An Analysis of StudentsÂ’ Pronunciation Error in Speaking of Eight Grade Students at SMP N 18 Malang
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses background of the study, statement of problem, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.
1.1Background of Study
Language means the basis of learning and teaching language which enables the teacher to reflect the language itself constantly (Scarino and Liddicoat, 2009:15). It means that language is the foundation to teach the learner. Furthermore, language is considered as the bridge to share the ideas because without language there is no communication in the world. There is an international language that used by people around the world to communicate with others called English. “English has „traveled’ to many parts of the world and has been used to serve various purposes. This phenomenon has created positive interactions as well as tensions between global and local forces and has had serious linguistic, ideological, sociocultural, political and pedagogical implications” (Sharifian, 2009). It means that English becomes the most important language because it connects across many cultures in the world.
Four skills have been described as terms in language teaching. According to Harmer (2007:265), receptive skills are the way people adopt the meaning of what they hear or see from the discourse. They are listening and reading. He added that productive skill is when the students speak or write to produce
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language. It can be said that productive skills include speaking and writing. Based on Alam and Uddin (2013) the most focusing skills which usually practiced by teacher are writing and reading skills. It means that many teachers neglect to speaking and listening skills. “The explicit teaching of speaking and listening has been neglected” (Hodson in Alam , 2013). Speaking is regarded as the productive skills which require the students speak or produce the words. Based on Florez (1999), speaking provides the learner about the concept how to produce language. It also requires the learner to know how to produce components of language such as vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar (linguistic competence). In other words, speaking is a skill that requires the learner to produce components of language.
Pronunciation is one of components that should be mastered in speaking which involve the segmental aspect (the particular sounds of language) through the stage of individual sound and suprasegmental aspects such as stress, timing, phrasing and rhythm. Based on Yates (2002), pronunciation is the way someone produces sounds that used for making a meaning. The way people produce sounds often different from others, therefore, some people often make error.
Everyone tends to make an error in language learning use (Yang, 2010). Riyani (2013) also stated that Indonesian student often make a pronunciation errors because they are also FL learner. One of factors that indicates student make an error is language background. Based on Dulay et al (1982), first language (L1) influenced the students make an error. Indonesian students have their own first language. So, it is quite difficult to learn another language especially English which requires correct
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pronunciation. For example the way students pronounce “snack” (/snæk/ ) and “snake” (/sneɪk/ ) must be different, but there are some students who cannot pronounce correctly. It should be different sounds in vowels and diphthong.
Based on the previous study is done by Wahyuni (2004) found that there were three types of error made by the students in pronouncing, namely in pronouncing vowels were 595 (42.5%), in consonant 583 (41,65%)and in diphthong were 222 (15,85%), therefore, the most dominant errors were the pronouncing the vowel. She used descriptive qualitative in her thesis because it concerned to find out the information about pronunciation problem in the classroom.
Isyuniandri (2014) found that there were three types of errors made by the students errors in pronouncing namely in pronouncing vowels 1.381(49,11%), in consonants were 526(18,7%), and in diphthong were 905(32,18%). The most dominant errors were the pronouncing of vowels. Isyuniandri also used descriptive qualitative design as his research because it concerned to the situation or condition that happened in the field of research.
Another previous study is done by Hidayah (2013) found the possible caused of pronunciation errors: that the difference between mother tongue and target language, mother language interference, a lack of cognitive skill, a lack of pronunciation instructions, the students have never been taught the phonological system of English. In addition, some factors also became the causes of student’s pronunciation errors, such as, the students are not used to listening to the English words, the students have no good environment to practice their English and they had less media to practice their pronunciation, the students are not interested in English.
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Based on the curriculum 2013, students in eight grade of SMP N 18 Malang learn about some expression in speaking such as: expressing ability and willingness, giving instruction, giving invitation, prohibition and asking permission. Yet when the students are given the opportunity to come forward and speak about the topic, they cannot pronounce some words correctly. They have not known yet about how to pronounce the words correctly based on the native speaker. For instance when they want to pronounce steak (/steɪk/), but they have an error to pronounce stick (/stɪk/ ). It will be confusing for some students who have less knowledge about pronunciation. In this research, the researcher just takes the topic about expressing of ability. Furthermore, the average of student’s score is under 70 whereas the standard of KKM is 75. The previous studies were talking about the pronunciation error. The difference between this research and the previous research is the previous research used pronunciationtest while the current researchused speaking in analyzing the student’s error. Moreover, the previous research used International students as the subject who is categorized as superior learners. They were selected as the subject because they were included in Cambridge class that had better English than other class. Otherwise, the current research used ordinary students as the subject because the occurrence of errors is estimated greater than the previous research.
