Life table responses of zooplankton Moin

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Life table responses of
zooplankton (Moina micrura Kurz
and Daphnia carinata King) to
manure application in a culture...
Article in Aquaculture · November 1993
DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(93)90325-S

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285

Aquaculture, 110 ( 1993) 285- 300

Elsevier Science Publishers

B.V., Amsterdam

AQUA 40028

The effect of management protocols for juvenile

carp (Cypri~l~s zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGF
carpio) culture on life history
responses of a zooplankton food source, Moina
micrura (Kurz. ) zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU
B.B. Jana and Rina Chakrabarti’
Fisheries and Limnology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Universityof Kalyani, India

(Accepted

12 July 1992)

ABSTRACT
Jana, B.B. and Chakrabarti, R., 1993. The effect of management protocols for juvenile carp (Cyprinus
carpio) culture on life history responses of a zooplankton food source, M oina micrura (Kurz.).
Aquaculture, 110: 285-300.
Three systems of carp (Cyprinus carpio) culture (live food system, manured system, and control
system) were used to examine environmentally dependent life history characteristics of zooplankton,
M oina micrura. Twelve culture tubes with one neonate of M . micrura per tube and covered by nylon
bolting cloth of 75 pm mesh size were suspended in situ in each culture system. Each culture tube was
examined daily to evaluate life history patterns. Time to first reproduction ranged from 4 to 7 days in

the control and manured systems and 3 to 5 days in the live food system. Mean longevity, net reproductive rate, average generation time, as well as total offspring production per female, were distinctly
higher for the live food system than for the manured or control systems. Interactions between chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, phosphate levels and primary productivity resulting in optimal
conditions were responsible for large variations in life history characteristics of M . micrura among
the culture systems.

INTRODUCTION

Zooplankton has always been recognized as an important source of natural
food in the propagation of larvae or adults in intensive fish culture operations
(Cook,and Murphy, 1969; Dugan et al., 1975; James and Thompson, 1980).
A majority of cultured carps initially require a micro-zooplankton diet, then
progressively feed on larger and different items as they grow in size and make
a gradual transition to adult feeding habits (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985 ) . Pond
Correspondence to: B.B. Jana, Fisheries

and Limnology Research Unit, Department
of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.
‘Present address: Department
of Zoology, Delhi University, Delhi 110007, India.

University

0044-8486/93/$06.00

0 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers

B.V. All rights reserved.

of Zoology,

286

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
B.B. JANA AND R. CHAKRABARTI

fertilization is commonly used to enhance plankton production to achieve
high production in fish ponds. However, excessive fertilization and artificial
feeding can lead to water quality deterioration. As a result, exogenous introduction of live plankton has been a better practice in carp production than
traditional fertilization (Jana and Chakrabarti, 1990; Chakrabarti and Jana,
199 1). Due to the ease of culture, cladocerans are commonly used for mass

culture.
A life table response experiment (LTRE) is an experiment where selected
life history characteristics collectively serve as the response variable in standard experimental design. These experiments evaluate population responses
to environmental or biological factors which affect an organism’s life cycle
and are powerful tools to investigate the influence of biotic and abiotic factors
(Caswell, 1989). We examined the life cycle data of the cladoceran zyxwvutsrqponmlk
M oina
micruru in response to different management protocols for carp culture.
MATERIALS

AND METHODS

Management-induced life cycle data for M. micruru were collected by placing one organism per culture tube (30 ml) suspended in 9580-l outdoor tanks
during the later part of carp culture (February to March 1988 ). These tanks
are used for comparing the growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus
curpio) fingerlings in nursery conditions under three different feeding schemes:
live food system (LFS), manured system (MS) and control system (CS).
There were marked differences in the management protocols for each of the
three culture systems (Table 1) . Two experiments were performed to confirm
the results of the study.

