
1. Urges all the Ivorian parties and other stakeholders to respect the will of the people and
the election of Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of Côte d’Ivoire, as recognized
by ECOWAS, the African Union and the rest of the international community, expresses its
concern at the recent escalation of violence and demands an immediate end to the
violence against civilians, including women, children and Internally displaced persons;
2. Calls upon all parties to pursue the overall political solution of the African Union and,
in this regard, welcomes the decision of the African Union Peace and Security Council
Summit of 10 March to appoint a High Representative for the implementation of the
overall political solution and calls upon all parties to fully cooperate with him;
3. Condemns the decision of Mr. Laurent Gbagbo not to accept the overall political
solution proposed by the High-Level panel put in place by the African Union, and urges
him to immediately step aside;
24
4. Urges all Ivorian State institutions, including the Defence and Security Forces of Côte
d’Ivoire (FDSCI), to yield to the authority vested by the Ivorian people in President
Alassane Dramane Ouattara, condemns the attacks, threats, acts of obstructions and
violence perpetrated by FDSCI, militias and mercenaries against United Nations
personnel, obstructing them from protecting civilians, monitoring and helping investigate
human rights violations and abuses, stresses that those responsible for such crimes under
international law must be held accountable and calls upon all parties, in particular Mr.
Laurent Gbagbo’s supporters and forces, to fully cooperate with the United Nations
Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) and cease interfering with UNOCI’s activities in
implementation of its mandate;
5. Reiterates its firm condemnation of all violence committed against civilians, including
women, children, internally displaced persons and foreign nationals, and other violations
and abuses of human rights, in particular enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings,
killing and maiming of children and rapes and other forms of sexual violence;
6. Recalls its authorization and stresses its full support given to the UNOCI, while
impartially implementing its mandate, to use all necessary means to carry out its mandate
to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence, within its capabilities and
its areas of deployment, including to prevent the use of heavy weapons against the
civilian population and requests the Secretary-General to keep it urgently informed of
measures taken and efforts made in this regard;
7. Calls upon all parties to cooperate fully in the operation of UNOCI and French forces
which support it, in particular by guaranteeing their safety, security and freedom of
movement with unhindered and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte
d’Ivoire, to enable them to fully carry out their mandate;
8. Calls upon all parties to fully cooperate with the independent international commission
of inquiry put in place by the Human Rights Council on 25 March 2011 to investigate the
facts and circumstances surrounding the allegations of serious abuses and violations of
human rights committed in Côte d’Ivoire following the presidential elections of 28
November 2010, and requests the Secretary-General to transmit this report to the Security
Council and other relevant
international bodies;
9. Condemns the use of Radiodiffusion Télévision Ivoirienne (RTI) and other media to
incite discrimination, hostility, hatred and violence, including against UNOCI, as well as
acts of intimidation and violence against journalists, and calls for the lifting of all
restrictions placed on the exercise of the right of freedom of expression in Côte d’Ivoire;
10. Expresses deep concern about the increasing number of internally displaced persons
and Ivorian refugees, especially in Liberia, caused by the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire, and calls
on all Ivorian parties to cooperate fully with United Nations agencies and other actors
working to enhance access to humanitarian aid to refugees and internally displaced
persons;
11. Reiterates its longstanding demand that Mr. Laurent Gbagbo lift the siege of Golf
Hotel without delay;
25
12. Decides to adopt targeted sanctions against those individuals who meet the criteria set
out in resolution 1572 (2004) and subsequent resolutions, including those individuals who
obstruct peace and reconciliation in Côte d’Ivoire, obstruct the work of UNOCI and other
international actors in Côte d’Ivoire and commit serious violations of human rights and
international humanitarian law, and therefore decides that the individuals listed in Annex I
of this resolution shall be subject to the
financial and travel measures imposed by paragraphs 9 to 11 of resolution 1572 (2004),
and reaffirms its intention to consider further measures, as appropriate, including targeted
sanctions against media actors who meet the relevant sanctions criteria, including by
inciting publicly hatred and violence;
13. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.
Annex I
Targeted sanctions
1. Laurent Gbagbo
Date of birth: 31 May 1945
Place of birth: Gagnoa, Côte d’Ivoire
Former President of Côte d’Ivoire: obstruction of the peace and reconciliation process,
rejection of the results of the presidential election.
2. Simone Gbagbo
Date of birth: 20 June 1949
Place of birth: Moossou, Grand-Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire
Chairperson of the Parliamentary Group of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI):
obstruction of the peace and reconciliation process, public incitement to hatred and
violence.
