Code-switching in Indonesian artists` twitter tweets.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

Yunandra, Laurentius Pradipta. (2016). Code-switching in Indonesian Artists’
Twitter Tweets. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education,
Department of Language and Arts Education, English Language Education Study
Program, Sanata Dharma University.
Nowadays, people cannot be separated from information technology.
People use the information technology to communicate with one to another. The
Social media websites are one kind of information technology used by people in
communication. People call the websites as social media because of the function
of the social media to connect people around the world. Therefore, the existence
of the social media also brings a language phenomenon called code-switching.
There were two questions in this research. First, which types of codeswitching are used by the Indonesian artists in their tweets? Second, what factors
influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets?
This research was a sociolinguistics research and used discourse analysis
to answer the two research questions. The data used in this research were
collected from Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets through observation.
The research results showed that the types of code-switching occurred in
Indonesian artists’ twitter tweets were tag-switching, inter-sentential switching,

intra-sentential switching. The Indonesian artists also used some combination of
the types mentioned in their tweets. Furthermore, the factors occurred in the
Indonesian artist Twitter tweets were: no similar word in the language in use; the
user do not know the word in the language in use; it is easier for the user to use
the user own language or the user uses other languages which are easier for the
user to use; the user wants to add emphasis; the user forget the term; and there is
similarity between both languages. There were cases that the tweets were
influenced by more than one factor and three factors provided by the experts do
not influence the Indonesian artist to switch their code in their tweets.
Keywords: code-switching, Indonesian artists, Twitter

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ABSTRAK

Yunandra, Laurentius Pradipta. (2016). Code-switching in Indonesian Artists’
Twitter Tweets. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education,
Department of Language and Arts Education, English Language Education Study

Program, Sanata Dharma University.
Dewasa ini, orang-orang tidak bisa dipisahkan dengan teknologi
informasi. Orang-orang menggunakan teknologi informasi untuk berkomunikasi
dengan orang lain. Website-website Media sosial adalah salah satu jenis teknologi
informasi yang digunakan oleh orang-orang dalam berkomunikasi. Orang-orang
menyebut website-website tersebut sebagai media sosial karena fungsi dari media
sosial sebagai alat untuk menghubungkan orang-orang diseluruh dunia. Oleh
karena itu, eksistensi dari media sosial juga membawa sebuah fenomena bahasa
yaitu alih kode.
Ada dua pertanyaan pada penelitian ini. Pertama, tipe alih kode mana
yang digunakan oleh para artis Indonesia di cuitan-cuitan mereka? Kedua, faktorfaktor apa sajakah yang mempengaruhi artis-artis Indonesia mengalihkan kode
mereka di cuitan-cuitan mereka?
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian sosiolinguistik dan menggunakan analisis
wacana untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan penelitian diatas. Data-data yang
digunakan di penelitian ini diambil dari cuitan-cuitan dari Twitter para artis
Indonesia. Data-data tersebut diambil melalui observasi.
Hasil-hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa tipe-tipe dari alih kode yang
muncul di cuitan-cuitan Twitter para artis Indonesia adalah alih pembubuhan, alih
antar kalimat, dan alih intra kalimat. Para artis Indonesia juga menggunakan
beberapa kombinasi dari tipe-tipe tersebut di cuitan-cuitan mereka. Selanjutnya,

faktor-faktor yang muncul dicuitan-cuitan Twitter para artis Indonesia adalah
tidak ada kata-kata yang sama di bahasa yang digunakan; pengguna tidak tahu
kata yang sesuai di bahasa yang digunakan; pengguna lebih mudah menggunakan
bahasanya sendiri atau pengguna menggunakan bahasa-bahasa lain yang lebih
mudah digunakan; pengguna ingin menambah penekanan; pengguna lupa akan
istilah yang tepat digunakan; dan ada kesamaan antara kedua bahasa. Ditemukan
juga kasus-kasus bahwa cuitan-cuitan terpengaruh oleh lebih dari satu faktor dan
ada tiga faktor yang di ungkapkan oleh para ahli tidak mempengaruhi para artis
Indonesia untuk mengalihkan kode mereka di cuitan-cuitan mereka.
Kata kunci: code-switching, Indonesian artists, Twitter

vii

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CODE-SWITCHING
IN INDONESIAN ARTISTS’ TWITTER TWEETS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By
Laurentius Pradipta Yunandra
Student Number: 121214097

