English code-switching in Indonesian computer magazine Infokomputer.

ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

IN INDONESIAN COMPUTER MAGAZINE INFOKOMPUTER

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Saverius Triosetyawan Student Number: 061214115

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

i

ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

IN INDONESIAN COMPUTER MAGAZINE INFOKOMPUTER

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Saverius Triosetyawan Student Number: 061214115

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2012

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iv Yesus Tuhanku

Didalam kemelut hatiku ini aku tidak ingin menuntut hidup mulus tanpa gelombang

Memanggul salib, itulah tugasku sebagai pengikutMu bukan lari menghindar

Namun Tuhan, saat-saat aku tak mengerti jalanMu tunjukanlah jalanku ke arah recanaMu

Waktu kebingungan dan kekhawatiran melanda diriku, janganlah lepaskan tanganku

Mampukanlah aku berdiri tetap melawan gelombang perasaanku yang tidak menentu

Bantulah aku untuk bersabar, penuh kasih dan kerendahan hati

Jangan biarkan aku hanyut melawanMu, menyerah dalam arus cobaan, biarlah dekapan kasihMu menguatkan aku untuk berjuang

Sadarkan aku bahwa aku tidak sendiri, tetapi Engkau tak pernah lena dan tetap memangku, mendekapku dalam segala suasana, lebih-lebih dalam suasana yang gelap gulita dan membosankan ini

Tuhan biarlah aku makin murni dalam genggaman tanganMu.

Tuhan, karuniakanlah diriku Ketentraman batin, Untuk menerima hal-hal yang takkan mungkin kuubah Keberanian, Untuk mengubah hal-hal yang bisa kuubah, dan Kebijaksanaan Untuk mengetahui perbedaan keduanya

With love and gratitude, I dedicate this thesis to:

My parents: Heribertus Subardjo and Caecilia Sayuti My brothers: Mas Toro and Mas Nur

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vi ABSTRACT

Triosetyawan, Saverius. (2012). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Computer Magazine InfoKomputer. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

The development of technology brings a significant impact in the development of languages. It influences how people deliver information to others. In some cases, people should switch the language that they use in order to be well understood. This phenomenon carries a process called code-switching. Code-switching happens in spoken or written form. This research focused on the code-switching phenomenon in written form, in this case in InfoKomputer magazines.

There were two questions in this research: (1) What code-switching cases are found in InfoKomputer magazine? and (2) What are the theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine?

In order to answer the research questions, the researcher conducted a descriptive research in which qualitative data analysis was employed. To answer the first question, the researcher used document analysis. Meanwhile, to answer the second question the researcher employed library study. The researcher analyzed two editions of InfoKomputer magazine. They were January 2012 and February 2012 editions. The researcher analyzed the articles which contained English code-switching.

The code-switching cases found in InfoKomputer were categorized according to their types. The result of the analysis showed that there were four types of code-switching which existed in InfoKomputer magazine. They were intra-word switching, intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and involving a word within a sentence code-switching. The researcher also found that there were three possible reasons why code-switching occurred in InfoKomputer magazine. The possible reasons were talking about particular topic, showing solidarity to build a good relation with target readers, and quoting somebody.

Based on the research findings, the researcher suggested the future researchers conduct researches on code-switching in wider scope. For instance, the future researcher might investigate the reasons why the writers switched the code.

vii

ABSTRAK

Triosetyawan, Saverius. (2012). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Computer Magazine InfoKomputer. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Perkembangan teknologi dapat membawa dampak bagi perkembangan kebahasaan. Hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi bagaimana seseorang menyampaikan informasi kepada orang lain. Dalam beberapa hal, seseorang harus merubah bahasa yang mereka gunakan agar apa yang mereka bicarakan dapat dimengerti dengan baik. Peristiwa seperti ini dapat membawa kita ke sebuah proses yang disebut dengan alih kode. Alih kode dapat terjadi dalam bahasa lisan maupun tertulis. Penelitian ini berfokus pada peristiwa alih kode dalam bahasa tertutis, dalam hal ini adalah dalam majalah InfoKomputer.

Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua pertanyaan, yaitu (1) Apa saja kasus alih kode yang terdapat dalam majalah InfoKomputer? dan (2) Apa saja alasan teoritis dalam peristiwa alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer?

Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan tersebut diatas, peneliti melakukan penelitian deskriptif dimana analisis data kualitatif diterapkan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama, peneliti menggunakan dokumen analisis, sedangkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang kedua, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Peneliti menganalisa dua edisi majalah InfoKomputer yaitu edisi Januari 2012 dan Februari 2012. Peneliti menganalisa artikel-artikel dalam majalah yang mengandung alih kode dalam bahasa Inggris.

Kasus-kasus alih kode yang ditemukan dalam majalah InfoKomputer dikategorikan sesuai dengan jenis-jenisnya. Hasil dari analisis penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat empat jenis alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer, yaitu intra word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching dan involving a word within a sentence code-switching. Peneliti juga menemukan tiga alasan yang mungkin terjadi dalam penggunaan alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer. Alasan-alasan tersebut adalah membicarakan suatu topik tertentu, menunjukan solidaritas untuk membangun hubungan yang baik dengan para pembaca yang dituju, dan mengutip pernyataan seseorang.

Berdasarkan data yang ditemukan, peneliti memberikan saran pada peneliti selanjutnya agar meneliti peristiwa alih kode dalam lingkup yang lebih luas. Sebagai contoh, peneliti selanjutnya dapat mencari opini dari para penulis artikel mengapa mereka melakukan alih kode dalam tulisan mereka.

Kata kunci: Sosiolinguistik, Alih Kode, Majalah Komputer Indonesia

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ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to give my greatest gratitude and praise to my Lord, Jesus Christ, for His endless love, blessing, and grace during the process of completing my thesis. I believe that I could not finish this thesis without His amazing hands. I would also thank Mother Mary for her love and prayer during up-and-down moments in my life.

I would like to express my earnest thanks to my sponsor, Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd., for her kindness and willingness to help me in completing my thesis. I believe that I could not have finished my thesis without her guidance, suggestions, corrections, support and beneficial advice. I would like to sincerely thank all of English Language Education Study Program instructors and staffs, who have guided and helped me.

I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents, Heribertus Subardjo and Caecilia Sayuti for supporting me and for their love, care, prayer, guidance, and attention. I also thank my grandmothers the late Atmo Suwito and the late Harjo Sumarto for their prayer from the distance, so that I could finish my study. I also thank my brothers Mas Toro and Mas Nur who always support me to finish my thesis.

I thank all of PBI 2006 friends, Desy, Ceye, Tita, Gonteng, Adit, Agnes, Aik and all ex-PROCESS 2006 for the friendship during my study in PBI. I also thank Endru 05 for proofreading my draft. I give appreciation to those PBI friends who helped me in finishing my thesis.

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x

I express my special thanks to Dyah Ayu Wikandari, for her love, support and prayer, and for being my inspiration and motivation in completing this thesis.

Last but not least, I would like to thank everybody, whose name cannot be mentioned one by one, for their support and prayer so that I can finish my thesis.