3. Désiré Tagro
Passport number: PD – AE 065FH08
Date of birth: 27 January 1959
Place of birth: Issia, Côte d’Ivoire
Secretary-General in the so-called “presidency” of Mr. Gbagbo: participation in the
illegitimate government of Mr. Gbagbo, obstruction of the peace and reconciliation
process, rejection of the results of the presidential election, participation in violent
repressions of popular movements.
4. Pascal Affi N’Guessan
Passport number: PD-AE 09DD00013.
Date of birth: 1 January 1953
Place of birth: Bouadriko, Côte d’Ivoire
Chairman of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI): obstruction of the peace and reconciliation
process, incitement to hatred and violence.
5. Alcide Djédjé
Date of birth: 20 October 1956
Place of birth: Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
26
Close advisor to Mr. Gbagbo: participation in the illegitimate government of Mr. Gbagbo,
obstruction of the peace and reconciliation process, public incitement to hatred and
violence.
27
Skripsi ini menganalisa intervensi militer Perancis ke Pantai Gading tahun
2011. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan. Tujuan penelitian ini
adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi tindakan intervensi
tersebut, dengan mempertimbangkan faktor domestik dan eksternal. Kerangka
pemikiran skripsi yang digunakan dalam ini adalah konsep politik luar negeri dan
faktor-faktor determinasi politik luar negeri dalam frame work K.J. Holsti.
Argumen ini dirumuskan melalui tahapan analisa, yaitu dengan melihat sejarah
konflik di Pantai Gading, dinamika hubungan Perancis dan Pantai Gading, dari
masa kolonial hingga keterlibatan Perancis dalam konflik di Pantai Gading tahun
2011, serta menelaah kepentingan nasional Perancis di Pantai Gading.
Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa faktor domestik dan eksternal menjadi
faktor yang menentukan kebijakan Perancis dalam melakukan intervensi militer
ke Pantai Gading. Faktor domestik tersebut adalah kebutuhan sosio-ekonomi dan
keamanan, atribut nasional, partai politik, opini publik, dan peran Nikolas Sarkozy
sebagai stake holder mempengaruhi tindakan intervensi Perancis. Pandangan
politik Sarkozy yang beraliran nasionalis-Gaulis serta hubungan personal Sarkozy
dengan Ouattara dan Gbagbo menjadi faktor determinan dalam intervensi yang
dilakukan Perancis. Sedangkan peningkatan peran Tiongkok di Afrika dan
ancaman kelompok ektrimis serta kejahatan transnasional menjadi faktor eksternal
dari intervensi militer Perancis ke Pantai Gading.
5
KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin, segala puji penulis haturkan kepada kehadirat
Allah Subhanallahu Wa Ta’ala, tuhan semesta alam, berkat segala rahmat, taufik,
dan hidayah-Nya, penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini dengan judul,
“Intervensi Militer Perancis ke Pantai Gading Tahun 2011”. Skripsi ini
dikerjakan demi memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk mendapatkan gelar sarjana
pada program studi Hubungan Internasional.
Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan karena adanya
bimbingan, bantuan, dan motivasi oleh berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis
ingin
mengungkapkan rasa terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang telah
mendukung penulis untuk menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini, diantaranya:
1. Bapak Prof. Dr. Bachtiar Effendy selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan
Ilmu Politik, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
2. Ibu Debbie Affianty Lubis, M.si selaku Ketua Jurusan Hubungan
Internasional Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dan
Bapak Agus Nilmada Azmi, M.si selaku sekretaris jurusan Hubungan
Internasional Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
3. Bapak Andar Nubowo, DEA. selaku desen pembimbing penulis. Terima
kasih telah meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan masukan ilmu dan
motivasi dari awal penulisan hingga skripsi ini selesai.
4. Orangtua penulis, Papa Almarhum Drs. Teuku Sofyan, M.Kes dan Mama
tercinta Tjut Rachmawati Berabo atas semua kasih sayang diberikan.
6
Terima kasih atas doa, kesabaran dan motivasi yang diberikan selama
penulis menyelesaikan studi.
5. Adik dan kakak tercinta Pocut Nayla Annisa, Teuku Muhammad
Rachmanda, S.E, Cut Galuh Vanessa, S.E, drg. Cut Nadira Sabilla, Teuku
Miersal Fajar Almursalin, M.A. dan keponakan terkasih Cut Shayma
Amira dan Cut Shaza Altayra yang menjadi motivasi untuk menyelesaikan
skripsi ini.
