THE LOVE OF A MOTHER AS SEEN IN ALLISON THE MAIN CHARACTER OF NANCY BAKER JACOBS’ SEE MOMMY RUN A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE LOVE OF A MOTHER AS SEEN IN ALLISON
THE MAIN CHARACTER OF NANCY BAKER JACOBS’
SEE MOMMY RUN

A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Klara Nari
Student Number: 021214035

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE LOVE OF A MOTHER AS SEEN IN ALLISON
THE MAIN CHARACTER OF NANCY BAKER JACOBS’
SEE MOMMY RUN

A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Klara Nari
Student Number: 021214035

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA
2009
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PAGE OF DEDICATION

Love Will Show You Everything
Today, today I bet my life
You have no idea
What I feel inside

Don't, be afraid to let it show
For you never know
If you let it out
I love you, you love me
Take this gift and don't ask why
Cause if you, will let me
I'll take what scares you and hold it deep inside
And if you, ask me why,
I'm with you and why I'll never leave
Love will show you everything
One day,
when youth is just a memory
I know,
You'll be standing right next to me
I love you, you love me
Take this gift and don't ask why
Cause if you, will let me
I'll take what scares you and hold it deep inside
And if you, ask me why
I'm with you and why I'll never leave

My love will show you everything
My love will show you everything, thing,
My love will show you, everything
Our love will show us everything
-Jennifer Love Hewitt-

Dedicate with love and gratitude to:
My father, my mother, my daughter, and myself

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Sincerely, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to God who gives
me His blessing, strength, and mercy during my life especially during the
completion of this thesis. He always gives me great experiences that have become
great teachers for my life. He also offers me blessing has been a soothing balm
during adversity or my stormy days.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Drs. Antonius
Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D. as my sponsor for his willingness to spend his time,
patience, advice, and encouragements from the beginning until the end of my
thesis accomplishment.
I would like to thank other PBI lecturers for their roles in improving my
knowledge and self-quality. They have given me knowledge and skills which are
very useful for my future. I also thank the staff of PBI secretariat for helping me
in dealing with the administration matters and to the Sanata Dharma’s library staff
for their friendliness and support when I was completing the supporting data for
my thesis.
My special love and gratitude goes to my father, Drs. Agustinus
Bambang Dwiantoro, M.S., and my mother, Dra. Wahyu Rukmawati for their

amazing love, prayers, patience, and great support during my life. My special love
also goes to my beautiful daughter, Aulia Salsabila who always motivates me in
any situation, especially during the completion of this thesis. I sincerely express
my special thanks to my boyfriend, Toni Dewantoro, S.Si. for his continuous
encouragement as well as attention and prayers.
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I would like to thank Maria Bernadette Betaningdyas, Margareta
Maria Rika Febriani, Anissa Mulya, Antonius Djatmiko, and Vera Puspita
for being my best friends. It has been a wonderful experience to be able to share
laughter, joy and pain with them. I also thank Puspitasari Darsono and
Yohannes Jatmiko Yuwono as my readers and all my friends in English
Education Study Program that I could not mention one by one for many things I
have got from them. I would like to express my gratitude to all of my friends who
has filled my life and my heart with warm love and attention. I appreciate and
thank you so much.

Klara Nari

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………...

i

APPROVAL PAGES …………………………………………………..

ii

DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………….

iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY …………………….....

v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ……………………………..

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………

ix

LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………….

xi

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….

xii

ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………….

xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ………………………...........

1

1.2 Objective of the Study ………………………………...

3

1.3 Problem Formulation …………………………………

3

1.4 Benefits of the Study ………………………………….

3

1.5 Definition of Terms ……………………………...........

4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERTURE
2.1 Theoretical Description ……………………………….

6

2.1.1 Theory of Literature ………………………………...

6

2.1.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches …………………...

6

2.1.1.2 Theory of Characterization ……………………….

7

2.1.2 Theory of Psychology ………………………………

10

2.1.2.1 Theory of Psychoanalysis ………………………...

10

2.1.2.2 Theory of Motivation ……………………………..

12

2.1.2.3 Theory of Love ……………………………………

14

2.1.2.4 Theory of Katresnanism …………………………..

15

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2.1.3 Criticism …………………………………………….

18

2.1.4 Context of the Novel ………………………………..

20

2.2 Theoretical Framework ……………………………….

21

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Object of the Study …………………………………...

22

3.2 Approach of the Study ………………………………..

23

3.3 Method of the Study …………………………………..

23

3.4 Organization of the Study …………………………….

24

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
4.1 Description of Allison’s Characteristics ……………...

26

4.2 How Allison Exercises Her Motherly Love …………..

34

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions …………………………………………...

44

5.2 Suggestions and Recommendation …………………...

45

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………

46

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………….