Fingerlings held in the LFS tanks were fed from two zooplankton culture
units by transferring 300 1 of zooplankton water obtained at the rate of 150 1
per culture unit every other day. Transfer of 150 1of zooplankton water from
each zooplankton culture unit into the fish production tank zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZ
(LFS ) was done
in ten buckets of 15 1 capacity. A subsample of 500 ml was obtained from
each bucket so that a total subsample of 5 1was collected from each zooplankton culture unit per feeding (Fig. 1). Samples of plankton so collected were
filtered through a plankton net made of bolting silk (No. 20; 75 pm mesh
size) concentrated to 20 ml and preserved in 4% formalin for qualitative and
quantitative estimation.
Apart from collecting samples from zooplankton culture units, plankton
samples were also directly collected from each of the fish production tanks
alloted to LFS, MS and CS every other day, 6 h after plankton introduction
into the LFS tanks. This was done by filtering 5 1 of tank water through a
plankton net (No. 20; 75 pm mesh size) and then concentrating to 20 ml and
preserving in 4% formalin as usual. A 1-ml sample of concentrated plankton
was placed in a Sedgwick Rafter Counter Cell and counted under a micro-

287
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJI

CARP MANAGEMENT AND LIFE HISTORY RESPONSES OF MOINA MICRURA

TABLE 1

Management protocols for fish culture used to study the life table data of zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZY
M oina micrura
Conditions

Manured
Control
Live food system zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJI
(LFS )
system
system
Zooplankton
Fish-growing
(MS)
(CS)
culture unit

tank

Water volume (1)
Fish stocked

175
-

No. of fish/tank
Dose of mixed manures
(cattle manure, poultry
droppings, mustard
oil cake 1: 1: 1)
(kg/tank per 10 days)
Food added/2 days

-

Discharged
water( 1) /2 days

0.263

-

-

9580
Common
carp fry
198
-

9580
Common
carp fry
198
0.263

9580

Common
carp fry
198
-

Zooplankton
(17to 18g
dry weight)

-

Mixture of mustard
oil cake and boiled
rice(l:l)
1OOg
(wet weight )
-

300

-

scope. The amount of zooplankton (dry weight ) introduced into the LFS tank
on every other day at each feeding ranged from 57 to 60 mg l- zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYX
’ , which corresponded to 17 to 18 g (Table 1) since 300 1 of zooplankton water was introduced every other day per feeding.
Manured system tanks were fertilized with cattle manure, poultry droppings and mustard oil cake ( 1: 1: 1) at 0.263 kg mm3 every 10 days. All manures were thoroughly mixed and allowed to decompose before each application. No manures were added in the control system but a mixture ( 1: 1) of
boiled rice and mustard oil cake ( 100 g ) was added every other day.
Adult A4. micruru were procured from maintenance stock (Fig. 2 ) and dispensed at the rate of one per 30-ml (Pyrex) culture tube. The mouth of the
culture tube was then securely covered over with plankton net cloth (75 pm
mesh size) and the culture tubes were then suspended in a zooplankton culture tank with a water temperature ranging from 25 to 28°C. In this study,
four females were used in each of the two experiments. Each adult female
produced more than nine neonates. Twelve replicates (neonates) used in each
culture tank (treatment ) stemmed from four females at the rate of three neonates per female per treatment so that neonates from different females were
distributed equally in the three treatments. Culture tubes suspended in lish
production tanks were removed daily to determine life cycle data of the test
animal. In order to prevent clogging with large particles, the plankton cloth
stretched over the open mouth of the culture tube was washed thoroughly
daily prior to resuspension into fish production tanks. The procedure de-

i

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUT
Q:
co :: COWDUNG
w
-_POULTRY DROPPINGS
PO zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
I
D

MO
RB

c-

=

MUSTARD OILCAKE
RICE BRAN

s
>
a
w
2

i

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the steps followed in the management
(control system )

of three carp cultures, LFS (live food system),

MS (manured

system) and CS

289
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJ

CARP MANAGEMENT AND LIFE HISTORY RESPONSES OF MOINA MICRURA

290 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
B.B. JANA AND R. CHAKRABARTI

scribed by Allan ( 1976) was followed for calculating the life cycle data. Estimates of A (first reproduction time), W (longevity), S (total female offspring born per female in her life time), zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJ
T (the age at which reproduction
peaks) were derived from direct observations in culture tubes.
Net reproductive rate (R,) was determined as: R,= Cl,m, where 1, is the
probability of surviving to age X, and m, is the number of offspring per female
between ages x and x+ 1.
The average generation time (T,) is defined as: T,= Cx~lxm,/Clxm,
The instantaneous coefftcient of population growth (r) was obtained from
the combined life table data of Lewontin ( 1965) :

