innovations community carbon accounting and forest land 2013 eng

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Table of Contents

Execut ive Sum m ary ... 1

I. Int roduct ion ... 2

II. Object ives of t he research ... 2

III. Brief research sit e descript ion... 2

IV. M et hodology ... 2

V. Result s and findings (quant it at ive, qualit at ive) ... 4

VI. Conclusions ... 11

VII. Recomm endat ions... 12

IX. Annex ... 14

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1 Executive Summary

In Sout heast Asia, shift ing cult ivation is st ill predom inant ly pract iced by t he poorest segm ent of t he populat ion. Around 40 m illion people living in forest -agricult ural lands from t he ASEAN count ries st ill depend considerably on shift ing cult ivat ion, also referred t o as sw idden farm ing and rot at ional farming, for incom e and livelihoods. Tradit ionally considered as a sust ainable pract ice, it is now fast becom ing one of t he causes of f orest degradat ion.

To address t his, a research w as conduct ed t o develop m et hods for int egrat ing sim ple scient ific t echniques w it h indigenous know ledge and best pract ices on locally appropriat ed adapt at ion and m it igation act ions (LAAM As) in forest land m anagement and t o init iat e int egrat ed forest -land-carbon m anagement in t w o indigenous com m unit ies in Nort hern Thailand.

The research used t he part icipat ory act ion research t echnique for st udying bot h indigenous know ledge in forest land m anagem ent and carbon st ock account ing.

In t erm s of indigenous knowledge and pract ices, t he study revealed t hat sacred sit es or conserved forest areas based on people’s beliefs can be classified int o t hree t ypes:



Areas w it h rest rict ive ecological charact erist ics based on Pgaz K’ Nyau beliefs;



Areas w it h ancient ruins; and



Holy forest for rit ual pract ice

The st udy also yielded several st rat egies for adapt at ion on nat ural resource m anagem ent using low carbon t echnique such as soil rest orat ion using bam boos; and fallow rest orat ion t o increase biodiversit y.

In general, t he body of know ledge on ecology relat ed t o t he w ay of life of t he Pgaz K’ Nyau is a result of accum ulat ed experiences in ecological m anagement spanning several generat ions, and ext ract ed in t he form of TajDuf (const raining rules) based on beliefs t hat regulat e t he relat ionship bet w een people and ecological syst em.

While in carbon st ock account ing, t he st udy found t hat rot at ional farm ing w it h a cycle of eight years is likely t o m aint ain t he balance of carbon st orage and carbon em ission from slash-and-burn. The effect ive carbon m anagem ent such as t he use of w ood wit hout burning helps reduce emission, leading t o balanced com m unit ies and st ock enhancem ent . Hence, t he rot at ional cropping field wit h carbon-balanced cycle m ust be prom ot ed.

Com m unit y m em bers recom mend t o m ake a reliable and accurat e m ap of all t he sacred sit es and t o enforce t he rules and regulat ions in each sit e; and t o revit alize t he t radit ional rit uals and act ivit ies and t o m odify t hem t o fit t he present cont ext w here necessary. Researchers recomm end conduct ing furt her st udy in t he perm anent plot t o generat e clearer dat a, especially t he accum ulat ion of carbon quant it y in rot at ional fields of each age class.

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2 I. Introduction

The ASEAN Social Forest ry Net w ork (ASFN), w hich t he Sw iss Agency for Developm ent and Cooperat ion (SDC) support s t hrough it s ASEAN-Sw iss Part nership on Social Forest ry and Clim at e Change project (ASFCC), is init iat ing t he developm ent of innovat ive, com m unit y-based land use planning. The init iative aim s t o incorporat e land-based carbon account ing and forest land m anagem ent , as w ell as locally appropriat ed adapt ion act ions (LAAM As) based on indigenous know ledge (IK) t hrough part icipat ory act ion research in t w o indigenous com m unit ies in Northern Thailand.

II. Objectives of the research

The m ain object ive of t he research is t o develop met hods for int egrat ing sim ple scient ific t echniques w it h indigenous know ledge and best pract ices on locally appropriat ed adapt at ion and m it igat ion act ions (LAAM As) in forest land m anagem ent and t o init iat e int egrat ed forest -land-carbon m anagem ent in t w o indigenous com m unities in Nort hern Thailand.

III. Brief research site description

The research w as conduct ed in Ban M ae Lan Kham Karen Village from Oct ober 2012 t o Oct ober 2013. M ae Lan Kham is a Pgaz K ’Nyau com m unit y locat ed at M oo 6 Sam oeng Tai Sub-dist rict , Sam oeng Dist rict , Chiang M ai, com posed of five village clust ers w it h a populat ion of 658. M ost of t he populat ion com bines t radit ional beliefs w it h Buddhism. Only four households belong t o ot her denom inat ions (t w o Christ ian and t w o M uslim households). There are t wo st ream s passing t hrough t he com m unit y – M ae Lan Kham and M ae La Ngern bot h of w hich m erged at M ae Khan at Sop Lan Village Clust er. It is est im at ed t hat Pgaz K ‘Nyau set t led dow n in t he area 300-400 years ago. There are som e evidence of Luaet hnic group set t lem ent such as desert ed t em ples and funeral sit es. The w hole area of M ae Lan Kham is 19,363 rai1. About 3,102 rai is used for paddy field (771 rai); garden/ agroforest ry (780 rai); and rot at ional farm ing field and fallow land (around 1,551 rai). The rem aining 15,700 rai com m unit y forest area is used for sacred sit es conservat ion (around 11,000.rai), and forest ut ilizat ion (4, 700 rai).

