Analysis of the Major Characters in Ray Bradburyâs Fahrenheit 451.
ABSTRACT
Tugas akhir ini berisi analisis dari dua karakter dalam novel Fahrenheit 451
karya Ray Bradbury. Fahrenheit 451 menggambarkan sebuah negara yang
masyarakatnya menghabiskan sebagian besar waktu mereka untuk menonton
televisi. Memiliki dan membaca buku dianggap sebagai bentuk pelanggaran hukum
di negara tersebut dan sebagai akibatnya, rumah pemilik buku tersebut akan dibakar
oleh petugas pemadam kebakaran.
Dua karakter yang dianalisis pada tugas akhir ini adalah Guy Montag dan
Mildred. Montag adalah seorang petugas pemadam kebakaran yang sebelumnya
tidak pernah mempertanyakan arti pekerjaan dan hidupnya. Montag mengalami
perubahan karakter karena ia menemukan makna pada buku-buku yang ia baca. Di
lain pihak, Mildred digambarkan sebagai perwakilan masyarakat umum pada masa
tersebut. Ia mengisi hari-harinya dengan menonton televisi yang menutupi tiga dari
empat dinding ruangan di rumahnya. Ia tidak mengalami perubahan karakter dari
awal hingga akhir cerita.
Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari tugas akhir ini adalah Bradbury berhasil
menyampaikan kritik sosialnya terhadap televisi yang menayangkan tayangantayangan tidak bermutu dan telah menggantikan peran buku dan pengetahuan
melalui novelnya.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ...................................................................................... 1
Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................... 3
Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................ 3
Method of Research ............................................................................................. 4
Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS IN RAY
BRADBURY’S FAHRENHEIT 451 ......................................................... 5
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION................................................................ 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 26
APPENDICES:
Synopsis of Fahrenheit 451 ............................................................................... 28
Biography of Ray Bradbury ............................................................................... 29
ii
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Nowadays, people live in the era where technology cannot be separated
from daily activities. Every household in the world definitely has at least one TV
set. In addition, most people also have their own gadgets, such as smartphone or
laptop, which have become important part of their lives. Certainly, technology has
made our lives and works easier. However, whether we realize it or not, people have
become too attached on technology. For example, there are a lot of accidents happen
because people are busy texting on their mobile phones while they are driving and
there are also a lot of people who become sedentary because they are too engrossed
in watching TV.
One of the writers who are interested in dealing with the issue of the effect
on technology in human life is a science fiction and fantasy author, Ray Bradbury.
Bradbury’s works usually contain important issues that have contribution to the
society. For example, his The Martian Chronicles inspires NASA to begin the
exploration to Mars. The NASA program scientist, Michael Mayer has said that
NASA and millions of other readers are inspired by the story that Bradbury writes
1
Maranatha Christian University
to dream of the possibility of life on Mars (“NASA Mars Rover Begins Driving at
Bradbury Landing”).
His other important work is Fahrenheit 451, which I choose to analyze for
my thesis. Fahrenheit 451 is a depiction of a fantasy futuristic society that is
surrounded by masses of technology. In this novel, Bradbury shows his contribution
through the society through the social criticism, as it is stated that “The novel is
significant as social commentary on the ever increasing importance placed on
technology, as well on the effects of television and other mass media on literature”
(“Ray Bradbury: Master of American Science Fiction?”). In his novel, Bradbury
wants to criticize the role of television, which at the time when the novel was written
was so popular in the America society.
Watching television became more tempting than reading books. As a result,
interest in reading was decreased. “In the 1950s, schools began to use television in
the classroom because it was becoming apparent that children's reading levels were
dropping” (“Historical Context: Fahrenheit 451”). In the novel people fill their
mind with mindless entertainment from huge television walls in their house and any
form of knowledge and literature are abandoned and banned. People are ignorant
of their surroundings as they become addicted to TV walls. They never question
about anything that happens around them since they do not have space and time to
think. Through this novel, Bradbury wants to convey a message about the
replacement of the importance of books and knowledge with mindless
entertainment from television that surrounds a society.
Bradbury uses the differences between the two major characters in the novel
to deliver the message as stated above. The first character, Montag, has a
2
Maranatha Christian University
subconscious discontentment of his life which can be eased only after he finds and
reads books, which is considered illegal by the government. He finds that books
challenge and broaden his mind. The second character, Mildred, is the reflection of
the people in the society, who is always occupied with television and consequently,
grows numb and empty-headed. The portrayal of these two characters provides
some ideas that support each other regarding the issue in the novel. Therefore, I
believe that the analysis of major characters is the most appropriate element to be
used to reveal the effect of the issues in the novel as “through the characters, we
can see the author's intent” (“Analyzing Characters in Literature”).
