AGAINST HUMAN TRADE IN STEVEN SPIELBERG’S AMISTAD MOVIE (1997): Against Human Trade In Steven Spielberg’s Amistad Movie (1997): A Marxist Criticism.
AGAINST HUMAN TRADE IN STEVEN SPIELBERG’S AMISTAD
MOVIE (1997):
A MARXIST CRITICISM
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
HANUNG LUQMANA
A. 320070030
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
i
ii
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, the researcher testifies that there is no plagiarism of the previous
studies which have been made to get bachelor degree of a university and as a long
the researcher knows that there is no work or opinions that have ever been
composed or published by others, except referred written in this research paper
and mentioned in literature review and bibliography. Therefore, if it is proved that
there are some untrue statements in this testimony, the researcher will hold fully
responsibility.
Surakarta, Desember 2013
Hanung Luqmana
A320070030
iv
MOTTO
“Mengalah bukan berarti mundur maupun kalah, tapi satu langkah
dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan suatu kemenangan.”
(Hadi Prawito, S. Pd)
“Allah tidak akan membebani seorang anak manusia di luar batas
kemampuannya.”
(Q.S. Al Baqarah: 286)
v
DEDICATION
I dedicated this research to:
Bapak and Ibu (Hadi Prawito and Nur Afidah)
They give me support, motivation, sacrifice, advice, prayer
and everything I need. They are my everything.
My Sister (Reza Ardian)
She gives me support to finishing this research
My relatives (Uncles and Aunts)
I cannot mention one by one all of you. The importance is
you all my beloved.
My D-nok (Nura)
She gives big support and critic to finishing this research.
My close friend (Sigit, Tono, Manto, Aryan, Ahmad,
Nurrohman )
We are always together from the beginning of entering
this university to today. Thanks for your support to finish
this reshearch.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Alhamdulillahirobbil‟alamin. There is no other word can researcher says
to express his happiness after finishing this research. The researcher is grateful to
Allah SWT for the healthy, smooth running of finishing this research, and ease to
do this research.
The researcher gets many helps from the other. The researcher cannot
finish this research alone. The researcher does not only get help, but he also gets
support, prayer, and motivation from the other. It is also never completed without
the help of other people, so the researcher would like to express appreciation to
those who have contributed for the completing of this research paper.
1. Dra. N. Setyaningsih, M. Si as the dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty.
2. Titis Setya Budi, S. Si, M. Hum as a head of English Department and as
the second consultant for his support, guidance, and time.
3. Dr. Drs. M. Thoyibi, M.S as the first consultant for his help, guidance,
and patience to encourage the researcher to finish this research.
4. All lectures who share the knowledge during the process of the study.
5. Bapak and Ibu as researcher‟s parents. They give everything that
researcher needs. Thanks for the sacrifice, support, motivation, prayer and
advice. There is no color without their existence.
7. Reza Ardian as researcher‟s sister for her cheer up, spirit, and prayer.
8. Researcher’s Brother (Sigit, Tono, Aryan, Ahmad, Manto,
Nurrohman) give researcher unforgettable moment during study in UMS,
motivation, and friendship. There will not be fun without these guys.
9. BT Fans Club give him unforgettable moment during, living in Surakarta
10. Suharjianto’s Family for their time to help researcher to finish this
research.
vii
11. D-nok, for her existence, new dream, new way, and big spirit to finish
this research.
The researcher also thanks for everyone who gives help and support, the
researcher cannot mention all one by one in this statement. The researcher is
aware that this research has weaknesses. The researcher with pleasure opens his
ear to hear the suggestion and critic about this research. The suggestion and critic
give benefit to make the research be better.
The researcher hopes this research will be useful and gives contribution to the
readers, especially for the researcher.
Wassalamu‟alaikum Wr. Wb
Surakarta, December 2013
The Researcher
viii
SUMMARY
HANUNG LUQMANA. A320 070 030. AGAINST HUMAN TRADE IN
STEVEN SPIELBERG’S AMISTAD MOVIE (1997): A MARXIST
CRITICISM. MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA.
RESEACRH PAPER 2013.
The major problem of this study is how social relation and stratification is
reflected in Steven Spielberg‟s Amistad based on Marxist perspective. This study
aims to describe the internal structure of the film script and to describe the social
relation and stratification in Steven Spielberg‟s Amistad Film Script based on Marxist
Perspective.
The benefits of this study are to enrich the application of Marxist Perspective
in literary study and to fulfill the requirement for getting Bachelor Degree in English
Department. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The
primary data is taken from the film script, itself, while the secondary data is taken
from information needed. The method of data collection is library research. The
technique of data collection is descriptive.
