AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS OF ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS AT SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 2 SURAKARTA An Error Analysis on Descriptive Texts of Eleventh Grade Students at SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta 2015/2016 Academic Year.
AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS OF ELEVENTH
GRADE STUDENTS AT SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 2 SURAKARTA
2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
AULIYA NURISHMA
A 320 120 188
DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
ii
iii
iv
MOTTO
Hidup sekali hiduplah yang berarti
(Darussalam Gontor)
Berani hidup tak takut mati, takut mati jangan hidup, takut
hidup mati saja
(Darussalam Gontor)
Berjasalah tapi jangan minta jasa
(Darussalam Gontor)
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
In the name of God Most Gracious, Most Merciful Peace and God
Blessing on we all. Alhamdullilahirabil alamin, glory to God Most High, Full of
Grace and Mercy, the Sustainer of the world that because of His blessing and
guidance, the writer is finally able to finish writing her entitled An Error Analysis
on Descriptive Texts of Eleventh Grade Students at SMK Muhammadiyah 2
Surakarta 2015/2016 Academic Year as one of the requirements for getting
bachelor degree of education in English Department of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. Praise is also given to the great messenger, Muhammad
SAW, Peace be upon him, glory person who gives his blessing to his masses in
the next day.
In accomplishing this research paper, the writer gets much help and
guidance from others. Therefore, she would like to express her greatest gratitude
to the following people:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., as Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, for approving
this research paper,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., as Head of English Department, who has
permitted her to write this research paper,
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum., as the first consultant, who already
guided and advised patiently in correcting this research paper. More than
millions of thanks and deeply sorry from the writer’s heart is for her,
4. Siti Fatimah, S.Pd., M. Hum., the second consultant who always supported
and guided her until she finished writing this research paper,
5. Dwi Harjanti Dra., M. Hum., Dr., the third examiner who already help the
researcher in finishing the research paper,
vi
6. Mr. Ahmad Munawir, S.Pd.SH.M.Si.MH, as the headmaster of SMK
Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta for permitting her observe the data of this
research,
7. All lecturers in English Department who cannot be mentioned one by one,
thanks a lot for teaching her this so far,
8. Her lovely parents Mr. Zainuddin Nasuha as her great father, her hero, her
mentor and Mrs. Siti Sugiarti as her good mother. Thank you very much for
the prayers, loves, support, and spirit, and become good parents in the world,
love you so much,
9. Her little sister Yuni Ravida who accompanies her for every single laugh,
10. Her best companion Juliat Makahalsa who always be a wise man, thank you
for giving motivation for the reasercher to be better person in her life and she
will support him for doing anything that he wants,
11. Her sweet friends Fatkhiyatul Inayah, , thank you so much for helping the
writer when she did not understand about something in her lessons.
12. Her great friends Parahytha TunjungBiru Putri, thank you so much for
giving information when the researcher needs and always support her for
finishing this research,
13. Everyone who can’t be mentioned one by one for the spirit and support in
finishing this report.
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, in
order to make it better, the writer accepts some advice and criticism. The last, the
writer wishes this research paper would be useful for us.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
vii
DEDICATION
I gratefully dedicate this research paper to:
My greatest father and mother “Zainuddin Nasuha” and “Siti Sugiarti”,
My beloved sister “Yuni Ravida”,
My consultants and lecturers,
All my best friends, friends, and the readers.