The criticism that I choose to analyze the novel is formalism since “all the
elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself”
(“Critical Approaches to Literature”). Therefore, any other external source is
unnecessary because the information needed for the analysis is available in the
novel.
Statement of the Problem
The problems that will be analyzed in this thesis are:
1. What are the characteristics of the major characters?
2. What is the purpose of the author in creating such characters?
Purpose of the Study
According to the statement of the problem, the purposes of the study are:
1. To show the characteristics of the major characters.
2. To show the purpose of the author in creating such characters.
3
Maranatha Christian University
Method of Research
I used library research in writing my thesis. First, I began with reading the
primary text, Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. Second, I searched for additional
information through internet and other references to support my study. Third, I used
the information that I had gathered to analyze the primary text. After that, I wrote
my thesis and drew some conclusions from the studies I had done.
Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter One is Introduction, which
consists of Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the
Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two consists
of Analysis of the Major Characters in Fahrenheit 451. Chapter Three is
Conclusion, then followed by Bibliography and Appendices, consisting of Synopsis
of the Novel and Biography of the Author.
4
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
After analyzing the novel, I think it is clear that Fahrenheit 451 contains
social criticism towards the role of television in society that has replaced the
importance of books and knowledge. The author shows how the characters live their
lives and react to the situation that lead them to different ending as to make it easier
and clearer for the readers to see the issue that is contained in the novel.
In the fantasy futuristic society that is shown in the novel, the government
fills people’s mind with mindless entertainment from TV walls and creates rules
that dissociate people from knowledge and independent thoughts. People who
disobeys the rules by owning and reading books will be punished. The fireman will
come to their house and burn their books and house. As a result for watching the
mindless entertainment from TV walls most of the time to the extreme, people’s
lives become empty. They do not value human life and are careless about their own
lives as Mildred takes too much sleeping pills and forgets what she has done on the
next day. Those who are not addicted to television and love to think like Clarisse
are seen as antisocial by the society as she does not mix and conform to the society.
Eventually, she dies because of being run over by a car which Montag thinks is
22
Maranatha Christian University
driven by young people who intentionally try to hit anyone they see walking on the
road for fun. People become addicted to TV walls that they do not have much care
and thought about other people and what is happening around them.
Mildred is the reflection of the citizen that conforms to the society by letting
herself immersed in TV walls. She becomes obsessed with television because she
spends most of her time in front of the TV walls watching and doing interactive
plays with her virtual ‘family’ from the show. Owing to her obsession with
television, she becomes simple-minded as the government gains control of the
society by making the society simply receive all kinds of information and
meaningless entertainment that the government provides. Mildred and her friends
from the TV walls cannot appreciate human life as they consider life as merely
process of nature. They think that they can easily replace their family if they die.
Mildred is also not disturbed by the war as her friends and she does not understand
how dangerous the presence of the enemy bombers flying over the city is. Spending
so much time in her parlor watching TV makes her disconnected to reality. She
cannot escape the danger as she is unable to sense the threat that comes to the city.
Montag imagines that she dies when the atomic bombs destroy the city.
Montag, who has become a fireman for ten years, has been submissive and
never questioned anything related to his job. Although he has curiosity inside him,
living in the society that forbids people from reading and indirectly from having
independent thoughts makes him unable to understand his feeling. After he meets
Clarisse and talks to her, he begins to question a lot of things about himself and the
society that makes him become restless. He ponders over the old woman, who is so
attached to books and prefers to die. He can also sense the danger of enemy bombers
23
Maranatha Christian University
that overwhelms the city as he begins to have independent thoughts. He even feels
astonished that people cannot notice if they are so close to danger. Those events
become a trigger for Montag to become a rebellious person. After he becomes a
fugitive because he accidentally kills his captain, who is about to find out about his
plan with Faber, he decides to find a group of intellectual people in his escape. As
he leaves the town, he is saved from the atomic bombs.
In conclusion, I think Bradbury’s attempt to prevent such future to become
real in our world is clearly seen from the novel. He shows the reader how dreadful
a society can be when mindless entertainments from television replace the
importance of books and knowledge from people’s mind to the extreme. People are
so addicted to television. As a result, they do not have much understanding towards
everything that happens around them. The society cannot survive and are left with
no hope and no future. Bradbury successfully and effectively delivers his social
criticism through the portrayal of two major characters in the novel.