The outcome of the study shows that there is a close relationship between the
film scripts and the social reality of America in late twentieth century, racism and
classes that raise the gap between them. It is why Steven Spielberg criticizes that
condition. This film script represents one of Spielberg‟s concerns in social humanity.
Keyword: Human trade, Marxist, Twentieth century, Racism, Social humanity
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ............................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL ....................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE .............................................................................................. iii
TESTYMONY................................................................................................. iv
MOTTO ..........................................................................................................v
DEDICATION ...............................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................vii
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................ix
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................ x
LIST OF PICTURE ........................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study .................................................................1
B. Literature Review ............................................................................6
C. Research Problem ............................................................................6
D. Limitation of the Study ...................................................................7
E. Objective of the Study .....................................................................7
F. Benefit of the Study .........................................................................7
G. Research Method .............................................................................8
H. Paper Organization .........................................................................10
CHAPTER II UNDERLYING THEORY
A. Notion of Marxist ..........................................................................11
B. Principle of Marxist Theory ...........................................................13
1. Dialectical Materialism .....................................................13
2. Historical Materialism ......................................................14
3. Alienation ..........................................................................15
4. Class Struggle ...................................................................16
5. Revolution ........................................................................18
C. Notion of Human Trade...................................................................19
D. Theoretical Application ..................................................................20
x
CHAPTER III SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF AMERICA IN LATE
TWENTIETH CENTURY
A. Social Aspect ..................................................................................22
B. Economic Aspect ............................................................................24
C. Political Aspect ...............................................................................25
D. Science and Technology Aspect ....................................................27
E. Cultural Aspect ...............................................................................28
F. Religious Aspect ..............................................................................29
CHAPTER IV STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
A. Narrative Element ...........................................................................31
1. Character and Characterization ............................................31
2. Setting .................................................................................47
3. Plot ......................................................................................51
4. Style .....................................................................................55
5. Theme...................................................................................59
B. Technical Element ...........................................................................59
1. Mise-en-Scene ...................................................................... 59
a. Costume and Make-Up ........................................... 60
b. Set Dressing and Props ...........................................62
c. Lighting ...................................................................68
d. Figurative Expression and Movement ....................73
2. Cinematography ...................................................................74
a. Photographical Qualities of the Shot ......................75
b. Framing of the Shot ................................................75
c. Duration of the Shot ................................................79
3. Sound ...................................................................................80
4. Editing ..................................................................................82
C. Discussion .......................................................................................86
CHAPTER V MARXIST ANALYSIS
A. Marxist Analysis ............................................................................89
1. Dialectical Materialism .......................................................89
xi
2. Historical Materialism ..........................................................92
3. Class Struggle ......................................................................94
4. Revolution ............................................................................95
B. Discussion ......................................................................................96
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion.......................................................................................98
B. Suggestion ......................................................................................100
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................101
VIRTUAL REFERENCES ..............................................................................103
APPENDIX
xii
LIST OF PICTURES
PICTURE 1:Cinque ..........................................................................................33
PICTURE 2: Roger Baldwin ............................................................................35
PICTURE 3: Theodore Joadson .......................................................................37
PICTURE 4: John Quincy Adam .....................................................................39
PICTURE 5: Lewis Tappan ..............................................................................41
PICTURE 6: James Covey ...............................................................................42
PICTURE 7: Holabird ......................................................................................43
PICTURE 8: Martin Van Buren .......................................................................44
PICTURE 9: John Forsyth ................................................................................45
PICTURE 10: John C Calhoun .........................................................................46
PICTURE 11: Coglin Northam ........................................................................47
PICTURE 12: Amistad Ship .............................................................................48
PICTURE 13: Front of Connecticut Jail ...........................................................48
PICTURE 14: District Court ............................................................................49
PICTURE 15: New York Harbor .....................................................................49
PICTURE 16: Tecora Ship ...............................................................................50
PICTURE 17: John Quincy Adam‟s House .....................................................50
PICTURE 18: Supreme Court ..........................................................................51
PICTURE 19: Underwear Clothes....................................................................60
PICTURE 20: Formal clothes ...........................................................................61
PICTURE 21: Semi Formal Clothes.................................................................61
PICTURE 22: Make-Up 1 ................................................................................62
PICTURE 23: Make-Up 2 ................................................................................62
PICTURE 24: Amistad Ship .............................................................................63
PICTURE 25: District Court ............................................................................64
PICTURE 26: President Van Buren‟s Room ....................................................64
PICTURE 27: John Quincy Adam‟s Room ......................................................64
PICTURE 28: Supreme Court ..........................................................................65
xiii
PICTURE 29: President Van Buren‟s Train .....................................................65
PICTURE 30: Theodore Joadson‟s Ride Horse ...............................................66
PICTURE 31: Traditional Bicycle ....................................................................66
PICTURE 32: Ship of US Naval ......................................................................67
PICTURE 33: Camera ......................................................................................67
PICTURE 34: Compass ....................................................................................67
PICTURE 35: Soft Lighting .............................................................................69
PICTURE 36: Hard Lighting ............................................................................69
PICTURE 37: The Frontal lighting ..................................................................70
PICTURE 38: The Back Lighting ....................................................................70
PICTURE 39: The Side Lighting .....................................................................71
PICTURE 40: Key Light and Fill Light ...........................................................71
PICTURE 41: Key Light and fill Light ............................................................72
PICTURE 42: Colorful .....................................................................................72
PICTURE 43: Mist Color .................................................................................73
PICTURE 44: Dark Color ................................................................................73
PICTURE 45: Gesture of Anger .......................................................................74
PICTURE 46: Gesture of Sadness ....................................................................74
PICTURE 47: Gesture of Happiness ................................................................74
PICTURE 48: Straight Angel ...........................................................................76
PICTURE 49: High Angel ................................................................................76
PICTURE 50: Low Angel ................................................................................77
PICTURE 51: Extremely Long Shot ................................................................77
PICTURE 52: Long Shot ..................................................................................78
PICTURE 53: Medium Long Shot ...................................................................78
PICTURE 54: Medium Shot .............................................................................78
PICTURE 55: Close-Up ...................................................................................79
PICTURE 56: Medium Close-Up .....................................................................79
PICTURE 57: Extremely Close-Up..................................................................79
PICTURE 58: Axis of Action ...........................................................................84
PICTURE 59: Establishing Shot 1 ...................................................................84
xiv
PICTURE 60: Establishing Shot 2 ...................................................................84
PICTURE 61: Eye Line Match 1 ......................................................................84
PICTURE 62: Eye Line Match 2 ......................................................................84
PICTURE 63: Match on Action Shot 1 ............................................................85
PICTURE 64: Match on Action Shot 1 ............................................................85
PICTURE 65: Cheat Cutting ............................................................................85
PICTURE 66: Cross Cutting 1 .........................................................................86
PICTURE 67: Cross Cutting 2 .........................................................................86
xv
MOVIE (1997):
A MARXIST CRITICISM
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
HANUNG LUQMANA
A. 320070030
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
i
ii
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, the researcher testifies that there is no plagiarism of the previous
studies which have been made to get bachelor degree of a university and as a long
the researcher knows that there is no work or opinions that have ever been
composed or published by others, except referred written in this research paper
and mentioned in literature review and bibliography. Therefore, if it is proved that
there are some untrue statements in this testimony, the researcher will hold fully
responsibility.
Surakarta, Desember 2013
Hanung Luqmana
A320070030
iv
MOTTO
“Mengalah bukan berarti mundur maupun kalah, tapi satu langkah
dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan suatu kemenangan.”
(Hadi Prawito, S. Pd)
“Allah tidak akan membebani seorang anak manusia di luar batas
kemampuannya.”
(Q.S. Al Baqarah: 286)
v
DEDICATION
I dedicated this research to:
Bapak and Ibu (Hadi Prawito and Nur Afidah)
They give me support, motivation, sacrifice, advice, prayer
and everything I need. They are my everything.
My Sister (Reza Ardian)
She gives me support to finishing this research
My relatives (Uncles and Aunts)
I cannot mention one by one all of you. The importance is
you all my beloved.
My D-nok (Nura)
She gives big support and critic to finishing this research.
My close friend (Sigit, Tono, Manto, Aryan, Ahmad,
Nurrohman )
We are always together from the beginning of entering
this university to today. Thanks for your support to finish
this reshearch.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Alhamdulillahirobbil‟alamin. There is no other word can researcher says
to express his happiness after finishing this research. The researcher is grateful to
Allah SWT for the healthy, smooth running of finishing this research, and ease to
do this research.
The researcher gets many helps from the other. The researcher cannot
finish this research alone. The researcher does not only get help, but he also gets
support, prayer, and motivation from the other. It is also never completed without
the help of other people, so the researcher would like to express appreciation to
those who have contributed for the completing of this research paper.
1. Dra. N. Setyaningsih, M. Si as the dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty.
2. Titis Setya Budi, S. Si, M. Hum as a head of English Department and as
the second consultant for his support, guidance, and time.
