S ING 1201951 Table of content
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ..............................................................................
i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ...................................................
ii
DEDICATION .............................................................................................
iii
PREFACE ....................................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................
v
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ..............................................................................
ix
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................
xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research ...................................................................
1
1.2 Research Questions .................................................................................
3
1.3 Research Objectives ................................................................................
3
1.4 Significance of the Research ...................................................................
3
1.5 Scope of the Research .............................................................................
4
1.6 Clarification of the Key Terms ................................................................
4
1.7 Organization of the Paper ........................................................................
5
1.8 Concluding Remark .................................................................................
6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Classroom Interaction .............................................................................
7
2.1.1 Teacher Talk .....................................................................................
9
2.1.2 Student Talk .....................................................................................
10
2.2 Classroom Discourse ...............................................................................
14
2.3 Discourse Structure .................................................................................
15
2.4 Categories of Move .................................................................................
17
2.5 Categories of Exchange ...........................................................................
20
ix
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2. 5.1 Non – Anomalous Exchanges ..........................................................
20
2.5.1.1 Simple Exchanges ......................................................................
21
2.5.1.1.1 Simple Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges ...........................
21
2.5.1.1.1.1 K1 – Initiated Exhanges .................................................
21
2.5.1.1.1.2 DK1 – Initiated Patterns .................................................
21
2.5.1.1.1.3 K2 – Initiated Patterns ....................................................
22
2.5.1.1.2 Skill – Oriented Exchanges ..................................................
22
2.5.1.1.3 Non – Verbal ........................................................................
23
2.5.1.2 Complex Exchanges ...................................................................
23
2.5.1.2.1 Pre – Inform Extended .........................................................
24
2.5.1.2.1.1 Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges .................................
24
2.5.1.2.1.1.1 DK1 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
24
2.5.1.2.1.1.2 K2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
25
2.5.1.2.1.2 Action – Oriented Exchanges .........................................
25
2.5.1.2.2 Post – Inform Extended ........................................................
25
2.5.1.2.3 Pre- and Post- Inform Extended ...........................................
26
2.5.2 Anomalous Exchanges ......................................................................
26
2.6 Review of the Previous Study .................................................................
27
2.7 Concluding Remark .................................................................................
28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Purposes of the Research and Research Questions .................................
30
3.2 Research Design ......................................................................................
30
3.3 Research Site and Participant ..................................................................
31
3.3.1 Site .....................................................................................................
31
3.3.2 Participant ..........................................................................................
31
3.4 Data Collection ........................................................................................
32
3.4.1 Video Recording of the Classroom Activities ...................................
32
3.4.2 Classroom Observation (Field Notes) ...............................................
33
3.4.3 Interview ............................................................................................
33
3.5 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................
34
x
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.5.1 Transcribing the Video ......................................................................
34
3.5.2 Coding and Analyzing the Data ........................................................
35
3.5.3 Calculating the Frequency of Data in Percent ...................................
35
3.5.4 Interpreting the Data ..........................................................................
36
3.6 Establishing Rapport ...............................................................................
36
3.7 Establishing Reliability and Validity ......................................................
37
3.7.1 Triangulation .....................................................................................
37
3.7.2 Member Checking .............................................................................
37
3.7.3 Feedback ............................................................................................
38
3.8 Concluding Remark .................................................................................
38
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Classroom Interaction Patterns ................................................................
39
4.1.1 Non – Anomalous Exchanges ...........................................................
42
4.1.1.1 Simple Exchanges ......................................................................
42
4.1.1.1.1 Simple Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges ...........................
43
4.1.1.1.1.1 K1 – Initiated Exhanges .................................................
43
4.1.1.1.1.2 DK1 – Initiated Patterns .................................................
46
4.1.1.1.1.3 K2 – Initiated Patterns ....................................................
47
4.1.1.1.2 Skill – Oriented Exchanges ..................................................
48
4.1.1.2.1 Verbal A1 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
48
4.1.1.2.2 Verbal A2 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
49
4.1.1.1.3 Non – Verbal ........................................................................
49
4.1.1.1.3.1 Non-Verbal A1 – Initiated Patterns ................................
49
4.1.1.1.3.2 Non-Verbal A2 – Initaited Patterns ................................
50
4.1.1.2 Complex Exchanges ...................................................................
51
4.1.1.2.1 Pre – Inform Extended .........................................................
52
4.1.1.2.1.1 Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges .................................