IV. M ethodology

The st udy em ploys part icipat ory act ion research for bot h indigenous know ledge in forest land m anagement and carbon st ock account ing research.

Villagers w ere involved from concept developm ent t o im plement at ion t o ensure com m unit y ow nership of t he project . The research process is carried out m ainly by t he people in t he com m unit y. The process included t he select ion of young people w ho can read and w rit e and t o pair wit h t he know ledgeable

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persons. The t w o generat ions w orked t oget her and t he young ones learned from t heir count erpart s. Bot h generat ions joined t he research t eam .

A. Research instruments (sampling, collection methods, analysis, etc.) 1. For Indigenous Know ledge (IK) and Local know ledge or LAAM As

a. Sam pling and collect ion m et hods

The research t eam used cluster sampling t o collect com m unit y inform at ion e.g. num ber of household m em bers, propert y, am ount of cult ivat ing lands including rot at ional farm ing areas, rice field, and garden, incom es, debt s, and labor forces, et c., by split t ing t he t eam and assigning each t o village clust ers t o int erview and organize m eetings.

Questionnaires suit able t o mem bers of each com munit y and age group w ere prepared and pret est ed for validit y and reliabilit y before conduct ing in-depth interview s w it h key inform ant s. The villager- researchers conduct ed t he int erview s with t he key inform ant s i.e. m ale and fem ale know ledgeable persons, yout hs, and st udent s of each of t he five village clust ers. Participant-observation w as also em ployed t o allow t he research t eam m em bers t o t ake part in t he com m unit y act ivities including t heir daily/ t radit ional act ivit ies, rit uals, and cerem onies relat ed t o t he research t opic.

b. Dat a analysis

The IKAP research t eam and t he villager-research t eam collect ively classified t he inform ation and dat a by recording all of t hem on t he com put er before analyzing t hem t o com e up wit h t he answ ers t o t he research quest ions, and in preparing t he first draft of t he research repor t . The first draft w as first present ed t o t he research t eam s for review and com ment s. The process w as done also t o cross-check t he inform at ion and conclusions. Aft er revising t he first draft , it w as t hen present ed t o each of t he five village clust ers for input s or possible correct ions.

2. Carbon stock accounting in rotational farming

a. Sam pling and dat a collect ion

This st udy applied t he st ock-based approach t o analyze above-ground carbon. The m et hod is appropriat e t o t he com m unit y level in exam ining t he change of biom ass from t he st ash above ground. While t he underground root syst em is left t o germ inat e w it hin a year in a desert ed field. Direct dat a collect ion of carbon st ock follow s t he st eps below :

1. Set t ing up sample plot w it h a size of 20 x 40 m et ers in rot at ional field aged bet w een 1-8 years.

2. Numberingthe trees w it h t he diam et er of at least 4.5 cent im et ers. 3. Dat a collect ion of plot angle using Global Position System (GPS) sat ellit e.

4. Dat a collection of local and common names, along w it h t he size of diam et er at breast height of all t rees.

Dat a collect ion on t he use of t rees and ot her plant s, including herbs and usable t rees in t he com m unit y w ere also conduct ed.

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4 Equipment utilized:



Rope for plot set -up



GPS



Tape m easure



Dat a collect ion form



Aluminum t ag for t ree num bering



Dry w eight and carbon calculat ion program by Som sak and Taw ee (2010)



Com put er



Cam era b. Dat a analysis

The dat a on diam et er is supplied int o a form ula t o calculat e t he dry w eight of t he w hole t ree or biom ass per t ree in t he dry evergreen forest. The form ula below adopt ed from Tsusum i et al. (1983) w as developed by Som sak and Taw ee (2010);

WS = 0.0509 (dbh2h) 0.919

WB = 0.00893 (dbh2h) 0.977

WL = 0.014 (dbh2h) 0.669

h = (85.6 dbh0.916) / (46.8 + 1.83 dbh0..916) w here,



,

and WL are dry w eight (kilogram ) of st em , br anch and leaf consecut ively;



Dbh is diam et er at breast height (1.30 m et er above gr ound) in cent im et er; and



h is t he height of t ree in m et er

The calculat ion of carbon st ock per t ree is based on the product of biom ass per t ree and fixed value of 0.47 per IPCC st andard (biom ass/ t ree x 0.47). The values are added up t o get t he carbon am ount in t he area of 800 square m et ers.

Calculat ion w as done for carbon st orage in each rot at ional field and age class; in rot at ional fields aged bet w een 1-7 years; and carbon em ission in year eight t hrough slash and burn syst em .

