English-Indonesian code-mixing used by Indonesian twitter users as seen Through Their Tweets.

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S I S E H T E T A U D A R G R E D N U N A

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N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E L

S I M E D A K A N A G N I T N E P E K K U T N U H A I M L I A Y R A K I S A K I L B U P

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e g n e p u m li n a g n a b m e g n e p i m e

D tahuan ,saya membeirkan kepada Perpustakaan :l

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E – IndonesianCode-MixingUsedbyI ndonesianTwitterUser sa sSeen s

t e e w T r i e h T h g u o r h T

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S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T

E G A P E L T I

T ... i .... E

G A P L A V O R P P

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Y R A K I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E

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B ProblemFormulaiton ... 3 .

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(12)

i x T C A R T S B A . ) 2 1 0 2 ( . T I K A N I R A W I J U T S A W R A N I N A V E T

S Engilsh – IndonesianCode

-.s t e e w T r i e h T h g u o r h T n e e S s a s r e s U r e tt i w T n a i s e n o d n I y b d e s U g n i x i M a m r a h D a t a n a S , s r e tt e L f o y tl u c a F , s r e tt e L h s il g n E f o t n e m tr a p e D : a tr a k a y g o Y . y ti s r e v i n U e d o

C -mixing i sone o fthe phenomena in socioilnguisitcs .I tnormally t n e r e f fi d m o r f e l p o e P . a i s e n o d n I s a h c u s , y ti n u m m o c l a u g n il it l u m n i s r u c c o u g n a l d n a d n u o r g k c a

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j t sposted by Indonesian

.s r e s u r e tt i w T ) 1 ( : e r e w y e h T . y d u t s s i h t n i d e r e w s n a e b o t s n o it s e u q o w t e r e w e r e h T e h t e r a t a h

w type so fcode-mixingusedbyIndonesianTwitter’ suser sasf oundon s t e e w t ri e h

t ? and( 2 )wha taret hepossibler easonsf ort heuseofthecode-mixing r e tt i w T n o ? 0 0 1 m o r f n e k a t e r e w h c r a e s e r s i h t f o a t a d e h

T statuses ,o rusually called

s t e e w

t ,on Twitte rwhichcontained code-mixing betweenEngilsh and I ndonesian e g a u g n a

l posted by1 -9 untli-25-y - earold Indonesian user swho arestudying in ro m o r f d e t a u d a r g e v a

h theuniverstiy .Thecollecteddatawereanalyzedi ndetai land d e if i s s a l

c basedont hechosent heo ires .Inordert oanswert hef ris tproblemoft hi s r e ti r w e h t , h c r a e s e

r used t het heoryoft ype so fcode-mixing by Kachru ( 1982)t o find outt hecode-mixingused by t heTwitter’ suser .sWhlie Hoffmann’ s(1991) ;

s u T d n a a il g i m a s l a C d n a , ) 0 8 9 1 ( s ’ k c a l p o P , ) 4 7 9 1 ( s ’ r a a s k

O ón’ s(1984) ;and

r o e h t ) 7 7 9 1 ( s ’ e r u l C c

M i es a sctied by Hoffmann (1991 :116 )and also Mailk’ s y r o e h t ) 4 9 9 1

( aboutt hereason soft heuseo fcode-mixingwereusedt oanswert he . h c r a e s e r s i h t f o s m e l b o r p d n o c e s e v if d e s u s r e s u r e tt i w T n a i s e n o d n I t a h t d e w o h s y d u t s e h t f o t l u s e r e h T e d o c f o s e p y

t -mixing namely sentence inseriton 1(5 %) ,uni tinseriton (39.9%) , o ll o c d n a m o i d

i caiton inseriton (4.2%) , uni t hyb irdizaiton (3.5%) , and n o it a c il p u d e

r 4(1. % .) I twa salso found t hat t here i sa tendency t o apply vairou s t e e w t e l g n i s a n i s e p y

t .Meanwhlie, t here were seven kind so freason so fcode -y b d e t s o p s t e e w t e h t n i d e r r u c c o g n i x i

m Indonesian Twitte rusers .They were e h t f o d o o m , ) % 6 . 1 1 ( c i p o t r a l u c it r a p a t u o b a g n i k l a t ,) % 2 . 3 2 ( e c n e ir e p x e l a u ti b a h , ) % 2 . 6 ( e s l e y d o b e m o s g n it o u q , ) % 6 . 1 1 ( t n i o p a g n i z i s a h p m e , ) % 6 . 1 1 ( r e k a e p s i s e d s ’ r e k a e p s e h t g n i w o h s d n a g n i h t e m o s t u o b a c it a h p m e g n i e

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(13)

ii x K A R T S B A . ) 2 1 0 2 ( . T I K A N I R A W I J U T S A W R A N I N A V E T

S Engilsh – Indonesian Code

-d e s U g n i x i

M by Indonesian Twi tter User sa sSeen Through Their Tweet .s . a m r a h D a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U , a rt s a S s a tl u k a F , s ir g g n I a rt s a S n a s u r u J : a tr a k a y g o Y a y n a s a i b i n i l a H . k it s i u g n il o i s o s a n e m o n e f u t a s h a l a s h a l a d a e d o k r u p m a C tr e p e s l a u g n il it l u m t a k a r a y s a m i d i d a jr e

t iI ndonesia .Orangyangberasa ldairl ata r i r a d h i b e l n a k a n u g g n e m a s i b n a n i k g n u m e k a d e b r e b g n a y a s a h a b n a d g n a k a l e b n a k r a p a m e m k u t n u n a u j u tr e b i n i n a it il e n e P . i s a k i n u m o k r e b m a l a d a s a h a b u t a s o s g n ir a j e j s u ti s u t a s h a l a s i d e d o k r u p m a c i a n e g n e m i s a t e r p r e t n

i sial ,Twitter .

n e m e l e m a l a d n a k p il e s i d g n a y s ir g g n I a s a h a B n e m e l e a p a r e b e b t a p a d r e

