Efek Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih (Piper betle L) Dengan Amoksisilin Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abdallah, E.M. (2011). Plants: An Alternative Source for Antimicrobials. Journal
of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 01 (06): 18.
Al-Adhroey., Zurainee, M.N., Hesham M., Adel, A., Amran and Mahmud, R.
(2011). Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Piper betle L.
journal molecules. 16: Hal. 107-118.
Adam, M.R., dan Moss, M.O. (1995). Food Microbiology. Cambrige: The Royal
Society of Chemistry. Hal. 181-182; 203-205.
Azwar, A. (1992). Antropologi Kesehatan Indonesia Jilid I Pengobatan
Tradisional. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Hal. 105-109.
Bangash, F.A., Hashmi A.N., Mahboob, A., Zahid, M., Hamid, B., Muhammad
S.A., Shah, Z.U., Afzaal, H. (2012). IN-VITRO Antibacterial Activity Of
Piper betel Leaf Extracts. 639 | J App Pharm 03(04): 639-646.
Baskaran., Ratha., dan Kanimozhi. (2011). Screening For Antimicrobial Activity
And Phytochemical Analysis Of Various Leaf Extract Of Murraya
koenigii. IJRAP . Vol. 2(6): 1807-1810.
Caburian, B.A., Marina, O. (2010). Characterization and Evaluation of
Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Piper betle
L. E-International Scientific Research Journal . ISSN: 2094-1749 Vol.2
(1).
Chanda, S., dan Rakholiya, K. (2011). Combination therapy: synergism between
natural plant Extracts and Antibiotics Against Infectious Diseasses. Hal.
520-529.
Carranza, F.A., dan Takei, H.H. (2011). The Treatment Plan. In Carranza’s
clinical Periodontologi. Edisi XI . St. Louis: Saunders-Elsevier. Hal. 41,
485, 488.
Chakraborty, D., dan Shah, B. (2011). Antimicrobial, Antioxidative and
Antihemolytic Activity of Piper betel Leaf Extracts. International Journal
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol. 3(3): 1.
Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plant Product as Antimicrobial Agent. Clinical
microbiology, Review, (12): 564-582.
Depkes RI. (1980). Materia Medika Indonesia . Jilid IV. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta:
Direktorat Jendral Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan. Hal. 94-98.
Depkes RI. (1989). Materia Medika Indonesia . Jilid V. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral
Pengawasan Obat Dan Makanan. Hal. 513-520, 536, 539-540, 549-552
55
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Depkes RI. (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia . Jilid VI. Cetakan Keenam. Jakarta:
Direktorat Jendral Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan. Hal. 247-251, 199304, 321-325.
Depkes RI. (2007). Kebijakan Obat Tradisional Nasional. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal. 300-304, 306.
Ditjen POM RI. (2005). Penyiapan Simplisia Untuk Sediaan Herbal . Jakarta:
Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia. Hal. 1.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia . Edisi III. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal. 9, 33.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Farmakope Indonesia . Edisi IV. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal. 855, 896, 898, 1035.
Ditjen POM. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta:
Departemen Kesehatan RI. Hal. 10-11.
Dwidjoseputro. (1989). Dasar-Dasar
Jambatan. Hal. 38, 134.
Mikrobiologi. Jakarta: Penerbit D.
Farnsworth, N.R. (1996). Biological and Phytochemical Screening of Plants,
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 55. No. 3. Chicago: Reheis
Chemical Company. Hal. 262-264.
Ganiswarna, S. (1995). Farmakologi dan Terapi. Edisi IV. Jakarta: Penerbit UI.
Guzman, D.E., Galicia, J.J.M., Gatuz., M.S., Santiago, M.AR., Yumul, C.S.,
Castro, E.J.D., Clemente, R.F., Naguiat, E.S., Hillario, D.S. (2014).
Antibacterial Soap from Nypa fruticans Wurmb (Sasa) Ethanolic Leaf
Extract. Philipines: Department of biology Bulacan State University. Page
55.
Hajare, R., Darvhekar, V.M., Shewale, A., Patil, V. (2011). Evaluation Of
Antihistaminic Activity Of Piper betel Leaf In Guinea Pig. African
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 5(2), pp. Hal. 113-117.
Harborne, J. B. (1987). Phytochemical Method . Terbitan Kedua. Penerjemah:
Kosasih Padmawinata dan Iwang Soediro. Metode Fitokimia. Bandung:
Penerbit ITB. Hal. 147.
Islam, M, M., Masum, S., Makbub, K. R., and Haque, M. Z., (2011). Antibacterial
Activity of Crab ofAmoxicilin Againt Staphylococcus aureus and
Eschericia coli. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2(4): 63-66.
Jawetz, E., Melnick, J.L., dan Adelberg, E.A. (2001). Mikrobiologi Kedokteran.