V. Results and findings (quantitative, qualitative)

A. Indigenous Know ledge (IK) and Local know ledge or LAAM As

1. Forest M anagement Tajduf on restricted areas or sacred sites (rituals areas)

Sacred sit es or t radit ional conservat ion forest areas based on people’s beliefs can be classified int o different ecological zones. In M ae Lan Kham village, t he sacred sit es can be classified as: a. Areas w it h rest rict ive ecological charact erist ics based on Pgaz K’ Nyau beliefs e.g. t he area bet w een m ount ains or w here t w o m ount ains are facing each ot her called Tajdeidof (or large w ind-reducing area). This ecological charact erist ic is believed t o be set up for t he journey of spirit ual beings. Ht ipejht auf

(

or w at er dipping out

)

is t he ecological condit ion of w at er source of various canals and rivers of M ae Lan Kham forest . Deifm uj be

(

m ount ain frog incubat ing

)

. This

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geographical sit e is a low hill surrounded by w et areas or bet w een t w o rivers. And last ly, t he Large M ount ain Top regarded as sacred and w hich no one dares t o ent er because it is believed t o have been t he rout e used by t he ancest ors.

b. Areas wit h ancient ruins - These ruins include t he desert ed m onast ery and ancient burial sit es such as: Wav qavhkof (desert ed t em ple hill t op

)

believed t o be a sacred land w it h m any st ories and legends on it ; And Gujkloht af, or ‘m iracle m ount ain-Huay Nam Ngu w at er m erge’. The t erm m iracle is used because w hen one approaches t he m ount ain, you w ill see a m ount ain clearly being t here but w hen you are act ually in t here, you won’t see t he m ount ain but t he plain field. The villagers believe t here is a t reasure under t his mount ain guarded by a spirit . The villagers t hen have t o be careful w hen passing by or ent ering t he area so as not t o dist urb t he t reasurer. c. Holy forest for rit ual pract ice are areas found in M ae Lan Kham and could be generally classified as follow s:

Pgajt ajw ijdof

(

Bad occurrence breaking rit ual

)

- t he villagers have t old t his st ory from generat ion t o generat ion about very fright ening forest ghost s in long st anding banyan t rees. If t here w ere som e m iscarriages or deat h of a new born child, t he villagers w ould bury t he child in a banyan t ree t unnel believing t hat t he t ree spirit w ould adopt t he child. They also put w hit e t hread r olls around t he t ree signifying t he m ot her’s breast s from w hich t he banyan gum resin (also colored w hit e) w ould be used by t he t ree t o feed t he child.

Pgaj Dei Pau (um bilical cord / child navel forest ) - t his t ype of forest surrounds t he village and serves as a place w here t he um bilical cord of a new -born child is t ied on a t ree. It is believed t hat t he soul of t he child w ould st ay w it h t he t ree, t herefore prohibit ing anyone from cut t ing it dow n.

PgazSw afhkof (funeral forest / cemet ery) - serves as t he sit e for burying or burning t heir dead in t he com m unit y. Because of t he 'funeral forest / cemet ery' est ablished by t he villagers, it paved t he w ay for t he area t o be ordained and declared as a w ildlife species conservat ion area. There w as a big forest ordinat ion rit ual t o grow 50 m illion t rees on t he com m em orat ion of t he King’s 50 years on t he t hrone anniversary. Ban Sob Lan st art ed first on t he st ream near t he village by m arking 50 m et ers in lengt h zones along t he st ream as conservat ion area in w hich ‘no cat ching of w at er species’ is enforced. The declarat ion on t he area rest rict ing w ild species hunt ing is under preparat ion.

2. Strategies for Adaptation on Natural Resource M anagement Using Low Carbon Technique a. St rat egy for Adapt at ion on Nat ural Resource M anagem ent or t he process of low carbon t echniques

The pract ical exam ples of rot at ional farm ing are: t echnique for cut t ing dow n t he t rees by leaving a m et er-high st um p, and cut t ing dow n t w igs but keeping t he t ree st anding; building fire-break zones t o prevent t he fire from expanding t o t he nat ural forest and it s surroundings. This pract ice has already been im m ort alized in t heir t radit ional poem , ’cross w at er looking for shallow w at er flow ; cont rol fire burning, one needs t o look for narrow landscape‘. The pract ice serves as a process t o reduce carbon release by grow ing a variet y of plant s in t he rot at ional farm ing process.

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6 Last but not least , t he concept s, philosophies, and spirit ual beliefs behind t he rot at ional farm ing pract ice all help achieve low carbon usage. Rot at ional farm ing prom ot es t he self-sufficiency philosophy and builds t he spirit ual values on respect ing and carefully ut ilizing nat ural resources. b. St rat egy for rest oring t he fallow s t o increase t he diversit y of t he plant species and product ivit y of t he rot at ional farm ing.