T -elemen

m a l a d i d a i s e n o d n I a s a h a

B tweetsyangdtiuil solehpenggunaTwitterI ndonesia. a p a ) 1 ( : u ti a y , i n i n a it il e n e p m a l a d b a w a ji d n i g n i g n a y n a a y n a tr e p a u d a d A u p m a c e p

it rkodeyangdigunakanolehpenggunat witters epe tr iyangt ampakpada s

t e e w

t mereka? dan (2 )apasaja yang mungkin menjad ialasan dar ipenggunaan ? r e tt i w T i d e d o k r u p m a c 0 0 1 i r a d l i b m a i d i n i n a it il e n e p a t a

D tweetsd iTwitte ryang mengandung e d o k r u p m a

c antara Bahasa Ingg ir sdan Bahasa Indonesia d idalamnya ,yang 9 1 a r a t n a a i s u n a g n e d a i s e n o d n I i r a d l a s a r e b g n a y r e tt i w T a n u g g n e p h e l o s il u ti d n a s u l u l n u p u a t a a w s i s a h a m i a g a b e s s u t a t s r e b h i s a m n a d n u h a t 5 2 n a g n e d i a p m a s h a d u s g n a y a t a D . i g g n it n a u r u g r e p i r a

d terkumpu ldianailsa secara deit ldan ir o e t n a k r a s a d r e b n a k i s a k if i s a l k i

d -teor i yang sudah dipiilh . Untuk menjawab e p it i r o e t n a k a n u g g n e m s il u n e p , i n i n a it il e n e p i r a d a m a tr e p n a a y n a tr e

p -itpe

i r a d e d o k r u p m a

c Kachru (1982) untuk mengetahu icampu rkode yang dipaka i ir o e t , u ti a r a t n e m e S . r e tt i w T a n u g g n e p h e l

o -teor idar iHoffmann( 1991) ;Oksaar’ s s u T n a d a il g i m a s l a C , ) 0 8 9 1 ( k c a l p o P , ) 4 7 9 1

( ón (1984) ;dan McClure (1977 )

) 4 9 9 1 ( k il a M i r a d i r o e t a g u j n a d , ) 6 1 1 : 1 9 9 1 ( n n a m f f o H h e l o p it u k i d g n a y i tr e p e s a s a l a i a n e g n e

m n-alasan dar i penggunaan campu r kode digunakan untuk .i n i n a it il e n e p i r a d a u d e k n a a y n a tr e p b a w a j n e m a i s e n o d n I r e tt i w T a n u g g n e p a w h a b n a k k u j n u n e m i n i n a it il e n e p i r a d l i s a H n a p i s i y n e p , ) % 1 5 ( t a m il a k n a p i s i y n e p u ti a y , e d o k r u p m a c e p it a m il n a k a n u g g n e m ( t i n

u 39.9%) ,penyisipan i diom dan kolokas i(4.2% ,) hib irdisas iuni t(3.5%) ,dan 4 . 1 ( i s a k il p u d e

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u tweet .Sementara tiu ,ada

c n a a n u g g n e p n a s a l a m a c a m h u j u

t ampu rkode yang terdapa tdalam tweet syang , ) % 2 . 3 2 ( n a a s a i b e k n i a l a r a t n a , a i s e n o d n I r e tt i w T a n u g g n e p h e l o s il u ti d r u p m a c a n u g g n e p n a a s a r e p , ) % 6 . 1 1 ( s u s u h k k i p o t u t a u s i a n e g n e m n a a r a c i b m e p t a y n r e p p it u g n e m , ) % 6 . 1 1 ( n a a t a y n r e p h a u b e s n a n a k e n e p , ) % 6 . 1 1 ( e d o

k aanorang

a n u g g n e p n a n i g n i e k n a k k u j n u n e m n a d u t a u s e s p a d a h r e t it a p m e a s a r , ) % 2 . 6 ( n i a l n a s a l a n a d , ) % 5 . 4 ( it r e g n e m i d k u t n u e d o k r u p m a

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d ,membeirkan ekspres iberpendidikan, dan j ugaprose sacak dan . n a t n o p s

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1 I R E T P A H C N O I T C U D O R T N I y d u t S e h t f o d n u o r g k c a B . A r i e h t y l e m a n , s e d o c e r o m r o o w t r e t s a m e l p o e p e r o m d n a e r o m , s y a d a w o N y ti li b a e h t e v a h o s l a y e h T . e g a u g n a l d n o c e s e h t d n a e g a u g n a l e v it a

n to uset hese

y lt n e u lf s e d o

c .The language which i susually mastered wel lby people i sthei r

e u g n o t r e h t o m r i e h t d e s u y lt s ri f m e h t f o t s o M . e g a u g n a l e v it a n r o e u g n o t r e h t o m r i e h t g n ir u d r e v e w o H . y t e i c o s d n a y li m a f r i e h t h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c o t ti w n o it a c i n u m m o

c hothe rpeopleand becauseoft heneedo funderstandingothe r

w o n k r o r e t s a m o t e l p o e p e h t r o f d n a m e d a s i e r e h t , n a e m y e h t t a h w t u o b a e l p o e p e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a n r a e l o t e l p o e p y n a m s e s u a c n o it i d n o c s i h T . s e g a u g n a l r e h t o e h t t a c i n u m m o c r i e h t e k a m o t r e d r o n

i ion more effecitve .Thi salso happen sto the

.l a u g n il it l u m e r a o h w e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n I n n a i s e n o d n I e h t t s a e l t a r e t s a m e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n

I aitonall anguaget hati s

a i s e n o d n

I n and thei r regiona llanguage .Well-educated people usually maste r

s , s e g a u g n a l n g i e r o

f uch a sEngilsh ,Japanese ,French ,Chinese ,etc .Thefactt ha t

r e v e n e h w e d o c x i m o t m e h t s e g a r u o c n e e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m e s u n a c e l p o e p . e m it e m a s e h t t a e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m e s u n a c e l p o e p r e d n o w o N . k a e p s y e h t li b e h t r o f e l b i s s o p o s l a s i ti , r e v o e r o

