Efek Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina) sebagai bahan Alternatif medikamen saluran akar terhadap Streptococcus mutan (in vitro)
49
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1.
Athanassiadis B, Abbott PV, Walsh LJ. The Use of Calcium Hydroxides
Antibiotics and Biocides as Antimicrobial Medicamen in Endodontic. Aust Dent
J 2007 ;52(1):64-8.
2.
Grossman LI, Oliet S, Rio CED. Ilmu Endodontik dalam Praktek. Edisi 11. Ahli
bahasa: Abyono R. Jakarta: EGC, 1995 : 248-50.
3.
Nikita IU. Efek antibakteri dari lima bahan root canal sealing yang berbeda. 19
november
2012.
http/scribd.com/doc/113745966/Efek-antibakteri-Dari-Lima-
Bahan-Root-Canal-Sealing-Yang-Berbeda. (18 juni 2015).
4.
Walton RE, Rivera EM. Pembersihan dan Pembentukan Saluran Akar dalam
Prinsip dan Praktek Ilmu Endodonsia. Edisi 2. Ahli bahasa: Sumanwirata N,
dkk. Jakarta. EGC, 1997 : 263-303.
5.
Gomes et al. In vitro Antimikrobial Activity of Calcium Hydroxida Pastes and
their Vehivle Against Selected Microorganisme. Braz Dent j 2002;13(3):155-61.
6.
Samaranayake L. Essential Microbiology for Dentistry. Chapter 11, Streptococci,
staphylococci and micrococci; Elsevier. 3thed, 2006: 115-122.
7.
Coykendall AL. Four Type of Streptococcus mutans Based on Their Genetic,
Antigenetic and Biochemical Characteristics. Microbiology. 1974; 83(2): 32738.
8.
Baumgartner JC, Bakland L.K, Sugita E.I. Chapter 3, Microbiology of
Endodontics and Asepsis in Endodontic Practice: Ingle and Backland.
Endodontics 5thed, 2002; 63-6, 77-9.
9.
Pazelli LC, Freitas CA, Ito YI, Filho NP et al. Prevalence of Microorganisme in
Root Canal of Human Deciduous Teeth with Necrotic pupl and Cronic
Periapical Lesions. Pesqui Odontol Bras J 2003; 17(4): 367-71.
10. Peciuliene V, Maneline R, Balcikonyte E, Drukteinis S, Rutkunas V.
Microorganisms in root canal infections: a review. Baltic Dent Max-fac J 2008;
10: 4, 6-7.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
50
11. Mohammadi Z, Palazzi F, Giardino L, Shadavi S. Microbial biofilms in
endodontic infections: an update review. Biomed J 2013; 36(2): 59.
12. Bahrira Islam; et al, Dental Caries ; From Infection to Prevention, Med Sci
monit, 2007;13(11) : RA 196-203.
13. Forssten SD et al. Streptococcus mutans, Caries and Simulation Models.
Nutrients 2010: 2,290-298
14. Sari LORK. Pemanfaatan Obat Tradisional dengan Pertimbangan Manfaat dan
Keamanannya. Majalah ilmu kefarmasian 2006; 3(1): 1-7.
15. Pujar M, Makandar S. Herbal Usage in Endodontics- a review. Int J
contemporary Dent 2011; 2(1): 34-7.
16. Imaga NOA, Bamigbetan DO. In vivo Biochemical Assesment of Aqueous
extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf). Int J Nutri Met 2013;5(2):22-7.
17. Nwaoguikpe RN. The Effect of Extract Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on
Blood Glucose Levels of Diabetic rats. Int J biol Chem Sci 2010; 4(3): 721-9.
18. Sule IO, Agababiaka TO. Antibacterial Effect of Some plant Extract on Selected
Enterobacteriaceae. Ethnobotanical leaflets 2008; 12: 1035-42.
19. Tula MY, Azih AV, Iroulaje FO, Okojie RO, Elimian KO, TOY BD. Systematic
Study on Comparing Phytochemicals and the Antimicrobial Activities from
Different parts of Vernonia amydalina. African journal Microbiology Reseach.
2012; 6(43): 7089-93.
20. Anibijuwon II, Oladejo BO, Adetitun DO, kolawole OM. Antimicrobial activities
of Vernonia amygdalina against oral microbes. Global Journal of pharmacology.
2012; 6(3):178-185.