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ………... i

APPROVAL PAGES ………... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ……… iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ………... v

ABSTRACT ……… vi

ABSTRAK ……… vii

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ………. viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……… ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….. xi

LIST OF TABLES ………. xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES ……….. xv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ……….. 1

B. Research Problems ……… 3

C. Problem Limitation ……….. 3

D. Research Objectives ………. 3

E. Research Benefits ………. 4

F. Definition of Terms ………. 4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ……… 6

1. Linguistics ………. 6

2. Sociolinguistics ……… 7

3. Code-switching ……….. 8

a. Definitions of Code-switching ………. 8

b. Types of Code-switching ………. 10

c. The Reasons for Code-switching ………….. 13

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xii

d. Code-switching and Language Learning ….. 15

B. Theoretical Framework ……… 16

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ………. 18

B. Research Setting ………... 20

C. Research Subject ……….. 20

D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ……… 21

E. Data Analysis Technique ……… 22

F. Research Procedure ………. 25

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Code-switching Cases ……….. 27

1. Intra-word Code-switching ……… 27

2. Intra-sentential Code-switching ………. 30

3. Inter-sentential Code-switching ………. 36

4. Involving a Word within a Sentence ………... 40

5. Emblematic Code-switching ……….. 46

B. Theoretical Reasons for Code-switching ………. 46

1. Talking about Particular Topic ……….. 47

2. Showing Solidarity to Build a Good Relation with The Target Readers ……… 48

3. Quoting Somebody ……….. 49

4. Perceived Social and Cultural Distance ………. 49

5. Being Empathic about Something ……… 50

C. Other Findings ………. 50

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ……… 52

xiii

REFERENCES ………. 56

APPENDICES ……….. 58

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xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 A Sample Checklist of Types of Code-switching ………. 23 3.2 A Sample Table the Occurrence of Code-switching Cases ……… 24 3.3 A Sample Table the Most Frequent Code-switching Cases ……… 24 4.1 The Occurrence of Intra-word Code-switching Cases ……… 28 4.2 Sample of Intra-word Code-switching in Feature Articles ………. 29 4.3 The Occurrence of Intra-sentential Code-switching Cases ……… 31 4.4 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Advertisements ……. 32 4.5 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Feature Articles …… 33 4.6 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in News Articles …….. 35 4.7 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Opinion Articles …... 36 4.8 The Occurrence of Inter-sentential Code-switching Cases ……… 37 4.9 The Occurrence of Involving a Word within a Sentence

Code-switching Cases ………. 41 4.10 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching

in Advertisements ………. 42 4.11 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching

in Feature Articles ………. 43 4.12 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching

in News Articles ……….. 44

4.13 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX Page

A A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in

Advertisements of January 2012 Edition ……… 58 B A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in

Feature Articles of January 2012 Edition ………. 59 C A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in

News Articles of January 2012 Edition ……… 60 D A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in

Opinion Articles of January 2012 Edition ………. 61 E A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in

Advertisements of February 2012 Edition ………. 62 F A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in

Feature Articles of February 2012 Edition ………. 63 G A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in

News Articles of February 2012 Edition ……… 64 H A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in

Opinion Articles of February 2012 Edition ……… 65 I Example of Intra-sentential Code-switching, Inter-sentential

Code-switching, and Involving a Word within a Sentence

Code-switching ……… 66

J Example of Intra-sentential Code-switching, Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching, and Intra-word

Code-switching ………. 67

K Example of Inter-sentential Code-switching, Intra-word Code-switching, and Involving a Word within a Sentence

Code-switching ………. 68

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter elaborates six general descriptions namely research background, research problems, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.

A. Research Background

In this era, the development of technology is growing rapidly. Technology development brings significant impact in delivering information. People can search and find needed information easily from various media, for instances newspapers, magazine, tabloid, radio, television, and internet. Nowadays, the most popular communication media is internet, since it becomes the easiest way to access everything. Although people can find information from the internet easily, printed media such as newspapers, tabloid, and magazine are still popular. It happens because the existence of printed media is still attractive. Indeed, it can be reached by every level of people, in particular those who are not familiar with the internet.

The development of technology also brings impact in the development of language. Nowadays, many new technological terms are arising. Some of those words have not been absorbed well by languages of some countries. For example in Indonesia, the adoptions of some of those new words have not been standardized in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. The existence of those new terms

2

also brings impact in conveying the information. Sometimes in conveying information people have to consider the terms which are used, for example using foreign language to explain the information. This phenomenon carries a process called code-switching.

McCormick (1994: 581) explains that “the term ‘code-switching’ refers to the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects.” People may switch the language from one language to others in order to convey information. It means that an utterance which people produce can contain languages elements from two or more different languages. Code-switching is used to build a better communication with others.

Code-switching can occur in spoken and written utterance. In written utterance, code-switching phenomena can be found in magazines. In this case the researcher finds code-switching phenomenon in InfoKomputer magazine. There are some cases which exist in each category of that magazine. The researcher believes that those cases need to be explored more in order to find what exists and why it exists. The researcher intends to analyze the types of code-switching and the theoretical reasons why code-switching is used in InfoKomputer magazine. InfoKomputer magazine is an Indonesian magazine. The magazine uses Indonesian language as the basic language. The code-switching in the magazine is English code-switching. It means that in some cases, the writers of the articles switch the language from Indonesian into English.

There is a reason why the researcher chooses InfoKomputer magazine. The researcher finds that there are a number of code-switching cases in InfoKomputer

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

magazine, thus the researcher thinks that InfoKomputer magazine has sufficient data to be analyzed related to code-switching phenomenon.

A. Research Problems

In this research, the researcher would like to find out the answers to the questions formulated as follows:

1. What code-switching cases are found in InfoKomputer magazine?

2. What are the theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine?

B. Problem Limitation

In this research, the researcher limits the research to analyze English code-switching phenomenon in an Indonesian computer magazine. The researcher focuses to discuss the code-switching cases based on the code-switching types and the theoretical reasons for code-switching.

The researcher limits the research to observe two editions of InfoKomputer magazine. Those are January and February 2012 editions. InfoKomputer magazine is chosen because this magazine is considered to be able to represent the Indonesian computer magazines which contain code-switching phenomenon.

C. Research Objectives

In this research, there are some goals which need to be accomplished. Those are:

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1. To find the code-switching cases in InfoKomputer magazine.

2. To find the theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine

D. Research Benefits

This research is intended to be beneficial for: 1. Future Researchers

The researcher expects that this research can give better understanding on linguistic study especially on English code-switching phenomenon study in Indonesia. Moreover, this research is expected to encourage the future researchers to conduct a deeper study on code-switching. The researcher also expects that this research is able to inspire the future researchers to conduct studies related to sociolinguistics in broader scope.

2. Readers

This research is expected to give comprehensive explanation related to code-switching phenomenon which happens in magazines and the implications of code-switching in English learning. Thus, the readers can have broader knowledge on code-switching. Moreover, the researcher hopes that the readers can use this research to support their language learning.

E. Definition of Terms

There are some terms which need to be defined in order to avoid misinterpretation.

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1. Code-switching

According to McCormick (1994: 581), code-switching refers to the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) language or dialects. Meanwhile, Crystal (1987), as cited by Skiba (1997) explains that “code, or language, switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during his/her speech with another bilingual person.” In this research, code-switching refers to the juxtaposition of English language to Indonesian language context. Code-switching happens in the written form, in this case in the articles of InfoKomputer magazine.

2. Info Komputer Magazine

InfoKomputer magazine is an Indonesian computer magazine. It was firstly published in 1985. The contents of the magazine focus to discuss the development of information technology locally and globally. The language which is used is Indonesian language. The researcher finds that the articles in this magazine contain a number of English code-switching cases.

6 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reviews the important theories to support the research. This chapter is divided into two main parts, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description presents the review of theories related to code switching whereas the theoretical framework discusses the theories which are used as framework of this research.

A. Theoretical Description

To obtain better understanding on code-switching, this section elaborates some theories of code-switching. This section discusses several sub-topics. They are linguistics, sociolinguistics and switching. The discussion of switching presents some theories of types of switching, reasons for code-switching and code-code-switching and language learning which are proposed by several linguists.