Based on arguments above, the researcher focuses on the pronunciation errors in speaking. It is often spoken by the students at VIII grades student students at SMP N 18 Malang. Therefore, the researcher is interested in investigating An Analysis of Students’ Pronunciation Errors in Speaking of
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Eight Grade Students at SMP N 18 Malang. By investigating this topic, the researcher wants to improve the pronunciation in speaking skill for students and improve the teacher’s skill in teaching English.
1.2Statement of The Problems
Based on the background of the study, the research problems are formulated as follows:
1. What are pronunciation errors found in speaking on eight grade students in the academic year 2015/2016 from SMP N 18 Malang?
2. What are the factors influencing pronunciation errors found in speaking of eight grade students in the academic year 2015/2016 from SMP N 18 Malang?
1.3Purposes of the study
Based on the statement problem, the researcher has the purposes as follows:
1. To find out the kinds of pronunciation error that found in speaking ofeight grade students in the academic year 2015/2016 from SMP N 18 Malang. 2. To find out factors that influence student’s error in speaking of eight grade
students in the academic year 2015/2016 from SMP N 18 Malang.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The result of this study expected to give contribution in two ways. They are theoretical and practical ways.
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1. Theoretically, this research is expected to be useful for the English teacher because this research can give the broader knowledge especially on pronunciation field in teaching English. Besides, the teacher is able to add some materials about pronunciation to the students. Furthermore, this study is expected to give the students information about how to pronounce English word correctly.
2. Practically, this research is expected to be useful for the next researchers as guidance and reference to conduct the research dealing with the topic. 1.5 Scope and Limitations
This study focuses on the pronunciation errors that found in eight grades students at SMP N 18 Malang and the factors that influence the students’ pronunciation errors at SMP N 18 Malang. The participants who support this study are from D class of eight grade students in the academic year 2015/2016 from SMP N 18 Malang.
1.4Definition of the Key Terms 1. Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way someone produces sounds that used for making a meaning which involve the segmental aspect ( the particular sounds of language) through the stage of individual sound and suprasegmental aspects such as stress, timing, phrasing and rhtym. (Yates, 2002)
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2. Error
"A linguistic form or combination of formswhich in the same context and under similar conditions of production would, in alllikelihood, not be produced by the speakers' native speakers counterparts" (Lenon in Maicusi, 1991).
3. Speaking
Speaking is activity which includes the paralinguistic features such as body language, voice quality, pauses, tempo, pitch variation, facial expression and eye contact. It influences the conversational current (Thornbury in Nazara, 2005, p. 9).
4. SMP N 18 Malang
An academic institution that has the general purposes as follows: Prepare to be academic institution that is able to form the young generation to be faithful person and keep the good behavior, mastering some skills and technology.
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An Analysis of Students’ Pronunciation Error in Speaking of
Eight Grade Students at SMP N 18 Malang
THESIS
by:
Innayatun Nafiah
201110100311191
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
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An Analysis of Students’ Pronunciation Error in Speaking of
Eight Grade Students at SMP N 18 Malang
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
by:
Innayatun Nafiah
201110100311191
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
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MOTTO AND DEDICATION
“O believers! When you are asked to make room in your meetings, make room, Allah will make a room for you in the hereafter. And if you are told to rise up, then rise up: Allah will raise to higher ranks those of you have faith and knowledge. Allah is aware of all your actions” (Al Quran 58:11)
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved father Suwito who always give the biggest attention, love, affection and pray for me in order to be a good person. The second for my mother Mutmaah who always give the best advice, pray for me and support me no matter in a bad condition.
My brother Edy Risbaihaqi and my beloved sisters: Rini Kartini and Yuli Fajariani who encourage and motivate me to finish this thesis.
My beloved man: Choyin Setyo Bagus who always give a big attention, love and support and motivate me to finish this thesis.
My beloved friends: Layla, Ranny, Dina, Bunga and Nana who always encourage me and give advice to me to finish this thesis.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and Merciful, praise to Him for all blessing and guidance in finishing this thesis as a requirement for the degree of Strata 1 (S1) in English Department at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
The researcher would like to express her deepest gratitude to her beloved father and mother who give support, love and wishes in finishing this thesis. I dedicated this thesis to them. She loves them both so much.