M ingua lo rmulitilngua lpeoplet o usemore

r o , t x e t n o c , c i p o t e m a s e h t n i h g u o h t n e v e n o it a c i n u m m o c a n i e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t . e l p o e p

(15)

e h t n i e d o c r o e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m e s u e l p o e p n e h w n o it i d n o c e h T

d e ll a c s i n o it a c i n u m m o c n i e l p o e p r o , t x e t n o c , c i p o t e m a

s code-mixing .The

e d o c f o n o n e m o n e h

p -mixing i s then considered common in biilngua l o r

e d o c d e n if e d ) 5 2 1 : 8 7 9 1 ( n a b a b a N . s e it e i c o s l a u g n il it l u

m -mixing a s“the use o f

. ” e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a n i e c n e t n e s a n i h ti w e g a u g n a l e n o f o s t n e m e l e

e d o

C -mixingoccur sbothi nw irttenandora lcommunicaiton .Code-mixing

, s m a r g o r p n o i s i v e l e t , s m a r g o r p o i d a r n o d n u o f e b n a c e g a u g n a l n e k o p s n i

g n i h c a e

t -learning process ,etc .The code-mixing can also be found in w irtten

e m t e n r e t n i ,s l e v o n , s e n i z a g a m , s r e p a p s w e n n i s a h c u s e g a u g n a

l diaandetc .

e d o c y n a m d n if n a c e w a i d e m t e n r e t n i n

I -mixing ,fo rexample when we

r u o e t a d p u e w n e h w r o , r e g n e s s e m o o h a Y r o k o o b e c a F n o e l p o e p r e h t o h ti w t a h c

y b d e s u s y a w l a s i f l e s ti r e tt i w T . r e tt i w T n o ” s t e e w t “ r u o r o k o o b e c a F n o s u t a t s

a s a e l p o e p y n a

m too lo fcommunicaiton nowadays. I n Twitte rwecan ifndmany

e d o

c -mixing used by the user s in w iritng thei r tweets . Twitte r affect s the

e d o c f o g n i s a e r c n

i -mixing custom in Indonesia too ,especially Indonesian and

h s il g n

E code-mixing .Fromt hoser eason sabove,t hewrtieri si nterestedi n ifnding

e d o c t u

o -mixing t ha toccursi n oneoft hosesocial-networking websties ,which i s

.r e tt i w T

(16)

n o it a l u m r o F m e l b o r P . B

t u o b a s i h c r a e s e r s i h

T Engilsh and Indonesian code-mixing used by

n a i s e n o d n

I Twitter’ suser sin wiritng thei rtweets .I ti sbased on the research

: w o l e b s n o it s e u q

1 Wha taret hetype so fcode-mixing usedbyI ndonesian Twitte ruser sasf ound

s t e e w t ri e h t n

o ?

2 Wha taret hepossibler easonsf ort heuseoft hecode-mixingonTwitter?

t S e h t f o e v it c e j b O .

C u dy

e h t t u o d n if o t s t n a w e h s e s u a c e b h c r a e s e r f o c i p o t s i h t s e s o o h c r e ti r w e h T

e d o c f o s e p y

t -mixing used by Indonesian Twitter users .Besides ,the wrtie ralso

e d o c y h w s n o s a e r e h t t u o d n if o t s t n a

w -mixingareusedi nt hetweets.

s m r e T f o n o it i n if e D . D

: y d u t s t n e s e r p e h t r o f y r a s s e c e n e r a w o l e b s m r e t e h T .

1 Codei sdeifned a s“Any kind o fsystem t hatt wo o rmorepeopleemployf o r

f o s d n i k e h t d n a , e l y t s , t c e l a i d , e g a u g n a l a o t r e f e r n a c t I . n o it a c i n u m m o c

a v e g a u g n a

l ireites”( Wardhaugh ,2010 :84 .)

2 Code-mixing i sdeifned a s“the use o felement so fone language wtihin a

.) 5 2 1 : 8 7 9 1 , n a b a b a N ( ” e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a n i e c n e t n e s

(17)

3 Socia lnetworking webstie (socia lstie )i san onilne communtiy member s

r o , n o i g il e r , s e i b b o h n i s t s e r e t n i n o m m o c e r a h s y ll a u s u h c i h

w poilitcs .Thi s

d n a s r e b m e m r e h t o f o s e g a p e li f o r p e h t g n i d a e r e d u l c n i y a m n o it a z il a i c o s

( . m e h t g n it c a t n o c n e v e y l b i s s o

p www.whaitssocialnetworking.com)

4 Twitteri sasocia lnetworkingand microbloggingservicet ha tallow suserst o

.s e t a d p u t s e t a l r i e h t t s o

p Twitte ri sa real-itme informaiton network tha t

.s w e n d n a , s n o i n i p o , s a e d i , s e ir o t s t s e t a l e h t o t s r e s u s t c e n n o

c An updatei s

1 y b d e ti m

il 40 character sand can be posted through a va irety o fmethods ,

x e t ; e ti s b e w s ’ r e tt i w T g n i d u l c n

i tmessaging ;instan tmessaging ;and thrid

-p o t k s e d y

tr a

p , moblie , and web appilcaitons .

r e tt i w t/ y n a p m o c / m o c . e s a b h c n u r c . w w w // : p tt h

( )

5 Tweeti sdeifned a san updatepubilshed by a Twitte ruser . tIi ssimliart o a

a e m e r a s t e e w T . s r e t c a r a h c 0 4 1 n a h t r e g n o l e b t o n n a c t u b , g n it s o p g o l

b nt t o

h ti w s r e s u r e h t o s e d i v o r p h c i h w ” ? g n i o d u o y e r a t a h W ” , n o it s e u q e h t r e w s n a

n o p u w o h s l li w t i ,t e e w t a h s il b u p u o y n e h W . e fi l r u o y t u o b a s e t a d p u k c i u q

n e h w , y lr a li m i S . g n i w o ll o f e r a u o y s r e s u e h t l l a f o s e g a p e m o h r e tt i w T e h t

y , r e tt i w T o t n i g o l u o

y ouwli lseet hemostr ecentt weet soft heuserst ha tyou

( . w o ll o f o t n e s o h c e v a

(18)

I I R E T P A H C

W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T

s e i d u t S d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R . A

e m a s e h t n i s r e h c r a e s e r s u o i v e r p e h t m o r f s e i d u t s e e r h t s e s u r e ti r w e h T

s u o i v e r p e h T . s e i d u t s d e t a l e r r e h s a y d u t s s i h t s a d l e

if studie swere done by )

0 1 0 2 ( o t n a y i

R ,Datu( 2009) ,andSeitawan( 2009 .) .

