ERRORS IN SPOKEN PRODUCTION MADE BY STUDENTS OFDEPARTMENT ENGLISH EDUCATION OF MUHAMMADIYAH Errors in Spoken Production Made by Students of Department English Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta in 2014/2015 Academic Year.
ERRORS IN SPOKEN PRODUCTION MADE BY STUDENTS OF
DEPARTMENT ENGLISH EDUCATION OF MUHAMMADIYAH
UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
SUJIYATI
A320110056
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2015
i
MOTTO
“Barang siapa menunjukkan kepada kebaikan maka baginya seperti pahala
pelakunya”. (HR. Muslim)
“Bertanyalah pada orang yang berilmu”. (QS. An-Nahl: 43)
v
DEDICATION
I dedicate this research paper with my deepest love and a sincere pray as a
final step to get bachelor degree to:
1. Alloh SWT,
2. Her beloved mom and dad,
3. Her beloved sister, and
4. Her big family.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb
Alhamdulillahirabbil alamin, praise to Alloh SWT for blessing the writer in
completing of this research paper. The researcher also received help from many
individuals. Their loving help and kindness will always be reflected in this research
paper. On this very special occasion, the researcher wishes to express her gratitude to
those who help her complete this research paper.
1.
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., Dean of school of Teacher Training and
Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D., Head of English Education Department,
3.
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum., the first consultant for her patience in
providing continuous guidance, advice, suggestion, and correction till the end of
this research paper,
4.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D., as the second consultant who has helped the
researcher,
5.
Drs. Djoko Srijono, M.Hum., Member II of Team of Examiners who has given
advice in finishing this research paper,
6.
All lecturers of English Education Department who have given their knowledge
and experience,
7.
Her beloved parents, Bp. Mujiono and Ibu. Suprapti, who are patient to see her
finishing this research paper soon and also for their love, pray, support,
motivation, and everything,
8.
Her sister, Septin Ariyani, who gives her the color of life and supports her to
finish this study,
9.
Her lovely friends, Nurfita, Haslinda, Tuti, Devi, Risma, Yeyen, “Thanks for
your support, sharing time, advices, suggestions, and everything given to her,
hopefully our friendship will never end”,
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
page
COVER
................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL ................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE...............................................................................................iii
TESTIMONY ............................................................................................... iv
MOTTO
................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION .............................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT..............................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................ ix
SUMMARY ..............................................................................................xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ................................................... 1
B. Problem Statement............................................................. 4
C. Objective of the Study ....................................................... 4
D. Limitation of the Study...................................................... 4
E. Significance of the Study................................................... 5
F. Research Paper Organization............................................. 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................. 7
A. Previous Study ................................................................... 7
B. Speaking .......................................................................... 11
1. Notion of Speaking ..................................................... 11
2. Language Feature ........................................................ 12
a. Connected Speech ................................................. 12
b. Expressive Device .................................................. 12
c. Lexis and Grammar ............................................... 12
d. Negotiation Language ............................................ 12
C. Speech Production ........................................................... 13
1. The Notion of Speech Production............................... 13
2. Planning and Execution .............................................. 13
a. Discourse Plan........................................................ 14
ix
b. Sentence Plan ........................................................ 14
c. Constituent Plan ..................................................... 14
d. Articulatory Program............................................. 15
e. Articulation............................................................ 15
3. Sources of Planning Difficulty................................... 15
D. Speech Errors................................................................... 15
1. Notion of Speech Errors............................................. 16
2. Execution of Speech Plans and Speech Error ............. 16
3. Common Speech Error................................................ 17
a. Grammatical Juncture ............................................ 17
b. Other Constituent Boundaries ................................ 17
c. Before The First Content Word
Within a Constituent............................................... 17
E. Error Analysis .................................................................. 19
1. Notion of Error Analysis............................................. 20
2. The Aspect of Errors Analysis .................................... 20
a. The Algorithm for Conducting Error Analysis ..... 20
b. Error Description or Classification ........................ 21
1) Linguistic Category ........................................... 22
2) Surface Stategy Taxonomy................................ 22
3) Comparative Taxonomy .................................... 23
4) Communicative Effect Taxonomy..................... 24
F. Theoretical Framework.................................................... 25
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ..................................................... 26
A. Type of the Research................................................... 26
B. Subject and Object of Research .................................. 26
C. Data and Data Source.................................................. 27
D. Method of Collecting Data.......................................... 27
E. Validity of the Data..................................................... 27
F. Technique for Analyzing Data .................................... 28
x
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION.................... 29
A. Research Finding......................................................... 29
1. Types of Error........................................................... 29
a. Speech Error ..................................................... 29
b. Grammatical Error ............................................ 33
2. Frequency and Dominant error ................................. 37
3. The Dominant Speech Error .................................... 40
4. The Sources of Error................................................ 40
B. Discussion of Finding ................................................. 41
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND
SUGGESTION ..................................................................... 43
A. Conclusion .................................................................... 43
B. Pedagogical Implication ................................................ 44
C. Suggestion ..................................................................... 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 47
VIRTUAL REFERENCE ............................................................................ 48
APPENDIX
.............................................................................................. 49
xi
SUMMARY
Sujiyati. A 320110056. ERRORS IN SPOKEN PRODUCTION MADE BY
STUDENTS
OF
MUHAMMADIYAH
DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY
ENGLISH
OF
EDUCATION
SURAKARTA
IN
OF
2014/2015
ACADEMIC YEAR. Research Paper. Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah Unuversity of Surakarta. 2015.