The crucial part of low carbon process of t he rot at ional farm ing is t o leave t he fallow s t o nat urally rest ore t hem selves. The process of rest orat ion has been found t o subst ant ially absorb carbon. Ot her research findings include t hat Som sak Sookw ong (2012) observed t hat m ost of t he plant food subst ances cam e from t he t ree t han from t he soil below it . When t he t runk is burnt , t he food subst ance w ould be released. A sim ilar observat ion w as also m ade by Zinke (1978) w ho found t hat t he m ajor food subst ances t hat feed t he fallow s cam e from t he t rees w hich sprang back t o life in t he fallow . The t rees in t he fallow are able t o st ore t he carbon and build up various kinds of food subst ances all of w hich cent ered at t he fert ilit y of t he t rees in t he fallow .

c. St rat egy of spreading P’dav (Taw Tao t ree) - seeds in t he fallow t o build up food subst ances and increase product ivit y. P’dav is a fast grow ing kind of t ree w it h plent y of w ide leaves w hich effect ively fuel t he fire. Aft er being burnt dow n, it s ash serves as a source of fert ilizer, and rice or crops grow n on it w ould yield high am ount of produce. As it is a fast grow ing plant , it s carbon absorpt ion is fast er t han ot her kinds of t ree.

d. Rest orat ion of soil in t he fallow by adding up t he bam boos - from different experiences, if t he fallow s are covered w it h bam boos, t he fallow s could becom e fert ile w it hin five years inst ead of 7 t o 10-year period. M oreover, t he bam boo can increase t he product ivit y of cult ivat ed crops. In addit ion, grow ing bam boo in t he rot at ional farm ing process w ould surely becom e part of low carbon procedure.

e. A t rial of new slashing t echniques t o open t he field fast er and anot her for m ore efficient soil fert ilizat ion are being t est ed. From direct experiences of M ae Lan Kham farm ers, t hey report ed t hat at one t im e t hey slashed t he land t o grow rice but left t he land uncult ivat ed for one year. In t he year aft er, t hey slashed t he grass out t o grow rice. They found lat er t hat t he rice grew very w ell. At t he end of t he harvest ing period, t he rice yield subst ant ially increased. They relat ed t he product ivit y w it h t he fact t hat t he leaves left over from t he st ash had form ed int o fert ilizer in result ing t o bet t er soil product ivit y and fert ilit y.

f. The adapt at ion on organizing t he act ivit ies for environm ent m anagem ent focusing on low carbon st rat egies t o earn incom e e.g. project on seeding and grow ing rat t an m ore in forest and cult ivat ing areas; project on seeding and grow ing t he Zant hozylumlimonella Alst on (scient ific nam e) also know n by t he local nam e Prickly Ash or Sichuan pepper; nat ural beekeeping and w ild plant s gat hering for food and incom e generat ion. Hpat ijTajyaiv suggest ed t he slogan, “ We t ake care of t he forest so t hat t he forest w ill t ake care of us. If t he forest is w ell t aken care of and rest ored, t he food sources w ill be plent iful. We t hen depend less on out side support and can also help solve t he problem of global w arm ing.” The suggest ion m ade by t he leader reflect s t he process of forest m anagem ent and int erdependence bet w een t he inhabit ant s and t he resources, im plying less carbon usage.

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7 g. The phenom enon of global w arm ing affect ing seasons and cult ivat ing process t hrough rot at ional farm ing - t he villagers have discussed about shift ing t he cult ivat ion season and short ening t he period for grow ing seeds by one m ont h t o com ply w it h t he governm ent ’s regulat ion of 100 days non-burning period.

B. Carbon stock accounting in rotational farming

1. Structure and succession rate of plant society in rotational field system

Based on t he dat a gat hered from sam pling plot of 8-year rot at ional age class syst em , it is found t hat aft er slash-and-burn, t he nat ural succession rat e is rat her fast . The regenerat ion of sapling and young plant s is high during t he first t hree years. Alt hough in year one, none of t he t rees w it h diam et er larger t han 4.5 cent im et ers is ident ified, over 2,300 saplings per rai regenerat ed from exist ing st em s and 1,981 young t rees are found. Inferior plant cover is w idespread w hich helps reduce t op-soil erosion in rot at ional field aged year one and t w o. In t he 3rd year, t he t ree cover is visible w it h larger t rees in succession of younger ones. The densit y of young t rees is reduced. At t he age of 7-8, t he crow n and t op-soil cover are height ened as seen in Table 1. Table 1.St ruct ure and Succession Rat e of Plant Societ y in Rot at ional Field

Rem arks: None of t he t rees w it h diam et er larger t han 4.5 cent im et ers is found in t he 1st year of rot at ional field.

Age Crow n cover (%)

Soil cover (%) densit y of t ree (t ree per rai)

Succession Rat e of Sapling per rai

Succession Rat e of Seeding per rai

Year 1 0 50-60 0 1,981 2,300

Year 2 NA NA NA NA NA

Year 3 50-60 90-95 206 867 3,400

Year 4 70-95 90-100 100 1,531 6,800

Year 5 50-80 50-70 155 962 7,100

Year 6 NA NA 460 793 11,000

Year 7 60-70 70-80 460 560 3,900

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Figure1: Tree densit y of size class

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

N

o.

of

T

re

e

p

er

R

a

i

Size class by GBH (cm.) Tree density of size class

year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8

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9 Pict ure: Carbon monit oring act ivit y in Baan M ae Lan Kham, Chiang M ai, Thailand (IKAP)

In reference t o t he graph, t he 2nd range of size class (15-25 cent im et ers) is abundant in t he rot at ional fields of all age class as a result of succession of sapling in t he area. At t he age of 7-8 years, t he size of t rees found can be used for const ruct ion. The carbon can also be st ocked in t he form of w ood product s t o avoid t he burning of large w ood. The em ission of carbon from rot at ional agricult ure can be reduced w it h t he effect ive t ree m anagem ent planning.