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2016
i

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

Yunandra, Laurentius Pradipta. (2016). Code-switching in Indonesian Artists’
Twitter Tweets. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education,
Department of Language and Arts Education, English Language Education Study
Program, Sanata Dharma University.
Nowadays, people cannot be separated from information technology.
People use the information technology to communicate with one to another. The
Social media websites are one kind of information technology used by people in
communication. People call the websites as social media because of the function
of the social media to connect people around the world. Therefore, the existence
of the social media also brings a language phenomenon called code-switching.
There were two questions in this research. First, which types of codeswitching are used by the Indonesian artists in their tweets? Second, what factors
influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets?
This research was a sociolinguistics research and used discourse analysis
to answer the two research questions. The data used in this research were

collected from Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets through observation.
The research results showed that the types of code-switching occurred in
Indonesian artists’ twitter tweets were tag-switching, inter-sentential switching,
intra-sentential switching. The Indonesian artists also used some combination of
the types mentioned in their tweets. Furthermore, the factors occurred in the
Indonesian artist Twitter tweets were: no similar word in the language in use; the
user do not know the word in the language in use; it is easier for the user to use
the user own language or the user uses other languages which are easier for the
user to use; the user wants to add emphasis; the user forget the term; and there is
similarity between both languages. There were cases that the tweets were
influenced by more than one factor and three factors provided by the experts do
not influence the Indonesian artist to switch their code in their tweets.
Keywords: code-switching, Indonesian artists, Twitter

vi

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

Yunandra, Laurentius Pradipta. (2016). Code-switching in Indonesian Artists’
Twitter Tweets. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education,
Department of Language and Arts Education, English Language Education Study
Program, Sanata Dharma University.
Dewasa ini, orang-orang tidak bisa dipisahkan dengan teknologi
informasi. Orang-orang menggunakan teknologi informasi untuk berkomunikasi
dengan orang lain. Website-website Media sosial adalah salah satu jenis teknologi
informasi yang digunakan oleh orang-orang dalam berkomunikasi. Orang-orang
menyebut website-website tersebut sebagai media sosial karena fungsi dari media
sosial sebagai alat untuk menghubungkan orang-orang diseluruh dunia. Oleh
karena itu, eksistensi dari media sosial juga membawa sebuah fenomena bahasa
yaitu alih kode.
Ada dua pertanyaan pada penelitian ini. Pertama, tipe alih kode mana
yang digunakan oleh para artis Indonesia di cuitan-cuitan mereka? Kedua, faktorfaktor apa sajakah yang mempengaruhi artis-artis Indonesia mengalihkan kode
mereka di cuitan-cuitan mereka?
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian sosiolinguistik dan menggunakan analisis
wacana untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan penelitian diatas. Data-data yang
digunakan di penelitian ini diambil dari cuitan-cuitan dari Twitter para artis
Indonesia. Data-data tersebut diambil melalui observasi.
Hasil-hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa tipe-tipe dari alih kode yang

muncul di cuitan-cuitan Twitter para artis Indonesia adalah alih pembubuhan, alih
antar kalimat, dan alih intra kalimat. Para artis Indonesia juga menggunakan
beberapa kombinasi dari tipe-tipe tersebut di cuitan-cuitan mereka. Selanjutnya,
faktor-faktor yang muncul dicuitan-cuitan Twitter para artis Indonesia adalah
tidak ada kata-kata yang sama di bahasa yang digunakan; pengguna tidak tahu
kata yang sesuai di bahasa yang digunakan; pengguna lebih mudah menggunakan
bahasanya sendiri atau pengguna menggunakan bahasa-bahasa lain yang lebih
mudah digunakan; pengguna ingin menambah penekanan; pengguna lupa akan
istilah yang tepat digunakan; dan ada kesamaan antara kedua bahasa. Ditemukan
juga kasus-kasus bahwa cuitan-cuitan terpengaruh oleh lebih dari satu faktor dan
ada tiga faktor yang di ungkapkan oleh para ahli tidak mempengaruhi para artis
Indonesia untuk mengalihkan kode mereka di cuitan-cuitan mereka.
Kata kunci: code-switching, Indonesian artists, Twitter

vii

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would express my gratitude to my Lord Jesus Christ for
blessing and guiding me to finish my thesis. I thank Him for everything that He
has given to me.
Second, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed.,
Ph.D., for his support, guidance, and suggestions so that I could complete my
thesis. I would also thank all the English Language Educatioan Study Program
lecturers for sharing their knowledge and experience, and guidance during my
study years in ELESP.
Then, I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents, Bapak
Honoratus Wahjoedi and Ibu Margaretha Nanik Kunaryani. They have
managed everything I need during my study. I also thank my family for their
support and prayers.
Last but not least, I thank all my friends who give me encouragment to
finish my study and everyone who I cannot mention one by one. Their love gives
me energy to finish my thesis.
Laurentius Pradipta Yunandra

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of this study. It consists of the
research background, the research problems, the problem limitation, the research
objectives, the research benefits, and the definition of terms. Each section is
presented as follows.

A.