The aim of this research is to describe the types of error, the frequency of
error, the dominant error, and the source of error in spoken production made by
students of Department English Education of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. In collecting
data, the writer watches, observes then writes the scripts of the videos of
microteaching class. The writer uses theory of Clark and Clark to analyze speech
error and found six types of them, namely: filled pause, silent pause, repeats,
correction, stutter, and retraced false start. From the data, the research found 420 error
utterances that consist of 339 utterances or 80,72% of speech error, 60 utterances or
14,28% in morphological error, and 21 utterances or 5% in syntactical error. The
writer found 29 utterances containing silent pause or 6,90% of silent pause, 219
utterances containing filled pause or 52,15%of filled pause, 69 utterances containing
repeats or 16,43% of repeats, 7 utterances containing corrections or 1,67% of
corrections, 7 utterances containing stutters or 1,67% of stutters, and then 8 utterances
containing retraced false starts or 1,90% of retraced false starts, 46 utterances or
10,95% of vocabulary errors, 14 utterances or 3,33% of errors in the selection of
words, 10 utterances or 2,38% of omission of bound morpheme, 6 utterances or
1,43% of addition of bound morpheme, 5 utterances or 1,19% of omission of to be.
The dominant error is speech error especially filled pause. The writer finds two
sources of error. The first is cognitive reason where the speakers need brain
processing where information is processed to utter by speech. The second is
psychological reason that happens when the speakers feel anxious, nervous, in hurry
or other that can affect the speakers to be confident or un-confident that makes them
difficult to produce speech.
Keywords: speech production, speech error, grammatical error
xii
DEPARTMENT ENGLISH EDUCATION OF MUHAMMADIYAH
UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
SUJIYATI
A320110056
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2015
i
MOTTO
“Barang siapa menunjukkan kepada kebaikan maka baginya seperti pahala
pelakunya”. (HR. Muslim)
“Bertanyalah pada orang yang berilmu”. (QS. An-Nahl: 43)
v
DEDICATION
I dedicate this research paper with my deepest love and a sincere pray as a
final step to get bachelor degree to:
1. Alloh SWT,
2. Her beloved mom and dad,
3. Her beloved sister, and
4. Her big family.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb
Alhamdulillahirabbil alamin, praise to Alloh SWT for blessing the writer in
completing of this research paper. The researcher also received help from many
individuals. Their loving help and kindness will always be reflected in this research
paper. On this very special occasion, the researcher wishes to express her gratitude to
those who help her complete this research paper.
1.
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., Dean of school of Teacher Training and
Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D., Head of English Education Department,
3.
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum., the first consultant for her patience in
providing continuous guidance, advice, suggestion, and correction till the end of
this research paper,
4.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D., as the second consultant who has helped the
researcher,
5.
Drs. Djoko Srijono, M.Hum., Member II of Team of Examiners who has given
advice in finishing this research paper,
6.
All lecturers of English Education Department who have given their knowledge
and experience,
7.
Her beloved parents, Bp. Mujiono and Ibu. Suprapti, who are patient to see her
finishing this research paper soon and also for their love, pray, support,
motivation, and everything,
8.
Her sister, Septin Ariyani, who gives her the color of life and supports her to
finish this study,
9.
