AN ANALYSIS OF TURN TAKING STRATEGIES USED BY HOST AND GUEST IN THE TALK SHOW “THE ELLEN DEGENERES SHOW“.

AN ANALYSIS OF TURN TAKING STRATEGIES USED BY HOST AND

GUEST IN THE TALK SHOW “THE ELLEN DEGENERES SHOW“

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree Of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic

University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By

NUR KHASANAH Reg.Number A03211028

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL

AN ANALYSIS OF TURN TAKING STRATEGIES USED BY HOST AND

GUEST IN THE TALK SHOW “THE ELLEN DEGENERES SHOW“

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree Of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By

NUR KHASANAH Reg.Number A03211028

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA

2015

MOTTO

And say: "Work (righteousness) : Soon will Allah observe

your work, and His Messenger, and the Believers: Soon

will ye be brought back to the knower of what is hidden

and what is open: then will He show you the truth of all

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to :

My beloved father

“

Sulaiman

”

& mother

“

Zulaikhah

”

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahi rabbil-alamin. By imprinting Allah’s name in my heart, I would like to send my beautiful thanks to Allah who has given His guidance and

blessing to the writer, so that she can finish her thesis. Shalawat and Salam are

delivered to my beloved prophet Muhammad SAW who has given me a beautiful

spirit to do the right things in the right way.

First of all, I express my sincere gratitude to the Rector of the State

Islamic University of Sunan Ampel, Prof. Dr. H. Abd. A’la, M. Ag., the Dean of

the Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Dr. H. Imam Ghazali, MA, and the Head

of English Department, Dr. Mohammad Kurjum M. Ag. who allowed me to

conduct this thesis without any trouble.

I also express my sincere gratitude to Raudhotul Jannah M.App. Ling as

my beloved advisor. She is very beautiful, kind and patient in giving me guidance.

Her constructive comments and suggestions have contribution to the success of

this thesis. She also inspires me about enthusiasm in running life. Special thanks

to all lectures at the English Department who have given me many valuable things

during I study in this beloved University.

I dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents “Sulaiman” and “Zulaikhah”

who always loved me unconditionally. They always taught me right from wrong,

without them none of my success would be possible. I also give thanks to my

and Mbak Qori’ who always support me to finish my thesis. Then, I give my special thanks to my little nephew and niece (Ira, Egar, Rani) who always give me

a spirit.

Moreover, I give thanks to my classmates in SI A and KKN PAR 16 2015

for the valuable experience. My special thanks to Ciputra, Sanaz, Lia, Sa’adah,

Agustina, Aidar, Ita, Diana, Risa, Aini for love, smile and support to finish my

thesis. Also my little stars Nova, Riyan, Velen, Faro, Intan, Reval, Ilham who give

me color in my life. I also give my thanks to all people who have helped me in

making this thesis. Thank you very much.

June 1st ,2015

ABSTRACT

Khasanah,Nur. 2015. An Analysis of Turn Taking Strategies Used by Host and

Guest in The Talk Show “The Ellen DeGeneres Show”, English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor : Raudlotul Jannah M. App. Ling

Key Terms : Conversation analysis, Turn, Turn Taking Strategies, Talk Show

In a conversation, turn taking automatically occur because the participants take and manage their role in order to get the message. Stenström (1994) divides turn taking strategies into taking the turn strategy, holding the turn strategy, and yielding the turn strategy. The aim of this study are to show the readers about the types of turn taking strategies, the function of turn taking strategies and the process of turn taking when the participants take their turn. Therefore, the researcher chooses talk show as her object because it is very enjoyable and natural conversation. For the talk show, the researcher chooses “The Ellen DeGeneres Show” because this talk show is one of the best and popular talk show in America. The researcher also uses descriptive qualitative method because the data in the form of words descriptively, not in the form of percentage or numeral. Moreover, the researcher also as the main instrument because she is the one who identifies,observes and analyzes the data. The source of this research is the video of the Ellen DeGeneres show that include of the host and the guests utterance. After analyzing the data, the researcher found out that the participants do not use all the turn taking strategies, it is caused of the duration, the topic and the personality of the participants influence the conversation in the talk show. Moreover, the participants do not only use utterances but also gesture when they take their turn.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ... i

TITLE ... ii

DECLARATION ... iii

MOTTO ... iv

DEDICATION ... v

THESIS ADVISOR‟S APPROVAL SHEET ... vi

THESIS EXAMINER‟S APPROVAL SHEET ... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

ABSTRACT ... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 Research Problems ... 5

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 5

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 6

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 6

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 8

2.1.1 Conversation Analysis ... 8

2.1.2 Conversational Talk ... 9

2.1.3 Talk Show ... 10

2.1.4 Turn Taking ... 11

2.1.5 Turn Taking Strategies by Stenström (1994) ... 12

2.1.5.2Holding the turn ... 15

2.1.5.3Yielding the turn ... 18

2.1.6 Gesture ... 19

2.2 Review of Related Studies ... 21

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design ... 24

3.2 Data Source ... 25

3.3 Subject/ Participant ... 25

3.4 Data Collection ... 25

3.5 Instruments ... 26

3.6 Data Analysis ... 26

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 The Types of Turn Taking Strategies Used by Host And Guest In The Talk Show “The Ellen DeGeneres Show ... 29

4.1.1 The conversation between Ellen, Mario and Luigi ... 29

4.1.2 The conversation between Ellen and Jim Parsons ... 35

4.1.3 The conversation between Ellen and Sasha Alexander ... 41

4.1.4 The conversation between Ellen, Bars and Melody ... 46

4.2 The Functions of Turn Taking Strategies Used by Host And Guest In The Talk Show “The Ellen DeGeneres Show……….. 50

4.2.1 The conversation between Ellen, Mario and Luigi ... 50

4.2.2 The conversation between Ellen and Jim Parsons ... 53

4.2.3 The conversation between Ellen and Sasha Alexander ... 57

4.2.2 The conversation between Ellen, Bars and Melody ... 60

4.3 The Process of Turn Taking ... 63

4.3.2 The conversation between Ellen and Jim Parsons ... 65

4.3.3 The conversation between Ellen and Sasha Alexander ... 68

4.3.4 The conversation between Ellen, Bars and Melody ... 69

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 74

5.2 Suggestion ... 76

REFERENCES ... 78

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Humans are social creature who can not be separated from the

communication. In the process of communication, people can give and receive

information from each other by spoken, written, body language and symbol.

The content of communication varies, it can be in the form of delivering

information, educating or entertaining each other. Moreover, the one of

communication can be produced by a simultaneous conversation.

Conversation is a form of spoken interaction that is used by two or more

people. It includes the way people maintain their interaction and how their talk are

organized in a conversation. Given this, it is very important to understand about

conversation analysis in order to know how people take their turns in their spoken

interaction.

Conversation analysis is an approach that looks at the way in which people

take and manage turns in spoken interactions. The basic rule in conversation is

that one person speaks at a time, after which they may nominate another speaker

or another speaker may take up the turn without being nominated (Sack et al,

Cited in Partridge, 2006)

The statement informs that in a conversation involves two or more than

two people who are talking at the same time and then there will be another turn

for the listener who reply or answer the speaker. But not all the speakers have a

2

message that is delivered in conversation. To prevent such misunderstanding, all

the speakers must pay attention about the rules of the interaction in order to make

the conversation go smoothly. The rules about the speech patterns are called Turn

Taking Strategies.

Turn taking is how speakers change and manage their turn when they are

in a conversation. Stenström (1994) stated, there are three types of the turn taking

strategies. The first type is taking the turn, the second type is holding the turn, and

the third type is yielding the turn. These types explain about how people start the

conversation, how people carry on in talking and how people give the chance to

others.