Research Background
Nowadays, people cannot be separated from the information technology,

especially people who live in urban areas. The information technology is used by
people to help them to do communication. Communication is a natural basic need
of human as a social being. Moreover, people cannot live without any interactions
with one and another. The interactions between people will happen if the people
have a system that can facilitate their needs of communication. The system that
can facilitate their needs of communication is a language.

The language has an important role for the people since it is used as a
facilitating system in the people’s communication. The language has several
functions and one of its functions is a social or relational function. Without the
language, the people will not know other people’s willingness, needs, or
intentions. In other words, people will not able to communicate with other people.
In order to make the communication easier and better, people develop
intermediary tools to facilitate their needs of communication. There are two kinds
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2
of intermediary tools, namely the media, the printed media such as newspapers,
pamphlets, posters, brochures and the electronic media such as websites, radios,
and televisions broadcasting. Websites are popular electronic media. The websites
become popular since internet becomes available for many people.
People often use social media websites to facilitate their communication
needs. There are many kinds of social media websites in the world such as
Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, Hi5, and Instagram. Twitter is one of the social
media which has many users. Based on the statistics released by smartinsight.com
on April 2016, Twitter has 320 millions users around the world. It means that
Twitter is on the ‘Top 10’ rank of popular social media in the world. Twitter is
chosen by the researcher because it is the most frequent social media used by the
researcher. The research is conducted since the researcher has a close connection
to Twitter. It leads the curiosity of the researcher to find any language phenomena
in Twitter.
Many of the Twitter users post their tweets using language combinations.
Expertise called these combinations as code-switching. Wardhaugh (1992) states
that the code-switching is a strategy in communication to pass and break the
border which is blocking the relations in a group of people when they are
communicating one to another (p. 103). Since the code-switching as bilingual
speech behaviour allows the speakers to make any alternation of languages in a
conversation, the code-switching phenomena can be seen in many places
(Spolsky, 1998). There were a large number of studies had been done to discuss
the code-switching phenomena.

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3
This research aims to discuss the code-switching in the Indonesian artists’
Twitter tweets. This research discusses the Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets
which contain code-switching. The data from the Twitter are gathered on the
particular time explained on the research limitation.
The Indonesian artists as public figures often employ more than one
language in their tweets. In the practical use of the languages, the Indonesian
artists use code-switching in their Twitter tweets. The code-switching in
Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets is interesting to be observed related to English
education especially in Indonesia. Many Indonesian students put their idols as
their role models. Then, the code-switching action done by their idols become
their example to do the same thing. Therefore, the code-switching can facilitate
the English learners, especially for English Language Education Study Program
(ELESP) students to learn more about the language.
The code-switching helps the English learners to bridge the gaps of
communication because of the learner language deficiency. In other words, the
learners may switch their code in order to help them learn English better. Codeswitching is also a useful way for language learners to transfer their knowledge of
the subject being learned by the learners (Pollard, 2002). This issue also happens
in the researcher experiences. It also becomes the trigger for the researcher to
conduct this research. This research aims to observe the types and the factors of
code-switching in Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets in order to assist the
Indonesian English learners to learn English more, specifically in sociolinguistics
area.

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4
B.

Research Problems
Based on the research background, there are two research problems

formulated as follows:
1.

Which types of code-switching are used by Indonesian artists in their
Twitter tweets?

2.

What factors influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their
Twitter tweets?

C.

Research Limitation
This research is limited to discuss the types of code-switching used by

Indonesian artists in their tweets and the factors that influence Indonesian artists
to switch their code in their tweets. The tweets of Indonesian artists are the main
sources of the research. The researcher observed the Indonesian artists' Twitter
tweets that were posted on 1st of May 2016 until 31st of May 2016. There are only
tweets from Indonesian artists containing code-switching were used in this
research. The findings of the research cannot be generalized to other codeswitching phenomena due to a small size of the sample chosen for this research.

D.

Research Objectives
There are two objectives in this research formulated as follows:

1.

To analyse the types of code-switching used by Indonesian artists in their
tweets.

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5
2.

To identify the factors influencing Indonesian artists to switch their code

in

their tweets.

E.

Research Benefits
There are some benefits of this research for the following parties.

1.

English Learners
This research is expected to give the English learners, particularly the

English as a foreign language (EFL) learners and English Language Study
Program students, to get more information about code-switching. The learners
may be motivated to apply their knowledge about English language by trying to
speak in English even though they are beginners. English learners might have
limitations of English vocabulary. By allowing the English learners to switch their
code during the class, the English learners seem to be given a chance to explore
their knowledge of English. It helps the English learners grow their feeling of
confidence. Being confidence is important because it leads the English learners to
overcome their fear to speak using English, expand their capabilities to learn
English, and grow their belief of themselves that they can achieve more
knowledge about the language. Besides, they become more aware of these
phenomena in their environment.
2.