2. Amount of carbon storage in rotational cropping system

The dat a collect ion from t he plot indicat es grow t h size of t he t ree. This dat a is used in calculat ing and assessing t he am ount of carbon st orage in rot at ional fields of each age class from year t hree onw ards. The t rees w it hin t his age class are adequat ely large for carbon calculat ion using algom et ric equat ion as elaborat ed in Table 2.

Table 2. Carbon st ock in rot at ional field

Rem arks: In rot at ional field of age class year 1-2, t he calculat ion is not possible because t he diam et er is less t han 4.5 cent im et ers.

Age class Area (rai) Am ount of Carbon

per rai (t on)

Carbon increment (t on per rai per year)

Tot al carbon st ock (t on)

1 year 145 0 0 0

2 year 203 NA NA NA

3 year 150 1.65 0.55 247.50

4 year 162 1.38 0.35 223.56

5 year 211 3.07 0.61 647.77

6 year 119 3.32 0.55 395.08

7 year 114 7.83 1.12 892.62

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10 Figure 2.Carbon st orage in rot at ional field of different age classes

The st udy show ed t hat each age class of rot at ional field has diverse capacit y for carbon st orage. The rot at ional field of t hree years onw ards can be used in carbon calculat ion because t he diam et er of t rees is larger t han 4.5 cent im et ers. The carbon st orage capacit y is divided int o 3 periods: for year 3-4 t he carbon st orage am ount ed t o 1.3-1.6 t on per rai; for year 5-6, 3.0-3.3 t ons per rai; and for year 7-8 t he carbon st orage capacit y doubled due t o t heir high grow t h rat e. The st ruct ure of t ree num bers and size class averagely increased t he annual carbon st orage of 1.02 t on per rai per year in t he rot at ional field.

In com parison t o carbon em ission from slash-and-burn during t he plant ing season in 2013 in 87-rai rot at ional fields aged eight years, 640 t ons of carbon w ere em it t ed (in t he case of com plet e burning, t he w ood cannot be processed int o ot her product s). The rot at ional fields aged 3-7 years can st ore an aggregat ed carbon of 572.69 t ons, excluding t he carbon in sm all t rees w it h t he diam et er sm aller t han 4.5 cent im et ers. The carbon em ission and st orage cycle in rot at ional fields covers eight years t o m aint ain t he balance of carbon in it s int ernal syst em . M ore in-dept h st udy is required.

0 5 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0 0

1.65 1.38

3.07 3.32

7.83 _7.36

ตันต่อไร่

Age of rotational field

Amount of Carbon in Tree

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11 VI. Conclusions

To conclude, indigenous know ledge and pract ices on f orest land m anagem ent , such as rot at ional farm ing, have proven t o be sust ainable and in line w ith clim at e change adapt at ion and m it igat ion st rat egies even t hough com m unit ies are not aw are or conscious of ‘clim at e change’ causes and effect s. Their t radit ional pract ices, based on t his st udy, have show n t o help m aint ain t he balance bet w een carbon st orage and em ission from slash and burn farm ing.

A. Indigenous Know ledge (IK) and Local know ledge or LAAM As

In general, t he body of know ledge on ecology relat ed t o t he w ay of life of t he Pgaz K’ Nyau is a result of accum ulat ed experiences in ecological m anagem ent spanning several generations, and ext ract ed in t he form of TajDuf (const raining rules) based on beliefs t hat regulat e t he relat ionship bet w een people and ecological syst em . Such rules guide t he people’s every life pract ice in ut ilizing or t aking care of t he ecological syst em in a suit able and balanced w ays.. The belief t hat hum ans and nat ure have t o coexist wit h each ot her has been reflect ed in m any Pgaz K’ Nyau sayings such as, “ t hose w ho follow t he rules ar e t hose w ho are free from danger.” M eanw hile, Pgaz K’ Nyau w ho live in different ecological condit ions w ould assign t he significance of t he condit ion in different w ays. The rules and regulat ions have been based on t he cust om s and t radit ions w hich serve as t he spirit ual foundat ion connect ing t o holy beings t hat affect people’s life in every dim ension. To t hem , the cultural landscape w as designat ed as sacred based on t heir pract ices and cult ural values. Consequent ly, t hey have est ablished rules and regulat ions adapt ed from t radit ions and cust om s t o cont rol, regulat e, and m anage it t hroughout t he com m unit y’s hist ory. M ae Lan Kham com m unit y is est im at ed t o have been inhabit ed 300– 400 years ago. The t im e period is long enough t o assure t he sust ainabilit y of t he sacred area. From t he perspect ive of carbon reduct ion, t he com m unit y’s m anagem ent of t he forest is very relevant . When t he forest is conserved, t he t rees release oxygen w hile absorbing t he carbon dioxide. As long as t he forest exist s, t his chem ical process cont inues leading t o t he decrease of carbon em issions, event ually decreasing global w arm ing.