She also would like to express deeply gratitude to those who help her during writing procces. They are:
1. The Head of English Department, Dr. Sudiran M.Hum for his attention and motivation.
2. Rahmawati Khadijah Maro, S.Pd, M.PEd and Puji Sumarsono, M.Ed., M.Pd as the researcher’s advisors who direct her to a good writing and help her solving the problems during the writing process.
3. The Headmaster of SMP N 18 Malang Drs. Budi Santoso, MM. who gave me permission to conduct my research.
4. The English Teacher, Dwi Nurhayati, S.Pd. who allowed me to conduct my research in her class.
5. The Eight grade students’ especially D class who gave me occasion to conduct the research.
6. Her English Department friend who cannot be mentioned one by one here. Thanks for their support to the researcher in finishing her thesis.
She realizes that all of the guidance, support, time and change given are useful for her to enlarge her knowledge and enable her to arrange the report as well as it should be. May Allah SWT bless, protects and keeps us on His Right Path. Amien.
Malang, 12 November 2015 The Researcher,
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TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE ... i
APPROVAL ... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK ... iv
MOTTO ... v
ABSTRACT ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... viii
LIST OF TABLES ... x
LIST OF DIAGRAM ... xi
LIST OF APPENDIXES ... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ... 5
1.3 Purposes of the study ... 5
1.4 Significance of Study ... 5
1.5 Scope and Limitations ... 6
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Speaking ... 8
2.2 The problem of speaking skills ... 8
2.3 Definition of Pronunciation... 10
2.4 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) ... 10
2.5 The Elements of Pronunciation ... 11
2.5.1 Phonemes ... 13
2.5.1.1. Vowels ... 13
2.5.1.2. Diphthongs ... 15
2.5.1.3. Consonants ... 17
2.6 Errors in Pronunciation ... 19
2.7 Errors ... 20
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ix CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ... 24
3.2 Research Subject ... 25
3.3 Research Instrument ... 25
3.3.1 Document Analysis ... 25
3.3.2. Interview ... 26
3.4 Data Collection ... 27
3.5 Data Analysis ... 27
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Findings ... 29
4.1.1The Students’ Pronunciation Error in English Words ... 29
4.1.1.1 Errors in Pronouncing Vowel ... 29
4.1.1.2 Errors in Pronouncing Diphthong ... 31
4.1.1.3 The Error in Pronouncing Consonant ... 33
4.1.2 The causes of Students’ Pronunciation Error ... 34
4.2 Discussion ... 37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 41
5.2 Suggestion ... 42
5.2.1 Suggestion to the students... 42
5.2.2 Suggestion to the teacher ... 42
5.2.3 Suggestion to the next researcher ... 43
REFERENCES ... 44
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x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1. The sample result of Pronunciation errors in vowel ... 30 Table 4.2.The sample result of pronunciation errors in diphthong ... 32 Table 4.3. The sample result of pronunciation error in consonant... 33
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xi
LIST OF DIAGRAM
Diagram 2.1. Features of Pronunciation ... 12 Diagram 2.2. Vowels sound ... 14 Diagram 2.3. Diphthongs ... 16
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LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix I The result of pronunciation error in vowel sounds ... 46
Appendix II The Result of Pronunciation error in Diphthongs... 47
Appendix III The result of Pronunciation Error in Consonants ... 48
Appendix IV Transcription Interview ... 49
Appendix V The students’ dialogues ... 60
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xiii REFERENCES
Akbayrak, Burcu .(2000). A Comparison of Two Data Collecting Methods:
Interviews and Questionnaires. Retrieved from:
http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/1051-published.pdf. (Acessed Date: 28 May 2015).
Alam, Qutbi&Uddin, Ayesha Bashir (2013).Improving English Oral Communication Skills of Pakistani Public School’s Students.Retrieved from: http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/Improving-
English-Oral-Communication-Skills-Of-Pakistani-Public-Schools-Students.pdf. (Acessed date: 29 June 2015).
Ary, Donald., Lucy Cheser Jacobs, Chris Sorensen, and AsgharRazavieh. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education. Wadsworth: Nelson Education. Dulay,et al (1982). Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press.