1 Code Swtiching Study in Bukan Empa t Mata Ente trainmen t Program )

0 1 0 2 , o t n a y i R (

o t n a y i

R ’ sstudy was t o ifnd ou t(1) t hetype so fcode-swtiching used and )

( the reason s why the code- iswtching i s used in Bukan Empa t Mata

m a r g o r p t n e m n i a tr e t n

e .

o t n a y i

R observed three episode so fBukan Empa tMata ,and found 76 e

d o

c -swtiching cases .Hi sstudywa sadescirpitvestudyi n whichqualtiaitvedata .

d e y o l p m e s a w s i s y l a n a

f o g n i d n if e h

T Riyanto’ss tudys howedt hatt herewerethreet ype so fcode -n

i d e r r u c c o h c i h w g n i h c ti w

s Bukan Empa tMata ,namely conversaitona lcode e

l g n i s , g n i h c ti w

s -word code-swtiching and integrated loanwords .He also found h

t ree possible reason so fthe use o fcode-swtiching in the show ,namely topic .

y c n e i c if f e d n a , p i h s n o it a l e r e t a m it n i g n i d li u b , n o i s s u c s i d r e d n u

(19)

2 EngilshCode-Swtichingi nI ndonesianWomanMagazines( Datu ,2009) u

t a

D ’ sobjecitves o fthe study wa sto ifnd ou t(1 )the type so fcode ,

s e n i z a g a m n a m o w n a i s e n o d n I n i g n i h c ti w

s (2 )the possible reason sfo rcode f o n o it a c il p m i e l b i s s o p e h t ) 3 ( d n a , s e n i z a g a m n a m o w n a i s e n o d n I n i g n i h c ti w s

e d o

c -swtiching in Indonesian woman magazine s toward s Engilsh language i

s e n o d n I n i g n i n r a e

l a. Sheconducted adescirpitvestudyand t heapproach o fhe r e

v it a ti l a u q s a w y d u t

s dataanalysis.

e r e w e r e h t t a h t d e w o h s y d u t s e h t f o s g n i d n if e h

T six majort ype so fcode -c i s s o l g i d , y l e m a n s e n i z a g a m n a m o w n a i s e n o d n I e h t n i d e r r u c c o h c i h w g n i h c ti w s

e d o

c - iswtching ,single-word code-swtiching ,phrasecode-swtiching ,clausecode -e

d o c e c n e t n e s e l o h w , g n i h c ti w

s -swtiching and integrated loanword s code -e

d o c r o f s n o s a e r e l b i s s o p r u o f e r e w e r e h t t a h t d n u o f o s l a e h S . g n i h c ti w

s -swtiching

i s s u c s i d r e d n u c i p o t e h t y l e m a

n on,t hewrtie rquote sothers ’expression,f ormaltiy , , g n i n r a e l e g a u g n a l o t s a w n o it s e u q d ri h t e h t r o f r e w s n a e h t e li h W . y c n e i c if f e d n a

e d o c l a c it a m m a r

g -swtiching may suppor t learning bu t ungrammaitca l code -e

s e r e h t ,s e d i s e B . g n i n r a e l t c u rt s b o y a m g n i h c ti w

s arche ralsof ound someEngilsh .

e g a u g n a l n a i s e n o d n I o t d e t p o d a y ll u f e r e w s d r o w

3 Code Mixing in Interview Aritcle s Pub ilshed in Popular Indonesian )

9 0 0 2 , n a w a it e S ( e n i z a g a M

e h t y b d e s u g n i x i m e d o c f o s e p y t e h t d e t a g it s e v n i r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s s i h t n I

d n a e l a

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e l a m e f d n a e l a m e h t y b d e s s e r p x e g n i x i m e d o c f o e s u e h t n i s e c n e r e f fi d e h T d e n i m a x e o s l a e r e w s e e w e i v r e t n

i .Thewrtie rusedqualtiaitve-descirpitvedata. n i e l a m e f o w t d n a e l a m o w t e s o h c e

H tervieweesi nf ouri nterview saritcle s n i d e h s il b u

p Popularmagazine .Thenheanalyzedt heanswer soft hei nterviewee s . s n o it s e u q h c r a e s e r e h t f o r e w s n a e h t t u o d n if o t e n i z a g a m e h t n i s e e w e i v r e t n i e h t t a h t d e w o h s s i s y l a n a e h t f o t l u s e r e h T p y t e e r h t d e s

u e so fcodemixing .They areunti i nseriton ,uni thyb irdizaiton ,and e d o c r a li m i s d e s u e l a m e f d n a e l a m t a h t d n u o f o s l a s a w t I . n o it r e s n i e c n e t n e s d i d r e d n e g f o t c e p s a e h t t a h t d e il p m i s i h T . s e c n e r e f fi d t n a c if i n g i s o n h ti w g n i x i m e c n e r r u c c o e h t e c n e u lf n i t o

n o fcodemixing.