English Teachers
This research is expected to make the English teachers become aware

about code-switching phenomena in their environment, especially in the academic
area. The English teachers can also use code-switching to help their students to

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6
learn English better. They may switch their code while they teach their students in
order to make the students get a better understanding about the teaching.
Moreover, The English teachers may also use the code-switching as their teaching
materials.
3.

Future Researchers
This research is expected to give future researchers inspiration to conduct

a further study about code-switching or in a wider area of the sociolinguistics
studies. There are a lot of code-switching phenomena on the internet. Future
researchers may conduct an investigation about the code-switching phenomena in
different aspects of code-switching.
4.

Society
This research is expected to give an introduction about the code-switching

for the people who read the research. The researcher expects this research can be a
medium for the society to be more aware of the sociolinguistics phenomena
around their surroundings. Besides, this research can be useful information to
reduce misunderstanding among people who are not accustomed to these
phenomena.

F.

Definition of Terms
There are two terms in this research, namely code-switching and Twitter,

which are important for the reader to perceive. The terms are defined as follows:

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7
1.

Code-Switching
Code-switching is defined as "the action of moving from one language,

dialect or variety to another, depending on the circumstances" (Asher, 1994).
Within this research, the code-switching refers to the language switching from
Indonesian into English or vice versa in Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets.
2.

Twitter
Twitter is a micro blogging website that allows users to post, read, reply

and quote messages which called tweet in the timeline. Every tweet in Twitter
consists of 140 characters maximum. Twitter is used to share any thought or
information between its users. The users can read the tweets from the followed
users via the timeline. The timeline is a Twitter page that is made by the Twitter
developer for the Twitter users. The Twitter users can see the tweets from people
who are followed by them chronologically.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three sections, namely the review of related
studies, the theoretical description, and the theoretical framework. The review of
related studies describes previous studies related to the research topic. The
theoretical description describes the general description of code-switching, types
of code-switching, factors that influence people to switch their code, and the
definition of Twitter. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework elaborates the
procedures which are organized to accomplish this study.

A.

Review of Related Studies
Mandiri (2010) presents observations of code-switching which exists in a

social networking Facebook. The research aimed to reveal the reasons for using
code-switching on a social networking website Facebook. The research revealed
that the most frequent type of code-switching within Facebook pages was intrasentential switching. The research also found three possible reasons for doing
code-switching. The reasons were the users face difficulties to find any exact
meaning, the users wanted to be seen as a well-educated person, and there were
special terms of the discussion.
Bista (2010) conducted a research in a Southern American university
which proposes to identify and evaluate the factors affecting code-switching in a
classroom among fifteen bilingual international students. The research result

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9
revealed that the main factor of code-switching phenomena in international
classroom is incompetence in the second language.
Adityanto (2012) also conducted a research about "Code-switching in
Kompas and Republika Newspapers". The research result showed some types of
code-switching that occurred in the data; there are diglossic code-switching, single
word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause code-switching, whole
sentence code-switching, and integrated loanword code-switching. The phrase
code-switching was the most frequent code-switching and clause code-switching
was the least frequent.
There are six possible reasons showed in the result. The reasons were, the
speaker quotes from other languages, the speaker talks with the different
language, there is a certain purpose of the speaker, the effect of topical discussion,
the effect of the first sentence, and the effect of conversation speaking situation.
The research also concluded that code-switching might support English learning.
It happened when it was using the correct grammar and become the obstruction if
it is using the ungrammatical pattern.
In the research of Code-switching in Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets the
researcher is going to investigate the types of code-switching and the factors that
influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. Twitter is a unique
social media, which only allow maximum 140 characters for every post and it
makes the users of Twitter should use effective expressions which understandable
for everyone who read their tweets via the timeline.

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B.

Theoretical Description
This research presents sociolinguistics as a branch of linguistic study, the

meaning of code-switching, types of code-switching, factors influence people to
switch their code, and Twitter as a social networking website.
1.

Sociolinguistics
Wardhaugh (1992) defines sociolinguistics as a study that tried to discover

how the social structure can be understood better through the study of language
itself (p. 13). Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistic study investigating the
relationship between language and society. The goal of this study is making a
better understanding of the structure goal in the sociology of the language.
People as parts of the society use the language as a system of
communication. They need the language to transfer their idea or information
which means there is a relation between the language and the society. In order to
make the information or the idea clear; the people send their information or idea
in a context and modify the language to make it acceptable to the addressee.
2.