52
4.1.1.2.1.1.1 DK1 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
52
4.1.1.2.1.1.2 K2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
53
4.1.1.2.1.2 Action – Oriented Exchanges .........................................
54
xi
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.1.1.2.1.2.1 dA1 – Initiated Patterns ............................................
54
4.1.1.2.1.2.2 A2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
54
4.1.1.2.2 Post – Inform Extended ........................................................
55
4.1.1.2.2.1 Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges .................................
56
4.1.1.2.2.1.1 K1 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
56
4.1.1.2.2.1.2 DK1 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
56
4.1.1.2.2.1.3 K2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
57
4.1.1.2.1.2 Action – Oriented Exchanges .........................................
57
4.1.1.2.2.2.1 dA1 – Initiated Patterns ............................................
57
4.1.1.2.2.2.2 A2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
57
4.1.1.2.3 Pre- and Post- Inform Extended ...........................................
58
4.1.1.2.3.1 DK1 – Initiated Patterns .............................................
58
4.1.2 Anomalous Exchanges ......................................................................
58
4.1.2.1 Elliptical Exchanges ....................................................................
59
4.1.2.2 Defective Exchanges ...................................................................
60
4.1.2.3 Broken Exchanges .......................................................................
60
4.2 Classroom Interaction (Teacher Talk and Student Talk) ........................
61
4.2.1 Teacher Talk ......................................................................................
65
4.2.1.1 Indirect Influence ........................................................................
66
4.2.1.1.1 Dealing with Feelings ............................................................
66
4.2.1.1.2 Praising or Encouraging ........................................................
67
4.2.1.1.2.1 Jokes ................................................................................
68
4.2.1.1.3 Using Ideas of Students .........................................................
68
4.2.1.1.3.1 Repeating Student Response Verbatim ...........................
69
4.2.1.1.4 Asking Questions ..................................................................
69
4.2.1.2 Direct Influence ...........................................................................
71
4.2.1.2.1 Giving Information ................................................................
72
4.2.1.2.1.1 Correcting without Rejection ..........................................
73
4.2.1.2.2 Giving Directions ..................................................................
73
4.2.1.2.3 Criticizing Student Behavior .................................................
74
4.2.1.2.3.1 Criticizing Student Response ..........................................
75
xii
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.2.2 Student Talk ......................................................................................
76
4.2.2.1 Student Response, Specific .........................................................
76
4.2.2.2 Student Response, Open-Ended or Student – Initiated ...............
77
4.2.2.3 Silence .........................................................................................
78
4.2.2.3.1 Silence – AV .........................................................................
79
4.2.2.4 Confusion, Work – Oriented .......................................................
79
4.2.2.4.1 Confusion, Non Work – Oriented .........................................
79
4.2.3 Neither Teacher Talk nor Student Talk .............................................
80
4.2.3.1 Laughter ......................................................................................
81
4.2.3.2 Using the Native Language .........................................................
81
4.2.3.3 Non – Verbal ...............................................................................
82
4.3 Findings and Discussions of Interview Data ...........................................
84
4.4 Concluding Remark .................................................................................
90
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions .............................................................................................
91
5.2 Suggestions ..............................................................................................
92
5.2.1 Pedagogical Implication ....................................................................
92
5.2.2 Further Research ...............................................................................
93
REFERENCES ............................................................................................
95
APPENDICES .............................................................................................
98
xiii
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Foreign Language Interaction Analysis (FLINT) System ...................... 12
Table 2.2 Four Function of An Exchange................................................................
17
Table 2.3 Types of Dynamic Moves .......................................................................
18
Table 2.4 Symbols of Movements ........................................................................... 27
Table 4.1 Distribution of Non-Anomalous Exchanges of Classroom Interaction ... 40
Table 4.2 Distribution of Anomalous Exchanges of Classroom Interaction ........... 41
Table 4.3 Distribution of Teacher Talk and Student Talk ....................................... 63
Table 4.4 The Percentage of Teacher Talk and Student Talk .................................
xiv
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
86
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Classroom Interaction .............................................................................
8
Figure 2.2 Classroom Discourse Structure ..............................................................
15
Figure 2.3 Categories of Exchange Structute ..........................................................
20
xv
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Video Recording Transcription
Appendix B Calculation of Classroom Interaction Patterns
Appendix C Calculation of Teacher Talk and Student Talk
Appendix D Interview Transcription
Appendix E Classroom Observation Field Notes
Appendix F Archives of Letter
xvi
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
PAGE OF APPROVAL ..............................................................................
i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ...................................................
ii
DEDICATION .............................................................................................
iii
PREFACE ....................................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................
v
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ..............................................................................
ix
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................
xvi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research ...................................................................
