The Portrayal of Dictatorship as Reflected in George Orwell’S Novel “Nineteen Eighty-Four”

THE PORTRAYAL OF DICTATORSHIP AS REFLECTED IN GEORGE ORWELL’S NOVEL “NINETEEN EIGHTY - FOUR”

A THESIS BY

SAUT MARULI SIMORANGKIR Reg. No 100705067

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

THE PORTRAYAL OF DICTATORSHIP AS REFLECTED IN GEORGE ORWELL’S NOVEL “NINETEEN EIGHTY - FOUR”

A THESIS BY:

SAUT MARULI SIMORANGKIR Reg. No 100705067

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S Dra. Swesana Mardia Lbs. M.Hum

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in parial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on July 9th, 2015.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP : 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners :

Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S ...

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. ...

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum. ...

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, SAUT MARULI SIMORANGKIR DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

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NAME : SAUT MARULI SIMORANGKIR

TITLE OF THESIS : THE PORTRAYAL OF DICTATORSHIP AS REFLECTED IN GEORGE ORWELL’S NOVEL “NINETEEN EIGHTY –FOUR”

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Jesus Christ for mercy and grace given to me until today so that I could finish this thesis as a condition for graduation for my study in English Department in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of North Sumatra.

I extend my praise and gratitude toJesus Christ forgivingme a family who have always supported me. To my father and mother, Dohar Ramot Simorangkir and Rita Rotua Sihombing, I thank you and apologize profusely and I hope you will always be healthy. To my brother Daniel Samuel Simorangkir, thanks for being an good brother. To my sister, Deasy Sumatri Simorangkir, I really hope we will be great family in the future.

Thank you very much for my Supervisor, Dr. Martha Pardede M.S., and my Co-Supervisor, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lbs. M.Hum. for the suggestions and assistance that given to me in completing this thesis. And also to my lecturers in the English Department for the knowledge that has been given to me during my study in English Department. I feel honored because I have the coolest lecturers to be my Supervisor and Co-Supervisor, and I couldn’t ask for more. From the bottom of my heart, I respect you both. I also thank to Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Chairman of English Department, Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, and the Secretary English of Department, Rahamadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D.

I would like to thank those who helped me in writing my thesis, my special friend dr. Ketty Wita Barus who always support and trust me. And also to Gemapala especially 1216 generation who always help me. You know I can’t write all of your

names, guys. Anyway, thanks! For the good and bad memories. Let’s make a reunion one day. Love you, guys.

Writer,

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul The Portrayal of Dictatorship as Reflected in George Orwell’s Novel “Nineteen Eighty – Four”. Skripsi ini menganalisis tentang kediktatoran, dengan cara menguraikan jenis-jenis kediktatoran yang dilakukan oleh pemimpin didalam novel dan alasan-alasan yang mendorong pepmimpin untuk melakukan tindakan tersebut. Setiap gerak warga dipelajari, setiap kata yang terucap disadap, dan setiap pemikiran dikendalikan oleh pemimpin tertinggi.

Skripsi ini menggunakan jenis penelitian perpustakaan dan penelitian kualitatif, sehingga penulis menggunakan beberapa sumber data yang didapatkan dari perpustakaan dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini. Disamping itu, analisa skripsi ini juga didukung dengan menggunakan kutipan-kutipan dari novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled The Portrayal of Dictatorship as Reflected in George Orwell’s Novel “Nineteen Eighty-Four”. This thesis analyzes dictatorship against the people which is done by supreme leader and the reason that affects him to do dictatorship. The government watches people through Telescreens. The government controls everything in Ocenia, even the people’s history and language.

This thesis is using Library Research and Qualitative Research, so the writer uses some data sources which are collected from library. Besides, the analysis of this thesis is also supported by using quotations from Nineteen Eighty-Four.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUPERVISOR’SAPPROVAL SHEET ...i

DEPARTMENT’S APPROVAL SHEET ...ii

BOARD OF EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL ...iii

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...iv

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...vi

ABSTRACT ...viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 8

1.3 Objective of the Study ... 8

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 8

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 10

2.1 Literature ... 11

2.2 Literature and Sociology ... 12

2.3 Historical Approach... 13

2.5 Characteristic of Dictatorship ... 16

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ... 19

3.1 Research Design ... 19

3.2 Data Collecting Procedur ... 21

3.3 Data Selecting Procedur ... 21

3.4 Data Analysing Procedur ... 21

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ... 22

4.1 The Charateristic of Dictatorship in Nineteen Eighty-four 25 4.1.1 Secret Police ... 25

4.1.2 Changed Language ... 27

4.1.3 Changed History and News ... 30

4.1.4 Limited Entertainment ... 33

4.1.5 Limited Sexual Activity ... 33

4.1.6 Monopolized Economy ... 35

4.1.7 The Duping Citizen ... 36

4.2 The Impact of Dictatorship ... 37

4.2.1 Rebellion ... 38

4.2.2 Poverty ... 47

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 50

5.1 Conclusion ... 50

5.2 Suggestions ... 51

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul The Portrayal of Dictatorship as Reflected in George Orwell’s Novel “Nineteen Eighty – Four”. Skripsi ini menganalisis tentang kediktatoran, dengan cara menguraikan jenis-jenis kediktatoran yang dilakukan oleh pemimpin didalam novel dan alasan-alasan yang mendorong pepmimpin untuk melakukan tindakan tersebut. Setiap gerak warga dipelajari, setiap kata yang terucap disadap, dan setiap pemikiran dikendalikan oleh pemimpin tertinggi.

Skripsi ini menggunakan jenis penelitian perpustakaan dan penelitian kualitatif, sehingga penulis menggunakan beberapa sumber data yang didapatkan dari perpustakaan dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini. Disamping itu, analisa skripsi ini juga didukung dengan menggunakan kutipan-kutipan dari novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled The Portrayal of Dictatorship as Reflected in George Orwell’s Novel “Nineteen Eighty-Four”. This thesis analyzes dictatorship against the people which is done by supreme leader and the reason that affects him to do dictatorship. The government watches people through Telescreens. The government controls everything in Ocenia, even the people’s history and language.

This thesis is using Library Research and Qualitative Research, so the writer uses some data sources which are collected from library. Besides, the analysis of this thesis is also supported by using quotations from Nineteen Eighty-Four.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

A nation is population with a certain sense of itself, cohesiveness, a shared history and culture, and structures.

Nations are commonly said to have several defining characteristic, such as territory, population, independence, and government. Territory is a plot of land controlled by a specific person, animal or country, or where a person has k nowledge, rights or responsibilities. Population is the number of people or animals in a particular place. Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory. A government is the system by which a state or community is governed. In the Commonwealth of Nations, the word government is also used more narrowly to refer to the collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state. This usage is analogous to what is called an administration in American English. Furthermore, government is occasionally used in English as synonym for governance. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislators, administrators, and arbitrators. Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of government, or form of nation governance, refers to the set of political systems and institutions that make up the organization of a specific government.