1. Linguistics

In order to communicate with others, people need a medium called language. Finegan (2004: 25) states that, “language is often defined as an arbitrary vocal system used by human beings to communicate with one another.” Language is a complex system which consists of some components. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of a language. There are some definitions of linguistics in some books which are proposed by several linguists. According to Finegan (2004:

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24), “Linguistics can be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language – into its structure and the relationship between them, as well as into the development and acquisition of language.” Language consists of some aspects, therefore linguistics, which is the study of language, is also divided into some parts. Linguistics is classified into three subdivisions: (1) Phonology: the study of sound patterns; (2) Morphology and Syntax: the composition of words and sentences; (3) Semantics: the study of meaning (McArthur, 1992: 609). McArthur also adds that in the development of linguistics, there are some areas which becomes important namely Pragmatics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Linguistics Typology, Computational Linguistics, Stylistic Linguistics and Applied Linguistics.

In language teaching and learning, linguistics is significant for both language teachers and learners. Language learners are expected to produce utterances and the teachers are expected to help the learners to produce the utterances perfectly. Therefore, Linguistics aids the teachers and the learners to improve their knowledge of the language in order to be able to utter the language properly. For instance, the teachers should know how to pronounce English words, master the English grammar and create meaningful sentences.

1. Sociolinguistics

According to Lehmann (1972), sociolinguistics is the study of the use of language in the society. Sociolinguistics focuses on the relation of language, speaker and the society. Language users may act toward the language they use depend on the situation and the environment. They may consider the context and

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the person they act with when they are using the languages. Sociolinguistics deals with language and the society who use the language and social background of the language user – the speaker and the listener. For that reason, the relations between speaker and addressee, the context and manner of the interaction are important factors to maintain good communication.

Many factors influence the use of language in the society. Radford et al. (1999: 16) states that factors which may influence are social backgrounds of both speaker and listener, the relationship between speakers and addressees and the context and manner of the interaction. In order to build a good communication with others, sometimes people may modify their language that they use in communication. In language teaching and learning process, teachers sometimes have to adapt their language to their learners’ language proficiency by changing or modifying their language, thus the message can be conveyed properly.

2. Code-switching

In this part the researcher elaborates the definitions of code-switching, the types of code-switching, the reasons for code-switching and code-switching and language learning.

a. Definitions of Code-switching

According to Wardhaugh (1992: 103), code-switching refers to a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their right and obligations. People may use more than one code in their speech instead of just employing a single code. People may switch or mix the codes or languages that they use. The

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aim of switching the codes is to build a better communication with others. For instance, in condition of bilingualism; when the first speaker used “A” language to talk with second speaker, then the third speaker who was not able to use “A” language came and joined to the conversation. The first speaker might switch into “B” language which was understood by the third speaker. As a result, the conversation of first, second and third speakers could happen well. In this situation, code-switching is employed.

According to Hoffman (1991: 110), code-switching involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation. Code-switching can occur in both bilingual and monolingual societies. In bilingual society, the switching can consist of changing languages, whereas in monolinguals the switching consists of shifts of style. Therefore, code-switching is not merely changing or code-switching one language to another, but involves linguistic aspects, in this case style of language. This statement is also supported by Hymes (1974), “code-switching is a common term for alternatives use of two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech styles.”

Code switching belongs to sociolinguistics. Therefore, the social context is also important to be discussed. Wardhaugh (1992: 103-104) explains where code-switching may happen. First, code-code-switching may happen in a multilingual country, for instance Singapore which has five languages. They are English, the mandarin variety of Chinese, Tamil, Malay and Hokkien, another variety of Chinese. In formal schools the activity is held in formal English and Mandarin. Meanwhile, Chinese people tend to use Hokkien in everyday speech and Indian

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people use Tamil language. Second, code-switching may also occur where multilingual people meet each other in a foreign setting. For instance, Indonesian students who live in the United States have a tendency to use not only English all the time but they may also speak in their native language. When they have discussion in the class they may use English, but when they want to share idea outside the class in informal situation, they may use Indonesian language.

b. Types of Code-switching

According to Hoffman (1991) there are seven types of code-switching. They are (1) intra-word code-switching, (2) intra-sentential code-switching, (3) inter-sentential code-switching, (4) establishing continuity with the previous speaker, (5) emblematic code-switching, (6) involving a word within a sentence and (7) involving a change of pronunciation.

Intra-word code-switching is code-switching which occurs in word level (Hoffman, 1991: 110). According to Summers in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001), word is “the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own.” This kind of code-switching occurs within a word or smallest unit of language boundaries, for instance, Indonesian-English word mendownload. Men- is Indonesian prefix and download is an English word.

Intra-sentential code-switching is code-switching which occurs within a sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). According to Summers in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001), a sentence is “a group of words that usually contains a subject and a verb, expresses a complete idea or asks a question, and

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that, when written in English, begins with a capital letter and ends with a full-stop.” Code-switching can be considered as intra-sentential code-switching if it occurs within a sentence and consists of more than one word. It can be a phrase or a clause. For instance, intra-sentential code-switching happens in an English-Spanish sentence “Y luego decía (and then he said), look at the smoke coming out of my fingers.” (Hoffman, 1991: 111). The speaker switched the language from English into Spanish within the sentence. The form of code-switching is a clause.

Inter-sentential code-switching is code-switching which occurs between sentences (Hoffman, 1991: 212). It means that the code-switching occurs after or before a sentence in the first language finished. The code-switching occurs outside the sentence of the first language and it is not a part of it. For instance, in English-German sentences (Stockwell, 2002: 33) “We’re going to Nicki’s house at nine and maybe to the night club afterwards. Kristina bleibt allerdings zu Hause sie muss noch arbeiten (Unfortunately Kristina is staying at home because she still has to do some work).

Establishing continuity with the previous speaker code-switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previous speaker. This kind of code-switching happens to respond to the previous speaker by using the same language (Hoffman, 1991: 111). This type of code switching occurs in a Catalan-Spanish conversation (Hoffman, 1991: 111):

A : Y se van a molestar, ¿no? No tienen por qué. (They are going to be annoyed, aren’t they? There is no reason why they should)

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B : Bueno! Sí que tienen por qué (Well! They do have a reason). O sigui, o l’

encenen amb nosaltres o …(I mean, either they have bonfire with us or …)

In this conversation, a Catalan-Spanish speaker tried to respond to a Spanish speaker who spoke using Spanish language. After the speaker was done, the Catalan speaker continued speaking in Catalan.

Emblematic code-switching is code-switching which includes items such as tags or exclamations which serve as an emblem of the bilingual character (Hoffman, 1991: 113). The example of tag can be found in Spanish-Catalan sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). “Hay cuatro sillas rotas y’ prou!” (There are

four broken chairs and that’s enough) and the example of exclamation can be found in Spanish-American English sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). “Oh! Ay! It was embarrassing! It was very nice, though, but I was embarrassed.” Prou and ay! are considered as emblematic code-switching.

Involving a word within a sentence is code-switching which occurs inside a sentence and in the form of single word. According to Summers in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001), word is “the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is said or written on its own.” Code-switching can occur within a sentence boundary and consists of only one word. The example of involving a word within a sentence code-switching can be found in German-English sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 111). “Ich war der goalie.” (I was a goalkeeper) ‘Ich war der’ is German language. Meanwhile the word goalie is English.