viii
TABLE CONTENT
Page
COVER ........................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL .................................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE .............................................................................................. iii
TESTIMONY .................................................................................................. iv
MOTTO .......................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................. vi
DEDICATION ................................................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................. ix
SUMMARY .................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study .................................................... 1
B. Limitation of the Study ....................................................... 4
C. Problem Statement .............................................................. 4
D. Objective of the Study ......................................................... 4
E. Significance of the Study .................................................... 4
F. Research Paper Organization .............................................. 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................. 7
A. Previous Study .................................................................... 7
B. Notion of Error Analysis .................................................... 14
C. Goal of Error Analysis ........................................................ 15
D. Errors and Mistakes ............................................................ 15
E. Error Description and Classification ................................... 16
1. Linguistic Category Taxonomy ..................................... 17
a. Morphological Error .................................................. 17
b. Grammatical Error ..................................................... 18
c. Discourse ................................................................... 18
2. The Surface Strategy Taxonomy .................................... 21
a. Omission .................................................................... 21
b. Addition ..................................................................... 21
ix
c. Misformation .............................................................. 22
d. Misordering ............................................................... 22
e. Blends ........................................................................ 22
3. Comparative Taxonomy ................................................. 23
a. Development Error .................................................... 23
b. Interlingual Error ........................................................ 23
c. Ambigous Error ......................................................... 23
4. Communicative Effect Taxonomy .................................. 24
F. Sources of Errors ................................................................ 24
1. Interlingual Transfer ....................................................... 24
2. Intralingual Transfer ....................................................... 25
3. Context of Learning ........................................................ 25
4. Communicative Strategy Based Errors ........................... 25
G. The Written Production ....................................................... 26
H. English Text ........................................................................ 26
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................ 28
A. Type of the Research ........................................................... 28
B. Subject of the Research ...................................................... 28
C. Object of the Research ........................................................ 28
D. Data and Data Source of the Research ............................... 29
E. Method of Collecting Data ................................................. 29
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ............................................. 30
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ....................... 31
A. Research Finding ................................................................ 31
B. Discussion of Finding ......................................................... 60
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND
SUGGESTION ........................................................................ 69
A. Conclusion .......................................................................... 69
B. Pedagogical Implication ..................................................... 70
C. Suggestion ........................................................................... 71
x
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 73
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................... 74
xi
SUMMARY
Auliya Nurishma. A320120188. AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON DESCRIPTIVE
TEXTS
OF
ELEVENTH
GRADE
STUDENTS
AT
SMK
MUHAMMADIYAH 2 SURAKARTA 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
The aims of this research are: (1) to describe errors made by eleventh grade
students of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta in their writing descriptive texts,
(2) identifying the types of lexical errors, grammatical errors, and discourse errors
and also explain the frequency of each type of errors, and (3) describing the
dominant type of errors, and identifying the sources of errors. The researcher uses
qualitative research because the researcher do not set hypothesis and test it but
focus on analyzing after taking the data. The researcher uses elicitation method in
her research to get the data. The subject of the research is the eleventh grade
students of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta. The researcher takes erroneous on
descriptive texts of eleventh grade student for the object of the research from 31
student’s worksheet in writing descriptive texts. The researcher found the type of
errors based on the data, they are lexical, grammatical and discourse. (1) the
lexical errors level is 35 errors (10,54%), (2) the grammatical errors level is 268
errors (80,72%), and (3) the discourse errors level is 29 errors (8,75%). The
highest errors that the learners made is in misordering noun phrase with the total
errors is 29 errors (8,73%).
Key words: errors analysis, descriptive text, sources of errors.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk menjelaskan kesalahan yang dibuat
oleh siswa kelas XI SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta dalam menulis teks
deskriptif, (2) mengidentifikasi jenis kesalahan leksikal, kesalahan tata bahasa,
dan kesalahan tulisan dan juga menjelaskan frekuensi dari setiap jenis kesalahan,
dan (3) mendeskripsikan jenis dominan kesalahan, dan mengidentifikasi sumbersumber kesalahan. Peneliti menggunakan penelitian kualitatif karena peneliti tidak
menetapkan hipotesis dan mengujinya tetapi fokus pada analisis setelah
mengambil data. Peneliti menggunakan metode elisitasi dalam penelitiannya
untuk mendapatkan data. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI SMK
Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta. Peneliti mengambil salah pada teks deskriptif siswa
kelas XI untuk objek penelitian dari lembar kerja 31 siswa dalam menulis teks
deskriptif. Peneliti menemukan jenis kesalahan berdasarkan data, mereka leksikal,
tata bahasa dan tulisan. (1) tingkat kesalahan leksikal adalah 35 kesalahan
(10,54%), (2) tingkat kesalahan tata bahasa adalah 268 kesalahan (80,72%), dan
(3) tingkat kesalahan tulisan adalah 29 kesalahan (8,75% ). Kesalahan tertinggi
yang peserta didik dibuat dalam misordering frase kata benda dengan total
kesalahan adalah 29 kesalahan (8,73%).