48

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page
Appendix 1: Summary of the Novel …………………………………….

49

Appendix 2: Cover of the Novel ………………………………………...

51

Appendix 3: Biography of Nancy Baker Jacobs ………………………...

52

Appendix 4: Picture of Nancy Baker Jacobs …………………………….

54

Appendix 5: Lesson Plan of Teaching Extensive Reading II ……………

55

Appendix 6: Teaching Materials ………………………………………...

56

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ABSTRACT
Nari, Klara (2009): The Love of a Mother as Seen in Allison the Main
Character of Nancy Baker Jacobs’ See Mommy Run. Yogyakarta: English
Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts
Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma
University.
This thesis discusses a novel entitled See Mommy Run which was written
by Nancy Baker Jacobs in 1992. This novel tells about Allison, the major
character of the novel, is a mother who loves her daughter, Stephanie, and tries to
ensure the safety of Stephanie. Allison is a single parent after she was divorced
from her husband, Karl Warren. This is the beginning of her real life problems.
Her decision to get divorce is also triggered by Karl weird attitude toward their
daughter, Stephanie. It is a kind of child abusing.
This study aims at observing Allison’s love to her daughter. There are two
problems to be discussed in this study. The first problem concerns how the
character of Allison is described in the novel; second, it deals with how Allison
exercises her motherly love toward Stephanie.
The data gathering method applied in this study was library research. The
novel, Nancy Baker Jacobs’ See Mommy Run, is the primary data. The secondary
sources are taken from those related to the novel such as books on literary works
and those from the Internet. The psychological approach is used in this study as it
discusses Allison’s actions. The theory of characterization is used to see how
Allison is portrayed in the novel. In order to deal with the second problem, this
study used theories of psychology, which use theory of psychoanalysis, theory of
motivation, theory of love, and theory of katresnanism.
It can be concluded that Allison is not only very closed to her daughter,
but she is also a responsible mother as well as a strong-willed, a perfectionate, a
disciplined, a goal-oriented, and an affectionate woman. The second finding
reveals that Allison has high spirit and motivation to achieve her goal, that is, she
wants to live with her daughter happily and peacefully. As a mother, Allison is
worried so much about Stephanie’s safety that she becomes over protective.
It is suggested for future researchers to deal with the character in See Mommy
Run by using socio cultural-historical approach. It is also recommended that this
novel can be used to teach Extensive Reading II for fourth semester students of
the English Language Education Study Program.

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ABSTRAK
Nari, Klara (2009): The Love of a Mother as Seen in Allison the Main
Character of Nancy Baker Jacobs’ See Mommy Run. Yogyakarta: Program
Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas
Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas sebuah novel berjudul See Mommy Run yang ditulis
oleh Nancy Baker Jacobs pada tahun 1992. Novel ini menceritakan tentang
Allison, tokoh utama dalam novel ini, adalah seorang ibu yang mencintai serta
memberikan rasa aman kepada anak perempuannya yang bernama Stephanie.
Allison adalah orang tua tunggal setelah dia bercerai dari suaminya, Karl Warren.
Perceraian tersebut merupakan awal dari permasalahan. Keputusan Allison
bercerai juga dipicu oleh sikap Karl yang tidak wajar terhadap anak perempuan
mereka, yaitu sejenis penyimpangan sex terhadap anak dibawah umur.
Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk menganalisa cinta Allison sebagai
seorang ibu terhadap anaknya, Stephanie. Ada dua permasalahan yang
dikemukakan untuk dibahas. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Allison
dideskripsikan di dalam novel. Masalah kedua adalah bagaimana Allison
menunjukkan cinta nya terhadap Stephanie.
Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan studi ini adalah studi pustaka.
Novel yang berjudul See Mommy Run, ditulis oleh Nancy Baker Jacob, adalah
sumber utama. Sumber kedua didapatkan dari buku-buku tentang sastra dan
Internet yang berhubungan dengan novel. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan
psikologis untuk membahas tindakan Allison. Teori karakteristik digunakan untuk
melihat bagaimana karakteristik Allison digambarkan dalam novel. Untuk
menjawab masalah kedua, studi ini menerapkan teori-teori psikologi, yaitu teori
psikoanalisis, teori motivasi, teori cinta, dan teori katresnanism.
Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Allison adalah seorang ibu yang tidak hanya
sangat dekat dengan anak perempuannya, tetapi juga seorang ibu yang
bertanggung jawab serta seorang wanita yang berkemauan keras, berusaha
sempurna, disiplin, mempunyai tujuan hidup, dan penuh kasih sayang. Hasil
analisa kedua menunjukkan bahwa Allison memiliki semangat yang tinggi untuk
mencapai tujuan hidupnya, yaitu menjalani hidup bahagia dan damai bersama
putrinya. Sebagai seorang ibu, Allison mencemaskan keselamatan Stephanie
sehingga Allison menjadi seseorang yang sangat protektif.
Disarankan bagi calon peneliti yang akan datang menggunakan
pendekatan sosial kebudayaan dan sejarah untuk menganalisa karakter dalam
novel See Mommy Run. Novel ini juga direkomendasikan untuk mengajar mata
kuliah Extensive Reading II bagi mahasiswa semester empat Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter is divided into five parts. The first part is the background of
the study which explains why the novel is chosen as the primary data for this
thesis. The second part covers the objectives of the study. The third part lists the
problems of this study. The fourth part explains the benefits of the study. This
chapter is closed by definition of terms.