Turn taking strategies is very important to be studied in conversational

interaction because it can be used to look how the participants manage and take to

exchange of speaking turn in interaction. Moreover, the participants in a

conversation use the turn taking strategies to achieve their conversational goals.

In our daily life, conversational interaction has different pattern such as

ordinary conversation and institutional conversation. Ordinary conversation

usually happens in the social such as conversation in telephone between brother

and sister or conversation between father and son in a family, etc. In contrast,

institutional conversation usually focuses on a particular order. In this case, the

participants talk is designed to reach the institution‟s goal rather than to carry a

personal relationship between individual, such as conversation between doctor

3

police office for interrogating the crime and conversation between host and guest

for interviewing in a talk show.

Talk show consists of speaker and listener who makes a conversation in on

air or off air. The speaker is the host who says something in the first time such as give a statement and the listener is the guest who answers the host‟s statement. In this conversation, the host must have a good ability and knowledge to make the show run well and get the program‟s goal. In addition, talk show also has several types of discussions such as Lifestyle which talks about health, fashion and food.

Second is the type of Late night talk show, it is a kind of comedy oriented talk

and variety show in the late night. The last type is Daytime show. In this show

mostly talks about current issues in social conflict or people‟s experience

(Danileiko, 2005)

Nowadays, talk show is becoming an everyday program for almost of

television channels around the world. The purpose of the talk show is to give

useful information as well as actual and entertaining the audiences. It usually

discusses about politics, celebrity gossips and real life experiences from the

guests.

In this research, the researcher uses The Ellen DeGeneres Show as her

object. The Ellen DeGeneres Show was taped in California. It is an American

television talk show. It is a kind of the daytime show.It has been one of the

world's highest rated shows and it has been awarded many Daytime Emmy

Awards. This show consists of celebrity or politician interviews, musical

4

invites the other non celebrities such as intelligent children, small business

owners, etc. This show begins on September 8th 2003 to present with duration 38

to 42 minutes and shown five times in a week (Ellen DeGeneres Show, n.d)

The Ellen DeGeneres Show is hosted by one of the well known woman in

America (Ellen DeGeneres). She is an American actress. She is also a

multitalented woman. She is also well known as a comedian (stand-up comedian).

She has been the host of her own award winning talk show. Ellen DeGeneres has

become a big hit with daytime viewers with her self titled talk show. She got a

Daytime Emmy Award, Grammy Award, Golden Globe Award and Primetime

Emmy Award. Ellen is a professional presenter who can bring a show attractively

and she can make a fun when she presents the show. By her talents, the Ellen

DeGeneres show gets high rating and it got an award as the best talk show in 2010

(Ellen DeGeneres Biography, n.d)

The researcher is interested in using this talk show because this program is

one of the best and popular talk show in America. Moreover, the concept of this

talk show is very homey, combining with comedy, celebrity, and human interest

stories. So it makes the audience very enjoyable and entertaining to the audiences.

Additionally, the researcher uses one episode with four guests in a different

section for analyzing her research. It focuses on the guest who are interviewed in

talk show such as, Mario and Luigi, Jim Parsons, Sasha Alexander and BAM

(Bars and Melody). The researcher uses this episode because the guests in this

5

talk about the current issue in their life. Moreover, their conversation also have

turn taking process when they participate in the talk show.

In this research, the researcher wants to explore turn taking strategies in the participant‟s interaction with a focus on the conversation between host and guest in the talk show. The researcher wants to know the turn taking strategies

because it is closely connected with how participants take their turn in a

conversation. Therefore, the researcher wants to show the readers about the function

of turn taking strategies. So that, they can apply it in their daily life in order to get easy of conversation as social beings.

1.2 Research Problem

1. What are the turn taking strategies used by the participants (host and

guest) in the talk show “ The Ellen DeGeneres Show” ?

2. What are the functions of turn taking strategies used by the participants

in their conversation?

3. How do the participants take their turns in the talk show?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To find out the types of turn taking strategies used by the participants

(host and guest) in the talk show “ The Ellen DeGeneres Show”

2. To find out the functions of turn taking strategies used by participants

in their conversation

3. To find out the participants (host and guest) take their turns in the talk

6

1.4 Significance of the Study

The purpose of this research is to explain the importance role of turn

taking strategies in the conversation used by host and guest in the talk show.

Therefore, the significance of this study is to give a scientific description about

how turn taking operates in the talk show. The researcher also hopes that the

readers of this paper will understand about how the people take and manage the

turn in a conversation.

Furthermore, the readers can achieve a data of turn taking and it also give

an explanation about the turn taking strategies that used to analyze in talk show.

The readers also can explore some information about what are the functions of

turn taking strategies that is used by host and guest in a conversation. Hopefully,

this thesis can be an inspiration for the students in the English Department of

Islamic University to conduct a research for their thesis.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

This paper focuses on studying conversation analysis, it deals with the talk

interaction between host and guest in the talk show “The Ellen DeGeneres Show”.

This paper, limited on the types of turn taking strategies, the functions of turn

taking strategies and the process of taking the turn by participants in their

conversation.

As the subject of this study, the researcher uses the utterances which are

spoken by the participants in The Ellen DeGenes Show season eleven episode

7

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

In analyzing a conversation rules, there are some terms used to clarify

their meaning and context as follow:

1. Conversation analysis: An approach that looks at the way in which people

take and manage turns in spoken interactions (Sacks et.al cited in

Partridge, 2006)

2. Turn: Everything the current speaker says before the next speaker takes

over (Stenström, 1994)

3. Turn taking strategies: The ways participants change and manage their

roles when they become listener and speaker (Stenström, 1994)

4. Talk show: Television or radio programming which discusses about

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Framework

This chapter is reviews the related literature which contains a description

on theories and studies which have been before. In this part, the researcher gives

the underlying theories that will be used to analyze the data.

2.1.1 Conversation Analysis

Conversation analysis is the study of talk in interaction. Litoseliti (2010)

stated that conversation analysis is to understand how turn taking within a stretch

of talk is negotiated between participants, in order to produce some form of social

action.It is more focus on production and interpretation of talk in interaction that

is oriented by the participant themselves.

This study is used to reveal two things in treating the transition between

speaker and listener during their talk in interaction. The first is the next turn,

which is the place where speakers display their understanding of the prior turn‟s

completion. It concerns with next speaker‟s understanding of the type of utterance produced by prior speaker. The second concern with the next speaker‟s

understanding of the prior turn‟s content(Hutchby &Wooffitt, 1998). As explained

above, it shows that conversation analysis concerns how talk is produced and the

participants' understanding of what they are actually doing in their talk.

Therefore, conversation analysis is used to understand how talk is

9

participants that take the turn. A turn begins when the first speaker speaks before

the next speaker speaks. In this case, the first speaker creates or maintains a turn

for the next speaker. Then, the next speaker must understand or make sense about

the first speaker‟s intent. So, conversation analysis is used to know how

participants understand and respond to one another in their turns at talk.

2.1.2 Conversational Talk

Talk is a social activity, it consists of participants who consider of the

context in a conversation. The participants must be able to develop a feeling about

what they can (or cannot say) until they can reach the goal in their conversation.

Usually, in an interaction the participants do not only talk about the ordinary

conversation, but also talk about institutional interaction.

Ordinary conversation is the casual interaction in which the human

routinely engage on a daily basis (Hutchby & Woffitt, 1998). Contrast,

institutional interaction happens in a workplace setting. In this case, the

participants are oriented to a particular task or goal. For example, call to

emergency service or delivery of a medical diagnosis. Moreover, it involves

special and particular constraints on what one or both of the participants will treat

as allowable contributions to the business at hand. ( Levinson cited in Drew and

Heritage, 1992).