Code-switching
Wardhaugh (2006) states that people always employ a code when

communicate with other people. Mostly, the code is mentioned as language. In a
specific case, when there are two or more people communicate to each other, then
mixing or shifting their languages, that action is called code-switching (para. 1).
There are various definitions of code-switching. In order to make the
research become comprehensive, this research presents definitions of codeswitching from several linguists. Based on Gumperz (1982), code-switching is

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11
"juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging
to different grammatical system or subsystems” (as cited in Romaine, 1995, p.
121). Similarly, Gal (1988) defines code-switching as a conversational strategy.
People use code-switching to wipe out any limitation between communication
groups to create or change the interpersonal relations with their own idea and
action (as cited in Wardhaugh 1992, p. 103). Moreover, Hoffman (1991) states
that code-switching as "The alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties
within the same utterance or during the same conversation". In short, codeswitching is a communication strategy using combination of languages.
The code-switching is commonly used by people who master at least two
kinds of languages. Weinreich (1968) states "the practice of alternately using two
languages will be called bilingualism, and the person involved, bilingual” (as cited
in Romaine, 1995, p. 122). Therefore, people who have the ability to speak two
languages are called as bilingual speakers. The reasons of the bilinguals like to
shift their language because of the feeling of convenience (Spolsky, 1998).
Van Herk (2012) states that the speakers use code-switching which
commonly motivated by their purpose. For example, a speaker (first speaker) is
expressing his/her solidarity to another speaker (second speaker) in a
conversation. The first speaker who is involved in a conversation or a discussion
shifts his/her language when the second speaker who does not understand the
language comes to join the discussion. This action aims to make the second
speaker understand and follow the discussion.

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12
3.

Types of Code-switching
There are some linguists classified code-switching into some categories.

Based on Poplack (1980), there are three types of code-switching (as cited in
Romaine, 1991, p. 122). Each point will be presented as follows.
a.

Tag-Switching
Tag-switching is a code-switching action when the speaker attaches or

adds any tag or filler in a sentence. The speaker or the writer adds a word or
words in a sentence without violating any grammar rule. The examples of tagswitching can be seen as follows.
1) It’s okay, bukan masalah, semua masih baik-baik saja.
2) By the way, apa kabar kamu sekarang?
3) She is beautiful, bukan?
b.

Inter-sentential switching
Inter-sentential switching is an action where the speaker switches his/her

code in a full sentence or between sentences. There are the examples of intersentential switching:
4) Einstein merupakan seorang penemu terhebat abad ini. He is very genius.
Sudah banyak teori yang ia temukan dan yang paling terkenal adalah teori
tentang hukum relativitas.
5) Okay, this is a very interesting topic. Coba kamu jelaskan lebih dalam kepada
saya.
6) We are in a big trouble. Masalah kemarin ternyata telah dilaporkan oleh
orang itu. We need to make a good argument to explain that case.

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13
c.

Intra-sentential switching
It is a code-switching action where the speaker switches the code within a

sentence. The speaker switches his/her code in the form of sentence, word, phrase
or clause. The switch depends on the speaker needs. The examples of intrasentential switching can be seen as follows.
7) Nanti malam akan saya copy berkas yang sudah kamu berikan kepada saya.
8) Mau minum teh, susu, atau soft drink?
9) It’s easy to give comment, tapi kamu pernah mencobanya belum?
In addition, Asher (1994) explains six terms of code-switching, namely,
diglossia, situational code-switching, metaphoric code-switching, conversational
code-switching, single-word code-switching, and integrated loanwords.
Diglossia is a characteristic of speech community (Wardhaugh, 1992).
Diglossic communities have two varieties of code, there are high (H) and low (L)
variety. The high (H) variety is used in formal discourse since it shows prestige
and the low (L) variety is used in less formal discourse. The members of the
diglossic speech community know when they have to change their speech between
high to low and vice versa. People frequently use the H variety in a formal
situation such as in an interview, a business meeting, and a plenary session. They
change their language into the L variety while they come into a less formal
situation such as talking with their friends or family outside the formal situation.
Situational code-switching happens when people in a conversation change
the code based on the situation in which the situation take place. There is no topic
change involved in this type of code-switching (Wardhaugh, 2006). Gumperz

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14
(1982) states that situational switch involves the changes of participants. They
speak one language in one situation and speak another language in another
situation.
The example of situational code-switching can be seen in a conversation
between a seller and a customer in Malioboro. The customer is a tourist from
Bandung who wants to buy a souvenir and the seller is a local inhabitant. Firstly,
the customer tries to ask the seller about the souvenir by using the Javanese
language as the local language. The purpose is to get a cheaper price. Then, the
seller explains about the souvenir also by using the Javanese language, but the
customer seems confused because of his/her language deficiency. The seller
realizes it and re-explains his/her explanation by using Indonesian as the
Indonesian national language in order to make the customer understand the
explanation.
Metaphoric code-switching occurs when there is a possibility of the role
changing between speakers. People change the code as they redefine the situation
(Wardhaugh, 1992). This case of code-switching frequently happens in a
conversation when the first speakers have a close relationship to another speaker.
The relationship may lead the code changing which usually used in the
conversation.
For example, an applicant goes to a company to apply for a job. Then, the
applicant meets a front officer who has any relationship with the applicant, such
as a friend or family in the office. The applicant may talk informally for the first
time to the front officer with the code which they usually used in their daily