1.1 Background of the Study
Studying the literary work is not about reading comprehension but also
analyzing some elements that will enlighten human life. Some people appreciate
the value of life in literary work. They assume the literary work is a work of art
that has benefits such as knowledge, pleasure, and enlightenment. The stories in
literary work are derived from all walks of life.
The literary work can be divided into fiction, poetry, and drama. Novel as
a literary work has a close relationship with the facts of human life. Abrams
(1981: 130) states that a novel is described as a fiction which reflects the reality
human life by presenting complex characters with their motives, based on their
social class and their interaction with other characters.
The novel provides characters as an important element which is used to
develop the story and help the readers understand the story well. A character
conveys the author’s message to the readers. Through characters, people learn

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how human behave in particular situation. It is shown that in every condition,
human has motivation to achieve some needs in their lives.
Motivation plays an important role in human life as a survival tool to over
come their obstacles. When a person wants to do some actions, they have different
motives. The strongest motive is love. Through love, people can learn how to
respect others and establish better personality in the society.
Love is a driving force behind any good or bad action. When the meaning
of love is rightly understood, it will lead to happiness and fulfillment. On the other
hand, love can direct someone to do negative actions, to the extent of breaking the
law in order to protect their loved ones.
The novel by Nancy Baker Jacobs, See Mommy Run, tells about a
predicament which is Allison, lines all mothers of life, has to face. She is forced to
commit a crime to protect her daughter from her ex-husband, Karl Warren.
Allison is willing to do some actions though it may endanger their lives. Her
actions are expressions of her motherly love. This fact will help readers to
understand Allison’s motives behind her actions.
There are some reasons why I am interested in analyzing Nancy Baker
Jacobs’ See Mommy Run, especially the main character, Allison. First, the author
has intelligently portrayed a mother’s love in the most challenging situation. Love
is a thing that is closely related to human life. Love can be described in words as
well as in activities which can be seen in Allison’s actions throughout the novel.
Second, as a mother, I love my daughter very much and will not let anyone
to harm her. The bond between a mother and a child has been established since

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the impregnation. The mother will always love her child through many
impediments in life. Thus, she will do anything to ensure her child’s safety and
comfort.

1.2 Objective of the Study
The aim of this study is to observe a mother’s love during her chaotic life
after her marriage failure as seen in Allison, the main character of Nancy Baker
Jacobs’ See Mommy Run.

1.3 Problem Formulation
The problems of this study can be formulated as follows:
1. How is Allison, the main character of the novel, described in Nancy Baker
Jacobs’ See Mommy Run?
2. How does Allison exercise her motherly love?

1.4 Benefits of the Study
This study may give some benefits for the writers who analyze a literary
study, the readers, and the students of the English Language Education Study
Program. Through this study, the writers understand more about one’s love not
only to the opposite sex but also parents, sibling, friends, animals, and inanimate
things in any condition.
Through the study of this novel, the common readers and the students may
recognize the depth of real life experience reflected in this novel. This study is

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expected to enrich readers’ mind and point of view about the problem arisen in
this novel. Then, they will get better understanding about this novel. Finally, for
the students of English Language Education Study Program, this study is useful to
enrich their knowledge about literature. They also can use this study for a
reference to conduct studies on this novel, especially Extensive Reading II.

1.5 Definitions of Terms
In analyzing this novel, there are two terms that need to be clarified in
order to provide an accurate analysis and to prevent misunderstanding. The terms
are:
1. Character
Abrams in his book, A Glossary of Literary Terms (20), states that
character is the person presented in dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities
that are expressed in what they say–the dialogue, and by what they do–the action.
The grounds in a character’s temperament and moral nature for her speech and
actions constitute her motivation.
In this study, character defines as a person in literary work who shows her
actions in particular ways.

2. Love of a mother
In Merriam- Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 10th Edition (688) states that
love is strong affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties.