In institutional talk the participants speak in a particular order. In this

case, the participants speak to carry on the specific goal and orient to their

institutional identities for example: doctor and patient, teacher and student, host

10

not freeing produce their utterances or carry on a personal relationship between

the individual like in ordinary conversation. For instance, in talk show, the host may have some idea to make the guest connect to the host‟s turn. It is designed to get the goal in the program and it can be concerned with a limited range of topic

in talk show.

2.1.3 Talk Show

Talk show is a radio or television program in which usually well known

people talk about something or are interviewed ( Merriam Webster online, nd ). It

is a program that includes a conversational discussion on some of events in

different aspects: political, social, economical, educational, etc. It takes place in a

conversational media setting and the topic focus on the theme that is created in the

program. The purpose of a talk show is to give useful information as well as to

entertain.

Talk show has several major formats such as Lifestyle, Daytime show, and

Late night show. Lifestyle usually talks about health, fashion and food. Second is

daytime show, in this show mostly concerns about current issues, such as social

conflict and life‟s experience. Third is Late night show, it is a kind of comedy

oriented talk and variety show in the late night (Danileiko, 2005)

On a talk show involves of spontaneous conversation between the

participants, including the host and guest. The host as a maintainer for the

program and the guest give a response from the host‟s turn. In this case, the host

11

about the subject matter. Supported by Hutchby (2006) stated that host‟s action is

targeted to the audience which can provide an audible reaction in return.

Moreover, in talk show has many topics because there were so many

things that will be discussed by the host during conversation. The host usually has

some lists of topic that want to ask for the guest. The topic is subjects which are

talked in the conversation. Wardhaugh (1986) stated, a conversation usually

covers a number of topics and involves shifts from one topic to another, and

sometimes also a mix of topics. It means that the topic is important because it

helps the existence of the conversation. So the host may be able to present a

different kind of topics to make the program interesting.

2.1.4 Turn Taking

Turn taking is a fundamental study in a conversation. One of the basic

facts of the conversation is that the roles of speaker and listener change, which is

called turn taking, that is how the interlocutors change and manage their talks

whether becoming a speaker or listener in a conversation (Coulthard,1985).

Stenström (1994) stated, turn is everything the current speaker says before the

next speaker takes over. A turn in conversation is treated as the speech that a

participant in communication utters before another participant begins to speak.

Then a turn ends when somebody else claims the floor (Taeboda,2006).

Sack et.al, (1974) stated that the system of turn taking are (a) when the

current speaker selects the next speaker, the next speaker has the right and, at the

same time, is obliged to take the next turn; (b) if the current speaker does not

12

next speaker. This could be regarded as self-selection; and (c) if neither the

current speaker selects the next speaker nor any of the participants become the

next speaker, the current speaker may resume his/her turn

As explained above, turn taking is the changing role of the speaker and the

listener. It begins by the first speakers speak. In this case,the speakers take a

chance to speak or they try to keep their turn or give a chance to the next speaker

to take the turn. Then, the turn taking stops when there is nothing to say.

2.1.5 Turn Taking Strategies

In a conversation, the participants must have an ability to manage their

role in order to make their conversation go smoothly. In fact, some of them can

not do it well. Sometimes the listener may fail to get the message from the speaker

or the listener take the turn without waiting for the speaker finish his/ her speak.

So, it can make overlapping turns or the speaker may lose the thread.

To prevent these problems, the participants must consider some strategies

to know the rules and signals in conversation. Stenström (1994) stated, there are

three basic strategies in turn taking system. The strategies consist of taking the

turn, holding the turn and yielding the turn.

2.1.5.1Taking the Turn

This strategy is useful when the participants want to take a chance to speak

in conversation. In taking the turn, the next speaker can continue the topic from

13

also can show their feeling such as showing their agreement or disagreement.

Stenström divides taking the turn into starting up, taking over and interrupting.

a.) Starting up

Starting up is used to someone who initiates the talk first. Starting to talk

can be a difficult thing. Sometimes, a speaker has not a good preparation at the

beginning of the conversation. Starting up can involve a hesitant start and clean

start. A hesitant start most speakers do not give up the turn at once but take

advantage by using filled pauses (ex: əm, ə:m) and verbal fillers (ex: well, I mean,

you know). This strategy is used when the speakers take the turn without being

fully prepared. The speakers show that they want to say something and they need

more time to put in into the word, for example:

B: Well, ə:m I mean that ə:m your idea is very nice

It shows that the speaker intends to say something but needs more time to

put it into words by using Verbal filler (well) and filled pauses (ə:m)

On the other hand, if the speakers often prepare before they will take the turn, usually word „well‟ come up at the beginning of the utterance and it makes a

clean start, for example:

A: Well what does he say - stick an initial label on the back

It shows that speaker tries to attract the attention of the listener at the

14

b.) Taking Over

The speaker who responds the previous speaker said, it called as taking

over and it is connected by an Uptakes or links. Uptakes are started with an

appealer ( ex: you know) which will be continued with uptake ( ex: yeah, oh, well,

ah, no, yes) by the next speaker. Uptake strategy happened when the next speaker

acknowledges receipt of what the previous said and evaluate it before going on. In

addition, uptakes do not always come after appealer but it can be produced

without appealer, for example:

A: But I got a telegram last ə:m. Friday – . Saying that there was trouble

afoot you know

B: Yeah, trouble a leg anyway

From the example above, the speaker A uses “you know” to give the turn to listener B. Then the listener B directly answer the speaker A said,

Uptakes without appealer

A: nobody knows about this secret B: Ohthat‟s right

It shows that the speaker B uses an uptake Oh without appealer from

speaker.

There is one more strategy for taking over by using Links ( and, but,

because). In this case the speaker uses conjunction and which connect sentences

and clauses, for example :

A: You met her

B: No –No

15

(the speaker A uses link in order to inform the previous speaker by using

conjunction because)

c.) Interrupting

Interrupting happens when one person initiates talk while another person is

already talking. Furthermore, interruption is divided into alerts and

metacomments. Alerts ( ex: hey, listen, look) is used to attract the other people‟s

attention. Usually in doing alerts, the speaker tends to be louder than the others

and produce with a higher pitch, for example:

A: oh well that‟s very good if you can fool him just for an instant * B: *LISTEN if * you feel like a FILM tomorrow night MIKE – (B interrupt A by using high pitch, so that A can not continue his/ her

talking)

The second is metacomments (ex: can I just tell, let me just, may I halt

you) also can be used in interrupting others, but it is particularly common in

formal situation and politely, for example :

A: əm – but more important than that.*since it‟s really a matter of nomenclature*

B:*could I halt you there* could I halt you there and answer that point first –

(The speaker B interrupts the previous speaker politely)

2.1.5.2Holding the turn

Holding the turn means carry on talking. It is used when the speakers still

want to hold the chance to speak, but they difficult to plan what to say and they

16

way through the turn. There are four devices to help the speaker avoid a

breakdown and take over, such as filled pauses and/or verbal fillers, silent pauses,

repetition and new start.

a.) Filled pauses and/or verbal fillers

Filled pauses and/or verbal fillers can usually be taken to indicate that the

speaker has no intention to yield the turn but is actually planning what to say next.

But in the holding the turn, the speaker should not make a pause too long because

it can makes the next speaker chance to speak. So, it must be done in short time,

for example :

A: …. And all this way done ə: - - by - - kind of letting - ə: - - . well really

by just ə: - - sort of ə - starting from nothing …

( it shows that the speaker is trying to think what he/ she is going to say

and it is only used in the short time)

b.) Silent pause

A silent pause can act as a turn holder. It is a sign that tries to keep the

listener until the current speaker finish talking. It is a very long pause than filled

pauses, for example:

B: and SUDDENLY(0.4) the more brilliant people APPEAR

The speaker uses silent pauses (0.4) to hold the turn. he / she needs a few

time to think of what will he/she says

c.) Lexical repetition

17

A: ….. cos I mean it doesn‟t make any difference if if if if if if you‟ve got

five thousand quid. ə five thousand quid is no good to you if everything.

Cost fifty per cent more than it did.

Furthermore, it can also consist of clause partial, for example:

A: …. And he said well how old do you think this child is you see --- and I didn‟t have a clue. You see it was a it was a. it was it was an Asian child between the age of. It was standing up so therefore it was thirteen months. to four years

Besides single words and clause partials, a lexical repetition can have the

combinations of both of them in a single turn, for example :

A: … an awful lot of it is a loy more English than England --- I mean they

you know theythey they they say vest meaning undergarment

In the last example it shows that the speaker (A) wants to hold the turn by

repeating the word. The speaker repeats the clause I mean and you know which

both of them have the same meaning.

d.) New start

New start is used if the speakers can not continue the conversation then

they can make a new start, for example:

A: but I feel somehow. The sheer fact of not having to have , to have. This

really sort of –it‟s for one thing it does nark me that …

( It shows that the speaker cannot use his/ her ideas by using lexical

repetition, silent way, filled pause and verbal fillers, and the only way is to start

all over again)

Sometimes, the people forget about what exactly they have to say after

18

of repetition, pauses and verbal fillers before they finally realize that the only way

out of the troublesome situation is to start all over again.

2.1.5.3Yielding the turn

In the last strategy of turn taking is yielding the turn. In this term, the

previous speaker gives the chance to the next speaker without much protesting

because the speaker wants to hear for response. Furthermore, there are several

ways to yield the turn to others, such as by prompting, appealing, and giving up.

a.) Prompting

In prompting, the participants act prompt the other participant to respond

more strongly than others. Prompting consist of apologizing, greeting, inviting,

offering, questioning and requesting, for example:

A: Hi , Jane! B: Hi

A: Would you like to come to my birthday party, please? B: Yes, I‟d love to

(In this case, B is complied to respond A since an invitation always

requires an answer).

b.) Appealing

Appealing means a turn which gives an explicit signal to the listener in

order to give feedback such as: question tag, all right, right, ok, you know, you

19

A: You have done your homework, right? B: Yes, I have

( the speaker A uses utterance “right “in order to B gives a response

directly).

c.) Giving up

In giving up strategy, the speakers realize that they do not have anything

more to say and they give the chance to others by making a long pause. This

strategy will push the listeners to take their turn, for example:

A: And they sort of hand it over to the police who dispose of it in the way they think fit (0.3)

B: It‟s like Ella and Henry‟s flick – knife.

(The speaker A uses a pause to indicate that he finishes his/her turn)

2.1.6 Gesture

Communication is not only produced by verbal, but it also produced by

nonverbal. In the process of verbal communication, the message is delivered by

using utterances. Whereas, in nonverbal communication the participants use

gesture to communicate each other, such as: move their hand, their head, their

arms or their whole body. Supported by Duncan (1972) stated that in a

communication, there are signals that speaker and hearer send to each other in

order indicate their state with regard to the turn. The signals have the important

role in direct communication. The one of the signals is gesture.

Gesture is a body movement that appears to contribute to the meaning of

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say,such as pointing gestures are regarded as indicating an object, a location, or a

direction a place. Supported by Alibali et al. (2000) stated that the action of

gesturing helps speakers to organize spatial information and in this way, gesture

plays a role in conceptualizing the message to be verbalized

According to McNeill (Cited in Tellier, 2000) there are four categories of

gestures: iconic, metaphoric, deictic and beats.

Iconic gesture represent images in the shapes of objects or people. For

instance, someone holding a steering wheel while saying “drive” while showing a

width with both hands open and facing.

Metaphoric gesture emphasis in abstract concepts rather than concrete

objects. If the speaker holds one cup in his hands and then he says the word “concept” for instance, it is a metaphoric gesture because the cup acts as a

symbolic image for the idea of a “concept”.

Deictics gesture refer to things by pointing with the hand, the finger, the

chin, etc. They can be either concrete pointing to someone, something or

somewhere, like when one says “your glasses are here on the table” while point

towards the table and the glasses. But it can also be abstract pointing when

referring to something/someone absent or a place or even a moment in time, like

for instance, one points to the right to mean China or in their back to refer to the

past. Deictics can be shaped by cultural characteristics as geographical and time

references differ between languages and cultures

Beats is the movements that have no semantic connection to the speech

21

would be a flick of the finger or of the hand, it has two movements phases-in/out,

up/down, etc.

2.2Review of Related Studies

Several researchers have studied about turn taking in other fields, for

instance: Emita christanti (2011) as the student of Petra Christian university. She

investigated about the turn taking strategies used in social and political talks of “Apa kabar Indonesia malam” show. In her research, she used three kinds of turn taking strategies that is proposed by Stenstrom (1994) as the theory. She used

descriptive quantitative method in performing her studied. Moreover, she was

curious about the types and frequencies of turn taking strategies. She found out

that taking the turn is the highest strategy in both social and political talks.

Holding the turn is much higher in political talks because the participants are

eager to hold the turn as long as possible and yielding the turn is much higher in

social talks.

Tanti Puspitorini (2006) as the student of Airlangga University had done a

research about turn taking organization in the theory of English literature class. In

her research, she was curious about the differences between the modified turn

taking rules in the classroom setting and the general turn taking rules proposed by

Sacks et al. And the significant features of those modified turn taking rules. She

used qualitative method in her research. She also found that the differences

between the general turn taking rules and the modified turn taking rules

concerning the different participants and settings. In the classroom talks there is

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lecturer has a privileged role in controlling the turn taking. The significant

features are mostly found in the lecturer's turns because she has high permutability

of turn taking. While in the students' turns, they have no right to permutate the

turn taking, they mostly use self-selection to respond the lecturer's turns. The

unique cases mostly found in the lecturer's turns are the occurrence of the

overlaps.

Puspita Ayuningtyas Prawesti (2006) as the student of Airlangga

University had done research about the organization of turn taking in

criminal sessions based on Sack et.al theory. She was curious about the technical

differences between the general turn taking rules proposed by Sacks et.al and the

modified ones in criminal sessions. She used qualitative method in her research.

She also found out that there is an unequal power of speech exchange mechanism

between participants because there are two participants (judge and the prosecutor)

who serve as the turn permutators but the other participants defendant and witness

do not have such authority to distribute the turns. Furthermore, the possibilities of

a judge's turn are higher than those of a prosecutor's turn are. In addition, both

turn distributors attempt to minimize pause. Additionally, prosecutors always

utilize objection to do self-selection. Last, in criminal sessions, there are many

occurrences of overlapping talks, interruptions, and violations of the turn taking

rules. Every violation is treated seriously by both turn distributors and most of

violations done by judges are compromised.

I used these research as my previous studies because it had given me a lot

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differences. The similarities are: Tanti (2006), Puspita (2006) and Emita (2011)

have the same topic with my research. Moreover, Tanti (2006), Puspita (2006) use

the same method and my research also uses the same theory with Emita (2011).

While the differences between previous studies and my research are: Emita (2011)

uses descriptive quantitative method and analyses about the turn taking strategies used in social and political talks of “Apa kabar Indonesia malam” show. Tanti (2006) analyses about turn taking organization in the theory of English literature

class based on Sack et.al theory. And Puspita (2006) analyses about the

organization of turn taking in criminal sessions based on Sack et.al theory.

Different from my research, I uses The Ellen DeGeneres show as my object and

Stenström theory. Moreover, my research also uses different statement of

problems and finding with their research. This research is hoped to enrich the

information about turn taking strategies and it is also hoped to fulfill the

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter presents the research method that consists of research design,

data source, subject/participant, data collection, instruments of the research, and

data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The researcher used Conversation Analysis approach to analyze turn

taking strategies used by the host and the guest in the talk show “The Ellen

DeGeneres Show”. This research used this approach in order to get an understanding of how turn taking strategies was formed in the talk show. There

are several reasons in the preference of employing this approach. First, turn taking

is one of the aspects of conversational interactions. Second, the researcher tried to

discover the function of turn taking strategies in talk show. Third, the researcher

intended to reveal how the participants take the turns, hold the turn and yield the

turn in the talk show.

This research used qualitative method to make interpretations of the data

based on theory. Moreover, the researcher used this method because the data in

the form of words descriptively, not in the form of a percentage or numeral. This

research focused on the conversation used by the hosts and the guest in a talk

show which simultaneously created in interaction and the turn taking applied in

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3.2 Data Sources

The data for this research was the utterance between Ellen and her guest in

The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Then, the main source was the video of The Ellen

DeGeneres Show that was taken from YouTube in episode 163 on 22nd May 2014.

In this episode consists of four guests in a different section. It was chosen as the

data because the guests who were invited on this show was well known person

and the utterance that used by the host and the guest contained of the process of

turn taking.

Moreover, the dialogue in this talk show was interesting to be analyzed

because it could give us an understanding of how we could guide ourselves during

conversation. In this research, the transcription was also important because it gave

detail of interaction that was missed by the listener before. So in this research, the

video became the first data source and the transcription became the second data

source.

3.3 Subjects/participant

This data was taken from a video in YouTube and transcribed it. The

participants included host and guest who participate in talk show such as, Ellen as

the host and the guests were Mario and Luigi, Jim Parsons, Sasha Alexander, Bars

and Melody.

3.4 Data Collection

In order to collect the data, the researcher used YouTube to collect The

26

hosts and guest. The researcher also made some notes in the process of turn taking

during watching the video. The researcher did it because she wants to know what

are the types and the function of turn taking strategies and how the participants

take their turn in their conversation in talk show. After collecting all the data, the

researcher analyzed and interpreted it.

3.5 Instruments

In this research, the researcher as the main instrument. The researcher was

the one who identified, observed and analyzed in this research. The researcher

used some tools to support her research such as:

a. Internet : it was used to browsing some related studies

b. YouTube : it was used to get the video of “The Ellen DeGeneres Show”

c. Transcription : it was used to transcript her data and It was written by

using written symbol, such as  ( to show rising and falling shifts in

intonation)

3.6 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the researcher organized the data by reading the

data transcription. Then the researcher tried to find the turn taking strategies based

on data. And the researcher tried to find the process of turn taking and how the

participants take the turn in their conversation. The data were analyzed by using

the theory of turn taking to identify the conversation. After that the researcher

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the data concerning conversation between the host and the guest in talk show. The

procedures of the analyzing data are followed :

1. First, the researcher watched the video in several times to comprehend the

pattern of turn taking strategies that used by the participants in the talk

show.

2. Then, the researcher transcribed the data based on data transcription. In

this step, the researcher need some symbols by Gail Jefferson (cited in Lerner 2004) for typing the participant’s conversation such as:

// (Double obliques): indicates the point at which a current speaker’s

talk is overlapped by the talk of another

[ (A left bracket): indicates the point of overlap onset ( the currently

used alternative to the double obliques)

] (A right bracket): indicates the point at which two overlapping

utterances end

= (Equal signs): indicates no break or gap

(0.0) (Number in parentheses): indicates elapsed before time by tenths

of seconds

- (A dash): indicates the sharp cut-off of the prior word orsound

:: (Colon): extended or stretched sound, syllable, or word

(( )) (double parentheses): contain transcriber’s descriptions

CAPS particular loudness of that part of a unit

? (Question Mark): rising vocal pitch

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3. After transcribing the data, the researcher classified the data transcription

to marked in which part the participants used Turn Taking Strategies.

Turn taking strategies

Class Sub-Class Example

Taking the turn

Starting up A hesitant start

Er:::rr we:::ll you know that…

A clean start Well thanks for being here

Taking over

Uptakes Yeah I see

Links And I am Luigi

Interrupting Allert I know that !

Metacomments I couldn’t agree more ..

Holding

the turn Stalling

Filled

pauses&verbal fillers

Eeemmmm..

Silent pause Ok (0.2) I want to …

Lexical

repititions To tell - to tell

New start (start over)

Yielding the turn

Prompting

Where did you to met?

Appealing all right I had no idea

Give up It is easy for you to

memorize the lines?

4. After having the data of the turn taking strategies used by host and guest in

Ellen DeGeneres show, the researcher described and interpreted the data

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

The aim of this study is about what are the turn taking strategies that used

by host and guest in The Ellen DeGeneres Show. The second contains about the

functions of turn taking strategies used by the participants. The third contains

about how the participants take their turn. This study discusses about turn taking

strategies used by the host and the guests in The Ellen DeGeneres show.

The description and identification of turn taking strategies used in the talk show “The Ellen DeGeneres Show” are follow:

4.1 The types of Turn Taking Strategies

In this case, the researcher analyzed about the types of turn taking

strategies used by the participants in a different section. Besides, the word turn

was shortened (T).

(Guest 1): The conversation between Ellen, Mario and Luigi

In a conversation between the host (Ellen) and the guests (Mario and Luigi),

the researcher found that the host and the guests used Turn Taking Strategies. The

analyzed of the data were followed:

Table 4.1 Taking the turn strategies that were used by the participants Turn

Taking Strategies

Class Sub-Class Utterances

Taking the turn

Starting up

A hesitant start

mm::::mm my belle is very private (T20)

A clean start

well thanks for being here Mario and Luigi an:::d we will right back (T21)

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over EVERYBODY,thank you Ellen

thank you (T12)

Link AND I AM LUIGI (T3)

Interrupting Alert

wehave always said that we

were lovers, but people misheard us because I’m CRAZY accent (T10)

Metacomment -

Data 1

The researcher found Taking the Turn strategy that was used by the

participants. Taking the Turn strategy was divided into starting up, taking over

and interrupting. The first was starting up, it was divided into A hesitant start and

A clean start. A hesitant start happened when Ellen asked Mario to kiss Luigi

because she thought that they were very happy about their relationship. Moreover,

in this conversation they confessed that they were a lover. After the host gave her

turn, the guest (Mario) took his turn without prepared well. In this case, he still

thinking about what the turn that he would be delivered (T20). He said :mmm

before he took his turn. Unfortunately, the guest could not give a feedback for the host’s command, because he thought that it was like a privacy that could not be shown to others.

Ellen : =ohh great (0.3) you two seem so very happy its really great. you

can kiss if you want to - if you want to, like celebrate (T19) Mario : =mm::::mm my belle is very private (T20)

Ellen : =yeah (( audience laugh)) all right, well thanks for being here Mario and Luigi an:::d we will right back (T21)

Mario and Luigi: = thank you Ellen (T22)

In T21, the host (Ellen) used A clean start strategy. It happened in the end

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wanted to maintain her show because she thought that the show was over. So, she

used this strategy although she did not prepare herself well.

Data 2

During the participants took their turn, they used Taking over strategy. It

was divided into Uptakes and Links. In this conversation, the researcher found

just one Link that was used by Luigi. He took his turn by producing Link and . It

is used to inform the other about his self (T3). Therefore, he used it to show his

existence on this talk show.

Mario :=yeah, thank you, yeah yeah ITS ME MARIO HEY

EVERYBODY ((wave his hand)) (T2)

Luigi : AND I AM LUIGI (T3)

Data 3

The second taking the turn strategy was Uptakes. In T19, Ellen used

Uptake ohh because the previous speaker Mario used the appealer “You know”.