According to Aristotle's form of government there is good and bad, good governance is governance capable of humanizing, while bad governance as a deviation from true. Based on the criteria of quantity (the number of people who hold power) and quality (intended for whom the implementation of the government), Aristotle divided form of government becomes:

1. Monarchy is a form of government that is held by one person for public interest. (Monarchy can degenerate into a Tyranny)

2. Tyranny or dictator is a form of government that is held by one person for the sake of personal interest.

3. Aristocracy is a form of government that is held by a group of pundit for public interest. (Aristocracy can degenerate into Oligarchy)

4. Oligarchy is a form of government that is held by a group of pundit in the interest of their group.

5. Politeia is a form of government that is held by the people for the sake of public interest.

6. Democracy is a form of government of the people, by the people and for the people.

There are similarities between the dictatorship and tyranny word. Both of them have similarities, Dictator is head of government who has absolute power, a leader who ruled in an authoritarian and oppresses his people. A dictator gets its throne by violence, often with a coup. But there is also a dictator who took the throne by democratically. A dictator controls almost everything, and is considered a ruler of horrible and an oppressive character. Tyranny is the sole ruler who ruled brutally and put themselves and their group above the interests of the people. Tyrants usually act in them own and eliminate the sovereignty of the people.

Dictator leader is the one who controls every single aspect in his country. He decides all the policies, news, economic, decisions, and laws in their country. They can easily change them if he wants it. A dictator leader clearly dislikes any kind of meeting or

negotiation because he wants his people to follow everything he says. He does not tolerate arguments or opinions from others.

North Korea is an example of countries that the leader is a dictator now day. North Korea was said a dictator state because every aspect there must accordance with the willingness of its leader that is Kim Jong Un. Kim Jong Un is the perennial leader of North Korea. All North Koreans are no exception can only choose 28 models haircut, party member and ordinary people have different haircut style. Only military officials, government officials, and members of the party are who may have a motor vehicle. In North Korea also there is only have one television channel. It was must be non-stop life, could not be turned off. Its voice could be diminished but not until absolutely no noise, as well as radio. All of a television show just only broadcast about Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un. In North Korea if people read the newspapers people should not miss reading the article that contains picture of supreme leader Kim Jon Un. Newspapers are available in every corner of public places and on every page of the newspaper in North Korea there is always a picture of supreme leader. No internet access in North Korea. In North Korea if there are people who violate all the rules of supreme leader they will be executed, or they will entered to a camp which around it’s have electric fence. Their family also include entered to camp. George Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four deals to dictatorship life in the Soviet Union and the war life in Britain at the time. Pictures of Big Brother that is exist everywhere in novel Nineteen Eighty-Four described as having a mustache, remind us illustration of Joseph Stalin. Two minutes hate and week hate inspired by the constant demonstrations sponsored by the party during the Stalin period. The descriptions of Emmanuel Goldstein in novel Nineteen Eighty-Four with a beard like

a goat remind us the image of Leon Trotsky. The punishment from the Ministry of Love reminds us of the procedures used by the NKVD in their interrogation. NKVD was identic with Thought police, its task to catch people who criticize and rebellion to Soviet. NKVD has a subdivision that is Smert Shpionam was shortened to Smersh. Dialectical Materialism was shortened to DiaMat, and The Communist International was shortened to Comintern. In novel Nineteen Eighty-Four also have a similarity words like Ministry of Truth is shortened to Minitrue and English Socialism was shortened to Ingsoc inspired by the Soviet’s habit who like to combine words. In novel Nineteen Eighty-Four also used Comrade word that usually used in Uni Soviet. An example of this type of leader is Josef Stalin who once governs the Soviet Union. Josef Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union and a very tyrannical dictator who also known as the Man of Steel as his name suggests (Stalin or Steel Man). Stalin was suspected to have ordered the murder of about 30 million inhabitants of Russia and other surrounded countries. He was also known as a person who hates religion. Before becoming leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. His biggest opponent was Leon Trotsky. After he managed to embrace all of the party, Stalin expelled Trotsky from the Soviet Union and ultimately Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico in 1940. In 1924, Stalin became the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union replacing Vladimir Lenin. The dictatorial characteristic of him began to emerge ever since. He drove his political opponents and also people who disliked his style of leadership. In fact, he did not hesitate to kill those that are harmful to the continuation of his political career.

He was involved in the mass murder in 1940 known as Katyn massacre, carried out on nearly 22,000 Polish, which was regarded as Bourgeois. They consisted of military officers, pastors, writers, professors, peasants and aristocrats.

The publication of Russian confidential documents in 1992 has ended the debate over the years about whether or not the murder was ordered by Stalin. All this time, the admirer of Stalin; Stalinist, claimed that their favorite figure never personally endorsed the killing. The documents files are in the forms of catalog contain the injunctions which then lead to Stalin and his assistants who authorized the execution of 21 587 Polish reserve army. The massacres carried out by the Soviet secret police; the NKVD, in three locations, but only one location, namely the Katyn forest in western Russia, which becomes the term for one of the most famous massacre in World War II. There was a note from the head of the NKVD, Lavrenty Beria for Stalin related to the fate of the Polish people who were about to be slaughtered in the document. Beria, in the note, proposed that the NKVD would conduct the most severe punishment which was shooting to death. Stalin's signature and a red stamp marked 'top secret' was on the first page of the document dated March 1940.

The writer uses novel as literary work to know more about dictator which in this case is represented by Nineteen Eighty – Four novel by George Orwell. Through literature, the writer is easy to know more about characteristic of dictator.

Wellek (1981: 94) emphasizes that literature is a social institution; its medium is language, a social creation. Thus, it is an expression of social living through language. He further says that literature represents life, which is, in large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the

individual has also been member of society, possesses a specific social status. Thus, he at least summarizes a life history he perceives in his position as an individual and social being, in his works. That is why the author of the novel imitates and reflects the social problem in his novel based on his experience because he is as individual and social being in the society.

From the explanation above, it can be concluded that literary works have a close relation with society where literary works may represent the social condition of the society at the time literary works are written. Therefore, the writer is interested to analyze the dictatorial figure as reflected in George Orwell’s novel Nineteen Eighty – Four.

Nineteen Eighty-Four (sometimes published as 1984) by George Orwell was published in 1949. It tells about a place or state in which everything was unpleasant and bad. The novel was set in the super state Oceania in a world of perpetual war, omnipresent government surveillance, and public manipulation, dictated by a political system euphemistically named English Socialism (or Ingsoc in the government's invented language, Newspeak) under the control of a privileged Inner Party elite that persecutes all individualism and independent thinking as thought crimes.

The bibliography of George Orwell includes journalism, essays, novels and non-fiction books written by the British writer Eric Blair (1903–1950), either under his own name or, more usually, under his pen name George Orwell. Orwell was a prolific writer on topics related to contemporary English society and literary criticism, which the British newsweekly The Economist in 2008 declared perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture. His non-fiction cultural and

political criticism constitutes the majority of his work, but Orwell also writes in several genres of fictional literature. He first achieves widespread acclaim with his fictional novella Animal Farm and cemented his place in history with the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four shortly before his death. While fiction accounts for a small fraction of his total output, these two novels are his best-selling works, having sold almost fifty million copies in sixty-two languages by 2007 more than any other pair of books by a twentieth-century author.