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The last type of code-switching is involves a change of pronunciation. This kind of code-switching occurs at phonological level when a speaker changes the pronunciation patterns (Hoffman, 1991: 112). For example, when Indonesian people say an English word, it has been modified to Indonesian phonological structure. The word ‘strawberry’ is said to be ‘stroberi’ by Indonesian people. c. The Reasons for Code-switching

According to Crystal (1987) as cited by Skiba (1997), there are three reasons for code-switching. First, a speaker may not be able to express her or himself in one language so he or she switches to another language to compensate for deficiency. Code-switching is employed because of the special terms related to the topic under discussion that should be used. It occurred because every topic might have some specific terms in other languages which are sometimes difficult to be translated. The second, code-switching occurs when an individual wishes to express solidarity with a particular social group. The objective of code-switching is to build the intimate relationship with the listeners. The third, code-switching occurs when the speakers wish to convey their attitude to the listener. Monolingual speakers can communicate these attitudes by means of variation in the level of formality in their speech; bilingual speakers can convey the same by code-switching.

Wardhaugh (1992) states there are three common reasons for people to switch their code. “A number of answer have been suggested including solidarity with listeners, choice of topic, and perceived social and cultural distance” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 106). In order to show the solidarity with the listeners, the

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speaker may switch the code to include the listeners into the conversation. The topics of discussion also affect the speaker to switch the code and also influence the choice of code. People might change their language depending on the topic they are talking about, because it would be easier to discuss particular topics in a certain code than another. The different kinds of relationship are often shown by different codes. For example, relation between teacher and students are more formal than that between neighbors or friends. Therefore, the languages they use are also different.

Hoffman states that “the reason for code-switching is diverse and many of the reasons are of a contextual, situational and personal sort” (1991: 115). There are a number of reasons why people do code-switching. The first reason is talking about a particular topic. It happens when people lack facility in relevant register or because certain items trigger off various connotations which are linked to experiences in a particular language (Hoffman, 1991: 115). A particular topic may have specific terms which are available only in other languages or available in the speaker’s language but they are rarely used. The second reason why people switch the language appears when the speaker is quoting somebody else. The third is that the speakers are being emphatic about something. This code-switching may be in the form of an interjection or repetition used for clarification. The form of those expressions illustrates that the speaker has personal involvement and desire to be well understood. The fourth reason is that people used code-switching to express group identity as well as solidarity with a certain group (Hoffman, 1991: 116). By

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switching the code, the speaker has desire to be accepted in certain community or group.

d. Code-switching and Language Learning

Cook (1991) as cited by Skiba (1997) agrees that code-switching can be used to help the process of language learning. Living in a bilingual circumstance forces people to master a language in which that language is not their mother tongue. Nevertheless, not all the people master the second language. Code-switching can possibly aid the second language learners to master the second language. Krashen as cited in Ellis (1997) proposes what is called input hypothesis. He suggests that “the right level of input is attained automatically when interlocutors succeed in making themselves understood in communication” (1997: 47). It means that language competence of the second language learners is influenced by the language they produce. When they understand what they utter, they can be successful in attaining the language they learn.

In producing the utterance, there are some factors which either obstruct or support the successful language production of the second language learners. Therefore, if the language which the learners receive is totally wrong, it will guide the learners to the wrong concept of the language. The wrong example may bring the wrong language production. As a result, the learners will fail in attaining the language they learned. Meanwhile, if the learners are given the right example of language, their language learning will be successfully attained.

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A. Theoretical Framework

This research deals with code-switching phenomenon in the magazine. Therefore, code-switching phenomenon which is analyzed is in a written form. Based on the theories presented above, the researcher decides to use some theories as the theoretical framework. The aims of this research are to find out the code-switching cases and theoretical reasons for code-code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine. In order to clarify the findings, the discussion of code-switching cases will be based on the code-switching types.

In dealing with types of code-switching, the researcher uses theories proposed by Hoffman (1991). She elaborates seven types of code-switching namely intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching, code-switching to establish continuity with previous speaker, emblematic switching, involving a word within a sentence code-switching and code-code-switching which involves a change of pronunciation. The researcher uses five types of code-switching which can occur in the written form. They are intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching, involving a word within a sentence code-switching and emblematic code-switching. Code-switching to establish continuity with the previous speaker and code-switching which involves a change of pronunciation are not used, since those two types of code-switching only occur in spoken language.

To identify the theoretical reasons for code-switching which occur in InfoKomputer magazine, the researcher adopts reasons which are proposed by

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Crystal (1987), Wardhaugh (1992) and Hoffman (1991). Some of the reasons which are proposed by those linguists are in the same intention but they are in different terms. Thus, the researcher summarizes the similar reasons and simplifies the similar reasons into one term. In this research, the context of relation is between “the writer” of the magazine and “the reader”. Thus, the researcher changes the term “speaker” into “writer” and “listener” into “reader”. The researcher employs five reasons. The first is talking about a particular topic. This reason is proposed by Hoffman (1991) and Wardhaugh (1992) and supported by Crystal (1987). The second is showing solidarity to build a good relation with the target readers. This reason is proposed by Wardhaugh (1992), Crystal (1987) and Hoffman (1991). The third is perceived social and cultural distances. This reason is proposed by Wardhaugh (1992) and supported by Crystal (1987). The fourth is quoting somebody (Hoffman, 1991). The fifth is being emphatic about something (Hoffman, 1992). The researcher analyzes the code-switching cases occur in the magazine and tries to identify the suitable theoretical reasons which are relevant to the cases.

18 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides descriptions on the methodology used in this research. This chapter consists of research method, research setting, research subject, research instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedures.

A. Research Method

As has been stated in research problem, this research was aimed to find out the answer to two questions. First, the aim of the research was to indentify the code-switching cases found in InfoKomputer magazine based on its types. The second aim was to elaborate the theoretical reasons for code-switching found in InfoKomputer magazine.

This research is considered as a descriptive research. Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002: 381) explains that descriptive research is designed to obtain information concerning the current phenomena. Descriptive research rather seeks to describe what exists in a situation. Bungis (2007: 68-69) explains that descriptive study involved an in-depth exploration of the object being studied. In this research, the researcher does not generally test a hypothesis, but rather find out and describe information of what really exists in a certain situation. According to Best (1981), there are some characteristics of descriptive research. First, the

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process of gaining the data is inductive. Second, the researcher tends to gather the data to draw a conclusion rather than to test the hypothesis.

In the descriptive research, the form of data can be qualitative−in verbal symbols−or quantitative−in mathematical symbols (Dalen, 1973: 195). In this research, qualitative data is employed. Since, qualitative research is basically interpretative, the researcher made an interpretation of the data through narrative description. Furthermore, it includes analyzing data to their theme or category and at the last stage drawing conclusions about the interpretation personally as well as theoretically (Wolcott, 1994 as cited in Creswell, 2003: 182).

Document analysis was used to answer the first question. According to Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 142), a document analysis was typically performed on a form of human communication, including books, newspapers, magazine, films, television, art, music, videotapes and transcript of conversation. In this research, the researcher analyzed a magazine which contains English code-switching. This methodology was used to find out the types of code-switching cases found in the magazine. Meanwhile, to find out the answer to the second question, the researcher employed library study. The researcher analyzed some written sources to find out the answer to the second question. There were two kinds of sources in this study. The first was InfoKomputer magazine, in which the code-switching cases were found, and the second was the theory of reasons for code-switching.

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A. Research Setting

Since the researcher employs document analysis and library study, thus it is not necessary to have a specific setting to conduct the research. The research was done in Jogjakarta. The researcher needed five months to finish this research. This research started from February 2012 and finished in June 2012.