Moreover, Ellen used it in order to respond the previous utterances. In T2, T12

and T13 Mario and Ellen used an Uptake yeah. They used it when they

overlapped the turn or it used when the next speaker wanted to respond the first

speaker a bit sooner. Besides, this strategy also used to give an understanding

about the first speaker’s turn. It could be seen in T16 and T17.

Data 4

The other taking the turn strategy was Interrupting (Alert), it could be seen in conversation between Ellen, Mario and Luigi. When Ellen said that “she had no idea” and then Mario wanted to make a statement. Suddenly, Luigi interrupted his

32

turn with high pitch. He did it because he wanted to make a clarification about his

relationship with Mario (T10).

Ellen : wo::::::w I had - I had no (0.8) ((laugh)) Alright I had no idea (T8)

Mario : we (T9)

Luigi : // wehave always said that we were lovers, but people

misheard us because I’m CRAZY accent (T10)

The second Interrupting strategy happened in the conversation between

Ellen and Mario (T13). When Ellen took her turn and she tried to maintain her

show, the guest (Mario) overlapped her turns. Mario started his utterance a bit

sooner than it actually did. In this case, Ellen was difficult to maintain her show.

So, she interrupted him by using the word “interrupt” with high pitch. It used to

make the host could give a question to continue her show.

Mario : yeah thanks ITS ME MARIO EVERYBODY, thank you Ellen thank you (T12)

Ellen : [yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah]

interrupt (0.6) where did you to met? (T13)

Mario : =wo:::::::::w that’s a good short story you know? (T14)

Table 4.2 Holding the turn strategies that were used by the participants

Turn Taking Strategies

Class Sub-Class Utterances

Holding

the turn Stalling

Filled pauses&verbal

fillers -

Silent pauses

I see (0.2) so now the matching outfits make a little more sense, ok. I - I - its great I - I - I’m happy for you and (0.3) I think its important for everyone to be exactly. who they are ? SO

CONGRATULATIONS

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whole wide(T5)

New start -

Data 5

Another strategy that was used by the participants in this conversation was

holding the turn strategy. According to Stenstrom's theory, holding the turn

involves: filled pauses and/or verbal fillers, Silent Pauses, lexical repetition, and

new start. In this conversation, the researcher found two strategies that was used

by participants such as, silent pauses and lexical repetition.

In turn (T5) Luigi used holding the turn by using lexical repetition. He

repeated his utterance “we want to tell to tell the whole wide“. He used it to show

that he wanted to go on speaking by repeating those sentences not once but twice.

It also happened in (T8), Ellen repeated her utterance “I had no I had no Alright

I had no idea”. In (T11) Ellen used lexical repetition “ I I its great I I I‘m happy for you ”. In these conversation, Ellen wanted to hold the turn by gaining the time.

Moreover, she also used lexical repetition in (T19). “You can kiss if you want to if

you want to,like celebrate”. It showed that there was no doubt that the speaker was trying to gain time.

Data 6

After Luigi made a clarification, the host (Ellen) took her turn (T11).

When she got the turn, she gave some statement. In this case, she used silent

pause twice because she wanted to maintain her turn.

Luigi : // wehave always said that we were lovers, but people

misheard us because I’m CRAZY accent (T10)

Ellen : I see (0.2) so now the matching outfits make a little more sense, ok. I - I - its great I - I - I’m happy for you and (0.3) I think its

34

important for everyone to be exactly. who they are ? SO

CONGRATULATIONS an::d :mm (T11)

Table 4.3 Yielding the turn that were used by the participants Turn

Taking Strategies

Class Utterances

Yielding the turn

Prompting ok (0.2) I wanted to know ho:::w both have _{you felt about this whole thing? (T4)}

Appealing _{Alright I had no idea (T8)}

Giving up

I see (0.2) so now the matching outfits make a

little more sense ok, I - I - its great I - I - I’m

happy for you and (0.3)I think its important for everyone to be exactly who they are ? SO CONGRATULATIONS an::d er:::rrr (T11)

Data 7

In (Turn 4), Ellen used Prompting strategy to give a question to her guest. In

this case, Mario and Luigi got a protest from others because they were same-sex

characters in a video game. So, Ellen wanted to know their response about this

issue and need a clarification from them. The other strategy that was used in this

conversation was Appealing, it could be seen in (T8). The host (Ellen) used this

strategy because she wanted to give a turn to their guests. In this case, she used an explicit signal such as, the utterance “Alright I had no idea”.

Ellen : ok (0.2) I wanted to know ho:::w both have you felt about this whole thing? (T4)

Luigi : this isn’t even a true, Mario and I want to make an announcement

(0.1) we want to tell the tell the whole wide world (0.2) we are

not the brothers we are lo:::vers. (T5)

Ellen : =oo::::::::::::::hh (T6)

Mario : ITS ME MARIO I’M A GAY YEA::::H((Audience laugh)) (T7)

Ellen : wo::::::w I had - I had no (0.5) ((Mario touches Luigi’s cheek ))

Alright I had no idea . (T8) Mario : we (T9)

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Data 8

The researcher also found Giving up strategy in (T11), The host Ellen used

Giving up strategy to give the turn to her guests because she had no more to say and it’s time for Mario respond her turn. The host also used longer pauses to indicate it. Finally, Mario took the turn and gave a response to her.

Ellen : = I see (0.2) so now the matching outfits make a little more sense ok, I - I - its great I - I - I’m happy for you and (0.3)I think its important for everyone to be exactly who they are ? SO CONGRATULATIONS an::d er:::rrr (T11)

Mario : yeah thanks ITS ME MARIO EVERYBODY,thank you Ellen thank you (T12)

(Guest 2) :The conversation between Ellen and Jim Parsons

Table 4.4 Taking the turn strategies that were used by the participants Turn

Taking Strategies

Class Sub-Class Utterances

Taking the turn

Starting up

A hesitant start ə:rrr ye::ah its gotten easier(T42)

A clean start wel::l I think that that obviously

with you baby

Taking over

Uptake

yeah but for eleven years is

enough time, you know that? (T65)

Link _(T93) and I am a huge tennis fan also

Interrupting

Alert but it gets better when you’re

married (T63)

Metacomment wel::l I couldn’t agree more, you

know I’ve done …. (T153)

Data 9

Ellen : =is it easy for you to memorize the lines ? (T41)

Jim : ə:rrr ye::ah its gotten easier. I mean you get into a certain routine

the hardest thing for me with memorizing, because I’m not too

old hit is ə:mm not being too tense about it (T42)

In this case, Ellen asked about the story in the sitcom that was played by

36

strategy because he had not good preparation. He still thinking to answer the Ellen

question.

Data 10

Jim : // I don’t - I don’tthink that it doesn’t] (T64) Ellen :=yeah but for eleven years is enough time, you know that? (T65)

In this conversation, Ellen used Uptakes strategy “yeah” (T65). She used

this strategy to respond the previous speaker. She also used it to give an

understanding about the first speaker’s turn. Moreover, in this case Ellen wanted

to continue her utterances by giving a question because she was curious about Jim’s relationship with Todd. Ellen thought that Jim will be better if he married with Todd.

Data 11

Ellen : =and I am a huge tennis fan also (T93)

Jim : <are you really? (T94)

Ellen : yeah (T96)

In a conversation between Ellen and Jim, Ellen used Link strategy “and”

(T93). In this case, Ellen took the turn by responding the Jim’s utterance. In the previous, Jim said that he likes to watch tennis and he was a sports fans also. After

that, Ellen used this strategy because she wanted to inform that she was a tennis

fans also.