Nineteen Eighty-Four used themes that were similar with condition of life in the Soviet Union and wartime life in Great Britain as sources for many of its motifs. Orwell's ideas about personal freedom and state authority developed when he was a British colonial administrator in Burma. He was fascinated by the effect of colonialism on the individual, requiring acceptance of the idea that the colonialist exists only for the good of the colonized. There has also been a great deal of discourse on the possibility that Orwell galvanized his ideas of oppression during his experience, and his subsequent writings in the English press, in Spain.

The dictatorship was exemplified by Big Brother, the supreme Party leader who enjoys an intense cult of personality, but who may not even exist. The most common sense of Orwellian is that of the all-controlling Big Brother state, used to negatively describe a situation in which a Big Brother authority figure in concert with Thought Police constantly monitors the population to detect betrayal via improper thoughts. George Orwell also describes oppressive political ideas and the use ofeuphemistic political language in public discourse to camouflage morally outrageous ideas and actions. In this latter sense, the term is often used as a means of attacking an opponent in political debate, by branding his or her policies as

Orwellian. When used like this in political rhetoric if it is not sincere, it is interesting to note as it can be a case of a hypocritical Orwellian strategist denouncing Orwellian strategies. The writer is interested to analyze the dictatorial leader as clearly displayed in this novel.

1.2. Problem of the Study

Through this novel, the writer has some problems which need to be analyzed, they are:

1. How is the dictatorship figure portrayed in George Orwell’s novel “Nineteen Eighty –Four”?

2. What is the impact of dictatorship as portrayed in the novel?

1.3. Objective of the Study

The objectives of this analysis are as follows:

1. To find and analyse how the dictatorship figure is portrayed in George Orwell’s novel “Nineteen Eighty –Four”.

2. To describe the impact of dictatorship as portrayed in novel.

1.4. Scope of the Study

The scope of study refers to parameters under which the study will be operating. The problem that seeks to resolve will fit certain parameters. In this thesis, the writer will only focus on dictatorial figure as reflected in George Orwell’s novel nineteen eighty – four, especially as portrayed in the characters.

1.5. Significance of the Study

The significance of this thesis is definitely related to literature and politic. It is commonly known that literature and politic are two different things. Even though, these two things are different; they actually support each other. Although literature is basically fictive or imaginative, it is undeniable that literary works have many messages in it. Literature is not just a sole world and separated from the various interests that play in it. If politic is a medium to achieve the postponement of interest, literature is used as a tool to purify the postponement.

Politic can be rough and cruel, but literature gives a room of peace and true equality. The medium of literature is indeed a written text which later read by society, but the text must give the responsibilities of change, especially to those who write the text. Thus, the authors do not simply ignore what has been written and then read by communityIt is also expected that through this research, the readers will get some information about dictatorial leader and can be good leader in the future.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literature

Roberts and Jacobs in Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing (1993: 1) states that literature refers to compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, analyze and advocate ideas. In the other words, in a literary work contains many human’s experience which made in the beautiful arrangement of words. Base on that, literature is not only entertaining people but also leads human to learn some new ideas, situation, or emotional expression as their knowledge and unconsciously reflected in daily life.

As general fact, literary works contain various aspects in human life such as culture, social and moral lesson that readers may get and being knowledge from them. In the other words, it may say that literature can make human be more human because it is not rarely that after read a literary work, people could change their point of view upon something.

Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature (1997:1) stated, literature can be treated as a document in the history of ideas and philosophy for literary history parallels and reflects intellectual history. So it is clear that if someone wants to know further about the history or the real condition in certain era, it is better to look at the literary works in the period itself because a literary work is a directly reflection of social structure, class struggle and others.

Literature is a place for expressing our thoughts, and shed in a letter. Literature also has an attractive language style, so the reader does not feel bored to keep reading. Human usually become the object of a literary work, because of many things that can be discussed in human life.

2.2 Literature and Sociology

Sociology derives from the Greek ‘Socius’ (society) and ‘logos’ (science) which means the study of all aspects of human and their relation in community (Ratha, 2003:1). Basically sociology is a field of knowledge which concern about human act, human interaction to their social and to other human. Moreover, as stated in Dictionary of Social Sciences (2002: 453), the term of society was first used by Auguste Comte in 1830s to propose a synthetic science that would unite all knowledge about human activity. So it can be concluded that through sociology we can get a deeper understanding about human because we may figure out the way of human adaptation to the nature, the sociological mechanism of human and other things.

In general, the object of Sociology is society. A society is a group of humans or other organisms of a single species that is delineated by the bounds of cultural identity, social solidarity, functional and others.

Members of society are may not come from one ethnic group or races. A society may be a particular ethnic group, such as the Bataknese or Javanese; a nation state, such an Indonesia; a party, such PDIP or Golkar; a broader cultural group, such as a Eastern society; or even a social organism such as an ant colony. It can be concluded that there can be a classification in society because it’s a human being to find out the most convenient to them where they might think they belongs to. The sense of belonging, the feeling of one big family based on tribes, nationality, and other things leads a classification in society. Then the classification in the society is naturally arranged by the society itself.

Sociology was trying to figure out how society is decent, how it progresses, and how they constantly. By studying social institutions and all the economic problems, religious, political, etc. All of which constitute the social structure we can get the way about human, humans adapt to their environment, about the mechanisms of socialization, acculturation process that puts society in their respective places.

Literary sociology comes from sociology and literature. Literature is a reflection of society. Through literature, the author reveal of the problems of life. Literary works receive influence from society and also is able to make an impact on society. Sociology can be defined as the science or systemic knowledge about the life of human groups in relation to other human beings is generally called society.

Literature presents a picture of life, and life itself is a social reality. In this sense, life includes relationships between people, between people with individuals, between people, and between the events that occur in someone’s mind. However, the events that occur in someone’s mind that often the material of literature, is a reflection of someone’s relationship with other people or with the public and foster particular social attitudes or even to trigger certain social events.

Sociology of literature derived from the sociology and literature. Literature is a reflection of society. through literature, the author reveals the problems of life. Literary works are influenced by the society and at the same time able to make an impact on society. Sociology can be defined as the science or systematic knowledge about the life of human group in relation to other human beings is generally called society. The sociology literature is a subfield of the sociology of culture. It studies

the social production of literature and its social implication. Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature (1976:94) stated

“literature is a social institution, using as its medium language, a socialcreation. They are conventions and norm which could have arisen only in society. But, furthermore, literature represent ‘life’ and ‘life’ is, in large measure, a social reality, eventhough the natural world and the inner orsubjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary ‘imitation’. The poet himself is a member of society, possesed of a specific social status; he recieves some degree of social recognition and reward; he addresses an audience, however hypothetical.”

Sociological approach most widely practiced today pay great attention to the documentary aspects of literature: the foundation is the idea that literature is a mirror at that time. This view assumes that literature is a direct mirror of the various aspects of the social structure, kinship, class conflict, and others. In this case, the task of sociology of literature is to connect the experience of imaginary characters and situations character creation with the author of the historical circumstances which constitute origin. Themes and styles that exist in the literary work, of a personal nature, it must be change into matters of social nature.

2.3 Historical Approach

Historical approach is an approach that was associated with the general competencies that are considered relevant history, old literature with kingdoms large, modern literature with social movements, politics, economics, and culture in general. The essence of literary is imagination has a social and historical context.

Sociology of literature that developed by Goldmann tries to combine the structural analysis with historical materialism and dialectical. For him, literature should be

understood as a meaningful totality Lucien goldman stated in the literature et sociologie (1967 – 195 )

…no sociology can be realistic until it is historical, just as no historical research can be scientific and realistic unless it is sociological. Not only are there no distinctively social fact, and other human facts which are historical: there are not even two analyticaly distinct dimensions of these facts which could be attached to two difference sciences. Thus the need to study human facts both in their concrete reality requires a method which is simultaneously both sociological and historical.

Thus the effort to analyze the facts of humanity both in structure and essential and in fact it is concrete that requires a method that simultaneously which is sociological and historical. If sociology separated from history, it will be inconclusive disciplined and abstract, as well as with history.

2.4 Representation of Dictatorship

Dictator comes from the language Latin is Dictare, which means as a command, a single power holder in running a government in a nation from Ensiklopedia Indonesia (1989: 822). According to Franz L. Neuman in the Jurnal Ilmu Politik (1993: 39) dictator is government by a person or group who arrogant and monopolize power in a country and implement their authority without limitation.

Definition of dictator itself there are two kinds, namely: 1) the proletarian dictator, it is located between the capitalist society and communist society. There is a transition period in a period of revolutionary transformation. Capitalist society become communist society. 2) Military dictator, it is a senior officer or a group officers without giving accountability to the citizens, who get their authority or power by doing a coup said Miriam Budiardjo in Moral- moral Ilmu Politik (1989: 98).

Jules Archer in Kisah Para Dikatator Biografi Politik Para Penguasa Fasis, Komunis, Despotis dan Tiran (2007: 21) said that the dictatorship can be divided into two types, namely, first type is military dictator, it is get its power through military power and second type is political dictator, it is get power through general elections.

Dictator is a leader who has absolute power that they obtained through violence and coups in other words it is not democratic. A leader of nation who run his government in an authoritarian state or tyranny and oppresses his citizens. It is very detrimental to the People itself. In a government dictator will happen corruption, collusion and nepotism, in the end its people fall into poverty. A dictator is only think about his personal interest only. By doing so many corruptions in a government. Resulted was damaged to the people, poverty and unemployment surely very high. The main problem is the poor mental itself leader who failed to become a fair and wise leader. Behavior and character of leaders like this will directly destroy his integrity and leadership naturally. His position in the eyes of citizens will be destroyed. So, one day there will be a revolution by the citizens.

Dictatorship is single power system ruling is absolute power. The leader was called a dictator, who ruled fully in running power system.Leadership of dictator is leadership which an absolute, tend to be free from the constitution and the law in his country.

Some reasons for the emergence of dictatorships, among others: (a.) some authorities are believe and sure that dictator is one and only way to maintain or strengthen their power for the sake of maintaining national stability. (B.) Dictator was created to replace the government that is not considered able to save nation from emergency or security threats. (C.) Dictatorships were emerged from an ambitious figure that was

able to build a glory and greatness to nation. This power is usually obtained through a coup during a state in emergency. (D.) Dictator also born to cover the government's inability manage nation to tackle corruption, social turmoil, financial hardship, and because of reduced the confidence of people against to authority and government institutions. (E.) Several of the dictatorships claim themselves did the will of god. (F.) Dictator also appears from a chaos of the country. The chaos caused by war or military crisis that can’t be solved by military force in a war. (G.) Dictatorships also appear because the country wants to make massive changes. (H.) Dictator also can be created to deal with the reformers, revolutionaries and rebels. In Encyclopedia (2004: 353).

2.5 Characteristic of Dictatorship

Soehino in Ilmu Negara (1980: 35) said In a dictatorship system all activity of citizens were bound by ruler of dictator, so all of activities citizens is only praise the dictator.

The characteristics of dictatorship system are:  There is no accountability of its power.

 People do not have authority to limit the power of a dictator.  Sovereignty belonged to the dictator and used for their benefit.

 Public support was obtained through propaganda and education system controlled by dictator.

 History in the past was replaced.

 There is only one ruling party and have special characteristics, there are:

o _{Reign with a cruel.}

o _{Enter a rebellion into prison and camps.} o _{Establish secret police.}

o _{Doing indoctrination to public.} o _{Doing strictly supervise to society.}

The characteristics of the Dictator country by Carl J. Frederick and Z. Bigriewle Brezinksky in Jurnal Ilmu Politik (1993: 40), is:

1. An existence ideology was taught thoroughly to all society that consist of the doctrine did by government covering all the aspects vital of life and society. All of people should be obey to it. This ideology was created to make new people era who different with human that now exist in society.

2. Party led by a dictator with members consist of a relatively small percentage of the public population, which are consist of men and women. Throughout his life devote accept to the party’s ideology and doing any way to accepted by public.

3. A government has terror system, both psychological terror and physical terror. It was done by the ruling party. Government also has the special police surveillance directed against the enemies of dictator, rebels and to the class of population that does not agree with government. Terror had been done by secret police or by the ruling party to oppress citizens systematically using by modern science.

Abu Daud Busroh in Hukum Tata Negara, Perbandingan (1987: 67) mentions the characteristics of dictatorship are:

1. The existence of a special court to judge people who oppose the regime. (In fact, there is no judicial process for the guilty)

2. There is no freedom to association and assembly. 3. There is no general election.

Dictatorship is a form of government headed by a person or small group of people who have absolute power and their power have not limitation even though by law.

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

In writing this paper, the method of the study that writer uses is Library research and Qualitative method. Library research as explained by Marry W George in the book The Elements of Library Research (2008) is a methodology where the researcher takes the data onto the book or the written text. In the same book he also explains about qualitative method. He suggests that qualitative method designates any research whose results are captured in a words, images, or non-numeric symbols.

The writer use George Orwell’s novel Nineteen Eighty - Four as the main source of the data. Nineteen Eighty-Four is a novel by the English writer George Orwell, published in 1948. The story, which focuses on the life of Winston Smith, was Orwell's vision of a totalitarian state which has absolute control over every action and thought of its people through propaganda, secrecy, constant surveillance, and harsh punishment. In some editions it is retitled 1984. This novel as the primary source of the data because it is related to the moral values reflected by some of the characters’ conducts and behaviors, it can be found in words, or sentences or paragraphs form in the novel. First step, the writer read the novel Nineteen Eighty - Four as the source of data of dictatorship portrayal in character and, then used some sociology textbooks to understand the principles of sociology which is applied by the author of that novel. The required information in supporting the analysis is collected through the reading and searching related references to the analysis. They are taken

from text books, articles, journal from the internet, and other materials that related to the analysis.