Florez, Marry Ann Cunningham (1999). Improving Adult English Language
Learners’ Speaking Skills.Retrievedfrom:
http://www.marshalladulteducation.org/pdf/briefs/Imprvg%20ELLspkg.Fl orez.pdf. (Accessed date: 20 March 2015)
Harmer, Jeremy (2009).The Practice of English Language Teaching.England: Pearson Education Limited.
Hassan, Elkhair Muhammad Idriss (2014). Pronunciation Problems: A Case Study of English Language Students at Sudan University of Science and Technology. English Language and Literature Studies.Vol, 4, No. 4; November 2014. Pp:31-44.
Hatch, Amos J. (2002).Doing Qualitative Research in Education Settings. New York. State University of New York Press.
Hidayah, Masrufatul.(2013). The Errors of English Pronunciation in Learning English Produced by Students of Al-Izzah Islamic Boarding School.Unpublish Thesis. Malang: UMM
Isyuniandri, Dzaky.(2014). Students’ Errors in Pronunciation at ESP 2 Program
of the English Department of University of Muhammadyah
Malang.Malang:UMM
Kelly, Gerald. (2000). How to Teach Pronunciation. England: Longman Group Limited
Liddicoat, J Anthony and Scarino, Angela (2009).Teaching and Learning Languages :A Guide. Australian Government: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations.
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xiv
Lin, Liang Cheng (2014). Understanding Pronunciation Variations Facing ESL Students.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 4, No. 5(1); March 2014. Pp. 16-19
Linse, Caroline (2005).Practical English Language Teaching: Young Learners. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company
Maicusi, Trianci&Maicusi, Panayota (2000).The error in the Second Language Acquisition.Retrievedfrom:
http://dspace.uah.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10017/953/The+Error+in+the +Second+L?sequence=1. (Acessed date: 5 March 2015).
Nazara, Situjuh (2011). Journal of English Teaching: Students’ Perception on
EFL Speaking Skill Development. Retrieved from:
https://jetuki.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/3-students-perception-on-efl-speaking-skill-development-pp-28-43.pdf. (Accessed date: 3 May 2015). Overton, Tina and Lemanski Tom. (2011). An Introduction to Qualitative
Research. Retrieved from:
https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:4506/content. (Accessed date: 10 May 2015).
Riyani, OktaIvana.(2013). An Analysis of Pronunciation Errors Made by Indonesian Singer in Malang in Singing English Songs.Unpublish Thesis. Malang: Graduate Program of State University of Malang.
Sharifian, Farzad (2009).English as an International Language:Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues. The Great Britain: MPG Books Ltd.
Roach, Peter (2009). English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Courses Fourth Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thornbury, Scott (2005). How to Teach Speaking. United States of America: Longman Group Limited
Wahyuni, Riski F. (2004). Error Analysis of Students’ Pronunciation at SMP N 1 Pamekasan.Unpublish Thesis. Malang: UMM
Yang, Wenfen (2010).A Tentative Analysis of Errors in Language Learning and Use. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 266-268, May 2010
Yates, Lynda (2002). AMEP RESEARCH CENTRE: Fact sheet – What is
pronunciation?.Retrieved from:
http://www.ameprc.mq.edu.au/docs/fact_sheets/01Pronunciation.pdf. (Accessed date: 18 December 2014).
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ix CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ... 24
3.2 Research Subject ... 25
3.3 Research Instrument ... 25
3.3.1 Document Analysis ... 25
3.3.2. Interview ... 26
3.4 Data Collection ... 27
3.5 Data Analysis ... 27
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Findings ... 29
4.1.1The Students’ Pronunciation Error in English Words ... 29
4.1.1.1 Errors in Pronouncing Vowel ... 29
4.1.1.2 Errors in Pronouncing Diphthong ... 31
4.1.1.3 The Error in Pronouncing Consonant ... 33
4.1.2 The causes of Students’ Pronunciation Error ... 34
4.2 Discussion ... 37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 41
5.2 Suggestion ... 42
5.2.1 Suggestion to the students... 42
5.2.2 Suggestion to the teacher ... 42
5.2.3 Suggestion to the next researcher ... 43
REFERENCES ... 44
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x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1. The sample result of Pronunciation errors in vowel ... 30 Table 4.2.The sample result of pronunciation errors in diphthong ... 32 Table 4.3. The sample result of pronunciation error in consonant... 33
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xi
LIST OF DIAGRAM
Diagram 2.1. Features of Pronunciation ... 12 Diagram 2.2. Vowels sound ... 14 Diagram 2.3. Diphthongs ... 16
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xii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix I The result of pronunciation error in vowel sounds ... 46
Appendix II The Result of Pronunciation error in Diphthongs... 47
Appendix III The result of Pronunciation Error in Consonants ... 48
Appendix IV Transcription Interview ... 49
Appendix V The students’ dialogues ... 60
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xiii REFERENCES
Akbayrak, Burcu .(2000). A Comparison of Two Data Collecting Methods: Interviews and Questionnaires. Retrieved from: http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/1051-published.pdf. (Acessed Date: 28 May 2015).