Data 12

Jim : no - no I’m. I don’t know THAT’S HARD I mean you get so use

to your life as it is that (T62)

Ellen : [ but it gets better when you’re married, it

37

In a conversation between Ellen and Jim, the researcher also found Alert.

In turn (T63), Ellen interrupted Jim’s utterance with a higher pitch. Ellen spoke in a same time when Jim still speaking. She used this strategy to give a suggestion to

Jim. Ellen thought that Jim will be better if he got married with his boyfriend.

Data 13

Ellen :=ok I will go someplace else ((Ellen moves)) (T150)

Jim :ok (T151)

Ellen : = wel::l I think that that obviously with you baby and I just watching just knowing for a little while and seeing how

comfortable you ar::e and how happy you ar::e and the success

that, you ha::ve and then you look at Michael Sa::m, you look at

this football player who was just drafted who is in amazing

an::d I think things like that make a difference and I - I hope that

makes a huge difference (T152)

Jim : [wel::l I couldn’t agree more, you know I’ve done I’ve enjoyed doing press for this movie so much cause I think its so

good and I think it is an important story for people and one of

the things I keeps saying is that you know a lot of the ground I

walk on these days is very much grounded that’s on top at the

shoulders of the men and women depicted in this . An::d (0.2)and

the differences is they made for ə:mm not just gay people that

humans in general and (0.2)I have to be honest with you when I knew that I was coming on here to talk about it. I was talking the

segment producer about you and I said and look the middle of

the thirty year period between this play, and where I am right now with this movie some certain person I’m sitting with was on the cover of Time magazine. and (0.3) those shoulders seriously ((applause)) you know (0.3) I - I and many people stand on your shoulders (T153)

In (Turn 152), Ellen used Clean start “Well”. It happened when she

wanted to continue her utterances. This strategy was used as a linking device to

begin her turns. In this case, Ellen used this strategy to give an opinion about the

38

although he got a press by the story of his movie. Ellen thought about it because

his movie told about the HIV crisis among gay people.

Then, In (Turn 153) Jim used Metacomments strategy to interrupt Ellen

politely. He interrupted Ellen because he wanted to give a response for Ellen’s

opinion. Jim told that because he felt enjoy for the press in his movie. He wanted

to tell the people that this story could give a good message. This story was not just

for gay people, but it was also for the humans in general. Jim wanted to convince

to Ellen that the gay community did not get discrimination by this movie. Jim

thought like that because they were a gay. Besides, Jim also said to Ellen that

many people stood on her shoulder because he wanted to give a support to Ellen.

Table 4.5 Holding the turn strategies that were used by the participants Turn

Taking Strategies

Class Sub-Class Utterances

Holding

the turn Stalling

Filled

pauses&verbal fillers

the movie that the first days the AIDS crisis in New York

City and ə:mm and so early

that …. (T25)

Silent pauses _{they don’t mention it (T125)}and they don’t want to (0.2) Lexical repitition _{attention (T125)} it’s a - it’s a real battle to get New start _{feeling so fortified (T125)} I don’t know I just left it

Data 14

Ellen : =she is amazing great cast. what the movie is about? (T124)

Jim : ə:mm briefly the movie that the first days the AIDS crisis in New

York City and ə:mm and so early that they don’t know what the

hells going on in there trying to figure it out just the emergency

that ensues and it really boils down to:: it’s a - it’s a real battle to

get attention paid governmentally, scientifically, and financially to

39

it there’s shame that the disease and that couples with the mystery is just it’s a - it’s a perfect storm of terror. I will sa::y that as touching as the movie is through the whole film and as horrifying as many parts there is a real great message of hope at the end I feel. there’s I- I feel I’ve seen it a couple times now cause of

screeners an::d ə:mm an:::d (0.2) I don’t know I just left it feeling

so fortified to go out treat people a little bit better, an::d to me

that was kind a uplifting you no::w (T125)

From the conversation above, the researcher found some turn taking

strategies which were used by Ellen and Jim in this show. In (T125), after the host

(Ellen) asked the guest (Jim Parsons) about his new movie “The Normal Heart”

directed by Ryan Murphy, Jim answered Ellen’s question by using four strategies.

He used holding the turn strategy such as filled pauses and/or verbal fillers, new

start, silent pauses and lexical repetition.

Jim used holding the turn strategy Filled pause “ə:mm”. It was used to

keep his turn in order to prevent Ellen took the turn. Besides,Jim also used Lexical

repetition for four times in (T125). The one of the signal was“it’s a - it’s a “. It

was very clear to show that he wanted to go on speaking by repeating those

sentences. In this case, Jim wanted to tell about the story in his movie. He also

told the audiences that this movie has a real great message. The other strategy that

was used by Jim is Silent pauses. He used it as turn holder. He used silent pauses

after conjunction and to show that he wanted to give more information to the

audiences about his movie. Besides, he used silent pauses to remember about what

exactly he had to say after he talked before. Unfortunately, he could not remember

40

Table 4.6 Yielding the turn strategies that were used by the participants Turn

Taking Strategies

Class Utterances

Yielding the turn

Prompting now we are not married at this point, are you

gonna get married? (T61)

Appealing yeah but for eleven years is enough time, you

know that? (T65)

Giving up but -but there is some:: (0.3) I don't know _{(0.2) (T129)}

Data 15

Ellen : =now we are not married at this point, are you gonna get married? (T61)

Jim : no - no I’m. I don’t know THAT’S HARD I mean you get so use

to your life as it is that (T62)

Ellen : [ but it gets better when you’re married, it

really does don’t think that its doesn’t ] (T63)

In (T61), Ellen used Prompting strategy. She used it because she wanted

to ask Jim about his relationship with his boyfriend. Because an article in New

York noted that Jim Parsons was a gay and he had a relationship with Todd

Spiewak. So, in this show Ellen asked him to know about his plan to marry. Ellen

wanted to get a clarification about this news..

Data 16

Jim : // I don’t - I don’t think that it doesn’t] (T64)

Ellen :=yeah but for eleven years is enough time, you know that? (T65) Jim : he’s watching Todd (T66)

Ellen :yeah (T67)

In (Turn 65), Ellen used Appealing strategy “you know that”. She gave a

chance to Jim in order to give a feedback from her utterance. In this case, Ellen

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Data 17

In (T129), Jim gave a chance to the others to take the turn by using giving

up strategy. He realized that he had no more to say. Besides, he also thought that

it is time to the listener said by using a pause in the end of his utterance.

Jim : but -but there is some:: (0.3) I don't know (0.2) (T129)

Ellen :yeah you're right if you do look at it that way and that's the take

 away  because it is heartbreaking (T30)

(Guest 3) : The conversation between Ellen and Sasha Alexander

Table 4.7 Taking the turn strategies that were used by the participants

Turn Taking Strategies

Class Sub-Class Utterances

Taking the turn

Starting up

A hesitant start ə:mm yes, I mean …(T30)

A clean start well she just like your sadness _{….. (T27)} Taking

over

Uptake yeah well all about is _{enough…..(T35)}

Link but kno::w like the feeling..(T29)

Interrupting

Alert -

Metacomment its kind a broad as natural _{handout (T48)}

Data 18

Ellen :=well she just like your sadness ((audience laugh)) when its like you need to cr::y is what just looking for someone to call upon I (T27)

Sasha : =should be a good luck (T28)

Ellen : =but kno::w like the feeling she walk around like is she white for make up off and walk around like in pajamas inside? (T29)

Sasha : ə:mm yes, I mean shares it ə:mm you know my only complaint

about her that she lives in Switzerland so we wanted to see her enough but I would say our biggest complaint about me is that I don’t wanna make up  (T30)

In a conversation between Ellen and Sasha, there were turn taking

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metacomment and filled pauses. In (T27), Ellen used clean startstrategy “well” to

take her turns. Then, in (T29) she continued her show by using link after

conjunction “but”. She used strategy in order to talk about Sasha’s mother in law.