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Fromm (41) defines that motherly love is unconditional affirmation of the
child’s life and his needs.
This novel portrays the love of Allison as a mother to her only daughter,
Stephanie. In this story, Allison is a mother who lives in predicaments. Her
abusive childhood background and her dreams to provide a better life for her
daughter have become a driving force to flee across the country. During her run,
she made a network of safe house for woman like her trying to escape brutalizing
men.
Allison had been an ordinary wife and mother. Now she is an outlaw in a
terror filled flight through an outlaw world. But she is determined to fight and
win, even though all the odds were against her and the little girl she would do
anything to protect.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

There are two main theories that are chosen in order to support the analysis
in Chapter IV, they are, theory of literature, which consists of theory of critical
approaches and theory of characterization, and theories of psychology which use
theory of psychoanalysis, theory of motivation, theory of love and theory of
Katresnanism. The theoretical framework is the last part in this chapter.

2.1 Theoretical Description
2.1.1 Theory of Literature
In the literary work, some theories of literature are needed which relates to
the topic of the study. There are theory of critical approach and theory of
characterization.

2.1.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches
Rohrberger and Woods (1972: 1-15) say that there are five kinds of critical
approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, socio culturalhistorical approach, mythopeic approach, and psychological approach.
First, the formalist approach demonstrates the harmonious involvement of
all parts to the whole literary works and also describes how meaning is derived
from structure and how matters of technique determine of structure. Second, the
biographical approach considers the author’s background to appreciate their

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works. Third, socio cultural-historical approach considers the socio culturalhistorical background, when the literary works were written, in order to
understand the literary works. Forth, mythopeic approach tries to observe the
universally repeated structures of the human thought, which they perceive that it
can give an important meaning to the literary works. Fifth, psychological
approach is an approach that involves the effort to discover and illustrate this
approach certain repetitive pattern. This approach involves the theory of
psychology to understand the literary works.
In order to understand deeply certain literary works, one needs to view
from psychological approach. The author of this novel describes the main
character’s psychology in minute detail. Therefore, the psychological approach is
appropriate to be applied in this study.

2.1.1.2 Theory of Characterization
One of the important elements in the novel is character. Abrams (1981: 2021) in A Glossary of Literary Terms, describes that characters are the persons, in
dramatic or narrative work, gifted with moral and disposition qualities that are
expressed in what they say as seen in the dialogue and what they do the actions.
The ground in a character’s temperament and moral nature for ones’ speech and
actions constitute their motivations. On the other hand, characters are people in
the story. Therefore, the author usually creates more than one character in making
up the story.
The term of character might be determined from the prominence and the
function. Henkle (1977: 87-97) classifies characters as major characters and minor

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characters. Major characters are the most important and complex characters in a
novel are used by the author in order to communicate their human qualities and
guide the readers to understand the human themes of the novel. The main
characters are deserved to have fullest attention because they perform the human
problems of the novel. Therefore, acts of the story are focused on these characters
from the beginning until the end of the story. Minor characters in contrast,
perform more limited function. Their roles are less important than those of the
major characters.
From the theories above, people know that character is the most important
element in novel. Even though the focus of the story is the major character, people
cannot ignore the role of minor characters. Each character needs other characters
to make the story convincing and lifelike.
Rohberger and Wood (1971: 20) believe that characterization in a novel
helps readers to know what the characters in the novel are like. They also state
that characterization is a person where the author creates a character that must be
credible. They also add that characters have particular personalities and physical
attributes that distinguish them from other characters.
In order to describe clearly what kind of person Allison is, this study
applies the theory of characterization proposed by Murphy. According to Murphy
(1972: 162-173), there are nine ways of characterization: personal description,
character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions,
direct comment, thought, and mannerism.
Some authors usually use personal description. They describe a character’s
physical appearance such as face, body, and clothes of characters. Personal

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description is necessarily needed because each character has individual aspect.
Therefore, the readers can imagine it well.
When the author uses the method of character as seen by another, she
describes a character through her eyes and opinion of another. The other
characters’ opinion can help the readers to understand a character better.
Therefore, the readers can determine a character’s characterization without doubt.
The author uses the method of speech to give the readers some clues to
one of persons in the novel through what the persons say. Whenever a person
speaks, whenever she is in conversation with another, whenever she puts forward
an opinion, she is giving the readers some clues to her character.
The author can give the readers a clue to events that helps to shape a
person’s character through her past life. It can be done by direct comment,
produced by the author, through the person’s thought, through her conversation or
through the medium of another person.
Through the conversations of other characters in a story, the readers also
can understand the characteristics of a character easily. In daily life, people do talk
about others and based on their conversation we can have our personal impression
of the other people. Thus, conversations of others give insight into characters’ talk
about.
The author can also give the readers a clue to a person’s character by
letting the readers knows how that a person reacts to various situations and events.
In this way, the readers can see the quality of character in dealing with any
conflicts, problems or situations arise.