3. Dr. Drs. M. Thoyibi, M.S as the first consultant for his help, guidance,
and patience to encourage the researcher to finish this research.
4. All lectures who share the knowledge during the process of the study.
5. Bapak and Ibu as researcher‟s parents. They give everything that
researcher needs. Thanks for the sacrifice, support, motivation, prayer and
advice. There is no color without their existence.
7. Reza Ardian as researcher‟s sister for her cheer up, spirit, and prayer.
8. Researcher’s Brother (Sigit, Tono, Aryan, Ahmad, Manto,
Nurrohman) give researcher unforgettable moment during study in UMS,
motivation, and friendship. There will not be fun without these guys.
9. BT Fans Club give him unforgettable moment during, living in Surakarta
10. Suharjianto’s Family for their time to help researcher to finish this
research.
vii
11. D-nok, for her existence, new dream, new way, and big spirit to finish
this research.
The researcher also thanks for everyone who gives help and support, the
researcher cannot mention all one by one in this statement. The researcher is
aware that this research has weaknesses. The researcher with pleasure opens his
ear to hear the suggestion and critic about this research. The suggestion and critic
give benefit to make the research be better.
The researcher hopes this research will be useful and gives contribution to the
readers, especially for the researcher.
Wassalamu‟alaikum Wr. Wb
Surakarta, December 2013
The Researcher
viii
SUMMARY
HANUNG LUQMANA. A320 070 030. AGAINST HUMAN TRADE IN
STEVEN SPIELBERG’S AMISTAD MOVIE (1997): A MARXIST
CRITICISM. MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA.
RESEACRH PAPER 2013.
The major problem of this study is how social relation and stratification is
reflected in Steven Spielberg‟s Amistad based on Marxist perspective. This study
aims to describe the internal structure of the film script and to describe the social
relation and stratification in Steven Spielberg‟s Amistad Film Script based on Marxist
Perspective.
The benefits of this study are to enrich the application of Marxist Perspective
in literary study and to fulfill the requirement for getting Bachelor Degree in English
Department. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The
primary data is taken from the film script, itself, while the secondary data is taken
from information needed. The method of data collection is library research. The
technique of data collection is descriptive.
The outcome of the study shows that there is a close relationship between the
film scripts and the social reality of America in late twentieth century, racism and
classes that raise the gap between them. It is why Steven Spielberg criticizes that
condition. This film script represents one of Spielberg‟s concerns in social humanity.
Keyword: Human trade, Marxist, Twentieth century, Racism, Social humanity
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ............................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL ....................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE .............................................................................................. iii
TESTYMONY................................................................................................. iv
MOTTO ..........................................................................................................v
DEDICATION ...............................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................vii
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................ix
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................ x
LIST OF PICTURE ........................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study .................................................................1
B. Literature Review ............................................................................6
C. Research Problem ............................................................................6
D. Limitation of the Study ...................................................................7
E. Objective of the Study .....................................................................7
F. Benefit of the Study .........................................................................7
G. Research Method .............................................................................8
H. Paper Organization .........................................................................10
CHAPTER II UNDERLYING THEORY
A. Notion of Marxist ..........................................................................11
B. Principle of Marxist Theory ...........................................................13
1. Dialectical Materialism .....................................................13
2. Historical Materialism ......................................................14
3. Alienation ..........................................................................15
4. Class Struggle ...................................................................16
5. Revolution ........................................................................18
C. Notion of Human Trade...................................................................19
D. Theoretical Application ..................................................................20
x
CHAPTER III SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF AMERICA IN LATE
TWENTIETH CENTURY
A. Social Aspect ..................................................................................22
B. Economic Aspect ............................................................................24
C. Political Aspect ...............................................................................25
D. Science and Technology Aspect ....................................................27
E. Cultural Aspect ...............................................................................28
F. Religious Aspect ..............................................................................29
CHAPTER IV STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
A. Narrative Element ...........................................................................31
1. Character and Characterization ............................................31
2. Setting .................................................................................47
3. Plot ......................................................................................51
4. Style .....................................................................................55
5. Theme...................................................................................59
B. Technical Element ...........................................................................59
1. Mise-en-Scene ...................................................................... 59
a. Costume and Make-Up ........................................... 60
b. Set Dressing and Props ...........................................62
c. Lighting ...................................................................68
d. Figurative Expression and Movement ....................73
2. Cinematography ...................................................................74
a. Photographical Qualities of the Shot ......................75
b. Framing of the Shot ................................................75
c. Duration of the Shot ................................................79
3. Sound ...................................................................................80
4. Editing ..................................................................................82
C. Discussion .......................................................................................86
CHAPTER V MARXIST ANALYSIS
A. Marxist Analysis ............................................................................89