B. Research Subject

In this research, the articles of InfoKomputer magazine were considered as the subject of the research, since this research focused on code-switching phenomenon in magazine. The researcher employed two editions of the magazine. They were January and February 2012 editions. Thus, the researcher would get sufficient data to be analyzed. The data was taken from the articles of the magazines.

In order to make the analysis easier, the researcher also classified the data from each magazine into five kinds of data category namely news, opinion, feature, advertisement and fiction. News is “Information that is published in newspapers and broadcasted on radio and television about recent events in the country or world or in a particular area of activity” (Sinclair, 2001). In this research news is the article which contains a report of events, recent issues and recent information about computer, smartphone, software and hardware. Opinion is an article which shows someone’s feeling and idea about something. Feature is special article and regular article which always appear in InfoKomputer magazine. Feature covers some rubrics such as the testing result of some gadgets, hardware

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or software. Advertisement is an article of picture or a notice which tells the readers about product, job, place, or service. The last is fiction. It is a story of unreal or imaginary characters and events which exists in the magazine. The researcher only used four classifications of the articles. They were news, opinion, feature and advertisement, while fiction was not used since there was no fictitious story which existed in the magazine.

C. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002: 424) explains that in qualitative research which dealt with human and situations, researcher needed a flexible instrument that could read the documents, talk with people, or studied the human experiences. The characteristic of qualitative research was that the researcher was the main instrument of the research. In this research, the researcher was the primary instrument of the research that collected and analyzed the data. It was also supported by Meriam (2002: 5) who explains that

A second characteristic of all forms of qualitative research is that the researcher is the primary instrument for data collections and data analysis. Since understanding is the goal of this research, the human instrument, which is able to be immediately responsive and adaptive, would seem to be the ideal means of collecting and analyzing data.

The second instrument in this research was magazine. Since the data was available in the articles of the magazines, the researcher used magazines as the instrument to collect the data. The data of code-switching was gathered by the researcher using the magazines through identifying and selecting process. The

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researcher, as the primary instrument, identified all the contents of the articles and determined what data which were suitable to use.

D. Data Analysis Technique

Since this research was a qualitative research, the nature of data was in the form of word. In analyzing the data, the researcher followed the organized step constructed by Creswell (1998) as cited by Leedy and Omrod (2005: 150). Creswell explains a spiral data analysis which consists of four steps. They are organizing the data, perusing the data, identifying the data, and integrating and summarizing the data.

1. Organizing the Data

In this step the researcher categorized the code-switching cases based on the edition of the magazine. The researcher also broke down each magazine into four kinds of data category namely news, opinion, feature and advertisement. 2. Perusing the Data

The researcher might obtain an early overview of the collected data which could suggest possible interpretations. The researcher also used this step to recheck whether or not there were some language elements which had not been listed.

3. Identifying the Data

In this step the researcher classified the code-switching cases into its types. The researcher used observation checklist to categorize the code-switching cases into its types. The observation checklist was aimed to give a reliable data and to

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prove the occurrence of code-switching cases in the magazine. As a result, the researcher could obtain the background information and the code-switching occurrence in the magazine. The types of code-switching were based on the types proposed by Hoffman (1991). The researcher used five types of code-switching. They were intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching, involving a word within a sentence code-switching and emblematic code-switching. Table 3.1 presented the sample checklist which was used to classify the code-switching cases based on Hoffman’s theory (1991).

Table 3.1 A Sample Checklist of Types of Code-switching No. Page

no. Code-switching Cases

Types of Code-switching IW IaS IeS IWS E

IW : Intra-word code-switching

IaS : Intra-sentential code-switching

IeS : Inter-sentential code-switching

IWS : Involving a word within a sentence code-switching

E : Emblematic code-switching

In the next steps, the researcher described the findings and analysis in the form of narrative passages. In this step, the researcher also used table of number and the most frequent code-switching cases in order to make the findings clearer. To analyze the total number of code-switching occurrences, the researcher used the table which contained code-switching cases found in each of the four classifications and in each edition. Table 3.2 presented the sample table of the

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occurrence of code-switching cases. Tables of the occurrence of code-switching cases were presented for each type of code-switching.

Table 3.2 A Sample Table the Occurrence of Code-switching Cases Editions Categories of the Articles

Advertisement Feature News Opinion January

February Total Number

The researcher also classified the data into the most frequent code-switching cases. This included the types which most frequently occurred. The code-switching taken were those which in the 5 highest frequency. Table 3.3 presented the example of sample of the most frequent code-switching cases.

Table 3.3 A Sample Table the Most Frequent Code-switching Cases

Editions Example of Cases Occurrence

January February

The researcher also conducted library study to find out the theoretical reasons for code-switching. The researcher made narrative interpretation which derived from “a comparison of the findings with information gleaned from the literature or extant theories” (Creswell, 2003: 195). The researcher analyzed the theories of reasons for code-switching and code-switching cases. At last, the

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researcher drew conclusion on theoretical reasons for code-switching cases in InfoKomputer magazine.

4. Integrating and Summarizing the data

After identifying process had finished, the researcher tried to summarize and write the findings of the research.

E. Research Procedure

This section describes the procedure of this research which has been done by the researcher in order to complete the research.

1. Selecting the Target Magazine

In this step, the researcher chose the appropriate magazine which contained sufficient data to be analyzed. The researcher chose InfoKomputer magazine since it has sufficient data of code-switching phenomenon.

2. Designing the Observation Checklist

The observation checklist was important in this research. Thus, it was needed to design the observation checklist before the data was collected. Observation checklist was needed to accommodate the data of code-switching cases from the target magazine. It was used to list all of code-switching cases found in the magazine. Finally, the observation checklist was used to classify the code-switching cases into its types.

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3. Listing the Code-switching Cases on the Observation Checklist

In this step, the researcher read the articles on the magazine and listed all the code-switching cases found in the magazine. Since all the code-switching cases found were italicized, the process of listing was easier.

4. Analyzing the Types of Code-switching

The listed cases of code-switching found were analyzed and categorized based on the theory presented in Chapter Two. The code-switching cases were categorized based on the designed checklist of types of code-switching.

5. Identifying the Theoretical Reasons for Code-switching

After analyzing the types of code-switching, the researcher identified the theoretical reasons for code-switching found in the magazine based on the theories presented in the literature review. In this step, researcher’s personal interpretations were used to identify the theoretical reasons for code-switching in the magazine. 6. Making Conclusions Based on the Findings

In this step, the researcher drew a conclusion based on the findings which had been obtained. The conclusion was based on the research problems. The researcher’s interpretation played an important role toward the conclusion.

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27 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research result and discussion. This chapter is divided into two sections. They are code-switching cases and theoretical reasons for code-switching phenomenon occur in Indonesian computer magazine InfoKomputer.

A. Code-switching Cases

In this section, the researcher classified and discussed the code-switching cases found based on their types. There were five types of code-switching used in this research. The types of code-switching were based on Hoffman’s theory (1991). They were intra-word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential switching, involving a word within a sentence code-switching, and emblematic code-switching. This section elaborates findings of code-switching cases based on each type.

1. Intra-word Code-switching

The first type of code-switching is intra-word code-switching. Intra-word code-switching is code switching which occurs in the word level (Hoffman, 1991:110). Total cases found in two editions of InfoKomputer magazines were 163. There were two sub-types of word code-switching. The first was intra-word which occurs in only a single intra-word. The examples of this sub-type were feature-nya, ber-chipset, meng-overclock, di-install, ter-backup, and meng

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online-kan. The second sub-type included more than one word. The code-switching happened in a word boundary. However, in order to make the words as meaningful terms, it consisted of more than one word. Most of those words were in the form of noun phrases. The examples of this sub-type were feature power saver-nya, aspect ratio-nya, response time-nya, social engineer-nya, and market place-nya.