s e i d u t s d e t s i x e y d a e rl a e h t p o l e v e d o t s e ir t r e ti r w e h t , y d u t s t n e s e r p s i h t n I o

c nducted by previou s researchers by rtying to use othe r type o f w irtten a , a i d e m t e n r e t n i s e s u r e ti r w e h T . y d u t s e h t f o t c e j b o e h t s a a i d e m n o it a c i n u m m o c a i c o

s l-networkingwebstietobeexac,tt os eewhethe rcodemixingalsooccur sand . g n i x i m e d o c g n i s u r o f s r e s u e h t f o s e v it o m e h t t u o d n if o t o s l a s e i r o e h T d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R . B o t r e ti r w e h t p l e h o t d e s u e b d l u o w t a h t s e ir o e h t e h t s t n e s e r p n o it c e s s i h T , m s il a u g n il i b , e d o c e r a d e t n e s e r p s e ir o e h t e h T . a t a d e h t e z y l a n

a borrowing, t ype s e g a u g n a l t u o b a s e ir o e h t e m o s o s l a d n a , g n i x i m e d o c r o f s n o s a e r , g n i x i m e d o c f o .t e n r e t n i e h t d n a

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1 C eo d

9 0 2 : 0 0 0 2 ( h c n i

F -210 )ha sdeifnedcodeasf ollows:

Code i sa system o frule stha tallow speople to give informaiton in t a h t s d r o w f o s t s i s n o c t I . e d o c a s i e g a u g n a l n a m u H . m r o f c il o b m y s c n i r e h t e g o t t u p s i t i n e h W . s t c e j b o d n a , s t n e v e , s a e d i t n e s e r p e

r e train

s i e d o c , s d r o w r e h t o n I . e t a c i n u m m o c o t e l p o e p p l e h l li w t i ,s e c n a t s m u c ri c o t d e s u y ll a c i s a

b conveypeople’si deao rmessage.

r i e h t n e p o e l p o e p n e h W . n o it a c i n u m m o c y r e v e f o e s a b e h t s i e d o

C mouth ,s t hey

h t n o g n i d n e p e d e d o c r a l u c it r a p a e s o o h c t s u

m e need in cetrain cricumstances . . o s g n i o d d i o v a t o n n a c y e h T 9 9 : 6 8 9 1 ( h g u a d r a

W -100 )alsos tatest hat:

, k a e p s o t t u o b a e r a e l p o e p n e h W . e t a c i n u m m o c o t d e s u y ll a r e n e g s i e d o C e h T . g n il e e f f o s d n i m r i e h t s s e r p x e o t e d o c r a l u c it r a p a e s o o h c o t e v a h y e h t it r a

p cula rcode in thi scase can be a paritcula rlanguage ,dialect ,style , t n e r e f fi d e s u y a m e l p o e p , n o it a u ti s y li a d n i , e r o f e r e h T . y t e ir a v r o , r e t s i g e r a e s u o t d e e n y e h t t a h t k n i h t e l p o e p n e h W . s n o it a u ti s t n e r e f fi d n i e d o c r e c h ti w e t a c i n u m m o c o t e d o c n i a tr e

c tain people,t heywli ladjustt het ype h t n o g n i d n e p e d e d o c f

o eneed.

o t e d o c e n o n a h t e r o m e s u o t e l b a e r a o h w e l p o e p y n a m e r a e r e h t y a d o T e t a c i n u m m o

c wtih each other .Therefore , ti i svery possible for t hem t o use t he y li a d r i e h t n i d e r e t s a m y e h t s e d o

c lfiedepending on t he stiuaiton .T his stiuaiton . m s il a u g n il i b d e ll a c n o n e m o n e h p c it s i u g n il r e h t o n a o t s d a e l .

2 Biilnguailsm

l a n o it c n u f e m o s s a h o h w n o s r e p a “ s a l a u g n il i b s e n if e d ) 5 4 : 8 9 9 1 ( y k s l o p S e n o m o r f y r a v y a m y ti li b a s i h T . ” e g a u g n a l d n o c e s n i y ti li b

a biilngualt o another . c h c e e p s o t d e t a l e

R ommuntiy ,Hamer sandBlanc( 2000 :6 )deifnebiilnguailsma s h ti w t c a t n o c n i e r a s e g a u g n a l o w t h c i h w n i y ti n u m m o c c it s i u g n il a f o e t a t s e h t “

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b m u n a t a h t d n a n o it c a r e t n i e m a s e h t n i d e s u e b n a c s e d o c t a h t s tl u s e r e h

t e ro f

l a u g n il i b e r a s l a u d i v i d n

i ”. I n sho tr ,biilngual scan choosewhatl anguaget hey are .

e s u o t g n i o g

f o e ri o tr e p e r a e v a h s l a u g n il i b e h T “ s y a s ) 6 4 : 8 9 9 1 ( y k s l o p S , e n il s i h t n I n i a m o

d -relater ule sofl anguagechoice”.I n othe rwords ,biilngual scan varythei r o t r e d r o n i n o it i d n o c d n a n o it a u ti s g n it s i x e e h t t i u s o t e g a u g n a l f o e c i o h c

e m a s e h t n i h ti w s e d o c o w t e t a n r e tl a o t m e h t s d a e l s i h T . y l e v it c e f f e e t a c i n u m m o c

e c n e t n e

s o rcommonlycalled ,codemixing. .

3 Borrowing e d o

C -mixing o r code-swtiching i s dfiferent fom borrowing . Grosjean m o r f d e s s a p e v a h t a h t s m r e t o t r e f e r o t ’ g n i w o r r o b e g a u g n a l‘ m r e t e h t s e s u ) 2 8 9 1 (

e H . s l a u g n il o n o m y b n e v e d e s u e b o t e m o c e v a h d n a r e h t o n a o t e g a u g n a l e n o

e h t s e v i

g following example to illusrtate the dfiference he see sbetween cod -e :)

b ( g n i w o r r o b d n a ) a ( g n i h c ti w s

a ‘çam ’étonnerai tqu’onai tcode-swtichedautan tqueç ’a .

b ‘çam ’étonnerai tqu’onai tcode-swtichéautan tqueç ’a

) 8 0 3 : 2 8 9 1 n a e j s o r G ( e d o c e w t a h t e v e il e b t ’ n a c I ‘ ( e m a s e h t n a e m s e c n e t n e s h t o

B -swticheda so tfen a s .)

