Dipresentasikan pada acara Lokakarya Talent Scouting PTN Baru

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti

Address: JL. Jenderal Sudirman, Pintu I Senayan, Gedung D, Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta 10270, Indonesia Tel.:+62 21 57946105

Website: http://www.dikti.go.id Email: dikti@dikti.go.id, subdit_pk@dikti.go.id

  Constructing a Research Paper: Literature Review

  Dipresentasikan pada acara Lokakarya Talent Scouting PTN Baru HERU SUKOCO Tim Talent Scouting - DG-RSTHE Research Proposal for Pursuing BUDI-LN Scholarship

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to: what a literature review is and why it is

• Define important.

  five steps in conducting a literature

• Identify the review.

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Outline

  1. Research Process Cycle

  2. Introduction to Reviewing the Literature

  3. What is a Literature Review?

  4. Why is Literature Review important?

  5. The 5 Steps in Conducting a Literature Review

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Research Process Cycle

1. Identifying a Research Problem

• Specifying a problem
• Justifying it
• Suggesting the need to study it for audiences

  2. Reviewing the Literature

• Locating resources
• Selecting resources
• Summarizing resources
• Deciding on audiences
• Structuring the report
• Writing the report sensitively

  3. Specifying a Purpose for Research

  5. Analyzing and Interpreting Data

  6. Reporting and Evaluating Research

• Breaking down the data
• Representing the data
• Explaining the data
• Identifying the purpose statement
• Narrowing the purpose statement to research questions or hypotheses

  4. Collecting Data

• Selecting individuals to study
• Obtaining permissions
• Gathering information

  (source: J. W. Creswell, 2011)

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Flow of the Research Process: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

  (source: J. W. Creswell, 2011)

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Introduction to a Literature Review

  The literature review presents one of the greatest challenges of the research

• proposal to experienced and inexperienced researchers alike. It is important to know who has studied the research problem you plan to
• examine. Perspective from:
• Students : You may fear that you will initiate and conduct a study that merely
• replicates prior research .

  Advisors : They fear that you will plan a study that DOES NOT

• (1) build on existing knowledge
• (2) add to the accumulation of findings on a topic
• Need frequent practices and experience
• It is important that your literature review is more than just a list of references
• with a short description of each one.

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Example:

• Anisa wants to “ study on the User Characteristics on the Use of Internet applications at universities ”.
• However, she hasn’t spent much time in the university library. Hence, she compiles

  a list of questions for her advisor:

  1. What is a literature review?

  2. Why is important?

  3. Where do I begin in conducting a literature review?

  4. What are the best materials to include in my review and how do I locate them?

  5. Is it worth my time to search the Internet for the literature?

  6. Are there any shortcuts for identifying journal articles on my topic?

  7. Should I gather and summarize both quantitative and qualitative studies?

  8. How long should my literature review be?

  9. Do you have an example of a literature review that I might examine? Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Let’s try to answer those questions!

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) What is a Literature Review? literature review is a written summary of

• A
• journal articles,
• conference papers
• books,
• government documents, and
• other documents

  that describes the past and current state of

information on the topic of your research study.

last 7 to 10 years

• Use references from the

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) What is a Literature Review? (Cont’d) provides a conceptual framework for the reader

• So that the research question and methodology can be better understood,
• demonstrates to the expert reader that the researcher is aware of the
• breadth and diversity of literature that relates to the research

  question, situates your research focus within the context of the wider academic

• community in your field,

  reports your critical review of the relevant literature,

• identifies a gap within that literature that your research will attempt to
• address.

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Why is it important? Please answer the following questions according to your research topic!

  1. What research question(s) are you asking?

  2. Why are you asking it (or them)?

  3. Has anyone else done anything similar?

  4. Is your research relevant to research, practice, or theory in your field?

  5. What is already known or understood about this topic?

  6. How might your research add to this understanding, or challenge existing theories and beliefs?

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Why is it important? (Cont’d) awareness of the most important

• It shows your and relevant theories, models, studies, and methodologies.

  Providing an integrated overview of your field of study is

• very important

  Anisa , you conduct a literature review to

• Like

  convince your graduate committee that you know the literature on your topic and that you can summarize it. Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Differences in Extent and Use of Literature in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) The 5 Steps in Conducting a Literature Review 1. Identify key terms to use in your search for literature.

  

2. Locate literature about a topic by consulting several types

of materials and databases, including those available at an academic library and on the Internet.

  

3. Critically evaluate and select the literature for your review.

  

4. Organize the literature you have selected by abstracting or

taking notes on the literature and developing a visual diagram of it.