Table 4.1 The Occurrence of Intra-word Code-switching Cases Editions Categories of the Articles

Advertisement Feature News Opinion

January 2 53 26 13

February 0 40 23 6

Total Number 163

Table 4.1 above showed the number of intra-word code-switching occurrences which were found in two editions of InfoKomputer magazine. It presented the number of code-switching cases in each category. The highest number of code-switching case was found in the feature article of the January edition with total number of case were 53 cases. Meanwhile, the lowest number of code-switching cases was found in the advertisement of the February edition with zero case.

a. Advertisement

In advertisements, two cases were found. Intra-word code-switching cases were only found in the January edition. Meanwhile, in the February edition there was no code-switching occurred. Intra-word code-switching which happened were keyboard-nya and di-manage.

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b. Feature

In feature articles there were a number of cases found. In the January edition, the researcher found 53 cases. Meanwhile, in the February edition, the researcher found 40 cases. The researcher took five samples of intra-word which were in the five highest frequencies. Table 4.2 presented the sample of intra-word code-switching cases of two editions of InfoKomputer magazine in feature articles as the five highest frequencies.

In the January edition the most frequent intra-word code-switching cases were di-restore and meng-install which appeared five times. The word di -backup appeared four times, the word ter-install appeared three times and ber -chipset appeared twice. Meanwhile, in the February edition the words Ber -bitrate, di-install, Meng-install, Pe-reset-an, and stand-nya all occurred twice.

Table 4.2 Sample of Intra-word Code-switching in Feature Articles

Editions Example of Cases Occurrence

January

di-restore 5

meng-install 5

di-backup 4

ter-install 3

ber-chipset 2

February

ber-bitrate 2

di-install 2

meng-install 2

pe-reset-an 2

stand-nya 2

c. News

In news articles, the researcher found several cases of intra-word code-switching. In the January edition, there were 26 cases. Meanwhile, in the February

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edition there were 23 cases. The researcher tried to rank the intra-word code-switching cases found in news article as the five highest frequencies.

In the January edition the most frequent intra-word code-switching was

men-download which appeared three times. Meanwhile, other words only appeared once. The examples of cases in the January edition which only appeared once were casing-nya, cloud-nya, desktop-nya, and di-download. In the February edition, the word which had the highest frequency was nge-jam which appeared twice. The other words only appeared once. The example of words which only appeared once were di-posting, gadget-nya, men-scan, and di -recharge.

d. Opinion

In opinion articles, there were 19 cases of intra-word. In the January edition, there were 13 cases and in the February edition were six cases. In the January edition, the word with the highest frequency was men-download which appeared twice, while the other words only appeared once. The examples which only appeared once were mem-porting, di-patching, smartphone-nya and di -training. In the February edition, all those six cases only appeared once. Those were supply chain-nya, data intensive industry-lah, di-share, meng-upload, data governance-nyaand deadline-nya.

1. Intra-sentential Code-switching

The second type of code-switching based on Hoffman’s theory (1991) is intra-sentential code-switching. Intra-sentential code-switching is code-switching

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which occurs within a sentence (Hoffman, 1991: 112). In this research code-switching cases which were considered as intra-sentential code-code-switching were code-switching which consisted of more than one word. It could be phrases or clauses. The researcher found that the most of intra-sentential code-switching cases were in the form of noun phrase. There were two examples of phrase intra-sentential code-switching cases.

1) Kedewasaan cloud computing juga menjadi harapan industri komunikasi. (InfoKomputer magazine January 2012, Pg. 79)

2) Fitur ini mampu mendiagnosa kendaraan sebelum akhirnya memutuskan bahwa kendaraan harus masuk service center. (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 30)

Cloud computing and service center were the examples of phrase sentential code-switching cases. The researcher also found some cases of intra-sentential code-switching which were in the form of clause. This was the example of clause intra-sentential code-switching cases. Luncurkan saja, karena perfection is a journey. (InfoKomputer Magazine February 2012, Pg. 112)

Table 4.3 The Occurrence of Intra-sentential Code-switching Cases Editions Categories of the Articles

Advertisement Feature News Opinion

January 20 151 226 88

February 24 215 244 115

Total Number 1083

Table 4.3 showed the number of intra-sentential code-switching occurrences which were found in two editions of InfoKomputer magazines. Total numbers of intra-sentential code-switching cases in two editions of InfoKomputer

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magazine were 1083 cases. The highest number of intra-sentential code-switching cases was found in news articles of the February edition with total number of cases were 244 cases. The lowest number of cases was in advertisement article of the January edition.

a. Advertisement

In advertisement articles, the researcher found several cases of sentential code-switching. The February edition had bigger number of intra-sentential code-switching cases than the January edition. The researcher found 20 cases in the January edition and 24 cases in the February edition. The researcher took five samples of intra-sentential which were in the five highest frequencies. Table 4.4 presented the five highest frequencies of intra-sentential code-switching cases in advertisements in each edition.

Table 4.4 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Advertisements Articles

Editions Example of Cases Occurrence

January

enterprise hard disk drive 4

broadband internet 2

hard disk drive 2

backup image 1

mobile computing 1

February

end user 3

hard copy 2

broadband internet 1

consumable goods 1

prepaid voucher 1

In the January edition, the phrase enterprise hard disk drive appeared four times. The phrase broadband internet and hard disk drive appeared twice.

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The phrase backup image, mobile computing and other cases appeared only once. In the February edition the phrase end user had the biggest amount of appearance with the number of appearance three times. The phrase hard copy appeared twice. Meanwhile, the phrase broadband internet, consumable goods, prepaid voucher and other cases appeared once. From Table 4.4, the most frequent intra-sentential code-switching cases were in the form of noun phrases.

b. Feature

In feature article, the researcher found a number of intra-sentential code-switching cases. The February edition had the bigger number of frequency of intra-sentential code-switching rather than the January edition. In the January edition, there were 151 cases, while in the February edition there were 215 cases. Most of the cases found were in the form of noun phrases. The researcher put the cases in a rank of five highest frequencies.

Table 4.5 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Feature Articles

Editions Example Cases Occurrence

January

file backup 7

remote control 7

control panel 4

hyper focal distance 4

cloud computing 3

February

access point 21

optical drive 8

wireless router 8

dual core 5

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Table 4.5 presented the five highest frequencies of intra-sentential code-switching cases in feature articles in each edition. In the January edition, the word file backup and remote control had the highest number of frequency which appeared seven times, the word control panel and hyper focal distance appeared four times and cloud computing appeared three times. In the February edition, the word access point had the biggest number of appearance which appeared 21 times. This word became the highest frequency for both January and February edition. The word optical drive and wireless router appeared eight times, and entry level appeared four times.

c. News

Intra-sentential code-switching was mostly found in news articles. It had the biggest number of cases rather than the other categories. The researcher found 226 cases in the January edition and 244 cases in the February edition. There was no significant difference in the findings between January and February editions. Most of the intra-sentential cases found in news articles were noun phrases. After counting the number of intra-sentential code-switching cases, the researcher ranked the words into five highest frequencies. .