Having analyzed the novel, I reflect what Bradbury has shown in the novel
to the reality around me. I learn that watching mindless entertainments from
television repeatedly can gradually decrease our interest in books and knowledge
and before we realize it, our mind has been filled with the TV shows that we have
watched. However, not all the contents in the television are meaningless
entertainments. We still can find some informative and educational programs that
can broaden our mind in television. It is not a wrong thing to watch some
entertainments from television. After all, people need some kind of pleasure or
enjoyment in their life. However, we could not be absorbed too much in mindless
entertainments that we lose our interest to be critical. It is an essential and important
24
Maranatha Christian University
thing for people to have knowledge and independent thoughts in life as without
them life can be so empty and worthless.
25
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text:
Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Simon and Schusters Paperbacks,
2012. Print.
References:
“About Ray Bradbury.” Ray Bradbury. Harper Collins Publishers. n.d. Web. 15
Apr. 2015.
“Analyzing Characters in Literature.” StudyGuide.org. n.d. Web. 21 Aug.2015.
Baker, Lyman A. “Static and Dynamic Characterization.” Critical Concepts. Kstate.edu. n.d. Web. 17 Sep. 2015.
“Biography of Bradbury.” GradeSaver. GradeSaver LLC. n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.
“Critical Approaches to Literature.” Masterworks of English Literature.
Olemiss.edu. n.d. Web. 21 Aug.2015.
“Curious.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Historical Context: Fahrenheit 451.” Westirondequoit.org. Irondequoit High
School Student Resource Center. 10 Mar. 2008. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.
Morozov, Evgeny. The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom. New
York: Public Affairs, 2012. Google Book Search. Web. 18 May 2016.
26
Maranatha Christian University
“NASA Mars Rover Begins Driving at Bradbury Landing.” Mars Exploration.
nasa.gov. 22 Aug.2012. Web. 20 Aug.2015.
“Obsessive.” Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online,
2015. Web. 13 May 2016.
“Ray Bradbury: Master of American Science Fiction?” Illinois. The Culture Trip
Ltd, 2015. n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.
“Ray Bradbury Biography.” Bio. Biography.com. n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.
“Rebellious.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Simple-minded.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Submissive.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
27
Maranatha Christian University
Tugas akhir ini berisi analisis dari dua karakter dalam novel Fahrenheit 451
karya Ray Bradbury. Fahrenheit 451 menggambarkan sebuah negara yang
masyarakatnya menghabiskan sebagian besar waktu mereka untuk menonton
televisi. Memiliki dan membaca buku dianggap sebagai bentuk pelanggaran hukum
di negara tersebut dan sebagai akibatnya, rumah pemilik buku tersebut akan dibakar
oleh petugas pemadam kebakaran.
Dua karakter yang dianalisis pada tugas akhir ini adalah Guy Montag dan
Mildred. Montag adalah seorang petugas pemadam kebakaran yang sebelumnya
tidak pernah mempertanyakan arti pekerjaan dan hidupnya. Montag mengalami
perubahan karakter karena ia menemukan makna pada buku-buku yang ia baca. Di
lain pihak, Mildred digambarkan sebagai perwakilan masyarakat umum pada masa
tersebut. Ia mengisi hari-harinya dengan menonton televisi yang menutupi tiga dari
empat dinding ruangan di rumahnya. Ia tidak mengalami perubahan karakter dari
awal hingga akhir cerita.
Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari tugas akhir ini adalah Bradbury berhasil
menyampaikan kritik sosialnya terhadap televisi yang menayangkan tayangantayangan tidak bermutu dan telah menggantikan peran buku dan pengetahuan
melalui novelnya.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ...................................................................................... 1
Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................... 3
Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................ 3
Method of Research ............................................................................................. 4
Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS IN RAY
BRADBURY’S FAHRENHEIT 451 ......................................................... 5
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION................................................................ 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 26
APPENDICES:
Synopsis of Fahrenheit 451 ............................................................................... 28
Biography of Ray Bradbury ............................................................................... 29
ii
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Nowadays, people live in the era where technology cannot be separated
from daily activities. Every household in the world definitely has at least one TV
set. In addition, most people also have their own gadgets, such as smartphone or
laptop, which have become important part of their lives. Certainly, technology has
made our lives and works easier. However, whether we realize it or not, people have
become too attached on technology. For example, there are a lot of accidents happen
because people are busy texting on their mobile phones while they are driving and
there are also a lot of people who become sedentary because they are too engrossed
in watching TV.