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The character of a person in the novel can be analyzed through the
character’s direct comments. The author usually directs her opinion about the
character in the story itself.
A person’s character can be observed through analyzing what character is
thinking about. This way is called thought. What in the person’s mind and what
she feels reflect on her character.
The person’s character can be analyzed through the person’s mannerism
and habits. The author can reveal the character’s habits or mannerism whether
positively or negatively.

2.1.2 Theory of Psychology
According to Kasschau (1995: 7), Psychology is the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes. Psychology involves both animal and human
behaviors. When it was applied to human, psychology covers everything that
people think, feel, and do.

2.1.2.1 Theory of Psychoanalysis
A famous Viennese physician, Sigmund Freud, in General Psychology by
Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow (1959: 9) states that Psychoanalysis is defined as
a technique in order to help a person discovers the causes of his personality
defects. He claims that a person’s behavior can be motivated by strong
unconscious drives or urges toward self-satisfaction. The interpretation of
personality, an individual possesses three “selves”, the id, the ego, and the

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superego (229). Freud characterizes the id as the aspect of self that encourages the
fulfillment of personal needs and urges, possibly through personally and socially
harmful behavior.
According to Kasschau (271), the id is the reservoir or container of the
instinctual and biological urges. The id is the lustful or drives ridden part of
unconscious. Furthermore, id is concerned with what a person wants to do.
The ego represents conscious states and acts. Freud calls it as Ich, which
means “I”. The ego takes for itself part of the energy of the id and proceeds to
serve as a mediator between id and reality. Through remembering, reasoning, and
evaluating on the basis of the child’s prior contacts with reality, it tries to satisfy
the desires of the id, to anticipate the consequences of a particular means of
fulfillment and sometimes to delay the fulfillment in order to achieve the goals.
Moreover, the ego is concerned with planning what she can do.
The superego (the ideal self) was considered by Freud to be the selfrestraining personality attribute that controls participation in selfish or selfcentered activities. It has two parts, they are, the conscience and the ego ideal. The
conscience lists the thing that should not be done in a social life. On the other
hand, the ego ideal lists the thing that should be done to obtain proud feelings. The
ego functions as morality principle, hence, violating the rules may cause guilty
feeling. Furthermore, the superego is concerned with what she/he should do. Then
it leads to perfection, therefore, unrealistic as the id.
The balance of rationality is the ego. The ego must not only satisfy the id
but also must not violate the standards of the superego, thus, the perfect actions

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are accomplished. Therefore, the key to be a good personality is a balance
between the id, ego, and superego.

2.1.2.2 Theory of Motivation
Theory of motivation is used to analyze Allison’s motivation in order to
exercise her motherly love. Allison’s motivation directs her to think about the
ways she should behave in order to achieve her goal. In fact, her behavior cannot
be separated from her emotions. This theory is one of the ways to show the
relation between physical conditions, emotion, and motivation as seen in See
Mommy Run.
According to Jung (1978: 4), a simple but accurate definition of
motivation is not easy. It must be able to include terms that refer to such diverse
states as desire, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. Emotion is
related to motivation because it sometimes operates as motivated factors, and
influenced motivations in the process of response to something.
Moreover, in the book entitled Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions,
Research, and Applications by Hjelle (1981: 368-374), Maslow states that most
human behavior can be explained by the individual’s tendency to seek personal
goal states that create life rewarding and meaningful. The concept of motivation is
also used to explain differences in the intensity of behavior. More intense
behaviors are considered to be the result of higher levels of motivation.
Furthermore, human motivation could be classified in a level of needs. The needs
are divided into five: psychological need, safety, belongingness and love, esteem
and self-esteem, and self-actualization.

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The first need is physiological need. It becomes the basic, powerful and
obvious of all human needs. It deals with the biological maintenance of organism
and must be gratified in minimal level before the individual is motivated by
higher-order needs. The physiological need refers to the biological needs such as
food, water, oxygen, activity and sleep, sex, protection from extreme temperature,
and sensory stimulation.
The second need is safety. This need deals with one’s need for protection,
security, stability, freedom from fear and anxiety. On the other hand, the one
needs to be secured and out of the danger.
The third need is love and belongingness. It is very important because
every individual needs someone else in her or his life. As she/he could not live
alone, she/he has to build a good relationship with others.
The fourth is self-esteem and esteem needs. This need deals with selfrespect (self value) and esteem of others (other-value). Self-esteem includes selfconfidence, competency, control, sufficiency, achievement, independence, and
freedom. On the other hand, Esteem needs are the need to achieve, be
competence, and gain approval and recognition. Therefore, everyone will do
something that deal with competencies, achievement, personal adequacy, and
mastery.
The last need is self-actualization needs. It is the highest level because in
this need an individual explores his or her talent, capacity, and full potential.
According those aspects, to self-actualize is “to become the kind of person who
wants to become-to reach the peak of one’s potential.” It means that what people
can be, they must be.

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Finally, some theorists have emphasized the idea that the basic motive of
all human is to become a personally fulfilled as one can. These actualization
approaches stress the positive nature of behavior and argue for understanding
motivation from the point of view that one strive to control or affect an
environment.

2.1.2.3 Theory of Love
Love has great influence in everyone‘s life. Love makes someone feel
happy, peace, or even sad. Throughout the history of human’s existence, man’s
strive for love has caused actions, some were beyond imagination. Man will do
anything to show his or her love to their beloved person. According to Fromm
(1956: 18), love is an activity, not a passive affect; it is a “standing in”, not a
“falling for.” In the most general way, the active character of love can be
described by stating that love is primarily giving, not receiving. The most
widespread misunderstanding is human assumes that giving is “giving up”
something, being deprived of sacrificing.
For the woman, in the act of receiving, she gives. If the woman is
incapable of giving or if she can only receive, it means that she is frigid. With her
acts of giving occurs again, not in her function as a lover, but in that as a mother,
she will feel whole. She gives herself to the growing child within her, her milk to
the infant, and her bodily warmth. Not to give would be painful for her.
Fromm says that love is not primarily a relationship to a specific person; it
is an attitude, an orientation of character which determines the relatedness of a

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15
person to the world as a whole, not toward one “object” of love (38). Saying that
love is an orientation which refers to all and not to one does not imply, however,
the idea that there are no differences between various types of love, which
depends on the kind of object which is loved.
This study uses one type of love, motherly love. According to Fromm,
motherly love is unconditional mother’s love to her child’s life and the child’s
needs (41). A mother’s love towards her child’s life has two aspects; one is the
care and responsibility absolutely necessary for the preservation of the child’s life
and her growth. Another aspect is attitude which conducts in the child, such as a
love for living, which gives her the feeling: it is good to be alive, it is good to be a
little boy or girl, and it is good to be on this earth. The relationship of mother and
child is by its very nature one of inequality, where one needs all the helps and the
other give it. Moreover, motherly love is feeling of love which wants nothing for
oneself.

2.1.2.4 Theory of Katresnanism
Ashcroft (1991: 2) in The Empire Writes Back defines post-colonialism as
all the culture affected by the colonial process from the colonization time to this
time commenced by European imperial aggression. So, it was created since the
colonial countries became independent. Several countries in Africa, South and
Southeast Asia, South America and Australia were colonized by European. So, the
literatures of these countries could be said as post-colonial literature.
Indonesia is a country located in Southeast Asia which was colonized also
by European. In this case, Indonesian literature is also included in post-colonial

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16
literatures. There are many literary theories come up from Indonesia, an example
is Katresnanism theory.
Antonius Herujiyanto (2001: 2), in his paper says that theory of
katresnanism (divine love) is a term which refers to the result of an inductive
work functioning as a reminder and invitation (éling-kèlingan) of one's true self
(jati diri) and one's existence which was granted due to katresnan (divine love) as
soon as one was born. Katresnanism is as a discipline of thought that means to
enquire into one’s work: thinking about the work involving some problems, such
as why the work done as it is, why the doer is the way that she/he is. That is the
significant point using this theory to conduct this study. Therefore, the discipline
aims to dig and find out the real meaning of certain work and to view that ones are
themselves through doing identification to certain person.
Since katresnanism is an action of know and how, it may be referred to as
katresnanism approach and because it involves analysis on one's work, it can also
be called a form of Critical theory. Due to the nature of the components and
principles used, which are mostly derived from Javanese philosophy, it is often
referred to as philosophical analysis.
There are 99 aos (principles) katresnanism representing the hypothesis of
this theory. Up to now, 33 aos have been discussed. The fact that theory of
katresnanism is an open ended may be seen through the words positive thinking
and through an invitation to anybody to develop by among others, proposing for
adding the components of katresnanism.
Theory of Katresnanism (divine Love) may, thus, be seen through the
following figure:

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17
Those who offer katresnan

=

Those who receive katresnan
Receiving

Katresnan
[pious-divine love]