1
1.2 Research Questions .................................................................................
3
1.3 Research Objectives ................................................................................
3
1.4 Significance of the Research ...................................................................
3
1.5 Scope of the Research .............................................................................
4
1.6 Clarification of the Key Terms ................................................................
4
1.7 Organization of the Paper ........................................................................
5
1.8 Concluding Remark .................................................................................
6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Classroom Interaction .............................................................................
7
2.1.1 Teacher Talk .....................................................................................
9
2.1.2 Student Talk .....................................................................................
10
2.2 Classroom Discourse ...............................................................................
14
2.3 Discourse Structure .................................................................................
15
2.4 Categories of Move .................................................................................
17
2.5 Categories of Exchange ...........................................................................
20
ix
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2. 5.1 Non – Anomalous Exchanges ..........................................................
20
2.5.1.1 Simple Exchanges ......................................................................
21
2.5.1.1.1 Simple Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges ...........................
21
2.5.1.1.1.1 K1 – Initiated Exhanges .................................................
21
2.5.1.1.1.2 DK1 – Initiated Patterns .................................................
21
2.5.1.1.1.3 K2 – Initiated Patterns ....................................................
22
2.5.1.1.2 Skill – Oriented Exchanges ..................................................
22
2.5.1.1.3 Non – Verbal ........................................................................
23
2.5.1.2 Complex Exchanges ...................................................................
23
2.5.1.2.1 Pre – Inform Extended .........................................................
24
2.5.1.2.1.1 Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges .................................
24
2.5.1.2.1.1.1 DK1 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
24
2.5.1.2.1.1.2 K2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
25
2.5.1.2.1.2 Action – Oriented Exchanges .........................................
25
2.5.1.2.2 Post – Inform Extended ........................................................
25
2.5.1.2.3 Pre- and Post- Inform Extended ...........................................
26
2.5.2 Anomalous Exchanges ......................................................................
26
2.6 Review of the Previous Study .................................................................
27
2.7 Concluding Remark .................................................................................
28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Purposes of the Research and Research Questions .................................
30
3.2 Research Design ......................................................................................
30
3.3 Research Site and Participant ..................................................................
31
3.3.1 Site .....................................................................................................
31
3.3.2 Participant ..........................................................................................
31
3.4 Data Collection ........................................................................................
32
3.4.1 Video Recording of the Classroom Activities ...................................
32
3.4.2 Classroom Observation (Field Notes) ...............................................
33
3.4.3 Interview ............................................................................................
33
3.5 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................
34
x
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.5.1 Transcribing the Video ......................................................................
34
3.5.2 Coding and Analyzing the Data ........................................................
35
3.5.3 Calculating the Frequency of Data in Percent ...................................
35
3.5.4 Interpreting the Data ..........................................................................
36
3.6 Establishing Rapport ...............................................................................
36
3.7 Establishing Reliability and Validity ......................................................
37
3.7.1 Triangulation .....................................................................................
37
3.7.2 Member Checking .............................................................................
37
3.7.3 Feedback ............................................................................................
38
3.8 Concluding Remark .................................................................................
38
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Classroom Interaction Patterns ................................................................
39
4.1.1 Non – Anomalous Exchanges ...........................................................
42
4.1.1.1 Simple Exchanges ......................................................................
42
4.1.1.1.1 Simple Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges ...........................
43
4.1.1.1.1.1 K1 – Initiated Exhanges .................................................
43
4.1.1.1.1.2 DK1 – Initiated Patterns .................................................
46
4.1.1.1.1.3 K2 – Initiated Patterns ....................................................
47
4.1.1.1.2 Skill – Oriented Exchanges ..................................................
48
4.1.1.2.1 Verbal A1 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
48
4.1.1.2.2 Verbal A2 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
49
4.1.1.1.3 Non – Verbal ........................................................................
49
4.1.1.1.3.1 Non-Verbal A1 – Initiated Patterns ................................
49
4.1.1.1.3.2 Non-Verbal A2 – Initaited Patterns ................................
50
4.1.1.2 Complex Exchanges ...................................................................
51
4.1.1.2.1 Pre – Inform Extended .........................................................
52
4.1.1.2.1.1 Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges .................................
52
4.1.1.2.1.1.1 DK1 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
52
4.1.1.2.1.1.2 K2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
53
4.1.1.2.1.2 Action – Oriented Exchanges .........................................
54
xi
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.1.1.2.1.2.1 dA1 – Initiated Patterns ............................................