Alam, Qutbi&Uddin, Ayesha Bashir (2013).Improving English Oral
Communication Skills of Pakistani Public School’s Students.Retrieved
from: http://www.eajournals.org/wp-content/uploads/Improving-
English-Oral-Communication-Skills-Of-Pakistani-Public-Schools-Students.pdf. (Acessed date: 29 June 2015).
Ary, Donald., Lucy Cheser Jacobs, Chris Sorensen, and AsgharRazavieh. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education. Wadsworth: Nelson Education. Dulay,et al (1982). Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press.
Florez, Marry Ann Cunningham (1999). Improving Adult English Language
Learners’ Speaking Skills.Retrievedfrom:
http://www.marshalladulteducation.org/pdf/briefs/Imprvg%20ELLspkg.Fl orez.pdf. (Accessed date: 20 March 2015)
Harmer, Jeremy (2009).The Practice of English Language Teaching.England: Pearson Education Limited.
Hassan, Elkhair Muhammad Idriss (2014). Pronunciation Problems: A Case Study of English Language Students at Sudan University of Science and Technology. English Language and Literature Studies.Vol, 4, No. 4; November 2014. Pp:31-44.
Hatch, Amos J. (2002).Doing Qualitative Research in Education Settings. New York. State University of New York Press.
Hidayah, Masrufatul.(2013). The Errors of English Pronunciation in Learning English Produced by Students of Al-Izzah Islamic Boarding School.Unpublish Thesis. Malang: UMM
Isyuniandri, Dzaky.(2014). Students’ Errors in Pronunciation at ESP 2 Program of the English Department of University of Muhammadyah Malang.Malang:UMM
Kelly, Gerald. (2000). How to Teach Pronunciation. England: Longman Group Limited
Liddicoat, J Anthony and Scarino, Angela (2009).Teaching and Learning Languages :A Guide. Australian Government: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations.
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xiv
Lin, Liang Cheng (2014). Understanding Pronunciation Variations Facing ESL Students.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 4, No. 5(1); March 2014. Pp. 16-19
Linse, Caroline (2005).Practical English Language Teaching: Young Learners. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company
Maicusi, Trianci&Maicusi, Panayota (2000).The error in the Second Language Acquisition.Retrievedfrom:
http://dspace.uah.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10017/953/The+Error+in+the +Second+L?sequence=1. (Acessed date: 5 March 2015).
Nazara, Situjuh (2011). Journal of English Teaching: Students’ Perception on EFL Speaking Skill Development. Retrieved from: https://jetuki.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/3-students-perception-on-efl-speaking-skill-development-pp-28-43.pdf. (Accessed date: 3 May 2015). Overton, Tina and Lemanski Tom. (2011). An Introduction to Qualitative
Research. Retrieved from:
https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:4506/content. (Accessed date: 10 May 2015).
Riyani, OktaIvana.(2013). An Analysis of Pronunciation Errors Made by Indonesian Singer in Malang in Singing English Songs.Unpublish Thesis. Malang: Graduate Program of State University of Malang.
Sharifian, Farzad (2009).English as an International Language:Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues. The Great Britain: MPG Books Ltd.
Roach, Peter (2009). English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Courses Fourth Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thornbury, Scott (2005). How to Teach Speaking. United States of America: Longman Group Limited
Wahyuni, Riski F. (2004). Error Analysis of Students’ Pronunciation at SMP N 1 Pamekasan.Unpublish Thesis. Malang: UMM
Yang, Wenfen (2010).A Tentative Analysis of Errors in Language Learning and Use. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 266-268, May 2010
Yates, Lynda (2002). AMEP RESEARCH CENTRE: Fact sheet – What is
pronunciation?.Retrieved from:
http://www.ameprc.mq.edu.au/docs/fact_sheets/01Pronunciation.pdf. (Accessed date: 18 December 2014).