  5. Write a literature review that reports summaries of the literature for inclusion in your research report.

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Step 1: Identify key terms

  1. Write a preliminary “working title” for a project

• Select 2 – 3 keywords in the title that capture the central idea of your study.

  

2. Pose a short , general research question that you would like answered in

the study.

• Select 2 – 3 words in this question that best summarize the primary direction of the study.

  3. Use words that authors report in the literature.

  4. Look in a catalog of terms to find words that match your topic.

  

5. Go to the bookshelves in a university library or online database such as

Internet Exercise :

• Find your research interest and address one of research topics!

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Step 2: Locate literature about a topic

  1. You can now begin the search with your key terms for relevant literature,

• You might be tempted to begin your search by accessing the Internet and exploring the electronic literature available on a topic.

2. You might also begin your search by asking faculty or students to recommend good articles and studies to review.

  NOTE:

• Although the search by accessing the Internet may be convenient, not all literature posted on the Internet is dependable.
• Sometimes individuals post articles that have not passed through standards of external reviews.

• However, full-text documents of high quality are also available on the

  Internet.

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Using the Internet as a Resource for a Literature Review Advantages

  Disadvantages

• There is easy access to material since
• Research posted to Web sites is not researcher can search any time of the day.

  reviewed for quality by “experts.”

• Web sites have a breadth of information on most top>The research found on Web sites may have been plagiarized without
• Web sites provide a network that researchers can contact about their topic and research problem.

  searcher’s knowledge.

• Research posted to Web sites is typically current informat>Research studies may be difficult to find and time-consuming to loc>Web site literature may not be organized or summarized in a way that is use>Web site literature may not be organ
• Web sites can be searched easily using a search or summarized in a way that is useful.

  engine and keywords.

• Select research studies can be pri
• Full-text electronic journals available on immediately from Web sites.

  the Web are new and few in number. Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Sample ERIC Journal Article Resume (source: J. W. Creswell, 2011)

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti)

Step 3: Critically Evaluate and Select the Literature

  1. Is it a good, accurate source?

  When you do the first 2 steps, identifying key words and locating resources , you

• need to determine if it is a good source .

  2. Is it relevant?

  Topic relevance : Does the literature focus on the same topic as your proposed

• study?

  Individual and site relevance : Does the literature examine the same individuals or

• sites that you want to study?

  Problem and question relevance : Does the literature examine the same research

• problem that you propose to study? Does it address the same research question you plan to address?

  Accessibility relevance : Is the literature available in your library or can you down-

• load it from a Web site? Can you obtain it easily from the library or a Web site?

  If you answer YES to these questions, then the literature is good source and relevant for your literature review.

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Step 4: Organize the literature Once you have located the literature , assessed its quality , and

checked it for relevance , the next step is to organize it for a literature

review.

1. Reproducing, Downloading, and Filing

  2. Taking Notes and Abstracting Studies abstract is a summary of the major aspects of a study or article,

• An conveyed in a concise way (comprises 200 - 350 words) and written with specific components that describe the study.

  quantitative research ):

• Identify (for

  Research problems

• Research questions or hypotheses
• Data collection procedure
>Results of the study

Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti)

Sample Abstract for a Quantitative Research Study

  (source: J. W. Creswell, 2011) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Step 4: Organize the literature (cont’d)

  2. Taking Notes and Abstracting Studies (cont’d) qualitative research ):

• Identify (for
• Research problems
• Research questions
• Data collection procedure
• Findings

3. Constructing a Literature Map

  literature map is a figure or drawing that displays the

• A research literature (e.g., studies, essays, books, chapters, and summaries) on a topic,

Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Sample Abstract for a Qualitative Research Study

  (source: J. W. Creswell, 2011) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti)

Example of A Literature Map: Hierarchical Design

  (source: J. W. Creswell, 2011)

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Example of A Literature Map: Circular Design

  (source: J. W. Creswell, 2011)

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Step 5: Write a Literature Review

1. Using a Style Manual:

  1) End-of-text references, 2) Within-of-text references, and

3) Headings

  most popular style guide in educational research

• The

  th

  is A merican P sychological A ssociation, 6 edition

  th

  ( APA , 6 Edition), Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Step 5: Write a Literature Review (Cont’d)

  Example of End-of-text references :

• Journal article
• Elam, S. M. (1989). The second Phi Delta Kappa poll of teachers’ attitudes toward public schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 70(3), 785–798.

  Conference paper

• Zedexk, S., & Baker, H. T. (1971, May). Evaluation of behavioral expectation scales. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Detroit, MI.

  End-of-text references :

• Example of

  • Rogers (1994) compared reaction times for athletes and nonathletes in middle schools ….