Jakarta: Salemba Medika. Hal. 318 – 319.
56
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Khan, A.J., Kumar, N. (2011). Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Extracts
of Piper betle Lef. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ,
Vol (11) : 1-3.
Kumar, A., Garg, B.R., Rajput, G., Chandel, G., Muwalia, A., Bala, I., Sumeer
Singh. (2010). Antibacterial Activity and Quantitative Determination of
Protein From Leaf of datura stramonium and piper betle plants.
Pharmacophore, Vol. 1 (3) : 184-195.
Lay, B.W., dan Sugiyo, H. (1994). Analisis Mikroba di Laboratorium. Jakarta:
PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Hal. 34, 72-73.
Lovena, T. (2015). Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Isolasi Serta Analisis Komponen
Minyak Atsirih Daun Sirih Hutan (Piper Crocolium Ruiz & Pav) yang
Segar dan Simplisia Secara Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
Skripsi. Medan: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Oxoid, (1982). The Oxoid Of Culture Media Ingredientand Other Laboratory
Service. Edisi V Basintoke: Oxoid. Hal. 20.
Pelezar, M.J., dan Chan, E.C.S. (2008). Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi I. Jakarta:
Penerbit UI-Press. Hal. 101.
Praba, S.P., Jeyasundari, J., Brightson, Y. (2014). Synthesis of Silver Nano
Particles Using Piper betle and its Antibacterial Activity Vol 3(10): 10141016.
Pradhan, D., Suri, K.A., Biswasroy, P. (2013). Golden Heart of the Nature: Piper
betle L. ISSN 2278- 4136. ZDB-Number: 2668735-5 IC Journal No: 8192
Vol 1: 6.
Pratiwi, S.T. (2008). Mikrobiologi Farmasi. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Hal. 105117, 140-142.
Refdanita., Maksum, R., Nurgani, A., Endang, P. (2004). Pola Kepekaan Kuman
Terhadap Antibiotika di Ruang Rawat Intensif Rumah Sakit Fatmawati
Jakarta Tahun 2001-2002. Jurnal Makara , Kesehatan, Vol 8(2): 1.
Robinson, T. (1995). Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Bandung: ITB.
Sasongko, H. (2014). Uji Resistensi Bakteri Escherichia coli Dari Sungai Boyong
Kabupaten Sleman Terhadap Antibiotik Amoksisilin, Kloramfenikol,
Sulfametoxazol, dan Streptomisin. Jurnal Bioedukatika Vol. 2(1) :1. Mei
2014, ISSN: 2338-6630.
57
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Schwalbe, R., Moore, L, S., and Goodwin, A, C. (2007). Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Testing Protocols, USA: CRC Press. Hal. 277, 282, 283.
Setiabudy, R. (2007). Pengantar Antimikroba . Dalam: Gunawan SG, Setiabudy
R., Nafrialdi, Elysabeth, penyunting. Farmakologi dan terapi. Edisi V ,
Jakarta: Balai Penerbitan FKUI. Hal. 585,592-593.
Siswandono. (2000). Kimia Medicinal. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press.
Hal. 124.
Sitorus, S. (2011). Karakterisasi Simplisia, Skrinning Fitokimia dan uji Aktivitas
Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun dari Dua Varietas Sirih (Piper betle L.) terhadap
Streptococcus Mutans Penyebab Karies Gigi. Skripsi. Medan: Fakultas
Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Subashkumar, R., Sureshkumar, M., Babu, S and Tha, T. (2013). Antibacterial
effect of crude aqueous extract of Piper betle L. against pathogenic
bacteria. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences Vol. 4 (1): 42.
Sugumaran, M., Suresh, G.M., Sankarnarayanan, K., Yokesh, M., Poornima, M.,
Sree, R. (2011). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of
Vellaikodi Variety of Piper betle Linn Leaf Oil Against Dental Pathogens.
International Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol.3 (4): 2135-2139.
Supardi, I dan Sukamto. (1999). Mikrobiologi dalam Pengolahan dan Keamanan
Pangan. Bandung : Penerbit Alumni. Hal. 138-141; 175-177; 182-184.
Trease, G.E., dan Evans, W.C. (1983). Pharmacognosy. Edisi: XII. London:
Bailliere Tindal. Hal. 132.
*
Voon, W., Ghali, N. A., Rukayadi, Y. and Meor ,H. (2014). Application of betel
leaves (Piper betle L.) extract for preservation of homemade chili bo,
International Food Research Journal Vol 21(6): 2399-2403.
World Health Organization. (1992). Quality Control Methods for Medicinal
Plants Materials. Switzerland: WHO. Hal. 25-27.
World Health Organization. (2011). Quality Control Methods for Herbal
Material. Switzerland: WHO. Hal. 29-38.