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15
interaction. Then the applicant and the front officer change the language code into
formal in order to involve with the main purpose of the conversation.
Conversational code-switching is different from situational codeswitching. It is not controlled by the changing of the topic or situation. It is also
called style shifting or code mixing. For example, an Indonesian student who is
studying English does not know the English terminology in a conversation; she/he
will turn it into his/her native language, Indonesian, in order to make a complete
sentence.
Single word code-switching or borrowing is a type of code-switching
which involves a word in a switching action of a sentence. The speaker only adds
or attaches a word within a sentence. The word that is used in the sentence is a
specific terminology. It is used because of a lexical need (Wardhaugh, 1992). For
example, an Indonesian said "Jadi, Samsung akan meluncurkan dua smartphone
baru bulan ini". In that example, the speaker substitutes Indonesian words ponsel
pintar into an English word smartphone.
Integrated loanword is a type of code-switching which happens in a
morpheme level. Morpheme level means a speaker may integrate a word which is
loaned from another language by an affix, prefix, or suffix. For example, a loaned
English word download integrated with a Indonesian affix

di- become di-

download such as in the following sentence "Berkas tersebut di-download pada
pukul 15.30".

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16
4.

Factors of Code-Switching
Based on Bista (2010) there are seven factors influence speakers to switch

their language revealed in his research. Each point will be presented as follows.
First, there is no similar word in the language used by the speaker.
Language is influenced by the language’s environment and it makes every
language is unique. There are always different life aspects in every area or country
which makes a language has a special term that another language does not have.
Second, the speaker does not know the word that she/he wants to use in a
language. It happens if the speaker is not a native speaker or an expert language
learner. The speaker may have lack of vocabulary that makes the speaker does not
know the word that she/he wants to use.
Third, the speaker wants to avoid the gap in communication. It happens
because of the lack of fluency of the target language. As a result, the speaker
chooses to switch his/her language in order to fill the gap happens in a
conversation.
Fourth, it is easier for the speaker to use the speaker own language or the
speaker use other languages which are easier for the speaker to use. This case is
related to any expression that may be different between the languages. It is also
related to the simplicity of the language used by the speaker.
Fifth, the speaker wants to avoid misunderstanding between the speakers.
This factor usually influences the language learners. The language learners may
have the same mother tongue and same language in learning. The language

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17
learners switch their language to help them reduce or avoid misunderstanding
because of their lack of knowledge of the language.
Sixth, the speaker wants to add emphasis. In this factor, a speaker may
repeat the message in order to emphasise the message. The reason is the speaker
has not transferred the message meaning to the addressee. The speaker may also
emphasise his/her message by switching the code to make the addressee
understand the message clearly. This factor is used to send the message clearly, to
make other impressed or notice the speaker, and to make the speech stylish or to
be thought as a clever person.
Seventh, the speaker wants to maintain his/her privacy, the speakers
switch their code to keep their private information. They do not want the
information to be leaked to other people who do not have any importance to know
about the information. For example, in an international class, while there is a
secret conversation between the first and the second speakers who come from the
same country, they will switch their language into their country language to avoid
other people know about their secret conversation.
Malmkjaer (2016) states there are three factors why people use codeswitching. First, the speaker may forget the terms of the language.

It

automatically leads the speaker to change the terms into the other terms in another
language. For example, a native Indonesian speaker who had lived in the United
States for a long time, then come back to Indonesia after his/her retirement may
face difficulties to speak certain term in Indonesian because she/he forgets the
term that she/he should use in Indonesian.

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18
Second, the language in use does not have the terms related to the concept
that the speaker wants to denote. In a language, there are terms which have not the
identical meaning terms in the other language. It might be related to the cultural
aspect, the grammatical system, or other possibilities. In Indonesian, there is a
word oleh-oleh which does not have a direct translation in English. Oleh-oleh
means stuff or foods which are ordered by families, friends, or colleagues when a
person goes for a holiday or other else. It happens because the cultural differences
between Indonesia and west cultures like the United Kingdom.
Third, there are similarities between both languages. The similarities can
be seen in some aspects of language, the similarity in structure and grammatical
aspect, the similarity in expression, or the similarity in vocabulary. The
vocabulary similarities often lead the code-switching in conversations. For
example, in Indonesia, the greeting word halo frequently switches into the word
hello in English. Even though both words have a similar meaning, the use of the
word hello in Indonesian still categorised as a code-switching. This case happens
since the speaker has the ability to use two languages, Indonesian and English,
which called a bilingual speaker.
5.