The Real Truth: Aos Katresnanism
Picture 1

The Real Truth: Aos Katresnanism
1. andhap asor (being
12. kraton nDalem (being 23. sithik idhing
humble)
spiritual)
(promoting win-win)
2. andhom slamet
13. lothong kemayangan 24. sumèlèh (being
(sharing protection)
(feeling lucky)
able to accept)
3. angon mangsa (being 14. migunani (promoting 25. tentram (promoting
versatile)
benefit)
peace)
15. mrantasi (being
26. tulus (being
4. atur panuwun
(feeling gratitude)
reliable)
sincere)
16. mulat sarira (being
27. tuhu (celebrating
5. banyu sinaring
(becoming a purified
considerate)
faithfulness)
model)
6. binerkahan (being
17. nalar (being logical)
28. teposliro
blessed)
(celebrating tolerance)
18. ngugemi (holding
29. sumarah (trusting
7. cancut taliwanda
(being prepared)
commitment)
surrendering)
19. nyamleng (creating
8. citra wicita wicitra
30. mranani
enjoyment)
(enthralling)
(meaningful overtcovert)
9. duga prayoga
20. nyumangga
31. mbombong(calculated step)
(promoting after you)
mbimbing
(encouraging)
21. rukun (promoting
32. pas (just right)
10. yatna yuwana
harmony)
22. samanunggal (being
11. kasugengan
33. nyedulur-mulur
(offering goodluck)
at the same boat)
(brotherhood and
absolution/
forgiveness)

Herujiyanto also points out that theory of katresnanism may be considered
as a strategy to help us live positively and in a way that we feel the very

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18
enlightening-peaceful way in viewing the natural world around us. One of the
disciplines is tentram which is selected to conduct the study. It supports having a
normal life peacefully and happily.

2.1.3 Criticism
One of the novels written by Nancy Baker Jacobs, See Mommy Run, has
been analyzed by readers who are interested in this touchy story. Their criticisms
provide useful insight for this study. The aim of presenting these criticisms is to
obtain further understanding of Nancy Baker Jacobs’s See Mommy Run.
Both Nancy's fiction and nonfiction books often include an observation of
social issues, from racial and religious bigotry to financial greed, from women's
rights to child abuse, and from the celebrity cult to adoption.
Yet her books are never preachy--all tell compelling, well-plotted and
suspenseful stories, using topics of current interest as a backdrop.
(http://www.nancybakerjacobs.com/index.htm, accessed on October 25,
2007)
The weekly publishers say that in telling the story of the cross-country
flight of Allison Warren and her four years old daughter, Stephanie, Nancy Baker
Jacobs, the author of See Mommy Run, exploits an up-to-the-minute topic: secret
shelters for mothers who have kidnapped their children to protect them from
sexually abusive fathers.
Although the author has obviously researched her subject, the characters
are wooden and the plot one-dimensional. Any suspense that might have
been engendered by Allison's run is delayed by the heavy-handed parallel
tale of Louise Peterson, the female private investigator who is hired to
search for Allison and her daughter, in contrast instead end up sympathize
with them. Stereotypes abound, from Allison's older sister, Ruth Persky,
who refuses to help because she has always been jealous of her more

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19
attractive sibling to the foul-mouthed fellow resident of a safe house who
disciplines her sons with violence. Not only is Stephanie has any
identifying characteristics, for example, apart from a slight lisp which
makes her pronounce television as telebishun, but she seems practically
unharmed
despite
having
suffered
sexual
abuse.
(http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?z=y&EAN
=9780595093496&tabname=custreview&itm=2, accessed on May 6,
2008)
Another customer wrote that See Mommy Run is more than a suspense
novel. She told that it documents the hindrance of mothers from all walks of life,
such as Allison, are forced to become “criminal” to protect their child. As always,
Ms. Jacobs makes her characters and their predicaments so real that the readers
will feel as if they are there with Allison and Stephanie as they run across country
(http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595093493/stopyourekilling,
accessed on August 18, 2008).
Cradle and All commented that the readers will literally hate to put down
until the very last page. They said that Ms. Jacobs makes her characters and
predicaments so real that the readers will feel as if they are with Karin as she
seeks to rescue her baby. Be sure to read Ms. Jacobs' other fine novels, which
include See Mommy Run and the three novels in the Devon MacDonald series.
(http://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/memberreviews/A39J24L3APWPSF/ref=cm_cr_dp_auth_rev?ie=UTF8&sort%5Fby=Mos
tRecentReview, accessed on August 18, 2008)
The above comments describe people’s point of view toward Nancy Baker
Jacob’s See Mommy Run. Their comments are valued as clues to understand the
novel better.

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2.1.4 Context of the Novel
This section presents the actual condition in which the setting of the novel
happens in order to obtain deeper understanding of the novel. The setting of See
Mommy Run is rural America in 1990’s.
Woman movement made great changes in social life during 1990’s. An
up-to-the-minute topic: secret shelters, the people attending that landmark
discussion would not even have imagined the issue of the Women’s Rights
Movement in the 1990’s.
Small groups of women in hundreds of communities worked on grassroots
projects like establishing women’s newspapers, bookstores and cafes.
They created battered women’s shelters and rape crisis hotlines to care for
victims of sexual abuse and domestic violence. They came together to
form child care centers so women could work outside their homes for pay.
(http://www.legacy98.org/move-hits.html, accessed on January 9, 2009)
This condition is in line with the story in the novel. It motivates Nancy
Baker Jacobs in writing a novel entitled See Mommy Run. The story of the novel
portrays the real situation that was happened in 1990’s, thus, this novel is very
contextual.