• Past studies of reaction times (Gogel, 1984; Rogers, 1994; Smith, 1989) showed ….
• Entire groups of studies have addressed the difficulty of test taking and reaction times (Gogel, 1984; Happenstance, 1995; Lucky, 1994; Smith, 1989).

  Headings :

• Example of

  Review of the Literature (Level 1) Introduction (Level 2) Social support. People band together in work units. . . . (Level 3) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Step 5: Write a Literature Review (Cont’d)

2. Writing Strategies

• Several additional elements will need your attention:

  1) the extent of the review: One question Maria asked her advisor was “How long should

• my literature review be?”

  no easy answer to this question, but you can begin à There is • by considering the type of research report you are writing Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Step 5: Write a Literature Review (Cont’d)

2. Writing Strategies

• Several additional elements will need your attention:

  2) the type of review thematic review of the literature: the researcher identifies a

• theme and briefly cites literature to document this theme,

  study-by-study review of the literature: it provides a detailed

• summary of each study grouped under a broad theme.

Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Step 5: Write a Literature Review (Cont’d)

2. Writing Strategies

• Several additional elements will need your attention:

3) Concluding Statement of the Review

  How do you end a literature review section in a study?

• First , summarize the major themes. Ask yourself, “What are
• the major results and findings from all of the studies I have reviewed?”

  à It will result several themes Second , briefly summarize each theme.

• and so forth.

Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) The summary of themes and the author’s justification of the need for additional research.

  The factors influencing faculty to be productive researchers found in the literature suggest three themes: early productivity (Did faculty begin publishing early in their careers?); mentoring (Did faculty apprentice under a distinguished researcher?); and support systems (Did faculty have adequate funding for their research?). These factors, although important, do not address the time faculty need to conduct research. When faculty have allotted time for scientific investigations and inquiries, it helps to focus their attention, offers sustained momentum for research, and removes distracting activities that may draw their attention away from research.

  The author states 3 themes and, from these themes, identifies an area for future

• research: faculty time. Then, the author identifies three reasons for the importance of the study of faculty time.

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) In-class assignment

  1. What is your research interest and your idea?

  2. Define one or more theme of your research topics!

  3. Find some literatures!

  

4. By using the 5 steps in conducting literature review, Do a critical review

of each literature!

• Importance of research topic
• Research findings and other source of information
• Timeliness of the topic
• Specify your point of view
• Summarize each literature at the end (conclusion), and
• Write your argument (it should be coherent)

Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Identification on Traffic Classification term: Example

• Automatic?
• Network area
• Traffic scope
• Can work on NetFlow?
• Required header fields
• Traffic features
• Training essence
• Classification essence
• Testing dataset summary
• Evaluated traffic
• Performance • Paper type
• Multiclassifier / multilevel?<>Authors • Title • Publication year
• Citations (approx.)
• Subjective mark
• Distinctive for
• Advantages • Disadvantages • Output level detail
• Detects unknown?
• Machine Learning algorithm
• Real-time classification?
• Encrypted?

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) References

  1. J. W. Creswell, “Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research”, Pearson, 2011. ISBN: 9780131367395

  2. Anonymous. “The Writer’s Handbook: Academic and Professional Writing”, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Aug 29, 2014. Internet: Access Date: Sep 16, 2016 on URL: http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/index.html 3. SSDS, “Research Skills”, in Writing a Research Proposal. University of Leicester. 2010.

  4. R. Murray, “How to survive your viva”, Maidenhead: Open University Press. 2003.

  5. G. Rugg and M. Petre, “The unwritten rules of PhD research”. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2004.

  6. P. Tinkler and C. Jackson, “The doctoral examination process: a handbook for students, examiners and supervisors”, The Society for Research into Higher Education. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2004.

  7. J. Wellington, A. Bathmaker, C. Hunt, G. McCulloch, and P. Sikes, “Succeeding with your doctorate”, London: Sage, 2005. 8. “How to write a research proposal”, Birmingham City University, 2011. Internet: Access Date: Sep 16, 2016 on URL: http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/Writing%20index.htm

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Dipresentasikan pada acara Lokakarya Talent Scouting PTN Baru HERU SUKOCO Tim Talent Scouting - DG-RSTHE

  Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti

Address: JL. Jenderal Sudirman, Pintu I Senayan, Gedung D, Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta 10270, Indonesia Tel.:+62 21 57946105

Website: http://www.dikti.go.id Email: dikti@dikti.go.id, subdit_pk@dikti.go.id

  "I hear and I forget; I see and I remember; I do and I understand."

  (Confusius) “Experiencing is believing."

  

(Anonymous) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti) Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Dikti (Ditjen Sumberdaya Iptek dan Dikti)