Social Networking Website: Twitter
Social Network is a social connection between individuals, families,

villages and so on (Bandyopadhyay, Rao, & Sinha, 2011). In this research, the
connection was through the internet, using social networking website: Twitter.
Thus, social networking website is a medium which is used by people to make a

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19
social connection between individuals, families, villages or maybe the whole
world with the internet as the intermediary.
Twitter is an information network or micro blogging website that allows
the user to post, read, reply, or quote messages in a Twitter page called timeline.
Every message in the Twitter consists of 140 characters. Twitter called the
message that is posted on their timeline website as a tweet.
There are two types of the Twitter timeline, the home timeline, and the
user timeline. The home timeline is a display stream of tweets from the accounts
that the user chose to follow. Meanwhile, the user timeline is a display stream of
the user tweets or another tweet that is re-tweeted or quoted by the user. People
are tweeting to deliver new information, their feeling or just to give comment on a
certain topic.
6.

Discourse Analysis
Gee (2011) defines discourse analysis as the study of language usage. It is

about how language enacts social and cultural identity. There were some
approaches to do in discourse analysis. Some of the approaches focus on the
content of language being used or the themes and issues being discussed, for
example in a conversation or news. Some other looked at the structure and its
function to convey meaning.
Brown and Yule (1983) state that written and spoken texts represent the
discourse. Discourse analysis applies two major functions of language,
transactional and interactional. First, transactional function is the function of

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20
language which serves in an expression of content. Second, Interactional function
is the function of language in expressing social relation and personal attitude.
The aim of discourse analysis is "to map out the processes in which we
struggle about the way in which the meaning of signs is to be fixed, and the
processes by which some fixations of meaning become so conventionalized that
we think of them as natural"(Jorgensen & Philips, 2002). Thus, discourse analysis
is used to find the meaning in a communication activity based on its context.

C.

Theoretical Framework
Based on the theoretical description, the researcher presents some

theories which are appropriate as a framework to process and to analyse the
research data. There are two major theories in this research, namely the types of
code-switching and the factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their
code. The theories were used to help the researcher to answer the two research
problems.
The researcher used a theory from Poplack (1980) about the types of
code-switching to answer the first question. There are three types of codeswitching, which are: tag-switching, intra-sentential switching, and intersentential switching. The theory is used as a fundamental reference to help the
researcher in analysing the types of code-switching in Indonesian artists' tweets.
The theories that are used to answer the second problem, the factors that
influence Indonesian artist to switch their code in their tweets, are taken from
Bista (2010) and Malmkjaer (1996). Bista (2010) mentions seven factors and

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

21
Malmkjaer (1996) mentions three factors. There is one of the factors from both
researchers is similar. Thus, the researcher summarizes the factors become nine
factors.
There are nine factors which influence people to switch their code. First,
there is no similar word in the language used by the speaker. Second, the speaker
does not know the word in the target language. Third, the speaker wants to fill the
gap because of the lack of fluency in the target language. Fourth, it is easier for
the speaker to use the speaker own language or the speaker uses other languages
which are easier for the speaker to use. Fifth, the speaker wants to avoid
misunderstanding. Sixth, the speaker wants to add emphasis. Seventh, the speaker
wants to maintain privacy. Eighth, the speaker forgets the terms in the language in
use. Ninth, there is any similarity between both languages (the first language and
the second language in use).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter elaborates the methodology which is used to conduct this
research. This chapter consists of the research method, the data source, the data
gathering technique, the data analysis technique, and the research procedure. Each
section is presented as follows.

A.

Research Method
This research aims to answer two problems. First, which types of code-

switching are used by Indonesian artists in their tweets? Second, what factors
influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets? Since the tweets
were social phenomena of sociolinguistics called as code-switching, the data
source are the Twitter Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets, and sociolinguistic study
concerns in language and society, this research was considered as a qualitative
research and using discourse analysis.
Qualitative research was rooted from phenomenology, which saw a social
reality as something that could not be same to one and another. Qualitative
research is used to understand social phenomena (Ary, Jacobs, & Razavieh, 2002).
Since qualitative research aims to understand social phenomena, it should tend to
focus on people point of view on watching certain events. The perspective of
context might be different from one and another. Therefore, the research focuses

22

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23
on describing and interpreting the data collection based on the theories that is used
in this research.
In conducting qualitative research, this research applied discourse analysis
in order to answer the two questions related to the problems. The research
problems are types of code-switching used by Indonesian artists in their tweets
and factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets.
The researcher combines some theories to answer the two research
problems. To answer the first problem, the researcher categorizes the tweets from
Indonesian artist into the type categorization provided by the expert. For the
second problem, the researcher analyses the factors that influence the Indonesian
artists to switch their code in their tweets using discourse analysis. The contexts of
the tweets become important to see the occurred factors.