2.2 Theoretical Framework
This section will explain the reasons why the theories are needed and how
to use those theories in the analysis of this study. The analysis deals with Allison’s
love to her daughter as seen in Nancy Baker Jacobs’ See Mommy Run. Therefore,
the theory of characterization, theory of psychoanalysis, theory of motivation,
theory of love, and theory katresnanism, are used in this analysis. Also, American
social condition supports in having deeper analysis of this study.

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21
The first analysis aims to describe the characteristics of Allison, as the
main character in Nancy Baker Jacobs’ See Mommy Run. Therefore, this study
needed the theory of characterization by Murphy.
The psychological approach is applied to understanding how the author
describes Allison’s actions to protect her daughter. Moreover, how Allison
exercises her motherly love toward her daughter by using theory motivation
(Maslow) and the theory of psychoanalysis (Freud). These theories are applied to
know the deeper meaning of Allison’s actions as seen in See Mommy Run.
Theory of love by Fromm and theory of katresnanism by Herujiyanto are used to
compare Allison’s love as a mother as seen in the West culture and in the East
culture.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

There are four points discussed in this chapter. First is the object of the
study that states the work being discussed. Second is the approach of the study.
Third is the method of the study and the last is the organization of the study.

3.1 Object of the Study
The novel chosen for this study is entitled See Mommy Run which was
written by Nancy Baker Jacobs. It was firstly published in 1992 by Signet, an
imprint of New American Library, a division of Penguin Books USA Inc. It
consists of 363 pages and 68 chapters.
In a nutshell, the novel tells a story about the life of Allison, a woman
lived in small village, Woodlake, Wisconsin, who became a fugitive from the law
and her husband in order to save her daughter from unspeakable abuse.
This study focuses on the role of Allison as a mother who struggles to
protect her daughter in a very challenging condition. Allison was described as
having bad relationship with two important men in her life, those are, her father
and her husband. Those relationships changed the course of her life, from a
depressed housewife to an outlaw in a terror-filled flight with her daughter.

22

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23
3.2 Approach of the Study
This critical study uses a psychological approach by implementing theory
of characterization (Murphy), theory of psychoanalysis (Freud), theory of
motivation (Maslow), theory of love (Fromm) and theory of katresnanism
(Herujiyanto). The choice to take this psychological approach is based on the
assumption that it is suitable with the dynamic psychological transformation of
the object of study that is described clearly and vividly by the author.

3.3 Method of the Study
The literature study is used to find data about the objective of the study
and the theories as tools to understand each character. The novel entitled See
Mommy Run is used as the primary data. The secondary data were taken from
other sources, which were related to the study, such as books on literary works
and the Internet.
There are some steps were applied in order to analyze the novel. The first
step was reading the novel to help in understanding the story and the subject that
will be discussed. In this activity, important notes are taken and characters are
mapped.
The second step was selecting the most interesting topic that was going to
be analyzed in this study.
The third step was collecting information from references such as books
on literary works and those from the Internet. The references are used to find
some important points such as the essence of the novel, the elements of the novel,
the biography of the author, and some previous book reviews about the work.

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24
The fourth step was analyzing the novel by answering the questions in the
problem formulation. Finally, a conclusion can be drawn from the analysis. The
conclusion consists of the findings in the analysis of the study. It is the answer of
the problem formulation of this study.

3.4 Organization of the Study
This study consists of five chapters and six appendices. Chapter one is the
introduction. This chapter presents five parts, namely background of the study, the
objective of the study, the problem formulation, the benefits of the study, and the
definition of terms. The background of the study explains about the reasons that
become the basis writing of this thesis. The objective of the study presents the aim
of analyzing the study. The problem formulation states the problems discussed in
this study followed as the discussion on the benefits of this study. Finally, the
definition of terms clarifies some important terms used in this study.
Chapter two is the review of related literature. It consists of three parts.
The first part is Theoretical Description of the Theory of Characterization which
is directly relevant to the study of See Mommy Run. The second part contains
four Theories of Psychology, they are, Theory of Psychoanalysis, Theory of
Motivation, Theory of Love and Theory of Katresnanism. The third part contains
Context of the Study. The last covers the Theoretical Framework.
Chapter three is the methodology. There are four points to discuss in the
methodology. First is the object of the study, followed by discussion of
Approaches of the Study, continued with the Method of the Study and ended by
the Organization of Study.

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Chapter four is divided into two parts. In the first part describes Allison’s
characteristic in the novel. In the second part observes how Allison exercises her
love towards her daughter.
Chapter five consists of two parts. It starts with description being presented
as conclusions of the analysis, followed by suggestions and recommendation.
In the appe