Explanation:

1. Reading the novel Nineteen Eighty – Four by George Orwell. Collect and underline the important things from the novel and related books and references. 2. Finding the related words, sentences, paragraphs related to dictatorship 3. Selecting the significant data related to the problem the study

4. Doing an interpretation and analysis

5. The last step is making a conclusion after doing an interpretation The writer

Conclusion

Interpretation and Analysis

Data Selection Data: Words,

Sentences, Paragraphs related to Dictatorship

Source of Data : Nineteen Eighty – Four

3.2 Data Collecting Procedure

After reading the novel, the writer underlines the important words, sentences, or paragraph related to dictatorship such as the information about the characteristic of the Big Brother as leader party and head of government in the novel. Not only the novel, but also supported data from the book, thesis, article that related with the topic need to be underline. Some data from the internet are also used as the supporting references that related to good and evil of human behaviour as the subject matter of this thesis. When all the data and information that related to the topic of this thesis are collected, then the data will be selected and used in the process of finishing this thesis.

3.3 Data Selecting Procedure

All information that has been collected is being selected and only the very significant data are used in the process of doing this thesis. This selection is done based on how significant the data in relation with the dictatorship.

3.4 Data Analysing Procedure

After selecting the data, the writer needs to classify it first, which one is related to dictatorship. After classifying the data, an analyzing and interpretation can be started by using descriptive qualitative method. After analyzing and interpreting the data, finally the writer can draw the conclusion for this thesis.

CHAPTER IV

ANALISYS AND FINDING

In this thesis the writer would like to analyze about dictatorship in George Orwell’s Nineteen eighty-four. Nineteen Eighty-Four tells about a world where the rules of Big Brother applies to everything and dictates everything. He is a dictator. A world where war was peace, freedom was slavery, and ignorance was strength. A world that’s you will be watched 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. A world where there was no place for freedom to think, to act, and to speak. A world which humanity was lost. George Orwell used the point of view of the main character. He is Winston Smith and his age was 30. Winston worked in the The Ministry of Truth as one employee in the Record Department. Every day his duty was to alter the truth, to erase the past, and created the new present. Simply did by Smith are changing the contents of the speeches, magazines, newspapers and other archival solely for the benefit of the ruling party.

The story of novel is an extreme example of the problems that’s we must face in the real world, a critique of a totalitarian government. From Winston’s point of view brings us to recognize the system was working in Oceania, named Ingsoc (English Socialism), led by Big Brother as the supreme leader of the party. Populations of Oceania itself was divided into three groups, named the Inner party members were only about 2% of the all population, then lower the party members, and the Proles that covered about 85% of the total.

In Nineteen Eighty – Four, the world was divided into 4: Oceania, Eurasia, East Asia, three disputed areas of the country. Oceania was the largest; territory included the United Kingdom, America and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Eurasia included Russia and all of Europe. Partly of East Asia is throughout Asia except Russia, south Asia and the bottom of Southeast Asia. Regional in disputes are an area with four boundary points of the city, one in Hong Kong, one in the northern tip of Australia (Darwin), two in Africa (Morocco and the Congo). Indonesia included in this disputed land. Indonesia's own name is also mentioned in the novel. Only once and called the Indonesian archipelago. The data were fitted with the characteristic of each region.

All of the disputed territories contain valuable minerals, and some of them yield important vegetable products such as rubber which in colder climates it is necessary to synthesize by comparatively expensive methods. But above all they contain a bottomless reserve of cheap labour. Whichever power controls equatorial Africa, or the countries of the Middle East, or Southern India, or the Indonesian Archipelago, disposes also of the bodies of scores or hundreds of millions of ill-paid and hard-working coolies. The inhabitants of these areas, reduced more or less openly to the status of slaves, pass continually from conqueror to conqueror, and are expended like so much coal or oil in the race to turn out more armaments, to capture more territory, to control more labour power, to turn out more armaments, to capture more territory, and so on indefinitely.

(Orwell, 1948: 187)

The government under the reign of Big Brother has two parties they were Outer and Inner Party. Outer party consisted of people from the general people were recruited as qualification to carry out administration tasks. Inner party was core people administration directly related to the instruction of the Big Brother. People in outside party were called as The Proles, abbreviation of proletarians.

Party members were living in the rules of the Party. They were watched at all times, with Telescreen, which can capture gestures and voices, installed at each corner of the house, offices and streets. The giant Telescreen in every citizen’s room make a stream sound of propaganda, designed to make the failures and shortcomings of the Party appear to be triumphant successes. Telescreens also monitor behavior everywhere they go. They couldn’t show doubted or questioned signs, especially against the principles of the Party, if they wouldn’t want deal to Thought Police. By means of Telescreens and hidden microphones across the city, the Party is able to monitor its members almost all of the time. Additionally, the Party did complicated mechanisms to control large-scale on economic production and sources of information. They have scary machines to inflict torture for people who are considered enemies. All members of the party were already accustomed to accept whatever was said by the leader without question, even though it was contrary to what has been said before, or even reality. This was called doublethink, one of the principles that must be accepted without asked. The point is party was always right. Unlike the members of the party, The Proles did not bound with these rules. Their settlements were free from Telescreen. They also did not much communicate with party members. This was one thing that makes Winston believed that the change can only happen in hands of The Proles. However, it seems The Proles though unaware of what was actually happening in their world. They were only preoccupied by the small things in the world they were already falling apart.

Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.

Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious.

(Orwell, 1948: 70)

To be good citizens, who obey the rules of the Party, is a must. But, do not get too good, do not get too smart, do not seem to know and understand or cheerful or different, might you be evaporated, not only killed physically, and your tracks will also be omitted from history. There will be no one who ever knew or remember you. Government’s slogan:

BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU (Orwell, 1948: chapter I)

4.1 The Characteristics of Dictatorship in The Nineteen Eighty-Four

After the writer read and analyzes all chapters from the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the writer found seven characteristics of dictatorship that occurred in the novel. This is following dictatorship that occurred in novel:

4.1.1 Secret Police

In Nineteen Eighty-Four the leader who runs the government has secret police. Secret police is always everywhere and monitor every movement of the citizen. In the novel secret police named Thought Police. Life of citizens is not free because every movement of them was set by the government. an activity simply writing in a diary an act of self-expression is an unpardonable crime. Life is organized, supervised, and directed entirely by the government. Through the presence of the Thought Police and a machine named Telescreen. The writer imagines a kind of

CCTV, but it does can detect expressions and gestures people, gestures everyone noticed.

People could not do small things that were considered suspicious by the government, because if people do rebellion then they will be arrested by the Thought Police and eliminated. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, named is vaporized.

Behind Winston’s back the voice from the telescreen was still babbling away about pig-iron and the overfulfilment of the Ninth Three-Year Plan. The telescreen received and transmitted simultaneously. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it, moreover, so long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard.

There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment. How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual wire was guesswork. It was even conceivable that they watched everybody all the time. But at any rate they could plug in your wire whenever they wanted to. You had to live— did live, from habit that became instinct—in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every movement scrutinized.