The number of offspring produced by each female was determined by direct enumeration in each culture tube. The mothers were then separated from
the offspring and transferred to a new culture tube. This practice continued
for the production of several broods until the mothers died.
Temperature, pH, free COz, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phosphate, nitrate and specilic conductivity of water were monitored from each culture tank at weekly intervals
following standard methods described in APHA ( 198 1) . Primary productivity of phytoplankton (gross and net primary productivity and community
respiration) in the surface waters of each culture tank in each of the three
culture systems was monitored every 2 weeks using the oxygen light-dark bottle method. Qualitative and quantitative estimations of plankton, and especially the abundance of M. micrura, in each culture tank were made every
other day. It was assumed that water quality inside the culture tube was the
same as that outside in the fish culture tank. The extremely small volume of
water inside the culture tube (30 ml) did not permit routine examination of
water quality characteristics.

Statistical analysis
With the exception of offspring production, treatment means of life cycle
data were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (Montgomery, 1984). Statistical significance was accepted at the P~0.05 level. Offspring production data were submitted to a
Poisson test to test for equality among means. The test was performed by
using root transformation of the Poisson variable.
RESULTS

Life table data
There was no significant difference (P> 0.05 ) in the time to first reproduction (A), with values ranging from 3 to 7 days in the three culture systems

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYX
291

CARP M ANAGEM ENT AND LIFE HISTORY RESPONSES OF M OINA MICRURA

(Table 2 ) . However, first reproduction occurred in the LFS 1 to 3 days earlier
than in the MS or CS (Table 2). Mean longevity ( W) was significantly increased to 14.5 days in LFS compared to 7.75-9.41 days in MS and CS
(PC 0.00 1; Table 3 ) . The total number of neonates produced each day was
highly variable and depended on maturation (Fig. 3 ) . Average total offspring
production per life span (S) per female varied by a factor of 5, with values
ranging from 5.75 to 30 in all systems. Variations in the production of offspring of M. micnrru in the culture tubes were accompanied by similar changes
in their density in the culture tanks (Fig. 4). Percent distribution of offspring
production according to brood strength in M. micrura revealed a trend in LFS
which was different from the remaining two systems (Fig. 5 ) . The minimum
number of offspring (24) produced in the LFS equalled the maximum number (24) generated from the MS.
The overall mean time of reproductive peak (T) in LFS ( 10.67 days) was
delayed by 5 days compared with the overall mean for MS (5.29 days) and
by 6 days regarding CS (4.75 days). Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (Table

TABLE 2

Mean ( k s.e.m. ) of life table data in zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGF
Moina micruru held in culture tubes and suspended in three
culture systems during the later period (February to March 1988) of a 90-day growth cycle of carp.
Mean values represent the data from 12 individuals

A, Egg to Egg
(days)
W, longevity
(days)
S, Total offspring/
lifetime
r, Reproductive
peak (days)
Reproductive life
span (days)
R, Net
reproductive rate
T, Average
generation time
Intrinsic rate (r)
(days)
Finite rate (e’)
(days)

Live food system (LFS)

Manured system (MS)

Control system (CS)

Expt. 1

Expt. 1

Expt. 1

3.66 +
0.62
13.58f
2.18
28.34 f
2.68
10.58?
1.04
12.08+
2.01
26.99

Expt. 2
3.61+
0.47
14.50+
2.92
30.00 -I:
2.88
10.75*
1.04
13.25f
2.80
29.41

S.OOf
1.29
7.83+
1.17

15.00+
6.11
5.332
4.27
7.41+
1.93
14.99

Expt. 2

Expt. 2

4.50+
4.614
5.00%
0.85
2.21
1.74 zyxwvutsrqponml
9.41+
7.91+ zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWV
1.15
5
1.55
2.56
2.17
7.41 t
13.92+
5.75?
5.23
3.81
3.50
4.50+
5.25 f
5.00f
4.49
2.27
1.74
1.44 +
8.40?
7.75 +
1.74
3.55
3.37
11.82
5.75
7.41

8.54

8.57

4.72

6.40

6.10

5.78

0.40

0.43

0.35

0.40

0.29

0.32

1.49

1.54

1.41

1.49

1.34

1.37

TABLE 3
Results of analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
Parameters

Longevity
(W)
First day of
offspring
production
(A)
Total offspring
production
(S)
Reproductive
peak ( T)
Reproductive
life span

Variance ratio
(Fwz)

Significance (P)

Expt. 1

Expt. 2

Expt. 1

Expt. 2

19.32

26.21

0.05

> 0.05

14.63

127.30