B.

Data Source
This research had the purposes to uncover the types of code-switching

used by Indonesian artists in their tweets and to uncover the factors that influence
Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. The research was conducted
on 1st May 2016 up to 31st May 2016. The researcher decided to conduct the
research after the researcher read one of an artist’s Twitter tweet on that period of
time. Moreover, the researcher had free time in that period of time. Therefore, the
researcher decided to collect the data of Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets on that
period of time. During the observation period, the researcher found many tweets
from many Indonesian artists, but in the case where the tweets did not contain

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24
code-switching, the researcher did not include the tweets in the data. After the
process of selecting the tweets that contain code switching, the researcher put the
data in a list as shown in the appendix. The data gathered from the observation
showed that there were ten Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets contained codeswitching.
The method to collect the data was observation. The researcher observed
ten Indonesian artists’ Twitter accounts and took notes for every occurrence of
code-switching in their tweets.

C.

Data Gathering Technique
There are some steps used to collect the data for the research. First, the

researcher made two observation sheets in a form of tables. The researcher
observed the Twitter accounts of Indonesian artists which showed the occurrence
of code-switching in their tweets. Second, the researcher observed the Twitter
accounts of Indonesian artists which showed the occurrence of code-switching in
their tweets in a period of time. The researchers analysed the tweets using
observation sheets to identify the types of code-switching used by the Indonesian
artists in their tweets and the factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch
their code in their tweets. The example of the observation sheets used for
obtaining the data was shown below.

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25
Table 3.1 The example of types of code-switching observation sheet
No

Date

Tweets
T

1
2

30/5/2016
20/5/2016

2

12/5/2016

Types
IE
IA

Belum bisa move on dari net 3.0 or Jessie J?
Ketawa-ketawa ga jelas nonton ini. These
guys are hilarious: https://youtu.be/-SMYve5Ang cc: @vidialdiano @adhrrf
Special request from the little Bear, buat
sarapan pengennya crispy crepes.

T=Tag-switching

IE=Inter-sentential switching
switching

IA=Intra-sentential

The Table 3.1 shows the observation sheet used by the researcher to
analyse the types of code-switching used by the Indonesian artists in their tweets.
There are three types of code-switching presented in the tables, tag-switching,
intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching. The researcher puts a
tick (√) on every appropriate type of the code-switching that the tweets showed.
Table 3.2 The example of factors influence Indonesian artists observation
sheet
No

Date

Tweets

1

11/5/2016

2

29/5/2016

3

3/5/2016

Hi guys! Lagi pada
apa? Lets chat im
bored
Thank you Urban Gigs
Medan, walaupun
menunggu sangat lama
hingga hujan reda tapi
tetap semangat dan
positiff, see ya next
time!!
Udh cocok jadi Hulk?
Apa iklan cat tambok
ya? What do you think
guys?

Factors
N D F E A A M F W
S W G S M E P T S

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26
NS
MP
AM
FG
WS

= No similar word
= to maintain privacy
= to add emphasis
= to fill Gap
= Word similarity

ES
DW
FT
AE

= Easier to speak
= Do not know the word
= Forget the term
= to avoid misunderstanding

The Table 3.2 shows the observation sheet used by the researcher to
identify the factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their
tweets. After categorizing the types of code-switching, the researcher identified
the factors by putting a tick (√) on the provided table based on the code-switching
cases in the tweets.

D.

Data Analysis Technique
The gathered data were analysed by using some steps. First, the researcher

classified the code-switching phenomena that found in the tweets into the
observation sheet. The observation sheet contains the types of code-switching.
There are three types of code-switching that mentioned by Poplack (1980), the
tag-switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching. (as cited in
Romaine, 1996, p.122)
Second, the data were analysed to discover the factors that influence
Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. The factors of codeswitching are taken from Bista (2010) and Malmkjaer (1996).
There are nine factors influencing people to do code-switching provided
by the experts: (1) There is no similar word in the language in use. (2) The
speaker does not know the word in the target language. (3) The speaker wants to
fill gaps because of the lack of fluency in the target language. (4) It is easier for

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

27
the speaker to use the speaker own language or the speaker use other languages
which are easier for the speaker to use (5) The speaker wants to avoid
misunderstanding. (6) The speaker wants to add emphasis. (7) The speaker wants
to maintain his/her privacy. (8) The speaker forgets the terms in the language in
use. (9) The similarity both languages.
During the data analysis process, the researcher organized the data based
on the date of the tweets. Then, the researcher observed the dat