One of the writers who are interested in dealing with the issue of the effect
on technology in human life is a science fiction and fantasy author, Ray Bradbury.
Bradbury’s works usually contain important issues that have contribution to the
society. For example, his The Martian Chronicles inspires NASA to begin the
exploration to Mars. The NASA program scientist, Michael Mayer has said that
NASA and millions of other readers are inspired by the story that Bradbury writes
1
Maranatha Christian University
to dream of the possibility of life on Mars (“NASA Mars Rover Begins Driving at
Bradbury Landing”).
His other important work is Fahrenheit 451, which I choose to analyze for
my thesis. Fahrenheit 451 is a depiction of a fantasy futuristic society that is
surrounded by masses of technology. In this novel, Bradbury shows his contribution
through the society through the social criticism, as it is stated that “The novel is
significant as social commentary on the ever increasing importance placed on
technology, as well on the effects of television and other mass media on literature”
(“Ray Bradbury: Master of American Science Fiction?”). In his novel, Bradbury
wants to criticize the role of television, which at the time when the novel was written
was so popular in the America society.
Watching television became more tempting than reading books. As a result,
interest in reading was decreased. “In the 1950s, schools began to use television in
the classroom because it was becoming apparent that children's reading levels were
dropping” (“Historical Context: Fahrenheit 451”). In the novel people fill their
mind with mindless entertainment from huge television walls in their house and any
form of knowledge and literature are abandoned and banned. People are ignorant
of their surroundings as they become addicted to TV walls. They never question
about anything that happens around them since they do not have space and time to
think. Through this novel, Bradbury wants to convey a message about the
replacement of the importance of books and knowledge with mindless
entertainment from television that surrounds a society.
Bradbury uses the differences between the two major characters in the novel
to deliver the message as stated above. The first character, Montag, has a
2
Maranatha Christian University
subconscious discontentment of his life which can be eased only after he finds and
reads books, which is considered illegal by the government. He finds that books
challenge and broaden his mind. The second character, Mildred, is the reflection of
the people in the society, who is always occupied with television and consequently,
grows numb and empty-headed. The portrayal of these two characters provides
some ideas that support each other regarding the issue in the novel. Therefore, I
believe that the analysis of major characters is the most appropriate element to be
used to reveal the effect of the issues in the novel as “through the characters, we
can see the author's intent” (“Analyzing Characters in Literature”).
The criticism that I choose to analyze the novel is formalism since “all the
elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself”
(“Critical Approaches to Literature”). Therefore, any other external source is
unnecessary because the information needed for the analysis is available in the
novel.
Statement of the Problem
The problems that will be analyzed in this thesis are:
1. What are the characteristics of the major characters?
2. What is the purpose of the author in creating such characters?
Purpose of the Study
According to the statement of the problem, the purposes of the study are:
1. To show the characteristics of the major characters.
2. To show the purpose of the author in creating such characters.
3
Maranatha Christian University
Method of Research
I used library research in writing my thesis. First, I began with reading the
primary text, Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. Second, I searched for additional
information through internet and other references to support my study. Third, I used
the information that I had gathered to analyze the primary text. After that, I wrote
my thesis and drew some conclusions from the studies I had done.
Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter One is Introduction, which
consists of Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the
Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two consists
of Analysis of the Major Characters in Fahrenheit 451. Chapter Three is
Conclusion, then followed by Bibliography and Appendices, consisting of Synopsis
of the Novel and Biography of the Author.
4
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
After analyzing the novel, I think it is clear that Fahrenheit 451 contains
social criticism towards the role of television in society that has replaced the
importance of books and knowledge. The author shows how the characters live their
lives and react to the situation that lead them to different ending as to make it easier
and clearer for the readers to see the issue that is contained in the novel.
In the fantasy futuristic society that is shown in the novel, the government
fills people’s mind with mindless entertainment from TV walls and creates rules
that dissociate people from knowledge and independent thoughts. People who
disobeys the rules by owning and reading books will be punished. The fireman will
come to their house and burn their books and house. As a result for watching the
mindless entertainment from TV walls most of the time to the extreme, people’s
lives become empty. They do not value human life and are careless about their own
lives as Mildred takes too much sleeping pills and forgets what she has done on the
next day. Those who are not addicted to television and love to think like Clarisse
are seen as antisocial by the society as she does not mix and conform to the society.