(Orwell, 1948: 3)

Thoughtcrime does not entail death: thoughtcrime IS death. (Orwell, 1948: 28)

Whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with it, made no difference. The Thought Police would get him just the same. He had committed—would still have committed, even if he had never set pen to paper— the essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed for ever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they were bound to get you. It was always at night—the arrests invariably happened at night. The sudden jerk out of sleep, the rough hand shaking your shoulder, the lights glaring in your eyes, the ring of hard faces round the bed. In the vast majority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was removed from the registers, every record of everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated: VAPORIZED was the usual word.

Helicopter is always watching to every window of the house’s citizens. Slogan of government that show such things are also present every place in Oceania.

In the far distance a helicopter skimmed down between the roofs, hovered for an instant like a bluebottle, and darted away again with a curving flight. It was the police patrol, snooping into people’s windows.

(Orwell, 1948: 2)

BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran. (Orwell, 1948: Chapter I)

Big Brother was a single dictator figure in the novel Nineteen Eighty - Four by George Orwell. Big brother's face adorns posters across all of Oceania and big screens telescreen in Victory Square (the settlements of party members). By government, the people are forced to be born, live, grow, work, aging, and death. There is no struggle, resistance, and other matters beyond the path that has been written by the state.

4.1.2 Changed Language

One more important thing that related with dictatorship in Nineteen Eighty-Four is language. Language is one of central importance to human thought because it structures and limits the ideas that individuals are capable of formulating and expressing. Government is really smart and crafty, because they were realized the importance of control the language to control the public mind. Government make control of language were centralized in a political agency. Such an agency could possibly alter the very structure of language to make it impossible to even conceive of disobedient or rebellious thoughts, because there would be no words with which to think them. This idea manifests itself in the language of Newspeak, which the Party

has introduced to replace English. Government is constantly refining and perfecting Newspeak, with the ultimate goal that no one will be capable of conceptualizing anything that might question the government’s absolute power.

Language as main tool to delivered of logical reasoning, it could be a friend liberating at the same time become the imprisoned opponents, ambiguous language. Language becomes a tool which is precisely imprisoned human’s logical reasoning when it is manipulated through the elements of linguistic-semantic. The second thing is what is done by the party. Government was halve the language of English become Oldspeak and Newspeak. Oldspeak is English standard that considered by party contains a lot of obsolete vocabularies, useless, taxa, and has the potential to be used as a tool of treason. Vocabulary in this Oldspeak was many eliminated by Newspeak’s dictionary. Newspeak more concerned with the use of vocabulary with semantic meaning which has potential pragmatic. Downsizing vocabulary is the attempt had been done, to expedite the government's interests. This is a betrayal to the language. When semantic was deified, ambiguity was muzzled, vocabulary was dwarfed, use the context was collapsible, and irregularity of morphological was killed, then the logical reasoning will be limp and die.

The Principles of Newspeak

Newspeak was the official language of Oceania and had been devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism. In the year 1984 there was not as yet anyone who used Newspeak as his sole means of communication, either in speech or writing. The leading articles in ‘The Times’ were written in it, but this was a TOUR DE FORCE which could only be carried out by a specialist. It was expected that Newspeak would have finally superseded Oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call it) by about the year 2050. Meanwhile it gained ground steadily, all Party members tending to use Newspeak words and grammatical constructions more and more in their everyday speech. The version in use in 1984, and embodied in the Ninth and Tenth Editions of the Newspeak Dictionary, was a provisional one, and contained many superfluous words and archaic

formations which were due to be suppressed later. It is with the final, perfected version, as embodied in the Eleventh Edition of the Dictionary, that we are concerned here.

The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought—that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc—should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words. Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This was done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words and by stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meanings whatever. To give a single example. The word FREE still existed in Newspeak, but it could only be used in such statements as ‘This dog is free from lice’ or ‘This field is free from weeds’. It could not be used in its old sense of ‘politically free’ or ‘intellectually free’ since political and intellectual freedom no longer existed even as concepts, and were therefore of necessity nameless. Quite apart from the suppression of definitely heretical words, reduction of vocabulary was regarded as an end in itself, and no word that could be dispensed with was allowed to survive. Newspeak was designed not to extend but to DIMINISH the range of thought and this purpose was indirectly assisted by cutting the choice of words down to a minimum. (Orwell, 1948: 299-300)

An interesting example is the use of the word "free". In Oldspeak English, the word of free was known in the context of the sentence “This dog is free from lices” and “This community is intellectually free”. In the context of newspeak, word of free was removal in the second sentence. Free word can only be used in sentences with the atmosphere of "shallow" as seen in the first sentence. Meanwhile, the context of the word free in the second sentence be eliminated because of the potential to be used in the case of "disobedience" against the party policy. Downsizing vocabulary actions also has a very harmful impact to flexibility and wildness of reason. It was become the key the government to control citizens. Logical reasoning could not to be flexible

and wild in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Considering the nature of reasoning which were directly proportional to the nature of language. So, who could control the language he can also could control the logical reasoning people.

There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed.

…If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face—for ever.’…

(Orwell, 1948: 267)

4.1.3 Changed History and News

The government in Nineteen Eighty-Four has four ministries; that was The Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education and the fine arts. The Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war. The Ministry of Love, which maintained law and order. And the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs.

The Ministry of Truth—Minitrue, in Newspeak [Newspeak was the official language of Oceania.]…

The Ministry of Truth contained, it was said, three thousand rooms above ground level, and corresponding ramifications below. Scattered about London there were just three other buildings of similar appearance and size. So completely did they dwarf the surrounding architecture that from the roof of Victory Mansions you could see all four of them simultaneously. They were the homes of the four Ministries between which the entire apparatus of government was divided. The Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts. The Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war. The Ministry of Love, which maintained law and order. And the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs. Their names, in Newspeak: Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, and Miniplenty.

The Ministry of Truth duty is everyday always was to alter the truth, to erase the past, and created the new present. Simply did by Smith were changing the contents of the speeches, magazines, newspapers and other archival solely for the benefit of the ruling party. Everyday history always changed. People could not differs between truth and untruth, because everything has been changed and formed by the government.

And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed— if all records told the same tale—then the lie passed into history and became truth. ‘Who controls the past,’ ran the Party slogan, ‘controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.’ And yet the past, though of its nature alterable, never had been altered. Whatever was true now was true from everlasting to everlasting. It was quite simple.

(Orwell, 1948: 34)

The citizens have lost track of the history because of the work had done by Winston and other employees in the government. The people can’t differ which the information right and wrong is. So, they really have lost the instructions on how life before the era Big Brother. An information was published is information from the Party. The truth information is according to the Party. Citizens can’t differ between the lie and the truth because all things have changed and shaped as the Party wishes. Government controls every source of information, managing and rewriting the content of all newspapers and histories for government goal. Government does not allow individuals to keep records of their past, such as photographs or documents. Consequently, memories become fuzzy and unreliable, and citizens become perfectly willing to believe whatever the Party tells to them. By controlling the present, the government was able to manipulate the past. And in controlling the past, government can justify all of its actions in the present.