21. Handayani V. Daya antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun Afrika (Vernoniaa
amygdalina) terhadap bakteri fusobacterium nucleatum
sebagai bahan
alternatif medikamen saluran akar (in vitro). Skripsi : Medan: Fakultas
kedokteran gigi USU 2010; 22-5.
22. Jocelyn. Daya antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina)
sebagai bahan alternatif medikamen daluran akar terhadap Enterococcus
Universitas Sumatera Utara
51
faecalis (secara in vitro). Skripsi: Medan: Fakultas kedokteran gigi USU 2014;
20-22.
23. Sitompul T. Daya antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun Afrika (Vernoniaa
amygdalina) terhadap bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis sebagai bahan
alternatif medikamen saluran akar (in vitro). Skripsi : Medan: Fakultas
kedokteran gigi USU 2010; 12-5
24. Pramudia et al. Fenomena dan Perubahan Iklim di Indonesia serta Pemanfaatan
Informasi
Iklim
untuk
Kalender
Tanam.
3:52-3.
www.Litbang.pertanian.go.id/buku/katam/bagian 2.pdf. (19 september 2015)
25. Dharma Wanita Persatuan KBRI Abuja. Informasi umum Nigeria.13 desember
2011. http://dwp-abuja.co.id/p/informasi-umum-nigeria.html
(19 september
2015)
26. Forsythia J. Daya antibakteri ekstrak etanol kulit buah manggis (Garcinia
Mangostana Linn.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebagai bahan
alternatif medikamen saluran akar (in vitro). Skripsi : Medan: Fakultas
kedokteran gigi USU 2010; 5-6.
27. Bidarisugma B, Timur SP, Purnamasari R. Antibodi Monoklonal streptococcus
mutans 1(c)67 kDa sebagai imunisasi Pasif dalam alternatif pencegahan karies
gigi secara topical. BIMKGI, 2012; 1(1); 1-2.
28. Toyang NJ, Verpoorte R. A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the
genus vernonia (asteraceae). J Ethnopharm 2013; 146; 681-723.
29. Yeap SK, Ho WY, beh BK, dkk. Vernonia amygdalina, an ethnoveterinary and
ethnomedical used green vegeTabels with multiple bioactivities. J Med Plant Res
2010; 4(25); 2787-812.
30. Audu SA, Taiwo AE, Ojuolape AR, dkk. A study review of documented
phytochemistry of Vernonia amygdalina (Family asteraceae) as the basic for
pharmacologic activity of plant extract. J Natural Sciences Res 2012; 2(7): 1-8.
31. Akpaso MI, Atangvho IJ, Akpantah A, Fischer VA, Igiri AO, Ebong PE. Effect
of combined extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf ) and gongronema
Universitas Sumatera Utara
52
latifolium (Utazi) on the pancreatic β-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic
rats. British J Medicine & Medical Res 2011; 1(1); 24-34.
32. Oboh F, Masodje HI. Nutritional and antimicrobial properties of Vernonia
amygdalina leaves. Int J Biomed Health Sci 2009; 5(2); 51-6.
33. Ilondo EM, Arimoro FO, Sodje AP. The use of aqueous extracts of Vernonia
amygdalina in the control of saprolegniasis in Clarias gariepinus, a Freshwater
fish. African J Biotech 2009; 8(24); 7130-2.
34. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Mirobiol Rev 1999;
12(4) : 564.
35. Bhattacharjee B, Lakshminarasimhan P, Bhattacherjee A, Agrawala D.K, Pathak
M.K. Vernonia amygadalina Delile (Asteraceae)-An Africa medicinal plant
2013; 28(5); 18-20.
36. Simatumpang M. Penuntun Praktikum Mikrobiologi Medik : Medan; Fakultas
kedokteran USU 2015; 55-58.
37. Wadani A. Pengaruh Pemberian Larutan Ekstrak Siwak (Salvadora persica)
Pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans
Skripsi: Semarang: Fakultas kedokteran UNDIP 2012; 33-39.
38. Ramdhania Q. Pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun salam (Eugenia
polyantha) terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans (secara in vitro).
Skripsi: Surakarta: Fakultas kedokteran gigi muhammadiyah Surakarta 2014; 56.
39. Adentuji CO, Olaniyi OO, Ogunkunle ATJ. Bacterial activity of crude extracts of
Vernonia amygdalina on clinical isolates. J of Microbiol and Antimicrob
2013;5(6): 60-4.
40. Direktorat Jendral Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan. Parameter standart umum
ekstrak tumbuhan obat . Jakarta: Depatemen kesehatan RI, 2000: 7-8.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1.