B. Carbon stock accounting in rotational farming

The rot at ional cropping w it h t he cycle of eight years is likely t o m aint ain t he balance bet w een carbon st orage in t he field for t he period of 3-7 years and carbon em ission from slash-and-burn. The effect ive carbon m anagem ent such as t he use of w ood w it hout burning helps reduce em ission, leading t o carbon-balanced com m unit ies and st ock enhancem ent . The rot at ional cropping field w it h carbon-balanced cycle m ust be prom ot ed. The challenge rem ains of how t he reduced cycle affect s carbon balance. The shift t o m onocult ure has not only led t o t he loss of carbon balance but also ot her environm ent al problem s such as soil erosion, chem ical pollut ion in upst ream ecosyst em , loss of biodiversit y and local food plant species, et c. Therefore, t he policies should priorit ize and prom ot e t he rot at ional cropping syst em m anagem ent , a sust ainable agro-forest ry t hat int egrat es local pract ices and cult ural dim ension.

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12 VII. Recommendations

The recom m endat ions in t his st udy focus on t he indigenous and local know ledge on forest and agricult ural land m anagem ent ; and on carbon st ock account ing on rot at ional farm ing from t he point of view of t he villagers, and t he researchers respect ively.

A. Indigenous Know ledge (IK) and Local know ledge or LAAM As

At present , som e people have already convert ed t o ot her religion or m arried w it h som eone belongs t o anot her fait h in M ae Lan Kham com m unit y. M ost m odern religions do not alw ays accept cert ain beliefs in holy beings. Villagers at Ban Klaukleifklo w ho had convert ed int o ot her religions, oft en encroached t he forest at Tajdeidof (large wind-reducing area) and cleared sm all t rees under t he forest t o grow coffee w it hout regard for t he holy beings t here. It has t riggered t he discussion am ong t he villagers t o t he point of reviewing t he plans t o m ore effect ively m anage t he sacred land. The landscape areas t hat have t hese charact erist ics are widely recognized in t he com m unit y and cared for based on t radit ions and cust om s passed on from generat ion t o generat ion. They have pract iced t hese beliefs in t heir everyday life ever since. The com m unit y m em bers have met and discussed t o com e up w it h t he solut ion and t he process for m anaging t he nat ural resources as follow s:



Survey sacred areas using GPS t o com e up w it h a reliable and valid m ap.



Work t oget her in issuing rules and regulat ions and reach a consensus t o enforce t hem by set t ing up signs and land m arkers w it h t he ow ner’s nam e.



Organize t he act ivit ies t o revit alize t he t radit ional rit uals and act ivit ies and m odify t hem t o fit t he current sit uat ion and present cont ext s.



Gat her and organize inform at ion on t he sacred areas including t he villagers’ encount ers w it h holy beings t o signify t hat t heir pract ices are based on t radit ional beliefs, and t o ensure t hat t he people w ill cont inue t o respect t he holy beings in t he fut ure.

In t he effort s t o reforest t he areas, in addit ion t o t aking care of t he forest , and discouraging t he people in m isusing t he forest and prevent ing w ild fire, plans t o reforest by grow ing t rees and plant s t o sust ain t he fert ilit y of t he forest m ust be draf t ed.

B. Carbon stock accounting in rotational farming

Furt her st udy is recomm ended in t he perm anent plot t o generat e clearer dat a, especially t he accum ulat ion of carbon quant it y in rot at ional fields of each age class. In addit ion, t he com parat ive st udy on t he different im pact s of long and short cycles on carbon balance, biodiversit y, food securit y and cult ure should be conduct ed. These st udies w ill be beneficial t o t he adapt at ion st rat egies and t he im provem ent of rot at ional cropping syst em m anagem ent in t he cont ext of clim at e and socio-econom ic change.

The policies should priorit ize and prom ot e t he rot at ional cropping syst em m anagem ent ; a sust ainable agro-forest ry t hat int egrat es local cult ural dim ension. In considerat ion of t he findings, t he proposed approaches in rot at ional cropping m anagem ent of t he com m unit y are present ed below .

1. For clim at e change m it igat ion, t he cycle of m ore t han 7 years should be m aint ained as t his can st ore a large am ount of carbon and provide usable w ood for const ruct ion and ot her

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13 product s. Greenhouse gas em ission from burning can be reduced and st ored longer in t he product w hich is am ong one of t he 5 carbon pools.

2. For clim at e change adapt at ion, t he com m unit y should conserve t he local plant species and st ock food seeds such as rice, veget ables, t aro, pot at o, et c. This is needed for cult ivat ion during t he period of clim at e variabilit y. M oreover, t he st aple food and usable w ood plant at ion is recom m ended t o supplem ent t he nat ural forest s around t he com m unit y in t he form of agro-forest ry w hich can be a reserved food source.

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14 IX. Annex

Annex 1. Synergies and collaborations

Karen Local Community-based Netw ork in Samoeng District

Synergies and collaborat ions w it h t he local com m unit y-based net w ork of five ham let s in M ae Lan Kham : t he five hamlet s have already est ablished com m on regulat ions t o collect ively m anage t heir land and nat ural resources in M ae Lan Kham w at ershed area, but w it h IKAP as a project coordinat ion part ner, t hey have furt her opport unit ies t o m eet , exchange know ledge, and im plem ent joint act ivit ies. Having IKAP as a part ner helps t hem engage m ore act ively in t he land and nat ural resour ces m anagem ent (NRM ) in a variet y of w ays and act ivit y t ypes (e.g. in carbon assessm ent processes); it also st rengt hens t heir w at ershed m anagem ent (e.g. t hrough net w orking agreement s t o revise regulat ions for NRM ), and adds t he t ool of locally-appropriat e adapt at ion and m it igation act ions (LAAM As) t o t heir already rich sust ainable pract ices. This em powers not only t he M ae Lan Kham w at ershed net w ork but also t he w ider net w ork in M ae Khan w at ershed area t hat covers 15 com m unit ies in t w o sub-dist rict s, Sam oeng Tai and Bo Kaew , in Sam oeng dist rict , Chiang M ai province.

The Local Community- based Netw ork of Karen People on Rotational Farming and Environment in Thailand

M ae Khan w at ershed net w ork has already been connect ed t o ot her ones in nort hern Thailand on t he issues of NRM and LAAM As. St ill, t he project has creat ed addit ional oppor t unit ies for t hem t o st rengt hen t heir int erconnect ions w it h even m ore netw orks in t he nort hern region (such as M ae Wang w at ershed net w ork and Highland Chom Thong w at ershed net w ork), bot h in Chiang M ai and in ot her provinces (Chiang Rai, M ae Hong Son, Tak, Lam pun and Lam pang), for joint act ivities bet w een t he M ae Lan Kham project and Nort hern Farm ers Net w ork (NFN).

The com m unit y-based Karen net w orks in Thailand have est ablished t he Karen Net w ork for Cult ure and Environm ent (KNCE) organizat ion. In t he course of t he collaborat ion of M ae Lan Kham project w it h KNCE and t hrough a Karen forum , t he NRM net w ork ‘The Karen Net w ork on Environm ent and Rot at ional Farm ing in Thailand’ has been formed. This has developed t he m echanism s and t he plan t o connect Karen net w orks all over Thailand on t he issues of NRM and LAAM As.

Other synergies and joint activities of the project w ith various Thai government authorities

The project has joint ly w orked w it h t he National Com mit t ee for t he Cabinet Resolut ion on t he Recovering of Karen Livelihoods (August 3, 2010) on a variet y of act ivit ies t o prom ot e and enhance t he Karen pract ice of rot at ional farm ing and NRM . At nat ional level, it has been recognized by governm ent aut horit ies in various relat ed m inist ries e.g. M inist ry of Environm ent , M inist ry of Int erior, M inist ry of Educat ion, M inist ry of Securit y and Hum an Developm ent and M inist ry of Cult ure.

M eanw hile, t he pract ice of Rot at ional Farm ing has been approved and declared by t he M inist ry of Cult ure as National Int angible Cult ural Herit age. This out com e cam e from local init iat ives and cam paigns t hat scaled up t o nat ional level.

According t o t he Asian Social Forest ry Net w ork (ASFN), IKAP has learnt a lot on LAAM As from ASFN forum s and act ivit ies in t he last t w o years, and it has t he pot ent ial t o present and prom ot e t he pract ice of Rot at ional Farm ing t hrough LAAM As, as well as relat ed pract ices in different fields. For exam ple, as a m em ber of ASFN net w ork in Thailand, IKAP has been invit ed by t he Forest Depart m ent , M inist ry of Environm ent , t o t he 2013 annual m eet ing on ‘Forest ry research on Sust ainable Product ion and

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15 Developm ent ’ t o present ‘Sust ainable Forest M anagem ent : Rot at ional Farm ing as Karen Local Wisdom and Livelihood’. This illust rat es t hat int eract ion has st art ed, and w ill hopefully increase in t he fut ure am ong ASFN m em bers so t hey can learn from each ot her and share local know ledge pract ices and experiences.

According t o t he ASEAN-Sw iss Part nership on Social Forest ry and Clim at e Change (ASFCC) Learning Group, it is a superb exercise for all m em bers, w ho work in diverse areas and have different t arget s, t o live t oget her, learn and share each ot her ’s w ork and experiences, part icularly t o learn from pract ical event s in various fields. These opport unit ies help t he m em bers develop ideas, perspect ives, and m et hodologies t o w ork on LAAM As, as w ell as lobby and cam paign from t he local t o t he regional and nat ional level. They fill in t he knowledge gaps of t he part icipant s w ho deal w it h t he governm ent , t he NGOs and t he local com m unit y, and cont ribut e t o t he creat ion of com m on beliefs and aligned perspect ives on NRM , LAAM As et c. Last but not least , t he m ost im port ant is t hat t he ASFCC part ners are in t he process of put t ing processes learnt int o concret e pract ice – bot h in t heir local com m unit ies, and in t he regional and nat ional policy and planning. This w ill have subst ant ial im pact on t he great er Asia as a concret e exam ple for t he issue of LAAM As.