Table 4.6 presented the five highest frequencies of intra-sentential code-switching in news articles in each edition. The word data center had the highest frequency in both January and February editions. It appeared 10 times in each edition. In the January edition the word cloud computing appeared nine times, fun filter effect appeared six times, entry level appeared five times, and gift card appeared four times. In the February edition, the word disruptive technology

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appeared six times, crop factor and electronic viewfinder appeared five times, and depth of field appeared four times

Table 4.6 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in News Articles

Editions Example of Cases Occurrence

January

data center 10

cloud computing 9

fun filter effect 6

entry level 5

gift card 4

February

data center 10

disruptive technology 6

crop factor 5

electronic viewfinder 5

depth of field 4

d. Opinion

In opinion articles, the researcher found a number of intra-sentential code-switching cases. The February edition had a bigger number of intra-sentential code-switching cases rather than the January edition. The researcher found 88 cases in the January edition and 115 cases in the February edition. Most of the cases found were noun phrases. The researcher ranked the words into the five highest frequencies in each edition.

Table 4.7 presented the five highest frequencies of intra-sentential code-switching in opinion articles in each edition. In the January edition, the word social media had the highest frequency with 28 appearances. It also became the highest frequency from both January and February editions. The second positions were the word business objective and cloud computing which appeared five times. The word data center appeared four times. The word social networking

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appeared three times. Meanwhile, in the February edition the word social media had the highest frequency. It appeared ten times. The word in memory computing appeared nine times, big data appeared eight times, new analytic appeared seven times, and real time appeared four times. All those cases were noun phrases.

Table 4.7 Sample of Intra-sentential Code-switching in Opinion Articles

Editions Example of Cases Occurrence

January

social media 28

business objective 5

cloud computing 5

data center 4

social networking 3

February

social media 10

in memory computing 9

big data 8

new analytic 7

real time 4

2. Inter-sentential Code-switching

The third type of code-switching based on Hoffman’s theory (1991) is inter-sentential code-switching. Inter-sentential code-switching is code-switching which occurs between sentences (Hoffman, 1991: 212). A code-switching case can be considered as inter-sentential code-switching if occurs after a sentence in the first language finishes or before a sentence of the first language starts. The researcher found 137 inter-sentential code-switching cases in both January and February editions. Inter-sentential code-switching cases were mostly found in advertisements. Advertisements of the January edition had the biggest number of inter-sentential code-switching cases with total number of occurrence 60 times.

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Meanwhile, the lowest number of inter-sentential code-switching case was in opinion of the January edition with zero occurrences.

The researcher found inter-sentential code-switching cases were in the form of single word, phrases, or sentences. The examples of single word inter-sentential code-switching were cover, discount, start and end. The researcher also found cases in the form of phrase. The examples were spin speed, transfer rate, document solution, and color selection. The researcher also found inter-sentential code-switching cases which were in the form of sentence. There were four examples of sentence inter-sentential code-switching.

1) The world is changing but our power is permanent (InfoKomputer magazine January 2012, Pg. 141)

2) Let’s go to the cloud! (InfoKomputer magazine January 2012, Pg. 1) 3) Are you ready to jam? (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 32) 4) Start a startup! (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 112)

Table 4.8 presented the number of intra-sentential code-switching cases which were found in two editions of InfoKomputer magazine in each category.

Table 4.8 The Occurrence of Inter-sentential Code-switching Cases Editions Categories of the Articles

Advertisement Feature News Opinion

January 60 11 1 0

February 40 16 3 6

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a. Advertisement

In advertisements category, the researcher found a number of sentential code-switching cases. Advertisements had the biggest number of inter-sentential code-switching cases rather than the other categories. The researcher found 60 cases in the January edition and 40 cases in the February edition. In both editions, the researcher found several cases of inter-sentential code-switching which were in the form of single word. In the January edition, the researcher only found one case which was in the form of single word. It was the word discount. Meanwhile, in the February edition, the researcher found four cases. The word discount appeared twice and the word cover also appeared twice. The researcher also found inter-sentential code-switching cases which were in the form of phrase. The examples of phrase inter-sentential code-switching were document solution, your reliable IT products, your mobile storage solution, and humidity protection. Inter-sentential code-switching cases which were in the form of sentence were also found in advertisement category in both editions. These were the examples of sentence inter-sentential code-switching.

1) Let’s simply share! (InfoKomputer magazine January 2012, Pg. 19) 2) Stay up to date wherever you are (InfoKomputer magazine January

2012, Pg. 21)

3) Undisputed industry leader in power protection. (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 7)

b. Feature

In feature articles, the researcher found several cases of inter-sentential code-switching. In the January edition, there were 11 cases which were found.

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Meanwhile, in the February edition there were 16 cases. In the January edition, the researcher found that all the cases found were in form of a sentence. These were the examples of cases in the January edition.

1) Let’s go to the cloud. (InfoKomputer magazine January 2012, Pg. 1) 2) May the upcoming year bring more success and may our relationship

grow stronger. (InfoKomputer magazine January 2012, Pg. 101)

Meanwhile, in the February edition the researcher found inter-sentential code-switching cases in the form of phrase. These were examples of phrase inter-sentential code-switching cases in the February edition.

1) Top 10 threats on the internet. (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 118)

2) Top 10 malware hosts. (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 119) The researcher also found cases in the form of sentence. These were the examples of sentence inter-sentential code-switching cases in the February edition.

1) Happy 25th anniversary for majalah InfoKomputer. (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 105)

2) Determine which models will be needed. (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 122)

c. News

In news articles, the researcher found four cases of inter-sentential code-switching. In the January edition, the researcher only found one case. The case which was found was in the form of sentence. This was the inter-sentential code-switching case which was found in the January edition. “In We Topia, you don’t just play, you play for Good!” (InfoKomputer magazine 2012, Pg. 64). Meanwhile, in the February edition the researcher found three cases of

inter-40

sentential switching. These were the examples of inter-sentential code-switching which were found in news articles in the February edition.

1) Are you ready to jam? (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 32) 2) Search engine for smart shopper (InfoKomputer magazine February

2012, Pg. 113)

The first example was in the form of sentence, while the second example was in the form of phrase.

d. Opinion

In opinion articles, the researcher found six cases of inter-sentential code-switching. In the January edition the researcher found zero cases. Meanwhile in the February edition, the researcher found six cases of inter-sentential code-switching. All of those cases were in the form of sentence. These were the examples of inter-sentential code-switching cases found in opinion article of the February edition.

1) That’s … a lot of money! (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 112)

2) Identify your passion. (InfoKomputer magazine February 2012, Pg. 112) 3) Let’s think big, act small, act now. Let’s startup! (InfoKomputer

magazine February 2012, Pg. 112)

3. Involving a Word within a Sentence

The fourth type of code-switching according to Hoffman’s theory (1991) is involving a word within a sentence code-switching. Code-switching cases can be considered as involving a word within a sentence if they occur within a sentence boundary and consist of only a single word. In this research, this type of

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code-switching was mostly found among the other types of code-switching. The researcher found 3266 cases from both editions of magazines. The biggest number of occurrence was found in feature articles. Meanwhile, the lowest number of occurrence was found advertisements. The biggest number of involving a word within a sentence code-switching cases were in feature articles of the February edition with total number 741 cases. The lowest number of involving a word within a sentence code-switching was in advertisements of the January edition with total number 22 cases. Table 4.9 presented the number of involving a word within a sentence code-switching occurrences in two edition of InfoKomputer magazine in each category.

Table 4.9 The Occurrence of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching Cases

Editions Categories of the Articles

Advertisement Feature News Opinion

January 22 733 461 144

February 39 741 532 133

Total Number 3266

The researcher found that most of the cases were noun. The examples of noun code-switching were feature, gadget, headphone, worm, and browser. Besides, the researcher found adjective code-switching. The examples were flat, mobile, wireless, remote, and disruptive. The researcher also found verb code-switching concern, sleep, scroll, restore, and upgrade. The last, the researcher found one adverb code-switching. It was the word online.