6. Teman-teman jurusan Hubungan Internasional UIN Jakarta, khususnya
angkatan 2009. HMJ HI 2011-2012, terutama Departemen Advokasi
Mahasiswa yang membantu penulis menjalankan tugas.
7. Teman-teman IMAPA cabang Ciputat yang telah menjadi saudara
seperantauan.
Jakarta, 4 Desember 2011
Teuku Muhammad Valdy Arief
DAFTAR ISI
7
ABSTRAKSI .....................................................................................................
iv
KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................
v
DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ xii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................. xiii
BAB I
BAB II
PENDAHULUAN
A.
Latar Belakang Masalah ......................................... ..... 1
B.
Pertanyaan Penelitian ............................................. ..... 6
C.
Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian................................ ....
6
D.
Tinjauan Pustaka..................................................... ....
7
E.
Kerangka Pemikiran................................................. ....
9
1. Politik Luar Negeri............................................... ....
9
2. Faktor Determinasi Politik Luar Negeri............. ....
10
F.
Metode Penelitian.................................................... ....
15
G.
Sistematika Penulisan.............................................. ....
17
KONFLIK SIPIL DI PANTAI GADING
A.
Sejarah Konflik di Pantai Gading................................. 19
B.
Pihak yang Terlibat Dalam Konflik Sipil di Pantai Gading
..................................................................................... 28
C.
BAB III
Internasionalisasi Konflik di Pantai Gading.................... 30
KEBIJAKAN
PERANCIS
UNTUK
MENGINTERVENSI
KONFLIK DI PANTAI GADING PADA TAHUN 2011
8
A.
Sejarah keterlibatan Perancis di Pantai Gading........ ..... 34
1.
Periode Kolonial.................................................... ..... 34
2.
Periode Setelah Kemerdekaan dan Sebelum Konflik Sipil
..............................................................................
B.
..... 38
Sikap dan Kebijakan Perancis terhadap Konflik di Pantai
Gading......................................................................... 44
C.
Dukungan Perancis atas Intervensi bersama PBB di Pantai
Gading Tahun 2011................................................. ..... 46
BAB IV
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI KEBIJAKAN
PERANCIS DALAM INTERVENSI MILITER DI PANTAI
GADING PADA TAHUN 2010-2011
A.
Faktor Internal Intervensi Perancis ke Pantai Gading
..................................................................................... 48
1.
Kebutuhan Sosio-ekonomi dan Keamanan................. 48
2.
Atribut Nasional........................................................ 56
3.
Opini Publik.............................................................. 58
4.
Birokrasi.................................................................... 60
5.
Faktor Kepemimpinan Nikolas Sarkozy................... 62
B.
Faktor Eksternal Intervensi Perancis ke Pantai Gading
........................................................................ ................ 64
BAB V
1.
Kebijakan Negara Lain..............................................
2.
Masalah Global dari Sektor Privat..............................
PENUTUP
9
64
68
Kesimpulan..................................................................
70
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................xv
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN ............................................................................ xxiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel II. B. 1 Nilai Ekspor-Impor Pantai Gading tahun 1988..........................40
10
DAFTAR GAMBAR
11
Gambar I. Peta Eropa Barat dan Afrika...............................................................xiv
Gambar II.1 Afrika Paska Perjanjian Berlin dan Sebelum Perang Dunia............35
Gambar IV. 1 Tren Ekspor Impor China dan Afrika............................................62
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
AOF
: Afrique Occidentale Française
CSIS
: Centre for Strategic and International Studies
12
DK PBB
: Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
ECOWAS
: Economic Community Of West African States
FPI
: Front Populaire Ivoirien
HAM
: Hak Asasi Manusia
MINUCI
: Mission des Nations Unies en Côte d’Ivoire
MJP
: Mouvement pour la Justice et la Paix
MPCI
: Mouvement Patriotique pour la Côte d’Ivoire
MPIGO
: Mouvement Populaire Ivoirien du Grand Ouest
NATO
: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
PBB
: Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
PDCI
: Parti Démocratique de Côte d’Ivoire
PIGS
: Portugal Ireland Greece Spain
PS
:Parti Socialiste
RECAMP
: Renforcements des Capacités Africaines de Maintien de la Paix
RPR
: Rassemblement pour la République
UA
: Uni Afrika
UE
: Uni Eropa
UMP
: Union pour un Mouvement Populaire
UNOCI
: United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire
Gambar I. Peta Eropa Barat dan Afrika
13
Sumber : maps.google.com
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
14
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LAMPIRAN
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United Nations
S/RES/1975 (2011)
Security Council
Distr.: General
30 March 2011
11-28476 (E)
*1128476*
Resolution 1975 (2011)
Adopted by the Security Council at its 6508th meeting,
on 30 March 2011
The Security Council,
Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1572 (2004), 1893 (2009),
1911 (2010), 1924 (2010), 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1946 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962
(2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011) and the statements of its President relating to the