’t a h

t Fo rGrosjean ,borrowingi nvolve smorphologica ladopiton, codeswtiching e

d o c ‘ d r o w e h t ,) a ( e c n e t n e s n I . t o n s e o

d -swtiched’ i sa code-swtiching because t s a p d n a n o it a i c n u n o r p h s il g n E n a h ti w m r e t h s il g n E n a d e s u r e k a e p s e h t

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e r F a n i m r o f e l p i c it r a

p nch sentence .Meanwhlie ,the word ‘code-swtiché ’i s . y ll a c i g o l o n o h p d n a y ll a c i g o l o h p r o m h c n e r F o t d e t p a d a s i ti e s u a c e b g n i w o r r o b

y b d e ti c s a ) 9 8 9 1 ( z t a h c S o t g n i d r o c c

A Michae lG Clyne in Dynamic so f :

t c a t n o C e g a u g n a

L Engilsh and Immigran t Languages , code-swtiching i s e

l g n i s h t o b r o f d e y o l p m

e -word and mulit-word elements ,borrowingi s ilmtied t o t u b g n i w o r r o b n i y l e k il s i n o it a r g e t n i l a c i g o l o h p r o m d n a l a c i g o l o n o h P . r e m r o f e h t

e d o c n i t o

n -swtiching .Schatzshowst ha tmonoilngual so rbiilngual scan ‘ borrow ’ e

d o c ‘ s l a u g n il i b y l n o t u

b -swtich .’ .

4 Type so fCodeMixing

c it s i u g n il a s i g n i x i m e d o c “ , ) 5 2 1 : 8 7 9 1 ( n a b a b a N o t g n i d r o c c A

n e tf o d n a n o n e m o n e h

p seenamongbiilnguals peakersi nmulitilnguals ociety . tIi s h

ti w e g a u g n a l e n o f o s t n e m e l e f o e s u e h t s a d e n if e

d in a sentence in anothe r .

” e g a u g n a

l Wardaugh( 1992 :106 )alsodeifne s“codemixinga samixo fcodet ha t n

e h w s r u c c

o conversantsuse t wo codes t ogethert ha tchange sfrom one code t o o

w t s e x i m e n o e m o s f i s u h T . e c n a r e tt u e l g n i s a f o e s r u o c e h t n i s r e h t o e h

t codesi n

e d o c s e s u e h t a h t s n a e m t i , e g a u g n a l f o s t n e m e l e r e h t o g n it r e s n i y b e c n e t n e s e n o

. ” g n i x i m

’ g n i x i m e d o c ‘ o s l a ( ’ g n i x i m e d o c ‘ m r e t e h t d e s u e v a h s r e h c r a e s e r e m o S

e d o c ‘ d n

a -mixing’ )to refe rspeciifcally to in rtasentenita lswtiching ,and code n

i h c ti w

s gt or efert oi ntersentenita lswtiching.I nmos tcurrentl tierature ,however , h t o b h ti w , ’ g n i h c ti w s e d o c ‘ h ti w y l b a e g n a h c r e t n i d e s u s i ’ g n i x i m e d o c ‘ m r e t e h t

s m r e

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) 9 3 : 2 8 9 1 ( u r h c a

K state sthatt here are ifvet ype so fcodemixing namely n o it a c o ll o c d n a m o i d i , n o it r e s n i e c n e t n e s , n o it a z i d ir b y h t i n u , n o it r e s n i t i n u

n o it a c il p u d e r d n a , n o it r e s n

i . Fu trhe rexplanaiton about t hose ifve t ype so fcode -.

w o l e b d e t n e s e r p e b l li w g n i x i m

a UntiI nseriton

Gumperz( 1982 :60 )statest ha tuntii nseritonr eferst ot hei n rtoducitono fa r e h t o n a m o r f e s u a l c t n e d n e p e d d n a , e s a r h p , d r o w s a h c u s , ti n u l a c it a m m a r g

:. g . E . e g a u g n a l

.i Goandge tmycoa tau sdemSchrankda.

g n E ( .’ e r e h t t e s o l c e h t f o t u o t a o c y m t e g d n a o G

‘ ilsh rtanslaiton)

e h T . s e d o c y n a m r e G d n a h s il g n E e h t s e x i m r e k a e p s e h t , e l p m a x e s i h t n I

e s a r h p e h t n i s i h c i h w e d o c y n a m r e G e h t d n a , h s il g n E s i d e s u e d o c n i a m

.) 0 6 : 2 8 9 1 , z r e p m u G ( d e tr e s n i s i l e v e l .

b Uni tHyb irdizaiton

t n e r e f fi d m o r f ) s e m e h p r o m r o ( s t n e m e l e f o p u e d a m d r o w a s i d ir b y H

s a h c u s , s e g a u g n a

l televsiion (Greek tele “far” plu s Laitn visto “seeing” ) 1

: 1 1 0 2 , t s i u q d r o N

( ) .I ti salso someitme scalled the morphologica ladaptaiton m

a x e r e h t o n A . ) 0 3 1 : 4 0 0 2 , it r a i n r u M

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.i Aku bel i HP paviilon mx50 , walau processor- an y Celeron 766 tap i .s

u g a b a y n i s a k if i s e p s

e h t , 6 6 7 n o r e l e C s i r o s s e c o r p e h t h g u o h t n e v e , 0 5 x m n o il i v a p P H t h g u o b I ‘

) n o it a l s n a rt h s il g n E ( ’. d o o g s i n o it a c if i c e p s

l g n E e h t s e x i m r e k a e p s e h t , e l p m a x e s i h t n

I ish andI ndonesian codes .The x

if f u s a i s e n o d n I e h t d n a , a i s e n o d n I s i d e s u e d o c n i a

m – any combinedwtih d e s u e d o c n i a m e h t o t n i d e tr e s n i s i ) r o s s e c o r p ( e d o c h s il g n E e h t

.) 0 3 1 : 4 0 0 2 , it r a i n r u M ( .

c SentenceI nseriton

o r f e c n e t n e s a f o n o it r e s n i n a o t s r e f e r s i h

T m anothe rlanguage into the :.

e .i , ) 9 3 : 2 8 9 1 , u r h c a K ( e s r u o c s i d e h t f o e s a b e g a u g n a l