Eventually, she dies because of being run over by a car which Montag thinks is
22
Maranatha Christian University
driven by young people who intentionally try to hit anyone they see walking on the
road for fun. People become addicted to TV walls that they do not have much care
and thought about other people and what is happening around them.
Mildred is the reflection of the citizen that conforms to the society by letting
herself immersed in TV walls. She becomes obsessed with television because she
spends most of her time in front of the TV walls watching and doing interactive
plays with her virtual ‘family’ from the show. Owing to her obsession with
television, she becomes simple-minded as the government gains control of the
society by making the society simply receive all kinds of information and
meaningless entertainment that the government provides. Mildred and her friends
from the TV walls cannot appreciate human life as they consider life as merely
process of nature. They think that they can easily replace their family if they die.
Mildred is also not disturbed by the war as her friends and she does not understand
how dangerous the presence of the enemy bombers flying over the city is. Spending
so much time in her parlor watching TV makes her disconnected to reality. She
cannot escape the danger as she is unable to sense the threat that comes to the city.
Montag imagines that she dies when the atomic bombs destroy the city.
Montag, who has become a fireman for ten years, has been submissive and
never questioned anything related to his job. Although he has curiosity inside him,
living in the society that forbids people from reading and indirectly from having
independent thoughts makes him unable to understand his feeling. After he meets
Clarisse and talks to her, he begins to question a lot of things about himself and the
society that makes him become restless. He ponders over the old woman, who is so
attached to books and prefers to die. He can also sense the danger of enemy bombers
23
Maranatha Christian University
that overwhelms the city as he begins to have independent thoughts. He even feels
astonished that people cannot notice if they are so close to danger. Those events
become a trigger for Montag to become a rebellious person. After he becomes a
fugitive because he accidentally kills his captain, who is about to find out about his
plan with Faber, he decides to find a group of intellectual people in his escape. As
he leaves the town, he is saved from the atomic bombs.
In conclusion, I think Bradbury’s attempt to prevent such future to become
real in our world is clearly seen from the novel. He shows the reader how dreadful
a society can be when mindless entertainments from television replace the
importance of books and knowledge from people’s mind to the extreme. People are
so addicted to television. As a result, they do not have much understanding towards
everything that happens around them. The society cannot survive and are left with
no hope and no future. Bradbury successfully and effectively delivers his social
criticism through the portrayal of two major characters in the novel.
Having analyzed the novel, I reflect what Bradbury has shown in the novel
to the reality around me. I learn that watching mindless entertainments from
television repeatedly can gradually decrease our interest in books and knowledge
and before we realize it, our mind has been filled with the TV shows that we have
watched. However, not all the contents in the television are meaningless
entertainments. We still can find some informative and educational programs that
can broaden our mind in television. It is not a wrong thing to watch some
entertainments from television. After all, people need some kind of pleasure or
enjoyment in their life. However, we could not be absorbed too much in mindless
entertainments that we lose our interest to be critical. It is an essential and important
24
Maranatha Christian University
thing for people to have knowledge and independent thoughts in life as without
them life can be so empty and worthless.
25
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text:
Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Simon and Schusters Paperbacks,
2012. Print.
References:
“About Ray Bradbury.” Ray Bradbury. Harper Collins Publishers. n.d. Web. 15
Apr. 2015.
“Analyzing Characters in Literature.” StudyGuide.org. n.d. Web. 21 Aug.2015.
Baker, Lyman A. “Static and Dynamic Characterization.” Critical Concepts. Kstate.edu. n.d. Web. 17 Sep. 2015.
“Biography of Bradbury.” GradeSaver. GradeSaver LLC. n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.
“Critical Approaches to Literature.” Masterworks of English Literature.
Olemiss.edu. n.d. Web. 21 Aug.2015.
“Curious.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Historical Context: Fahrenheit 451.” Westirondequoit.org. Irondequoit High
School Student Resource Center. 10 Mar. 2008. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.
Morozov, Evgeny. The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom. New
York: Public Affairs, 2012. Google Book Search. Web. 18 May 2016.
26
Maranatha Christian University
“NASA Mars Rover Begins Driving at Bradbury Landing.” Mars Exploration.
nasa.gov. 22 Aug.2012. Web. 20 Aug.2015.
“Obsessive.” Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online,
2015. Web. 13 May 2016.
“Ray Bradbury: Master of American Science Fiction?” Illinois. The Culture Trip
Ltd, 2015. n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.
“Ray Bradbury Biography.” Bio. Biography.com. n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2015.
“Rebellious.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Simple-minded.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Submissive.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
27
Maranatha Christian University