Athanassiadis B, Abbott PV, Walsh LJ. The Use of Calcium Hydroxides
Antibiotics and Biocides as Antimicrobial Medicamen in Endodontic. Aust Dent
J 2007 ;52(1):64-8.
2.
Grossman LI, Oliet S, Rio CED. Ilmu Endodontik dalam Praktek. Edisi 11. Ahli
bahasa: Abyono R. Jakarta: EGC, 1995 : 248-50.
3.
Nikita IU. Efek antibakteri dari lima bahan root canal sealing yang berbeda. 19
november
2012.
http/scribd.com/doc/113745966/Efek-antibakteri-Dari-Lima-
Bahan-Root-Canal-Sealing-Yang-Berbeda. (18 juni 2015).
4.
Walton RE, Rivera EM. Pembersihan dan Pembentukan Saluran Akar dalam
Prinsip dan Praktek Ilmu Endodonsia. Edisi 2. Ahli bahasa: Sumanwirata N,
dkk. Jakarta. EGC, 1997 : 263-303.
5.
Gomes et al. In vitro Antimikrobial Activity of Calcium Hydroxida Pastes and
their Vehivle Against Selected Microorganisme. Braz Dent j 2002;13(3):155-61.
6.
Samaranayake L. Essential Microbiology for Dentistry. Chapter 11, Streptococci,
staphylococci and micrococci; Elsevier. 3thed, 2006: 115-122.
7.
Coykendall AL. Four Type of Streptococcus mutans Based on Their Genetic,
Antigenetic and Biochemical Characteristics. Microbiology. 1974; 83(2): 32738.
8.
Baumgartner JC, Bakland L.K, Sugita E.I. Chapter 3, Microbiology of
Endodontics and Asepsis in Endodontic Practice: Ingle and Backland.
Endodontics 5thed, 2002; 63-6, 77-9.
9.
Pazelli LC, Freitas CA, Ito YI, Filho NP et al. Prevalence of Microorganisme in
Root Canal of Human Deciduous Teeth with Necrotic pupl and Cronic
Periapical Lesions. Pesqui Odontol Bras J 2003; 17(4): 367-71.
10. Peciuliene V, Maneline R, Balcikonyte E, Drukteinis S, Rutkunas V.
Microorganisms in root canal infections: a review. Baltic Dent Max-fac J 2008;
10: 4, 6-7.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
50
11. Mohammadi Z, Palazzi F, Giardino L, Shadavi S. Microbial biofilms in
endodontic infections: an update review. Biomed J 2013; 36(2): 59.
12. Bahrira Islam; et al, Dental Caries ; From Infection to Prevention, Med Sci
monit, 2007;13(11) : RA 196-203.
13. Forssten SD et al. Streptococcus mutans, Caries and Simulation Models.
Nutrients 2010: 2,290-298
14. Sari LORK. Pemanfaatan Obat Tradisional dengan Pertimbangan Manfaat dan
Keamanannya. Majalah ilmu kefarmasian 2006; 3(1): 1-7.
15. Pujar M, Makandar S. Herbal Usage in Endodontics- a review. Int J
contemporary Dent 2011; 2(1): 34-7.
16. Imaga NOA, Bamigbetan DO. In vivo Biochemical Assesment of Aqueous
extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf). Int J Nutri Met 2013;5(2):22-7.
17. Nwaoguikpe RN. The Effect of Extract Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on
Blood Glucose Levels of Diabetic rats. Int J biol Chem Sci 2010; 4(3): 721-9.
18. Sule IO, Agababiaka TO. Antibacterial Effect of Some plant Extract on Selected
Enterobacteriaceae. Ethnobotanical leaflets 2008; 12: 1035-42.
19. Tula MY, Azih AV, Iroulaje FO, Okojie RO, Elimian KO, TOY BD. Systematic
Study on Comparing Phytochemicals and the Antimicrobial Activities from
Different parts of Vernonia amydalina. African journal Microbiology Reseach.
2012; 6(43): 7089-93.
20. Anibijuwon II, Oladejo BO, Adetitun DO, kolawole OM. Antimicrobial activities
of Vernonia amygdalina against oral microbes. Global Journal of pharmacology.
2012; 6(3):178-185.
21. Handayani V. Daya antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun Afrika (Vernoniaa
amygdalina) terhadap bakteri fusobacterium nucleatum
sebagai bahan
alternatif medikamen saluran akar (in vitro). Skripsi : Medan: Fakultas
kedokteran gigi USU 2010; 22-5.