Furt herm ore, IKAP int ernat ionalized t he research and pract ice result s from M ae Lan Kham – RECOFTC project , and t he ASFCC net w ork learning experiences from t he ASFN project , in at least t w o fields: The first one is t he ‘Indigenous food sovereignt y and biodiversit y net w ork’ m ovem ent , w hich focuses on t he revival of indigenous seeds, food plant s, and t radit ional occupat ions (Rot at ional Farm ing et c.). IKAP, as a m em ber of t his m ovem ent , has focused on t he aw areness, prom ot ion and enhancem ent of t he t radit ional agricult ure, seeds and plant s. This net w ork w orks closely w it h t he Slow Food m ovem ent , current ly w ell know n in Europe, w hich aim s t o preserve local cuisine and t he qualit y of t radit ional food product s. IKAP, as a m em ber of Slow Food m ovem ent, w orks t o prom ot e t he t radit ional food pr oduct s creat ed from t radit ional processes based on t radit ional know ledge.

The second one is com m unit y-based m onit oring and inform at ion syst em s as a t ool for st rengt hening indigenous peoples self-det erm ined developm ent (IPSDD), in t he cont ext of t he Unit ed Nat ion’s Declarat ion on t he Right s of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), t he St rat egic Plan for Biodiversit y, t he Aichi Biodiversit y Target s, t he Unit ed Nat ions Fram ew ork Convent ion on Clim at e Change (UNFCCC) and ot her global and nat ional com m it ment s. IKAP, as a part of t his process, present ed m ost ly t radit ional agricult ure and rot at ional farming as pract ical m odels of com m unit y-based knowledge and pract ice. IKAP is also involved in t he negot iat ion process of t he Int ergovernm ent al Plat form on Biodiversit y and Ecosyst em Services (IPBES), t o advocat e for t he requirem ent of indigenous knowledge in t he IPBES. The out com e of t hese w orkshops w ill be significant as a t ool t o m onit or and repor t act ivit ies vis-à-vis t o t he REDD-plus Safeguard Inform at ion Syst em , as agreed by all part ies in t he Unit ed Nat ions Fram ew ork Convent ion on Clim at e Change (UNFCCC).

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16 X. References

Office of Nat ural Resources and Environm ent al Policy and Planning, 2008, “ Nat ional St rat egies on Clim at e Change M anagem ent 2008-2012” , The m inist ry on Nat ural Resources and Environm ent , Bangkok, Thailand, 63 pages.

Som sak, Sukw ong (2012). The m eet ing of Sub-com m it tee on “ St udy t he Possibilit y of Rot at ional Farm ing t o Becom e Int angible Cult ural Herit age” .

Sukw ong, S., T. Keaw laliead, and S. Worapornpan, 2010, “ Carbon St ock Calculat ion in Com m unit y Forest and Agro-forest ” .

Tsut sum i, T., K. Yoda, P.Sahunalu, P. Dham m anonda and B. Prachaiyo. 1983, “ Forest : Felling, Burning and Regenerat ion” , In: K.Kyum a and C. Pairint ra eds. Shift ing Cult ivat ion. Kyot o Universit y. Pp. 13-62. Zinke, Paul J., 1978. “ Farm ers in t he Forest ” , edit ed by Pet er Kunst adt er, E.G.Chapm an and SangaSabhasri

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RECOFTC

P.O. Box 1111 Kasetsart Post Office Bangkok 10903, Thailand Tel: +66 (0)2 940 5700 Fax: +66 (0)2 561 4880 Email: info@recoftc.org Website: www.recoftc.org

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VII. Recommendations

A. Indigenous Know ledge (IK) and Local know ledge or LAAM As



Survey sacred areas using GPS t o com e up w it h a reliable and valid m ap.



Work t oget her in issuing rules and regulat ions and reach a consensus t o enforce t hem by set t ing up signs and land m arkers w it h t he ow ner’s nam e.



Organize t he act ivit ies t o revit alize t he t radit ional rit uals and act ivit ies and m odify t hem t o fit t he current sit uat ion and present cont ext s.



B. Carbon stock accounting in rotational farming

1. For clim at e change m it igat ion, t he cycle of m ore t han 7 years should be m aint ained as t his can st ore a large am ount of carbon and provide usable w ood for const ruct ion and ot her

(2)

13 product s. Greenhouse gas em ission from burning can be reduced and st ored longer in t he product w hich is am ong one of t he 5 carbon pools.

(3)

IX. Annex

Annex 1. Synergies and collaborations

Karen Local Community-based Netw ork in Samoeng District

The Local Community- based Netw ork of Karen People on Rotational Farming and Environment in Thailand

Other synergies and joint activities of the project w ith various Thai government authorities

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X. References

Som sak, Sukw ong (2012). The m eet ing of Sub-com m it tee on “ St udy t he Possibilit y of Rot at ional Farm ing t o Becom e Int angible Cult ural Herit age” .

Sukw ong, S., T. Keaw laliead, and S. Worapornpan, 2010, “ Carbon St ock Calculat ion in Com m unit y Forest and Agro-forest ” .

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RECOFTC P.O. Box 1111 Kasetsart Post Office Bangkok 10903, Thailand Tel: +66 (0)2 940 5700 Fax: +66 (0)2 561 4880 Email: info@recoftc.org Website: www.recoftc.org

innovations community carbon accounting and forest land 2013 eng

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Age of rotational field

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VII. Recommendations

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IX. Annex

X. References

Parts

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