Her lovely friends, Nurfita, Haslinda, Tuti, Devi, Risma, Yeyen, “Thanks for
your support, sharing time, advices, suggestions, and everything given to her,
hopefully our friendship will never end”,
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
page
COVER
................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL ................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE...............................................................................................iii
TESTIMONY ............................................................................................... iv
MOTTO
................................................................................................ v
DEDICATION .............................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT..............................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................ ix
SUMMARY ..............................................................................................xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ................................................... 1
B. Problem Statement............................................................. 4
C. Objective of the Study ....................................................... 4
D. Limitation of the Study...................................................... 4
E. Significance of the Study................................................... 5
F. Research Paper Organization............................................. 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................. 7
A. Previous Study ................................................................... 7
B. Speaking .......................................................................... 11
1. Notion of Speaking ..................................................... 11
2. Language Feature ........................................................ 12
a. Connected Speech ................................................. 12
b. Expressive Device .................................................. 12
c. Lexis and Grammar ............................................... 12
d. Negotiation Language ............................................ 12
C. Speech Production ........................................................... 13
1. The Notion of Speech Production............................... 13
2. Planning and Execution .............................................. 13
a. Discourse Plan........................................................ 14
ix
b. Sentence Plan ........................................................ 14
c. Constituent Plan ..................................................... 14
d. Articulatory Program............................................. 15
e. Articulation............................................................ 15
3. Sources of Planning Difficulty................................... 15
D. Speech Errors................................................................... 15
1. Notion of Speech Errors............................................. 16
2. Execution of Speech Plans and Speech Error ............. 16
3. Common Speech Error................................................ 17
a. Grammatical Juncture ............................................ 17
b. Other Constituent Boundaries ................................ 17
c. Before The First Content Word
Within a Constituent............................................... 17
E. Error Analysis .................................................................. 19
1. Notion of Error Analysis............................................. 20
2. The Aspect of Errors Analysis .................................... 20
a. The Algorithm for Conducting Error Analysis ..... 20
b. Error Description or Classification ........................ 21
1) Linguistic Category ........................................... 22
2) Surface Stategy Taxonomy................................ 22
3) Comparative Taxonomy .................................... 23
4) Communicative Effect Taxonomy..................... 24
F. Theoretical Framework.................................................... 25
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ..................................................... 26
A. Type of the Research................................................... 26
B. Subject and Object of Research .................................. 26
C. Data and Data Source.................................................. 27
D. Method of Collecting Data.......................................... 27
E. Validity of the Data..................................................... 27
F. Technique for Analyzing Data .................................... 28
x
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION.................... 29
A. Research Finding......................................................... 29
1. Types of Error........................................................... 29
a. Speech Error ..................................................... 29
b. Grammatical Error ............................................ 33
2. Frequency and Dominant error ................................. 37
3. The Dominant Speech Error .................................... 40
4. The Sources of Error................................................ 40
B. Discussion of Finding ................................................. 41
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND
SUGGESTION ..................................................................... 43
A. Conclusion .................................................................... 43
B. Pedagogical Implication ................................................ 44
C. Suggestion ..................................................................... 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 47
VIRTUAL REFERENCE ............................................................................ 48
APPENDIX
.............................................................................................. 49
xi
SUMMARY
Sujiyati. A 320110056. ERRORS IN SPOKEN PRODUCTION MADE BY
STUDENTS
OF
MUHAMMADIYAH
DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY
ENGLISH
OF
EDUCATION
SURAKARTA
IN
OF
2014/2015
ACADEMIC YEAR. Research Paper. Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah Unuversity of Surakarta. 2015.
The aim of this research is to describe the types of error, the frequency of
error, the dominant error, and the source of error in spoken production made by
students of Department English Education of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. In collecting
data, the writer watches, observes then writes the scripts of the videos of
microteaching class. The writer uses theory of Clark and Clark to analyze speech
error and found six types of them, namely: filled pause, silent pause, repeats,
correction, stutter, and retraced false start. From the data, the research found 420 error
utterances that consist of 339 utterances or 80,72% of speech error, 60 utterances or
14,28% in morphological error, and 21 utterances or 5% in syntactical error. The
writer found 29 utterances containing silent pause or 6,90% of silent pause, 219
utterances containing filled pause or 52,15%of filled pause, 69 utterances containing
repeats or 16,43% of repeats, 7 utterances containing corrections or 1,67% of
corrections, 7 utterances containing stutters or 1,67% of stutters, and then 8 utterances
containing retraced false starts or 1,90% of retraced false starts, 46 utterances or
10,95% of vocabulary errors, 14 utterances or 3,33% of errors in the selection of
words, 10 utterances or 2,38% of omission of bound morpheme, 6 utterances or
1,43% of addition of bound morpheme, 5 utterances or 1,19% of omission of to be.
The dominant error is speech error especially filled pause. The writer finds two
sources of error. The first is cognitive reason where the speakers need brain
processing where information is processed to utter by speech. The second is
psychological reason that happens when the speakers feel anxious, nervous, in hurry
or other that can affect the speakers to be confident or un-confident that makes them
difficult to produce speech.
Keywords: speech production, speech error, grammatical error
xii