.i tI l’ lgoi ntot hes amecolumnal e imingmmingngo ijs ia?

h s il g n E ( ’ ? n a e m I t a h w d n a t s r e d n u u o y o d , n m u l o c e m a s e h t o t n i o g l l’ tI ‘

) n o it a l s n a rt

e p s e h t , e l p m a x e s i h t n

I akeri nsetred Engilshsentencei ntot heCantonese . e h t n i s i h c i h w e d o c h s il g n E e h t d n a , e s e n o t n a C s i d e s u e g a u g n a l n i a m e h T

.) 0 0 1 : 8 0 0 2 , n e h C ( d e tr e s n i s i l e v e l e c n e t n e s .

d IdiomandCollocaitonI nseriton

f o e c n e u q e s a o t r e f e r o t y g o l o c i x e l d n a r a m m a r g n i d e s u m r e t a s i m o i d I

y e h t t a h t o s , d e t c ir t s e r y ll a c it c a t n y s n e tf o d n a y ll a c it n a m e s s i h c i h w s d r o w

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e h t f o s g n i n a e m e h t , t n i o p w e i v c it n a m e s a m o r F . ti n u e l g n i s a s a n o it c n u f

e m m u s e b t o n n a c s d r o w l a u d i v i d n

i d to produce the meaning o fthe i‘diomaitc ’ r o o w t t a h t y a w e h t s i n o it a c o ll o C . ) 9 8 1 : 7 9 9 1 , l a t s y r C ( e l o h w a s a n o i s s e r p x e

, r e d r u m h ti w y a w a t e g , r e tt u b d n a d a e r b “ s e l p m a x e r o f , d e t a i c o s s a e r a s d r o w e r o m

. ) 0 3 : 0 0 0 2 , o d r a tt A & n w o r B ( ” r e p p e p d n a t l a s

h t o n

A e rexampleofi diomandcollocaitoni nseritoni s: .i ‘Biasal ah ,ngantorninet o ifve’.

’. e v if o t e n i n g n i k r o w m ’ I ,l a u s u s A ‘ .i

i ‘Wasitng itmebange tnih’. ’ . e m it g n it s a w y ll a e r s i tI

‘ (Engilsh rtanslaiton) ti

r w e h t , e l p m a x e t s ri f e h t n

I e rinsetred the idiom “nine to ifve” which s

n a e

m a job wtih norma l dayitme hours . Meanwhlie , in the second h

s il g n E n a , e l p m a x

e collocaiton “wasitng itme” wa sinse tred into the .

e c n e t n e s n a i s e n o d n I .

e Redupilcaiton

g n it a e p e r f o s s e c o r p e h t s i n o it a c il p u d e r f o s s e c o r p e h

T thesamemeaning :.

e .i , ) 9 3 : 2 8 9 1 , u r h c a K ( s e d o c o w t n i

.i Parov ,sorry.

) n o it a l s n a rt h s il g n E ( ’. y r r o s , y r r o S ‘

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a m a l s i B d n a e d o c h s il g n E e h t s e t a c il p u d e r r e k a e p s e h t , e l p m a x e s i h t n I d n a ) h s il g n E ( y r r o s , e d o

c parov(Bislama) .Both word sactually havet he e

m a

s meaning .Themaincodei sBislama ,andt heEngilshcodei si nsetred .) 6 2 2 : 7 0 0 2 , m o rt s d n i L ( .

5 Reasonsf o rCodeMixing

5 1 1 : 1 9 9 1 ( n n a m f f o H o t g n i d r o c c

A -116 ) swtiche s may occu r when c a f f o k c a l f o e s u a c e b e b n a c t I . c i p o t r a l u c it r a p a t u o b a g n i k l a t s i e n o e m o

s litiyi n

. s n o it a t o n n o c s u o ir a v f f o r e g g ir t s m e ti n i a tr e c e s u a c e b r o r e t s i g e r t n a v e l e r e h t g n i e b r o , e s l e y d o b e m o s g n it o u q s i t c e j b u s e h t e s u a c e b e r a s n o s a e r e l b i s s o p r e h t O . n o it it e p e r r o n o it c e jr e t n i f o m r o f e h t n i e b n a c t i ; g n i h t e m o s t u o b a c it a h p m e c ti w

S hingmayalsos howst hes peaker’ sdesriet obewel lunderstood. s u T d n a a il g i m a s l a C d n a , ) 0 8 9 1 ( k c a l p o P , ) 4 7 9 1 ( r a a s k

O ón( 1984 )a sctied e d o c “ t a h t t s e g g u s o s l a ) 6 1 1 : 1 9 9 1 ( n n a m f f o H y

b -swtiching i salso used to h ti w y ti r a d il o s d n a … y ti t n e d i p u o r g s s e r p x

e suchagroup” .Hoffmannalso ctied e d o c “ t a h t ) 7 7 9 1 ( e r u l C c M m o r f t n e m e t a t s e h

t -swtiche sare o tfen used wtih the . ” r o t u c o lr e t n i e h t r o f t n e t n o c h c e e p s e h t g n i y fi r a l c f o n o it n e t n i k o o b r e h n i ) 4 9 9 1 ( k il a M y b d e s o p o r p s n o s a e r r e h t

O Socio-ilnguisitcs :A y

d u t

S o fCode-swtichingarel ackoff aclitiy,l ackofr egister ,moodoft hespeaker , y ti t n e d i w o h s o t , e c n a c if i n g i s c it n a m e s , e c n e ir e p x e l a u ti b a h , t n i o p a e z i s a h p m e o t t c a rt t a o t d n a , s n o s a e r c it a m g a r p , e c n e i d u a t n e r e f fi d s s e r d d a o t , p u o r g a h ti w r u F . n o it n e tt