Kata kunci: analisis kesalahan, teks deskriptif, sumber kesalahan.
xii
GRADE STUDENTS AT SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 2 SURAKARTA
2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
AULIYA NURISHMA
A 320 120 188
DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
ii
iii
iv
MOTTO
Hidup sekali hiduplah yang berarti
(Darussalam Gontor)
Berani hidup tak takut mati, takut mati jangan hidup, takut
hidup mati saja
(Darussalam Gontor)
Berjasalah tapi jangan minta jasa
(Darussalam Gontor)
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
In the name of God Most Gracious, Most Merciful Peace and God
Blessing on we all. Alhamdullilahirabil alamin, glory to God Most High, Full of
Grace and Mercy, the Sustainer of the world that because of His blessing and
guidance, the writer is finally able to finish writing her entitled An Error Analysis
on Descriptive Texts of Eleventh Grade Students at SMK Muhammadiyah 2
Surakarta 2015/2016 Academic Year as one of the requirements for getting
bachelor degree of education in English Department of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. Praise is also given to the great messenger, Muhammad
SAW, Peace be upon him, glory person who gives his blessing to his masses in
the next day.
In accomplishing this research paper, the writer gets much help and
guidance from others. Therefore, she would like to express her greatest gratitude
to the following people:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., as Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, for approving
this research paper,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., as Head of English Department, who has
permitted her to write this research paper,
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum., as the first consultant, who already
guided and advised patiently in correcting this research paper. More than
millions of thanks and deeply sorry from the writer’s heart is for her,
4. Siti Fatimah, S.Pd., M. Hum., the second consultant who always supported
and guided her until she finished writing this research paper,
5. Dwi Harjanti Dra., M. Hum., Dr., the third examiner who already help the
researcher in finishing the research paper,
vi
6. Mr. Ahmad Munawir, S.Pd.SH.M.Si.MH, as the headmaster of SMK
Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta for permitting her observe the data of this
research,
7. All lecturers in English Department who cannot be mentioned one by one,
thanks a lot for teaching her this so far,
8. Her lovely parents Mr. Zainuddin Nasuha as her great father, her hero, her
mentor and Mrs. Siti Sugiarti as her good mother. Thank you very much for
the prayers, loves, support, and spirit, and become good parents in the world,
love you so much,
9. Her little sister Yuni Ravida who accompanies her for every single laugh,
10. Her best companion Juliat Makahalsa who always be a wise man, thank you
for giving motivation for the reasercher to be better person in her life and she
will support him for doing anything that he wants,
11. Her sweet friends Fatkhiyatul Inayah, , thank you so much for helping the
writer when she did not understand about something in her lessons.
12. Her great friends Parahytha TunjungBiru Putri, thank you so much for
giving information when the researcher needs and always support her for
finishing this research,
13. Everyone who can’t be mentioned one by one for the spirit and support in
finishing this report.
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, in
order to make it better, the writer accepts some advice and criticism. The last, the
writer wishes this research paper would be useful for us.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
vii
DEDICATION
I gratefully dedicate this research paper to:
My greatest father and mother “Zainuddin Nasuha” and “Siti Sugiarti”,
My beloved sister “Yuni Ravida”,
My consultants and lecturers,
All my best friends, friends, and the readers.