42

a. Advertisement

In advertisements, the researcher found a number of involving a word within a sentence code-switching cases. Advertisements in the February edition had a bigger number of occurrence rather than advertisements in the January edition. The researcher found 22 cases in the January edition and 39 cases in the February edition. Table 4.10 presented five highest frequency of involving a word within a sentence code-switching cases in advertisements of January and February editions.

Table 4.10 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching in Advertisements

Editions Example of Cases Occurrence

January

notebook 4

gadget 2

mobile 2

browser 1

design 1

February host 3

virtual 3

benefit 2

consumable 2

toner 2

From Table 4.10, it could be seen that most of the cases found were noun, but there were also several adjective. In the January edition, the word notebook appeared four times, the word gadget and mobile appeared twice, and the word browser, design and other words appeared only once. In the February edition, the words host and virtual appeared three times and the words benefit, consumable and toner appeared twice.

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b. Feature

Feature articles had the biggest number of involving a word within a sentence code-switching cases among the other categories. The researcher found 733 cases in the January edition and 741 cases in the February edition. The researcher ranked the cases into five highest frequencies. Table 4.11 presented the five highest frequency of involving a word within a sentence code-switching cases in feature articles of two editions of InfoKomputer magazines.

Table 4.11 Sample of Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching in Feature Articles

Editions Example of Cases Occurrence

January

feature 74

port 31

backup 28

game 24

file 23

February

malware 53

file 37

feature 35

port 33

smartphone 22

From Table 4.11 it could be seen that most of involving a word within a sentence cases which were found were noun. In the January edition, the word feature appeared 74 times, the word port appeared 31 times, the word backup appeared 28 times, the word game appeared 24 times, and the word file appeared 23 times. In the February edition, the word malware appeared 53 times, the word file appeared 37 times, the word feature appeared 35 times, the word port appeared 33 times, and the word smartphone appeared 22 times.

APPENDIX H

A Sample Checklist of Code-switching Types in Opinion Articles of February 2012 Edition No. Page

no. Code-switching Cases

Types of Code-switching IW IaS IeS IWS E 1

112

How To Start A Startup V

2 _{That’s… a lot of money! V}

3 _{Start a startup!} V

4 _{… toko buku online}

kutubuku.com … V

5 _{… saya memiliki beberapa bisnis} lain seperti online self-publishing …

V

6 _{… solusi e-commerce}

Tukusolution.com …

V

7 _{… dan studio game}

Tempalabs.com.

V 8 _{Saya akan mencoba menganalisis}

pengalaman saya tentang bagaimana memulai startup.

V

9 _{Indentify Your Passion. V}

10 Bagi saya, setiap startup yang saya bangun adalah jawaban …

V 11 Passion saya di buku ini yang

membuat saya terus bersemangat …

V

12 Klise, tapi startup harus punya jiwa …

V 13 Setiap startup harus punya cerita

tentang …

V 14 … bagaimana membuat startup

ini datang.

V 15 _{… beberapa diantaranya}

buku-buku best-seller.

V

16 _{(mungkin topiknya yang niche) V}

17 … hanya tinggal mendaftar ke website dan mengunggah naskahnya …

V

18 Sistem yang digunakan print-on-demand …

V 19 Membangun startup=solve a

problem.

V

66

APPENDIX I

Example of Intra-sentential Code-switching, Inter-sentential Code-switching, and Involving a Word within a Sentence

APPENDIX J

Example of Intra-sentential Code-switching, Involving a Word within a Sentence Code-switching, and Intra Word

68

APPENDIX K

Example of Inter-sentential Code-switching, Intra word Code-switching, and Involving a Word within a Sentence

vi ABSTRACT

Triosetyawan, Saverius. (2012). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Computer Magazine InfoKomputer. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

The development of technology brings a significant impact in the development of languages. It influences how people deliver information to others. In some cases, people should switch the language that they use in order to be well understood. This phenomenon carries a process called code-switching. Code-switching happens in spoken or written form. This research focused on the code-switching phenomenon in written form, in this case in InfoKomputer magazines.

There were two questions in this research: (1) What code-switching cases are found in InfoKomputer magazine? and (2) What are the theoretical reasons for code-switching in InfoKomputer magazine?

In order to answer the research questions, the researcher conducted a descriptive research in which qualitative data analysis was employed. To answer the first question, the researcher used document analysis. Meanwhile, to answer the second question the researcher employed library study. The researcher analyzed two editions of InfoKomputer magazine. They were January 2012 and February 2012 editions. The researcher analyzed the articles which contained English code-switching.

The code-switching cases found in InfoKomputer were categorized according to their types. The result of the analysis showed that there were four types of code-switching which existed in InfoKomputer magazine. They were intra-word switching, intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and involving a word within a sentence code-switching. The researcher also found that there were three possible reasons why code-switching occurred in

InfoKomputer magazine. The possible reasons were talking about particular topic, showing solidarity to build a good relation with target readers, and quoting somebody.

Based on the research findings, the researcher suggested the future researchers conduct researches on code-switching in wider scope. For instance, the future researcher might investigate the reasons why the writers switched the code.

vii ABSTRAK

Triosetyawan, Saverius. (2012). English Code-Switching in Indonesian Computer Magazine InfoKomputer. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Perkembangan teknologi dapat membawa dampak bagi perkembangan kebahasaan. Hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi bagaimana seseorang menyampaikan informasi kepada orang lain. Dalam beberapa hal, seseorang harus merubah bahasa yang mereka gunakan agar apa yang mereka bicarakan dapat dimengerti dengan baik. Peristiwa seperti ini dapat membawa kita ke sebuah proses yang disebut dengan alih kode. Alih kode dapat terjadi dalam bahasa lisan maupun tertulis. Penelitian ini berfokus pada peristiwa alih kode dalam bahasa tertutis, dalam hal ini adalah dalam majalah InfoKomputer.

Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua pertanyaan, yaitu (1) Apa saja kasus alih kode yang terdapat dalam majalah InfoKomputer? dan (2) Apa saja alasan teoritis dalam peristiwa alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer?

Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan tersebut diatas, peneliti melakukan penelitian deskriptif dimana analisis data kualitatif diterapkan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama, peneliti menggunakan dokumen analisis, sedangkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang kedua, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Peneliti menganalisa dua edisi majalah InfoKomputer yaitu edisi Januari 2012 dan Februari 2012. Peneliti menganalisa artikel-artikel dalam majalah yang mengandung alih kode dalam bahasa Inggris.

Kasus-kasus alih kode yang ditemukan dalam majalah InfoKomputer dikategorikan sesuai dengan jenis-jenisnya. Hasil dari analisis penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat empat jenis alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer, yaitu intra word code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching dan involving a word within a sentence code-switching. Peneliti juga menemukan tiga alasan yang mungkin terjadi dalam penggunaan alih kode dalam majalah InfoKomputer. Alasan-alasan tersebut adalah membicarakan suatu topik tertentu, menunjukan solidaritas untuk membangun hubungan yang baik dengan para pembaca yang dituju, dan mengutip pernyataan seseorang.

Berdasarkan data yang ditemukan, peneliti memberikan saran pada peneliti selanjutnya agar meneliti peristiwa alih kode dalam lingkup yang lebih luas. Sebagai contoh, peneliti selanjutnya dapat mencari opini dari para penulis artikel mengapa mereka melakukan alih kode dalam tulisan mereka.