situation in Côte d’Ivoire, and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,
Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity
and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of goodneighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,
Reiterating its strong desire that the post-electoral crisis in Côte d’Ivoire be resolved
peacefully and require an overall political solution that preserves democracy and peace
and promotes lasting reconciliation among Ivorians,
Commending the constructive efforts of the African Union High-level Panel for the
resolution of the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire and reiterating its support to the African Union
and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their commitment
to resolve the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire,
Welcoming the decision of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union adopted
at its 265th meeting at the level of Heads of State and Government, held on 10 March
2011 in Addis Ababa, which reaffirms all its previous decisions on the rapidly
deteriorating post-electoral crisis facing Côte d’Ivoire since the second round of the
presidential election, on 28 November 2010, which recognize the election of Mr Alassane
Dramane Ouattara as the President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire,
Welcoming the political initiatives and noting the communiqué and the resolution on Côte
d’Ivoire adopted by the Authority of Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS on 24
March 2011,
Expressing grave concern about the recent escalation of violence in Côte d’Ivoire and the
risk of relapse into civil war and urging all parties to show utmost restraint to prevent
such outcome and to resolve their differences peacefully,
23
Condemning unequivocally all provocative action and statements that constitute
incitement to discrimination, hostility, hatred and violence made by any party,
Condemning the serious abuses and violations of international law in Côte d’Ivoire,
including humanitarian, human rights and refugee law, reaffirming the primary
responsibility of each State to protect civilians and reiterating that parties to armed
conflicts bear the primary responsibility to take all feasible steps to ensure the protection
of civilians and facilitate the rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian assistance and
the safety of humanitarian personnel, recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008),
1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009) on women, peace and security, its resolution 1612 (2005)
and 1882 (2009) on children and armed conflict and its resolution 1674 (2006) and 1894
(2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts,
Welcoming the Human Rights Council resolution A/HRC/16/25 of 25 March 2011,
including the decision to dispatch an independent international commission of inquiry to
investigate the facts and circumstances surrounding the allegations of serious abuses and
violations of human rights committed in Côte d’Ivoire following the presidential elections
of 28 November 2010,
Stressing that those responsible for such serious abuses and violations, including by
forces under their control, must be held accountable,
Reaffirming that it is the responsibility of Côte d’Ivoire to promote and protect all human
rights and fundamental freedoms, to investigate alleged violations of human rights and
international law and to bring to justice those responsible for such acts,
Considering that the attacks currently taking place in Côte d’Ivoire against the civilian
population could amount to crimes against humanity and that perpetrators of such crimes
must be held accountable under international law and noting that the International
Criminal Court may decide on its jurisdiction over the situation in Côte d’Ivoire on the
basis of article 12, paragraph 3 of the Rome Statute,
Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire continues to constitute a threat to
international peace and security,
Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,
1. Urges all the Ivorian parties and other stakeholders to respect the will of the people and
the election of Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of Côte d’Ivoire, as recognized
by ECOWAS, the African Union and the rest of the international community, expresses its
concern at the recent escalation of violence and demands an immediate end to the
violence against civilians, including women, children and Internally displaced persons;
2. Calls upon all parties to pursue the overall political solution of the African Union and,
in this regard, welcomes the decision of the African Union Peace and Security Council
Summit of 10 March to appoint a High Representative for the implementation of the
overall political solution and calls upon all parties to fully cooperate with him;
3. Condemns the decision of Mr. Laurent Gbagbo not to accept the overall political
solution proposed by the High-Level panel put in place by the African Union, and urges
him to immediately step aside;
24
4. Urges all Ivorian State institutions, including the Defence and Security Forces of Côte
d’Ivoire (FDSCI), to yield to the authority vested by the Ivorian people in President
Alassane Dramane Ouattara, condemns the attacks, threats, acts of obstructions and
violence perpetrated by FDSCI, militias and mercenaries against United Nations
personnel, obstructing them from protecting civilians, monitoring and helping investigate
human rights violations and abuses, stresses that those responsible for such crimes under
international law must be held accountable and calls upon all parties, in particular Mr.