1. Dialectical Materialism .......................................................89
xi
2. Historical Materialism ..........................................................92
3. Class Struggle ......................................................................94
4. Revolution ............................................................................95
B. Discussion ......................................................................................96
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion.......................................................................................98
B. Suggestion ......................................................................................100
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................101
VIRTUAL REFERENCES ..............................................................................103
APPENDIX
xii
LIST OF PICTURES
PICTURE 1:Cinque ..........................................................................................33
PICTURE 2: Roger Baldwin ............................................................................35
PICTURE 3: Theodore Joadson .......................................................................37
PICTURE 4: John Quincy Adam .....................................................................39
PICTURE 5: Lewis Tappan ..............................................................................41
PICTURE 6: James Covey ...............................................................................42
PICTURE 7: Holabird ......................................................................................43
PICTURE 8: Martin Van Buren .......................................................................44
PICTURE 9: John Forsyth ................................................................................45
PICTURE 10: John C Calhoun .........................................................................46
PICTURE 11: Coglin Northam ........................................................................47
PICTURE 12: Amistad Ship .............................................................................48
PICTURE 13: Front of Connecticut Jail ...........................................................48
PICTURE 14: District Court ............................................................................49
PICTURE 15: New York Harbor .....................................................................49
PICTURE 16: Tecora Ship ...............................................................................50
PICTURE 17: John Quincy Adam‟s House .....................................................50
PICTURE 18: Supreme Court ..........................................................................51
PICTURE 19: Underwear Clothes....................................................................60
PICTURE 20: Formal clothes ...........................................................................61
PICTURE 21: Semi Formal Clothes.................................................................61
PICTURE 22: Make-Up 1 ................................................................................62
PICTURE 23: Make-Up 2 ................................................................................62
PICTURE 24: Amistad Ship .............................................................................63
PICTURE 25: District Court ............................................................................64
PICTURE 26: President Van Buren‟s Room ....................................................64
PICTURE 27: John Quincy Adam‟s Room ......................................................64
PICTURE 28: Supreme Court ..........................................................................65
xiii
PICTURE 29: President Van Buren‟s Train .....................................................65
PICTURE 30: Theodore Joadson‟s Ride Horse ...............................................66
PICTURE 31: Traditional Bicycle ....................................................................66
PICTURE 32: Ship of US Naval ......................................................................67
PICTURE 33: Camera ......................................................................................67
PICTURE 34: Compass ....................................................................................67
PICTURE 35: Soft Lighting .............................................................................69
PICTURE 36: Hard Lighting ............................................................................69
PICTURE 37: The Frontal lighting ..................................................................70
PICTURE 38: The Back Lighting ....................................................................70
PICTURE 39: The Side Lighting .....................................................................71
PICTURE 40: Key Light and Fill Light ...........................................................71
PICTURE 41: Key Light and fill Light ............................................................72
PICTURE 42: Colorful .....................................................................................72
PICTURE 43: Mist Color .................................................................................73
PICTURE 44: Dark Color ................................................................................73
PICTURE 45: Gesture of Anger .......................................................................74
PICTURE 46: Gesture of Sadness ....................................................................74
PICTURE 47: Gesture of Happiness ................................................................74
PICTURE 48: Straight Angel ...........................................................................76
PICTURE 49: High Angel ................................................................................76
PICTURE 50: Low Angel ................................................................................77
PICTURE 51: Extremely Long Shot ................................................................77
PICTURE 52: Long Shot ..................................................................................78
PICTURE 53: Medium Long Shot ...................................................................78
PICTURE 54: Medium Shot .............................................................................78
PICTURE 55: Close-Up ...................................................................................79
PICTURE 56: Medium Close-Up .....................................................................79
PICTURE 57: Extremely Close-Up..................................................................79
PICTURE 58: Axis of Action ...........................................................................84
PICTURE 59: Establishing Shot 1 ...................................................................84
xiv
PICTURE 60: Establishing Shot 2 ...................................................................84
PICTURE 61: Eye Line Match 1 ......................................................................84
PICTURE 62: Eye Line Match 2 ......................................................................84
PICTURE 63: Match on Action Shot 1 ............................................................85
PICTURE 64: Match on Action Shot 1 ............................................................85
PICTURE 65: Cheat Cutting ............................................................................85
PICTURE 66: Cross Cutting 1 .........................................................................86
PICTURE 67: Cross Cutting 2 .........................................................................86
xv