58
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Abdallah, E.M. (2011). Plants: An Alternative Source for Antimicrobials. Journal
of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 01 (06): 18.
Al-Adhroey., Zurainee, M.N., Hesham M., Adel, A., Amran and Mahmud, R.
(2011). Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Piper betle L.
journal molecules. 16: Hal. 107-118.
Adam, M.R., dan Moss, M.O. (1995). Food Microbiology. Cambrige: The Royal
Society of Chemistry. Hal. 181-182; 203-205.
Azwar, A. (1992). Antropologi Kesehatan Indonesia Jilid I Pengobatan
Tradisional. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Hal. 105-109.
Bangash, F.A., Hashmi A.N., Mahboob, A., Zahid, M., Hamid, B., Muhammad
S.A., Shah, Z.U., Afzaal, H. (2012). IN-VITRO Antibacterial Activity Of
Piper betel Leaf Extracts. 639 | J App Pharm 03(04): 639-646.
Baskaran., Ratha., dan Kanimozhi. (2011). Screening For Antimicrobial Activity
And Phytochemical Analysis Of Various Leaf Extract Of Murraya
koenigii. IJRAP . Vol. 2(6): 1807-1810.
Caburian, B.A., Marina, O. (2010). Characterization and Evaluation of
Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Piper betle
L. E-International Scientific Research Journal . ISSN: 2094-1749 Vol.2
(1).
Chanda, S., dan Rakholiya, K. (2011). Combination therapy: synergism between
natural plant Extracts and Antibiotics Against Infectious Diseasses. Hal.
520-529.
Carranza, F.A., dan Takei, H.H. (2011). The Treatment Plan. In Carranza’s
clinical Periodontologi. Edisi XI . St. Louis: Saunders-Elsevier. Hal. 41,
485, 488.
Chakraborty, D., dan Shah, B. (2011). Antimicrobial, Antioxidative and
Antihemolytic Activity of Piper betel Leaf Extracts. International Journal
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol. 3(3): 1.
Cowan, M.M. (1999). Plant Product as Antimicrobial Agent. Clinical
microbiology, Review, (12): 564-582.
Depkes RI. (1980). Materia Medika Indonesia . Jilid IV. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta:
Direktorat Jendral Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan. Hal. 94-98.
Depkes RI. (1989). Materia Medika Indonesia . Jilid V. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral
Pengawasan Obat Dan Makanan. Hal. 513-520, 536, 539-540, 549-552
55
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Depkes RI. (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia . Jilid VI. Cetakan Keenam. Jakarta:
Direktorat Jendral Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan. Hal. 247-251, 199304, 321-325.
Depkes RI. (2007). Kebijakan Obat Tradisional Nasional. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal. 300-304, 306.
Ditjen POM RI. (2005). Penyiapan Simplisia Untuk Sediaan Herbal . Jakarta:
Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia. Hal. 1.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia . Edisi III. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal. 9, 33.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Farmakope Indonesia . Edisi IV. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal. 855, 896, 898, 1035.
Ditjen POM. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta:
Departemen Kesehatan RI. Hal. 10-11.
Dwidjoseputro. (1989). Dasar-Dasar
Jambatan. Hal. 38, 134.
Mikrobiologi. Jakarta: Penerbit D.
Farnsworth, N.R. (1996). Biological and Phytochemical Screening of Plants,
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 55. No. 3. Chicago: Reheis
Chemical Company. Hal. 262-264.
Ganiswarna, S. (1995). Farmakologi dan Terapi. Edisi IV. Jakarta: Penerbit UI.
Guzman, D.E., Galicia, J.J.M., Gatuz., M.S., Santiago, M.AR., Yumul, C.S.,
Castro, E.J.D., Clemente, R.F., Naguiat, E.S., Hillario, D.S. (2014).
Antibacterial Soap from Nypa fruticans Wurmb (Sasa) Ethanolic Leaf
Extract. Philipines: Department of biology Bulacan State University. Page
55.
Hajare, R., Darvhekar, V.M., Shewale, A., Patil, V. (2011). Evaluation Of
Antihistaminic Activity Of Piper betel Leaf In Guinea Pig. African
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 5(2), pp. Hal. 113-117.
Harborne, J. B. (1987). Phytochemical Method . Terbitan Kedua. Penerjemah:
Kosasih Padmawinata dan Iwang Soediro. Metode Fitokimia. Bandung:
Penerbit ITB. Hal. 147.
Islam, M, M., Masum, S., Makbub, K. R., and Haque, M. Z., (2011). Antibacterial
Activity of Crab ofAmoxicilin Againt Staphylococcus aureus and
Eschericia coli. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2(4): 63-66.
Jawetz, E., Melnick, J.L., dan Adelberg, E.A. (2001). Mikrobiologi Kedokteran.