Laurent Gbagbo’s supporters and forces, to fully cooperate with the United Nations
Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) and cease interfering with UNOCI’s activities in
implementation of its mandate;
5. Reiterates its firm condemnation of all violence committed against civilians, including
women, children, internally displaced persons and foreign nationals, and other violations
and abuses of human rights, in particular enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings,
killing and maiming of children and rapes and other forms of sexual violence;
6. Recalls its authorization and stresses its full support given to the UNOCI, while
impartially implementing its mandate, to use all necessary means to carry out its mandate
to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence, within its capabilities and
its areas of deployment, including to prevent the use of heavy weapons against the
civilian population and requests the Secretary-General to keep it urgently informed of
measures taken and efforts made in this regard;
7. Calls upon all parties to cooperate fully in the operation of UNOCI and French forces
which support it, in particular by guaranteeing their safety, security and freedom of
movement with unhindered and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte
d’Ivoire, to enable them to fully carry out their mandate;
8. Calls upon all parties to fully cooperate with the independent international commission
of inquiry put in place by the Human Rights Council on 25 March 2011 to investigate the
facts and circumstances surrounding the allegations of serious abuses and violations of
human rights committed in Côte d’Ivoire following the presidential elections of 28
November 2010, and requests the Secretary-General to transmit this report to the Security
Council and other relevant
international bodies;
9. Condemns the use of Radiodiffusion Télévision Ivoirienne (RTI) and other media to
incite discrimination, hostility, hatred and violence, including against UNOCI, as well as
acts of intimidation and violence against journalists, and calls for the lifting of all
restrictions placed on the exercise of the right of freedom of expression in Côte d’Ivoire;
10. Expresses deep concern about the increasing number of internally displaced persons
and Ivorian refugees, especially in Liberia, caused by the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire, and calls
on all Ivorian parties to cooperate fully with United Nations agencies and other actors
working to enhance access to humanitarian aid to refugees and internally displaced
persons;
11. Reiterates its longstanding demand that Mr. Laurent Gbagbo lift the siege of Golf
Hotel without delay;
25
12. Decides to adopt targeted sanctions against those individuals who meet the criteria set
out in resolution 1572 (2004) and subsequent resolutions, including those individuals who
obstruct peace and reconciliation in Côte d’Ivoire, obstruct the work of UNOCI and other
international actors in Côte d’Ivoire and commit serious violations of human rights and
international humanitarian law, and therefore decides that the individuals listed in Annex I
of this resolution shall be subject to the
financial and travel measures imposed by paragraphs 9 to 11 of resolution 1572 (2004),
and reaffirms its intention to consider further measures, as appropriate, including targeted
sanctions against media actors who meet the relevant sanctions criteria, including by
inciting publicly hatred and violence;
13. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.
Annex I
Targeted sanctions
1. Laurent Gbagbo
Date of birth: 31 May 1945
Place of birth: Gagnoa, Côte d’Ivoire
Former President of Côte d’Ivoire: obstruction of the peace and reconciliation process,
rejection of the results of the presidential election.
2. Simone Gbagbo
Date of birth: 20 June 1949
Place of birth: Moossou, Grand-Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire
Chairperson of the Parliamentary Group of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI):
obstruction of the peace and reconciliation process, public incitement to hatred and
violence.
3. Désiré Tagro
Passport number: PD – AE 065FH08
Date of birth: 27 January 1959
Place of birth: Issia, Côte d’Ivoire
Secretary-General in the so-called “presidency” of Mr. Gbagbo: participation in the
illegitimate government of Mr. Gbagbo, obstruction of the peace and reconciliation
process, rejection of the results of the presidential election, participation in violent
repressions of popular movements.
4. Pascal Affi N’Guessan
Passport number: PD-AE 09DD00013.
Date of birth: 1 January 1953
Place of birth: Bouadriko, Côte d’Ivoire
Chairman of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI): obstruction of the peace and reconciliation
process, incitement to hatred and violence.
5. Alcide Djédjé
Date of birth: 20 October 1956
Place of birth: Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
26
Close advisor to Mr. Gbagbo: participation in the illegitimate government of Mr. Gbagbo,
obstruction of the peace and reconciliation process, public incitement to hatred and
violence.
27