In (T30), Sasha used hesitant start “ə:mmm” when she took her turns. She

used this strategy to answer Ellen’s question. Besides, Sasha used it to show that she wanted to continue her utterance, but she needed more time to think. Then,

she told about her mother in law. Sasha said that she would complain if her

mother in law lived in Switzerland because her family would be difficult to see

her.

Data 19

Ellen : you can tell its like a bra (T47)

Sasha : //its kind a broad as natural handout (T48)

In (T48), Sasha interrupted Ellen’s statement by using metacomment

strategy. In this case, Ellen showed the action figure that like Shasa’s character in her movie. She said that this action figure like a bra. Then, Ellen interrupted her in

order to clarify that its kind a broad as natural handout.

Data 20

Sasha : =image ((laugh)) (T34)

Ellen : yeah well all about is enough, so its - it’s the fifth is that right?

(T35)

Sasha : the fifth is (T36)

Ellen : [tell everyone what it is about ?] (T37)

Sasha :=its like all other - other shows on television to women (T38)

In (T35), Ellen used Uptakes “yeah” in order to take her turns. It was used

to give a response from Sasha’s utterance. After that, Ellen maintained her program by giving a new topic. In this case, she asked about her drama in Rizzoli

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& Isles series. In this movie she played as Maura Isles. She continued her

utterance by giving a question. Ellen wanted to know about the story of her movie

in the fifth series.

Data 21

Ellen : an::d ə:mm how is that to have that issue is that pressure? I do you feel like you have is she seems formal (0.3) (T21)

Sasha : ye::s she does any act. I will say that she is actually like an amazing house cats. I made like really I think its because you know think your mother in law comes to stay with you and its going to be high make it (T22)

Ellen : =yeah Sophia Loren come stay with like(T23)

After Sasha said that she had two kids and she also had a mother in law.

Ellen took her turn without fully preparation by using hesitant start strategy (T21).

Ellen used this strategy because she wanted to know how about Sasha’s felt when

she have a mother in law.Then in (T22), Sasha took her turn in order to respond Ellen’s statement. She said that she was very happy when she stayed with her mother in law.

Table 4.8 Holding the turn strategies that were used by the participants Turn

Taking Strategies

Class Sub-Class Utterances

Holding

the turn Stalling

Filled

pauses&verbal fillers

now I ə:rrrrr momentary stands

as a Fly Girl on in living color (T14)

Silent pauses

they were misgiving geometry against Brown hot pants so (0.3) (T16)

Lexical repitition I get- I get (T16)

New start

congratulations on the action

figure when it does come

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Data 22

Ellen : hit you? (T15)

Sasha : I get- I get. again an:::d (0.3) then my parents make me stop because a wel::l they make me stop it they didn’t let me take the job any further because::e they were misgiving geometry against Brown hot pants so (0.3) (T16)

Ellen : you could be Kevin J Lo (T17)

In (T16) Sasha used Lexical repetition and Silent pauses when she

answered the question. She used Lexical repetition “ I get- I get”. It was used

because she wanted to go on speaking by repeating her utterances. After that, she

continued her conversation by using Silent pauses after conjunction “and”. This

strategy as a turn holder and she used this strategy in a long time. In this case,

Sasha wanted to give more information about her experience by using this

strategy.

Data 23

Sasha : I di::d and I’m you know having make on now I injured my self I

was 14 so I can’t continue. and I focus more and dancing you know

having make on now I ə: rrrrr momentary stands as a Fly Girl on in

living color  (T14)

In (T14) Sasha answered her question. She told that she ever joined in

Olympic skater, but she stopped after she got injured. During she answered the

question, she used Filled pauses “ə:rrrrr” for holding her turns. She used filled

pauses in a short time in order to prevent the next speaker (Ellen) had a chance to

take the turn.

Data 24

Ellen : you can tell its like a bra (47)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

In this chapter, the conclusion is drawn based on the formulate research question, while the suggestion is intended to give information to the next researchers who are interested in doing further researches in this area.

5.1 Conclusion

Based on finding, the following conclusion can be described dealing with the conversational turn taking strategies used by the host and the guests in The Ellen DeGeneres Show, such as taking the turn, turn holding and turn yielding.

Taking the turn strategy is used when the listener wants to take the turn. This strategy is divided into starting up, taking over and interrupting. The listener uses starting up in the beginning of the turn. Starting up is divided into a hesitant start and a clean start. In a hesitant start, most of the speakers do not give up the turn at once but take advantage by using filled pauses (ex: əm, ə:m) and verbal fillers (ex: well, I mean, you know). Moreover, a clean start is used as device to begin the turn.

Taking over strategy is used when the listener wants to give a response to the current speaker. It is divided into uptake and link. Uptake can be used to response the previous speaker. Link is used to take the turn by using conjunction. And interrupting strategy is used when one person initiates talk while another person is already talking. It is divided into Alert and Metacomments. Alert is used

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when the participants interrupt the other by using high pitch and metacomment is used to interrupt politely.

The turn holding is used when the participants still want to hold the chance to speak. There are some devices that participants used hold the turn. They are filled pauses, lexical repetition, silent pause and a new start. Filled pauses is used to indicate that the speaker has no intention to yield the turn and it is used in the short time. Lexical repetition is used to when the participants hold the turn by repeat the word. Silent pause is the signal that try to keep the listener until the first speaker has finished talking and it is used in long time. New start is used if the participants can not continue the conversation then they start all over again.

Therefore, yielding the turn is used to give away the turn to the listener. In giving a way the turn, the speaker can use prompting strategy, appealing strategy, and giving up strategy. Prompting strategy is used to prompt the listener to respond more strongly. Appealing strategy is used to serve as an explicit signal to the listener that some kind of feedback would be appropriate .And giving up strategy is used when the speaker thinks that it is time to the listener to say something and give a respond. So the speaker gives the chance to the next speaker for taking the turn.

Moreover, from this research I can conclude that not all the participants use turn taking strategies in the talk show because the duration of the programme , the topic and the personality can affect in the talk show.

I also found that the conversation in institutional setting have a limit range of the topic. In this case, the participants talk in order to reach the program’s goal.

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Furthermore, I found that the personality of the host also has a contribution in the talk show. The host is obligated to maintain the program. So, the host (Ellen) is the one who often use turn taking strategies such as, taking the turn, holding the turn and yielding the turn in the conversation in the talk show. Moreover, she can discuss topic effectively and close the talk with summaries of all the points in her discussion before. Besides, the participants do not only use utterances but also use gesture when they take their turn.

After analyzing this research, the researcher got knowledge about the strategies in turn taking that is used in conversation. Moreover, she also got knowledge about how the way manage and take the turn in conversation, especially in institutional conversation.

5.2 Suggestion

After giving a conclusion based on the finding of this research, the researcher would like to give some suggestions to the next researchers such as, the next researchers can find other types of turn taking strategies which are not found in this research. They can also analyze turn taking strategies in other parts, like the factors that determine turn taking patterns in conversation. Moreover, the next researchers are hoped to use another theory in order to enrich their knowledge about turn taking strategies.

Moreover, if the next researchers also use Talk show as their object, the next researchers are suggested to use different genre of talk show in order to get more kinds of conversational turn taking strategies. And for the next researchers who want to use the same talk show of “The Ellen DeGeneres Show” for their

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research, the next researchers are suggested to use another area or another topic of the study. For example, an analysis of turn taking strategies used by the manager and applicant in job interview or an analysis of politeness strategies in the Ellen DeGeneres Show.

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