And the Records Department, after all, was itself only a single branch of the Ministry of Truth, whose primary job was not to reconstruct the past but to supply the citizens of Oceania with newspapers, films, textbooks, telescreen programmes, plays, novels—with every conceivable kind of information, instruction, or entertainment, from a statue to a slogan, from a lyric poem to a biological treatise, and from a child’s spelling -book to a Newspeak dictionary. And the Ministry had not only to supply the multifarious needs of the party, but also to repeat the whole operation at a lower level for the benefit of the proletariat.

There was a whole chain of separate departments dealing with proletarian literature, music, drama, and entertainment generally.

Here were produced rubbishy newspapers containing almost nothing except sport, crime and astrology, sensational five-cent novelettes, films oozing with sex, and sentimental songs which were composed entirely by mechanical means on a special kind of kaleidoscope known as a versificator.

(Orwell, 1948: 43)

4.1.4 Limited Entertainment

Music that develops there is a military music, which almost everyone listened it, because it was played in Telescreen. Government also heralded their slogan to all aspects of life’s citizen such as music. This is in accordance with the following quote:

The telescreen had changed over to strident military music. (Orwell, 1948: 7)

In another room someone with a comb and a piece of toilet paper was trying to keep tune with the military music which was still issuing from the telescreen.

(Orwell, 1948: 21)

The songs, the processions, the banners, the hiking, the drilling with dummy rifles, the yelling of slogans, the worship of Big Brother—it was all a sort of glorious game to them. All their ferocity was turned outwards, against the enemies of the State, against foreigners, traitors, saboteurs, thought-criminals.

4.1.5 Limited Sexual Activity

All activity of citizens always watched, every word spoken was tapped and every thought controlled. Someone’s marriage was arranged by party, include the sex instinct. A married couple must be able to bear a new generation, for the emergence of a new generation that should submissive and obedient to every rules of the party in the future. If a married couple has not a child, they should divorce. In essence, everything that made the citizens must comply with the rules of the Party. Sex can be seen as the ultimate act of individualism, as a representation of ultimate emotional and physical pleasure, and for its roots in the individual’s desire to continue him or herself through reproduction. By transforming sex into a duty, the Party strikes another psychological blow against individualism. Under Big Brother’s regime, the goal of sex is not to reproduce one’s individual genes, but simply to create new members of the Party.

…The sexual act, successfully performed, was rebellion. Desire was thoughtcrime…

(Orwell, 1948: 68)

The aim of the Party was not merely to prevent men and women from forming loyalties which it might not be able to control. Its real, undeclared purpose was to remove all pleasure from the sexual act. Not love so much as eroticism was the enemy, inside marriage as well as outside it. All marriages between Party members had to be approved by a committee appointed for the purpose, and—though the principle was never clearly stated—permission was always refused if the couple concerned gave the impression of being physically attracted to one another. The only recognized purpose of marriage was to beget children for the service of the Party. Sexual intercourse was to be looked on as a slightly disgusting minor operation, like having an enema. This again was never put into plain words, but in an indirect way it was rubbed into every Party member from childhood onwards. There were even organizations such as the Junior Anti-Sex League, which advocated complete celibacy for both sexes. All children were to be begotten by artificial insemination (ARTSEM, it was called in Newspeak) and brought up in public institutions. This,

Winston was aware, was not meant altogether seriously, but somehow it fitted in with the general ideology of the Party. The Party was trying to kill the sex instinct, or, if it could not be killed, then to distort it and dirty it. He did not know why this was so, but it seemed natural that it should be so. And as far as the women were concerned, the Party’s efforts were largely successful.

(Orwell, 1948: 65-66)

Love was only to the Big Brother, someone who was exalted and his poster was everywhere in Ocenia. A Worship of people only to the Big Brother (B-B) with a ritual devotion to Big Brother is illustrated in Two Minutes Hate.

The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but, on the contrary, that it was impossible to avoid joining in. Within thirty seconds any pretence was always unnecessary. A hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness, a desire to kill, to torture, to smash faces in with a sledgehammer, seemed to flow through the whole group of people like an electric current, turning one even against one’s will into a grimacing, screaming lunatic. And yet the rage that one felt was an abstract, undirected emotion which could be switched from one object to another like the flame of a blowlamp.

(Orwell, 1948: 14)

At this moment the entire group of people broke into a deep, slow, rhythmical chant of ‘B-B!...B-B!’—over and over again, very slowly, with a long pause between the first ‘B’ and the second—a heavy, murmurous sound, somehow curiously savage, in the background of which one seemed to hear the stamp of naked feet and the throbbing of tomtoms. For perhaps as much as thirty seconds they kept it up. It was a refrain that was often heard in moments of overwhelming emotion. Partly it was a sort of hymn to the wisdom and majesty of Big Brother, but still more it was an act of self-hypnosis, a deliberate drowning of consciousness by means of rhythmic noise.

(Orwell, 1948: 16)

Every day citizens were required to attend the Two Minutes Hate, when their anger culminated with hatred for the countries of Oceania's rival, to vent their emotions.

4.1.6 Monopolized Economy

The economy there is also monopolized by the government in Nineteen Eighty-Four, it is seen from the labels of products which are equally labeled victory, can be seen from the following quote:

He took down from the shelf a bottle of colourless liquid with a plain white label marked VICTORY GIN…

He took a cigarette from a crumpled packet marked VICTORY CIGARETTES.

(Orwell, 1948: 5)

…A metal pannikin of pinkish-grey stew, a hunk of bread, a cube of cheese, a mug of milkless Victory Coffee, and one saccharine tablet… (Orwell, 1948: 50)

On coins, on stamps, on the covers of books, on banners, on posters, and on the wrappings of a cigarette packet—everywhere. Always the eyes watching you and the voice enveloping you. Asleep or awake, working or eating, indoors or out of doors, in the bath or in bed—no escape. Nothing was your own except the few cubic centimetres inside your skull.

(Orwell, 1948: 27)

The citizens were banned from shopping to other stores besides to government stores which can be seen from the following quote:

Party members were supposed not to go into ordinary shops (’dealing on the free market’, it wascalled)…

(Orwell, 1948: 6)

Local people's livelihoods highly depend on the supply of electricity, so if the electricity was disconnected then they are not working.

Even at the best of times it was seldom working, and at present the electric current was cut off during daylight hours. It was part of the economy drive in preparation for Hate Week.

4.1.7 The Duping Citizen

The life of citizens was made to stupid by the system government slogan. This is consistent with the slogan adopted by the government the following:

WAR IS PEACE FREEDOM IS SLAVERY IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH (Orwell, 1948: Chapter I)

Duping to citizens has become clearly visible in the law that regulates activity of writing. There is explained that the activity of writing isn’t something that is illegal, people who are doing that activity will be executed which can be seen in the following quote:

The thing that he was about to do was to open a diary. This was not illegal (nothing was illegal, since there were no longer any laws), but if detected it was reasonably certain that it would be punished by death, or at least by twenty five years in a forced-labour camp.