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a Lackoff aclitiy

r o n o i s s e r p x e e t a ir p o r p p a n a d n if t o n n a c r e k a e p s a n e h w s n e p p a h t I r a l u c it r a p e h t e v a h t o n s e o d n o it a s r e v n o c f o e g a u g n a l e h t n e h w r o m e ti y r a l u b a c o v n o y r r a c o t d e d e e n d r o

w the conversaiton smoothly .In accordance wtih thi s . n a i s e n o d n I n i s d r o w t n e l a v i u q e f o k c a l e h t o t d e t a l e r s i n o s a e r s i h t , h c r a e s e r e r a h c i h w s n o i s s e r p x e h s il g n E l a u ti b a h e h t o t s r e f e r o s l a t i , e r o m r e h tr u F n o it a u ti s d n a t x e t n o c e m o s n i d e s u y l n o m m o

c s inI ndonesia. .

b Lackofr egister

o w t n i t n e t e p m o c y ll a u q e t o n s i r e k a e p s a h c i h w n i n o it i d n o c e h t s i t I n I . s e g a u g n a l o w t n i s m r e t e h t w o n k t o n s e o d r e k a e p s e h t n e h w d n a , s e g a u g n a l e r o , s r e y w a l ,s r o t c o d f o h c e e p s e h t n i s r u c c o n e tf o t i ,s n o it a p u c c o n i a tr e

c ngineer s

s m r e t r e p o r p e m o s t a h t t c a f e h t f o e s u a c e b s e v l e s m e h t g n o m a t c a r e t n i y e h t e li h w . e l b a li a v a e b t o n y a m h s il g n E n a h t r e h t o e g a u g n a l r e h t o y n a n i .

c Moodoft hes peaker

e d o c , y r g n a r o d e ri t e r a s l a u g n il i b n e h w y ll a u s u t a h t s m i a l c ) 4 9 9 1 ( k il a M g n i h c ti w

s take splacewtihanewdimension.I tmeanst ha twhen t hespeakeri si n s n o i s s e r p x e h s il g n E n i a tr e c d n if y l s u o e n a t n o p s n a c e h s / e h , d n i m f o e t a t s n i a tr e c . g n il e e f r e h / s i h t n e s e r p e r t a h t .

d Toemphasizeapoint

o t n i o p n i a tr e c e z i s a h p m e o t d e s u o s l a s i g n i h c ti w

S f i nformaiton .In t hi s .t n e m e t a t s e h t o t e c r o f e r o m d d a d n a s s e rt s a e v i g o t s m i a g n i h c ti w s e h t , e s a c

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e Habtiua lexpeirence

d e x if n i s r u c c o n e tf o g n i h c ti w s e d o c “ t a h t t c a f e h t s tr e s s a ) 7 1 : 4 9 9 1 ( k il a M

n i ,t s e u q e r d n a s d n a m m o c , g n it r a p d n a g n it e e r g f o s e s a r h

p vtiaiton ,expression so f s n o i s s e r p x e e h t e s u a c e b h c ti w s e d o c e l p o e P ” .s r e k r a m e s r u o c s i d d n a , e d u ti t a r g

. e fi l y li a d n i e c n e ir e p x e l a u ti b a h a n e e b e v a h d e s u

.f Semanitcs igni ifcance

f o n o it p e c r e p s ’t n a p i c it r a p n o s d li u b t a h t e c r u o s e r e v it a c i n u m m o c a s i t I l o w

t anguages .I tmay also servea san i mpilci tpurposewhich i sonly known by .

n o it a m r o f n i c if i c e p s n i a tr e c n i s r e k a e p s r a l u c it r a p

g Tos howi denttiywtihagroup

s t n a r g i m m i n a il a tI t a h t s tr o p e r ) 4 9 9 1 ( k il a M n i d e ti c s a ) 7 7 9 1 ( o rt e i P i D

g n E n i e k o j a l l e t d l u o

w ilsh andgivet hepunch ilnei n tIailan ,no tonlybecausei t e m a s e h t o t g n o l e b l l a y e h t t a h t t c a f e h t w o h s o s l a t u b n a il a tI n i d i a s r e tt e b s a w

.s e c n e ir e p x e d n a s e u l a v d e r a h s h ti w , p u o r g y ti r o n i m

h Toaddres sadfiferen taudience r e k a e p s e h t n e h w d e s u s i t

I intend sto addres s people from va irou s .s

d n u o r g k c a b c it s i u g n il

.i Pragmaitcr easons

e e r g e d t n e r e f fi d a s i e r e h t e s u a c e b s n e p p a h g n i h c ti w s e h t , e s a c s i h t n I

. e e s s e r d d a e h t o t t c e p s e r w o h s o t d e s u s i g n i h c ti w s s i h T . s r o t u c o lr e t n i n e e w t e

(30)

e n a v a J a , e l p m a x e n

a sestuden twho wast alkingt o hisf irendsi n Javanese ,when r e d r o n i n a i s e n o d n I o t n i e g a u g n a l e h t d e h c ti w s e h s u p m a c t a r e r u t c e l s i h o t g n i k l a t . e ti l o p e r o m e b o t

.j Toatrtac tatteniton

d o c , ) n e tt ir w d n a l a r o n i h t o b ( t n e m e s it r e v d a n i t a h t s w o h s ) 4 9 9 1 ( k il a M . s r e n e t s il r o s r e d a e r f o n o it n e tt a t c a rt t a o t d e s u s i g n i h c ti w s t i f I . n o it a u ti s l a m r o f n i n i s n e p p a h g n i x i m e d o c , e m it e h t f o t s o M “ o t e c n a r e tt u r o d r o w e l b a ti u s o n s i e r e h t e s u a c e b s i ti , n o it a u ti s l a m r o f n i s n e p p a h g n i e b s i h c i h w e g a u g n a l a n i ti y a

s used”( Nababan ,1984 :32 .) .

6 Languageandt heI nternet

e g n a h c l a i c o s f o x e d n i e v it i s n e s a h c u s g n i e b e g a u g n a L

“ … .Languagei s a y ll a e r s i t e N e h T ‘ . y ti v it c a r e t n i s i y ti v it c a t e N r o f , t e n r e t n I e h t f o t r a e h e h t t a s r e t u p m o c f o r e b m u n t s a v a r e h t e g o t s k n il h c i h w m e t s y

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o -86 ,229-230 ,237-238) .

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