viii
TABLE CONTENT
Page
COVER ........................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL .................................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE .............................................................................................. iii
TESTIMONY .................................................................................................. iv
MOTTO .......................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................. vi
DEDICATION ................................................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................. ix
SUMMARY .................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study .................................................... 1
B. Limitation of the Study ....................................................... 4
C. Problem Statement .............................................................. 4
D. Objective of the Study ......................................................... 4
E. Significance of the Study .................................................... 4
F. Research Paper Organization .............................................. 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................. 7
A. Previous Study .................................................................... 7
B. Notion of Error Analysis .................................................... 14
C. Goal of Error Analysis ........................................................ 15
D. Errors and Mistakes ............................................................ 15
E. Error Description and Classification ................................... 16
1. Linguistic Category Taxonomy ..................................... 17
a. Morphological Error .................................................. 17
b. Grammatical Error ..................................................... 18
c. Discourse ................................................................... 18
2. The Surface Strategy Taxonomy .................................... 21
a. Omission .................................................................... 21
b. Addition ..................................................................... 21
ix
c. Misformation .............................................................. 22
d. Misordering ............................................................... 22
e. Blends ........................................................................ 22
3. Comparative Taxonomy ................................................. 23
a. Development Error .................................................... 23
b. Interlingual Error ........................................................ 23
c. Ambigous Error ......................................................... 23
4. Communicative Effect Taxonomy .................................. 24
F. Sources of Errors ................................................................ 24
1. Interlingual Transfer ....................................................... 24
2. Intralingual Transfer ....................................................... 25
3. Context of Learning ........................................................ 25
4. Communicative Strategy Based Errors ........................... 25
G. The Written Production ....................................................... 26
H. English Text ........................................................................ 26
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................ 28
A. Type of the Research ........................................................... 28
B. Subject of the Research ...................................................... 28
C. Object of the Research ........................................................ 28
D. Data and Data Source of the Research ............................... 29
E. Method of Collecting Data ................................................. 29
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ............................................. 30
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ....................... 31
A. Research Finding ................................................................ 31
B. Discussion of Finding ......................................................... 60
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND
SUGGESTION ........................................................................ 69
A. Conclusion .......................................................................... 69
B. Pedagogical Implication ..................................................... 70
C. Suggestion ........................................................................... 71
x
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 73
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................... 74
xi
SUMMARY
Auliya Nurishma. A320120188. AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON DESCRIPTIVE
TEXTS
OF
ELEVENTH
GRADE
STUDENTS
AT
SMK
MUHAMMADIYAH 2 SURAKARTA 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
The aims of this research are: (1) to describe errors made by eleventh grade
students of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta in their writing descriptive texts,
(2) identifying the types of lexical errors, grammatical errors, and discourse errors
and also explain the frequency of each type of errors, and (3) describing the
dominant type of errors, and identifying the sources of errors. The researcher uses
qualitative research because the researcher do not set hypothesis and test it but
focus on analyzing after taking the data. The researcher uses elicitation method in
her research to get the data. The subject of the research is the eleventh grade
students of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta. The researcher takes erroneous on
descriptive texts of eleventh grade student for the object of the research from 31
student’s worksheet in writing descriptive texts. The researcher found the type of
errors based on the data, they are lexical, grammatical and discourse. (1) the
lexical errors level is 35 errors (10,54%), (2) the grammatical errors level is 268
errors (80,72%), and (3) the discourse errors level is 29 errors (8,75%). The
highest errors that the learners made is in misordering noun phrase with the total
errors is 29 errors (8,73%).
Key words: errors analysis, descriptive text, sources of errors.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk menjelaskan kesalahan yang dibuat
oleh siswa kelas XI SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta dalam menulis teks
deskriptif, (2) mengidentifikasi jenis kesalahan leksikal, kesalahan tata bahasa,
dan kesalahan tulisan dan juga menjelaskan frekuensi dari setiap jenis kesalahan,
dan (3) mendeskripsikan jenis dominan kesalahan, dan mengidentifikasi sumbersumber kesalahan. Peneliti menggunakan penelitian kualitatif karena peneliti tidak
menetapkan hipotesis dan mengujinya tetapi fokus pada analisis setelah
mengambil data. Peneliti menggunakan metode elisitasi dalam penelitiannya
untuk mendapatkan data. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI SMK
Muhammadiyah 2 Surakarta. Peneliti mengambil salah pada teks deskriptif siswa
kelas XI untuk objek penelitian dari lembar kerja 31 siswa dalam menulis teks
deskriptif. Peneliti menemukan jenis kesalahan berdasarkan data, mereka leksikal,
tata bahasa dan tulisan. (1) tingkat kesalahan leksikal adalah 35 kesalahan
(10,54%), (2) tingkat kesalahan tata bahasa adalah 268 kesalahan (80,72%), dan
(3) tingkat kesalahan tulisan adalah 29 kesalahan (8,75% ). Kesalahan tertinggi
yang peserta didik dibuat dalam misordering frase kata benda dengan total
kesalahan adalah 29 kesalahan (8,73%).
Kata kunci: analisis kesalahan, teks deskriptif, sumber kesalahan.
xii