22. Jocelyn. Daya antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina)
sebagai bahan alternatif medikamen daluran akar terhadap Enterococcus
Universitas Sumatera Utara
51
faecalis (secara in vitro). Skripsi: Medan: Fakultas kedokteran gigi USU 2014;
20-22.
23. Sitompul T. Daya antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun Afrika (Vernoniaa
amygdalina) terhadap bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis sebagai bahan
alternatif medikamen saluran akar (in vitro). Skripsi : Medan: Fakultas
kedokteran gigi USU 2010; 12-5
24. Pramudia et al. Fenomena dan Perubahan Iklim di Indonesia serta Pemanfaatan
Informasi
Iklim
untuk
Kalender
Tanam.
3:52-3.
www.Litbang.pertanian.go.id/buku/katam/bagian 2.pdf. (19 september 2015)
25. Dharma Wanita Persatuan KBRI Abuja. Informasi umum Nigeria.13 desember
2011. http://dwp-abuja.co.id/p/informasi-umum-nigeria.html
(19 september
2015)
26. Forsythia J. Daya antibakteri ekstrak etanol kulit buah manggis (Garcinia
Mangostana Linn.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebagai bahan
alternatif medikamen saluran akar (in vitro). Skripsi : Medan: Fakultas
kedokteran gigi USU 2010; 5-6.
27. Bidarisugma B, Timur SP, Purnamasari R. Antibodi Monoklonal streptococcus
mutans 1(c)67 kDa sebagai imunisasi Pasif dalam alternatif pencegahan karies
gigi secara topical. BIMKGI, 2012; 1(1); 1-2.
28. Toyang NJ, Verpoorte R. A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the
genus vernonia (asteraceae). J Ethnopharm 2013; 146; 681-723.
29. Yeap SK, Ho WY, beh BK, dkk. Vernonia amygdalina, an ethnoveterinary and
ethnomedical used green vegeTabels with multiple bioactivities. J Med Plant Res
2010; 4(25); 2787-812.
30. Audu SA, Taiwo AE, Ojuolape AR, dkk. A study review of documented
phytochemistry of Vernonia amygdalina (Family asteraceae) as the basic for
pharmacologic activity of plant extract. J Natural Sciences Res 2012; 2(7): 1-8.
31. Akpaso MI, Atangvho IJ, Akpantah A, Fischer VA, Igiri AO, Ebong PE. Effect
of combined extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf ) and gongronema
Universitas Sumatera Utara
52
latifolium (Utazi) on the pancreatic β-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic
rats. British J Medicine & Medical Res 2011; 1(1); 24-34.
32. Oboh F, Masodje HI. Nutritional and antimicrobial properties of Vernonia
amygdalina leaves. Int J Biomed Health Sci 2009; 5(2); 51-6.
33. Ilondo EM, Arimoro FO, Sodje AP. The use of aqueous extracts of Vernonia
amygdalina in the control of saprolegniasis in Clarias gariepinus, a Freshwater
fish. African J Biotech 2009; 8(24); 7130-2.
34. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Mirobiol Rev 1999;
12(4) : 564.
35. Bhattacharjee B, Lakshminarasimhan P, Bhattacherjee A, Agrawala D.K, Pathak
M.K. Vernonia amygadalina Delile (Asteraceae)-An Africa medicinal plant
2013; 28(5); 18-20.
36. Simatumpang M. Penuntun Praktikum Mikrobiologi Medik : Medan; Fakultas
kedokteran USU 2015; 55-58.
37. Wadani A. Pengaruh Pemberian Larutan Ekstrak Siwak (Salvadora persica)
Pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans
Skripsi: Semarang: Fakultas kedokteran UNDIP 2012; 33-39.
38. Ramdhania Q. Pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun salam (Eugenia
polyantha) terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans (secara in vitro).
Skripsi: Surakarta: Fakultas kedokteran gigi muhammadiyah Surakarta 2014; 56.
39. Adentuji CO, Olaniyi OO, Ogunkunle ATJ. Bacterial activity of crude extracts of
Vernonia amygdalina on clinical isolates. J of Microbiol and Antimicrob
2013;5(6): 60-4.
40. Direktorat Jendral Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan. Parameter standart umum
ekstrak tumbuhan obat . Jakarta: Depatemen kesehatan RI, 2000: 7-8.
Universitas Sumatera Utara