(Orwell, 1948: 6)

Nineteen Eighty-Four portrays the perfect totalitarian society, the most extreme realization imaginable of a modern-day government with absolute power. Nineteen Eighty-Four portrays a nation in which government monitors and controls every aspect of human life to the extent that even having a disloyal thought is against the law.

4.2 The Impact of Dictatorship

In this subchapter the writer will show the impact of dictatorship to main characters that play important role in this novel. The main characters in the novel is Winston Smith. The writer would like to analyze the impact of dictatorship that found in Winston Smith such as rebellion, and poverty.

4.2.1 Rebellion

Impact from dictatorship can be seen from Winston Smith. Winston Smith is main character in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Winston is a low ranking member of the ruling Party in the nation of Oceania. Throughout his life, Winston Smith tried to be a good citizen of Oceania. He tried not to care about social condition his live. He followed the government rule with loyal soul. He was not familiar with any people like party suggested. He does not care when the truth was deflected by the government. He did not do anything. He tried to be a good citizen, but deep in his heart he kept his hatred to Big Brother, the leadership of the Party. He tried to cover it desperately. Because everywhere Winston goes, even his own home, the Party watches him through Telescreens, everywhere he was gone he always looks. Like the government’s slogan, a figure omniscient leader as many citizen known is Big Brother. Big Brother is watching you. Government controls everything in Oceania, even the people’s history and language. Currently, government is forcing the implementation of an invented language called Newspeak, which attempts to prevent political rebellion by eliminating all words related to it. Even thinking rebellious thoughts is illegal. Such thought crime is, in fact, the worst of all crimes.

Winston feels frustrated by the oppression and rigid control of government, which prohibits free thought, sex, and any expression of individuality. Live in an atmosphere of life which is the government dictatorship controlled people's lives, as type of person who could not easily accept any predefined rules government, bring the spirit of rebellion hearts Winston. This rebellion is certainly started quietly.

Winston hates government passionately and wants to test the limits of its power; he commits innumerable rebellion throughout the novel, ranging from writing in his diary.

His eyes re-focused on the page. He discovered that while he sat helplessly musing he had also been writing, as though by automatic action. And it was no longer the same cramped, awkward handwriting as before. His pen had slid voluptuously over the smooth paper, printing in large neat capitals—

DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER

over and over again, filling half a page.

He could not help feeling a twinge of panic. It was absurd, since the writing of those particular words was not more dangerous than the initial act of opening the diary, but for a moment he was tempted to tear out the spoiled pages and abandon the enterprise altogether.

He did not do so, however, because he knew that it was useless. Whether he wrote DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER, or whether he refrained from writing it, made no difference. Whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with it, made no difference.

(Orwell, 1948: 18-19)

One reason for Winston’s rebellion, and eventual downfall is his sense of fatalism his intense (though entirely justified) paranoia about the Party and his overriding belief that government will eventually catch and punish him. As soon as he is writes in his diary.

For a moment he was seized by a kind of hysteria. He began writing in a hurried untidy scrawl:

theyll shoot me i don’t care theyll shoot me in the back of the neck i dont care down with big brother they always shoot you in the back of the neck i dont care down with big brother——

but in fact he was a member of the Thought Police. Winston and Julia were arrested and separated. In prison, Winston was tortured for days, weeks and, even months. As felt by Winston, he is impossible to know how much time has passed. Even he does not know if the day was night or day. He was known if his body was kicked, beaten, and electrocuted. It was made repeated every day. Winston asked to acknowledge the crimes accused to him: theft, robbery, rape, etc. Julia, it is not clear how his fate. By the end of the novel, Winston’s rebellion is revealed into O’Brien.

It is human nature, if human be tamed with a number of orders and rules, then he will curious and looking for opportunities with things were forbidden.

4.2.2 Poverty

Another impact from dictatorship in Nineteen Eighty-Four is poverty. The citizen who lives in Oceania is very poor. But Inner party member live in luxury place so different with Outer party and the Prole people. Inner party members live with full facilities and high standard live. They lived in a luxury apartment, their apartments are clean and comfortable. They kitchen has a supply of good quality food. Like sugar, wine, coffee, etc. In the apartment there is always a waiter served the employers. All of products are presented to Inner Party members is the best product. Outer Party members lived in a dingy apartment and they only enjoyed lower quality of product. The prole lived on the streets.

(Orwell, 1948: 1)

And he was aware that there was no food in the kitchen except a hunk of dark-coloured bread which had got to be saved for tomorrow’s breakfast. He took down from the shelf a bottle of colourless liquid with a plain white label marked VICTORY GIN. It gave off a sickly, oily smell, as of Chinese rice-spirit.

He took a cigarette from a crumpled packet marked VICTORY CIGARETTES…

(Orwell, 1948: 5)

This quote for Inner Party members live:

The whole atmosphere of the huge block of flats, the richness and spaciousness of everything, the unfamiliar smells of good food and good tobacco, the silent and incredibly rapid lifts sliding up and down, the white-jacketed servants hurrying to and fro…

(Orwell, 1948: 168)

The passage down which he led them was softly carpeted, with cream papered walls and white wainscoting, all exquisitely clean.

(Orwell, 1948: 168)

O’Brien took the decanter by the neck and filled up the glasses with a dark-red liquid. It aroused in Winston dim memories of something seen long ago on a wall or a hoarding—a vast bottle composed of electric lights which seemed to move up and down and pour its contents into a glass. Seen from the top the stuff looked almost black, but in the decanter it gleamed like a ruby. It had a sour-sweet smell. He saw Julia pick up her glass and sniff at it with frank curiosity.

‘It is called wine,’ said O’Brien with a faint smile. (Orwell, 1948: 170-171)

There was a silver box of cigarettes on the table. With a rather absent-minded air O’Brien pushed them towards the others, took one himself, then stood up and began to pace slowly to and fro, as though he could think better standing. They were very good cigarettes, very thick and well-packed, with an unfamiliar silkiness in the paper.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the writer can conclude that Nineteen Eighty-Four written by George Orwell deals with dictatorship. George Orwell describe about dictatorship which is occur in Nineteen Eighty-Four. There are seven characteristic of dictatorships which are occur in Oceania;

 Secret Police  Changed language

 Changed History and News  Limited Entertainment  Limited Sexual Activity  Monopolized economy  The Duping Citizen

Secret police as the kinds of dictatorship makes a people could not did all their activity freely, like having sexual activity with their mate. Language, history, and news have been changed make all people didn’t know about information. It makes their life full of ignorance.

Dictatorship makes 2 impact to main character in this novel such as; rebellion and poverty. The main character wants to get out from all the control by government in his live but he cannot get out from it, he tried to rebel. That control are so powerful that makes him still feel trapped in his live and cannot get out from that control make

5.2 Suggestion

This novel is very interesting to read because it deals with dictatorship in many countries and may happen in a real world. It represents the attitudes of many governments now day was always supervised their citizen. I hope that this thesis will be improves our knowledge in literature and dictatorship.

There are a lot of things can be observed from this novel. The writer suggestion to the readers can be more open-minded, we can’t trust TV, media, newspaper, internet or anything else just from one source. Because, it could be all of information provided to us is not the correct information but their interest to keep their domination in a country.

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