Jakarta: Salemba Medika. Hal. 318 – 319.
56
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Khan, A.J., Kumar, N. (2011). Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Extracts
of Piper betle Lef. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ,
Vol (11) : 1-3.
Kumar, A., Garg, B.R., Rajput, G., Chandel, G., Muwalia, A., Bala, I., Sumeer
Singh. (2010). Antibacterial Activity and Quantitative Determination of
Protein From Leaf of datura stramonium and piper betle plants.
Pharmacophore, Vol. 1 (3) : 184-195.
Lay, B.W., dan Sugiyo, H. (1994). Analisis Mikroba di Laboratorium. Jakarta:
PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Hal. 34, 72-73.
Lovena, T. (2015). Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Isolasi Serta Analisis Komponen
Minyak Atsirih Daun Sirih Hutan (Piper Crocolium Ruiz & Pav) yang
Segar dan Simplisia Secara Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
Skripsi. Medan: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Oxoid, (1982). The Oxoid Of Culture Media Ingredientand Other Laboratory
Service. Edisi V Basintoke: Oxoid. Hal. 20.
Pelezar, M.J., dan Chan, E.C.S. (2008). Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi I. Jakarta:
Penerbit UI-Press. Hal. 101.
Praba, S.P., Jeyasundari, J., Brightson, Y. (2014). Synthesis of Silver Nano
Particles Using Piper betle and its Antibacterial Activity Vol 3(10): 10141016.
Pradhan, D., Suri, K.A., Biswasroy, P. (2013). Golden Heart of the Nature: Piper
betle L. ISSN 2278- 4136. ZDB-Number: 2668735-5 IC Journal No: 8192
Vol 1: 6.
Pratiwi, S.T. (2008). Mikrobiologi Farmasi. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Hal. 105117, 140-142.
Refdanita., Maksum, R., Nurgani, A., Endang, P. (2004). Pola Kepekaan Kuman
Terhadap Antibiotika di Ruang Rawat Intensif Rumah Sakit Fatmawati
Jakarta Tahun 2001-2002. Jurnal Makara , Kesehatan, Vol 8(2): 1.
Robinson, T. (1995). Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Bandung: ITB.
Sasongko, H. (2014). Uji Resistensi Bakteri Escherichia coli Dari Sungai Boyong
Kabupaten Sleman Terhadap Antibiotik Amoksisilin, Kloramfenikol,
Sulfametoxazol, dan Streptomisin. Jurnal Bioedukatika Vol. 2(1) :1. Mei
2014, ISSN: 2338-6630.
57
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Schwalbe, R., Moore, L, S., and Goodwin, A, C. (2007). Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Testing Protocols, USA: CRC Press. Hal. 277, 282, 283.
Setiabudy, R. (2007). Pengantar Antimikroba . Dalam: Gunawan SG, Setiabudy
R., Nafrialdi, Elysabeth, penyunting. Farmakologi dan terapi. Edisi V ,
Jakarta: Balai Penerbitan FKUI. Hal. 585,592-593.
Siswandono. (2000). Kimia Medicinal. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press.
Hal. 124.
Sitorus, S. (2011). Karakterisasi Simplisia, Skrinning Fitokimia dan uji Aktivitas
Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun dari Dua Varietas Sirih (Piper betle L.) terhadap
Streptococcus Mutans Penyebab Karies Gigi. Skripsi. Medan: Fakultas
Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Subashkumar, R., Sureshkumar, M., Babu, S and Tha, T. (2013). Antibacterial
effect of crude aqueous extract of Piper betle L. against pathogenic
bacteria. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences Vol. 4 (1): 42.
Sugumaran, M., Suresh, G.M., Sankarnarayanan, K., Yokesh, M., Poornima, M.,
Sree, R. (2011). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of
Vellaikodi Variety of Piper betle Linn Leaf Oil Against Dental Pathogens.
International Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol.3 (4): 2135-2139.
Supardi, I dan Sukamto. (1999). Mikrobiologi dalam Pengolahan dan Keamanan
Pangan. Bandung : Penerbit Alumni. Hal. 138-141; 175-177; 182-184.
Trease, G.E., dan Evans, W.C. (1983). Pharmacognosy. Edisi: XII. London:
Bailliere Tindal. Hal. 132.
*
Voon, W., Ghali, N. A., Rukayadi, Y. and Meor ,H. (2014). Application of betel
leaves (Piper betle L.) extract for preservation of homemade chili bo,
International Food Research Journal Vol 21(6): 2399-2403.
World Health Organization. (1992). Quality Control Methods for Medicinal
Plants Materials. Switzerland: WHO. Hal. 25-27.
World Health Organization. (2011). Quality Control Methods for Herbal
Material. Switzerland: WHO. Hal. 29-38.
58
Universitas Sumatera Utara