54
4.1.1.2.1.2.2 A2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
54
4.1.1.2.2 Post – Inform Extended ........................................................
55
4.1.1.2.2.1 Knowledge – Oriented Exchanges .................................
56
4.1.1.2.2.1.1 K1 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
56
4.1.1.2.2.1.2 DK1 – Initiated Patterns ...........................................
56
4.1.1.2.2.1.3 K2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
57
4.1.1.2.1.2 Action – Oriented Exchanges .........................................
57
4.1.1.2.2.2.1 dA1 – Initiated Patterns ............................................
57
4.1.1.2.2.2.2 A2 – Initiated Patterns ..............................................
57
4.1.1.2.3 Pre- and Post- Inform Extended ...........................................
58
4.1.1.2.3.1 DK1 – Initiated Patterns .............................................
58
4.1.2 Anomalous Exchanges ......................................................................
58
4.1.2.1 Elliptical Exchanges ....................................................................
59
4.1.2.2 Defective Exchanges ...................................................................
60
4.1.2.3 Broken Exchanges .......................................................................
60
4.2 Classroom Interaction (Teacher Talk and Student Talk) ........................
61
4.2.1 Teacher Talk ......................................................................................
65
4.2.1.1 Indirect Influence ........................................................................
66
4.2.1.1.1 Dealing with Feelings ............................................................
66
4.2.1.1.2 Praising or Encouraging ........................................................
67
4.2.1.1.2.1 Jokes ................................................................................
68
4.2.1.1.3 Using Ideas of Students .........................................................
68
4.2.1.1.3.1 Repeating Student Response Verbatim ...........................
69
4.2.1.1.4 Asking Questions ..................................................................
69
4.2.1.2 Direct Influence ...........................................................................
71
4.2.1.2.1 Giving Information ................................................................
72
4.2.1.2.1.1 Correcting without Rejection ..........................................
73
4.2.1.2.2 Giving Directions ..................................................................
73
4.2.1.2.3 Criticizing Student Behavior .................................................
74
4.2.1.2.3.1 Criticizing Student Response ..........................................
75
xii
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.2.2 Student Talk ......................................................................................
76
4.2.2.1 Student Response, Specific .........................................................
76
4.2.2.2 Student Response, Open-Ended or Student – Initiated ...............
77
4.2.2.3 Silence .........................................................................................
78
4.2.2.3.1 Silence – AV .........................................................................
79
4.2.2.4 Confusion, Work – Oriented .......................................................
79
4.2.2.4.1 Confusion, Non Work – Oriented .........................................
79
4.2.3 Neither Teacher Talk nor Student Talk .............................................
80
4.2.3.1 Laughter ......................................................................................
81
4.2.3.2 Using the Native Language .........................................................
81
4.2.3.3 Non – Verbal ...............................................................................
82
4.3 Findings and Discussions of Interview Data ...........................................
84
4.4 Concluding Remark .................................................................................
90
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions .............................................................................................
91
5.2 Suggestions ..............................................................................................
92
5.2.1 Pedagogical Implication ....................................................................
92
5.2.2 Further Research ...............................................................................
93
REFERENCES ............................................................................................
95
APPENDICES .............................................................................................
98
xiii
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Foreign Language Interaction Analysis (FLINT) System ...................... 12
Table 2.2 Four Function of An Exchange................................................................
17
Table 2.3 Types of Dynamic Moves .......................................................................
18
Table 2.4 Symbols of Movements ........................................................................... 27
Table 4.1 Distribution of Non-Anomalous Exchanges of Classroom Interaction ... 40
Table 4.2 Distribution of Anomalous Exchanges of Classroom Interaction ........... 41
Table 4.3 Distribution of Teacher Talk and Student Talk ....................................... 63
Table 4.4 The Percentage of Teacher Talk and Student Talk .................................
xiv
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
86
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Classroom Interaction .............................................................................
8
Figure 2.2 Classroom Discourse Structure ..............................................................
15
Figure 2.3 Categories of Exchange Structute ..........................................................
20
xv
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Video Recording Transcription
Appendix B Calculation of Classroom Interaction Patterns
Appendix C Calculation of Teacher Talk and Student Talk
Appendix D Interview Transcription
Appendix E Classroom Observation Field Notes
Appendix F Archives of Letter
xvi
Nita Herliani, 2016
TEACHER – STUDENTS INTERACTION PATTERNS IN EFL CLASSROOM
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu