Coffee Implementation Guide Kinyarwanda
Mfashanyigisho mu gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa
ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda
Ishingiye ku mabwiriza yamamaza iterambera
ry'ubuhinzi burambye
Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN)
Gushimira
Iyi Mfashanyigisho yanditswe hakoreshejwe inkunga y'amafaranga y' Ikigo cy'Ubwongereza Gishinzwe
Iterambere Mpuzamahanga - Department for International Development (DFID), Food Retail Industry
Challenge Fund (FRICH) na Taylors of Harrogate.
Ikigitabo kandi cyanditswe ku bufatanye n'inkunga byo mu rwego rwa tekiniki twatewe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu
Gishinzwe Guteza imbere Ubucuruzi bw'Umusaruro w'Ubuhinzi mu mahanga (NAEB), Ikigo cy'Ubuhinzi mu
Rwanda (RAB), Kompanyi yo Gutunganya no Guteza imbere ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'Ubucuruzi bwa Kawa Companie pour Organisation et la Promotion des Activités Café (COOPAC) na KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Imfashanyigisho yanditswe na:
Reiko Enomoto, Training Manager, Sustainable Agriculture Division, Rainforest Alliance
Abafashije mu rwego tekiniki:
Jean Marie Irakabaho, Rwanda National Coordinator, Rainforest Alliance
Winnie Mwaniki, East Africa Regional Manager, Rainforest Alliance
Marc Monsarrat, Senior Manager (East Africa & South Asia), Rainforest Alliance
Simon Martin Mvuyekure, Head of Coffee Program, Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB)
Jean Marie Sabato, Certification Project Coordinator, Coopac Ltd.
Emmanuel Rwakagara Nzungize, President, Coopac Ltd.
Gilbert Gatali, Managing Director, KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Célestin M. Gatarayiha, Head of Coffee Division, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB)
Pierre Claver Gahakwa, Director of Certification, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB)
Mario Serracin, Rogers Family Company
Amafoto yafashwe na:
Reiko Enomoto, Rainforest Alliance
* Ndashimira by'umwihariko abahinzi bemeye kumfasha babikuye ku mutima mu myitozo-ngiro yakorewe
mu mirima yabo kugira ngo nshobore gufata amafoto yakoreshejwe muri iyi mfashanyigisho.
© 2011 Rainforest Alliance
All rights reserved
Intangiriro
Mfashanyigisho mu gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa
ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda
Umutwe wa 1:
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo
kurwanya udukoko
n'indwara byangiza kawa
Umutwe wa 2:
Imikoreshereze ihwitse
y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3:
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4:
Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5:
Kubungabunga ubutaka
Umutwe wa 6:
Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7:
Gufata neza no
korohereza abakozi
mu kazi
Umutwe wa 8:
Imitunganyirize y'isambu
1
Intangiriro
Intangiriro
kugira ngo tugere ku buhinzi burambye
Kawa ni kimwe mu bihingwa by'ingenzi muri Afurika gikomokaho umusaruro woherezwa mu
mahanga kandi ikaba ari ikintu abahinzi baciriritse batagira ingano bakomoraho amafaranga.
Nyara ariko, mu gihe haba hakoreshwa uburyo butanoze mu mitunganyirize ya kawa, byazangiza
ibidukikije, bikangiza amazi cyangwa ubutaka bityo bikanangiza n'ubuzima bw'abahinzi baciriritse.
Ibintu kandi bikomeje bityo ntabwo umusaruro wa kawa wakwizerwa kuboneka ku gihe kirekire.
Imikorere mibi
Imikorere myiza
Mu rwego rwo gutuma umusaruro wa kawa uboneka ku buryo buhoraho mu bihe biri imbere,
tugomba gushyira hamwe mu guteza imbere ku rwego rw'umuhinzi uciriritse uburyo bw'imihingire
bwatuma haboneka umusaruro mu burambye. Ni ngombwa ko buri muhinzi yumva ko gukora
hagamijwe umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye ari inshingano ye.
Ni gute abahinzi ba kawa baciriritse bakora kugira ngo
haboneke umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye? yi
“Mfashanyigisho ku gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa”
irerekana tekiniki zigamije ubuhinzi burambye
zumvikana kandi zoroheje gushyira mu bikorwa mu
mirima ya kawa y'abahinzi baciriritse bo mu bihugu
by'Afurika. Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho
bishingiye ku “Amabwiriza y'Ubuhinzi Burambye”
yatangajwe muri Nyakanga 2010 n'Urugaga Rugamije
Ubuhinzi Burambye. Aya mabwiriza akubiyemo inzego
z'ingenzi zigomba kwitabwaho mu rwego rwo guteza
imbere ubuhinzi burambye. Iyi ni inyandiko y'ibanze
ku muhinzi wifuza kubona icyemezo gitangwa na
Rainforest Alliance.
2
Intangiriro
Ibisabwa kugira ngo hatangwe icyemezo
Kugira ngo uhabwe icyemezo gitangwa na Rainforest Alliance, dore nibura ibyo
ugomba kuba wuzuje.
1. Kuzuza ku kigero cya 80% ibisabwa byose.
(Muri rusange hari ibintu 99 bigomba kuzuzwa.)
2. Kubahiriza ku kigero cya 50% buri hame
(Hari amahame 10 agomba kubahirizwa.)
3. Kuzuza ibisabwa by'ingenzi byose
(Hari ibintu by'ingenzi 15 bigomba kuzuzwa.)
Byinshi mu bigomba kuzuzwa ntabwo bisabwa abahinzi baciriritse. Muri iyi
mfashanyigisho, turibanda ku bintu by'ingenzi bireba abahinzi baciriritse. Ni
ngombwa kuzirikana ko iyi mfashanyigisho idakubiyemo ibisabwa byose
cyangwa amahame yose akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye, kandi
nta n'ubwo ikubiyemo ibisabwa ku bahinzi bafite imirima minini.
Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho
Iyi mfashanyigisho igizwe n'imitwe 8 ikurikira, buri mutwe ukaba urebana n'ihame mu mahame
akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye.
Umutwe wa 1:
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo
kurwanya udukoko
n'indwara byangiza kawa
Page 4
Umutwe wa 2:
Imikoreshereze ihwitse
y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3:
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4:
Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5:
Kubungabunga
ubutaka
Page 9
Umutwe wa 6:
Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7:
Gufata neza no
korohereza abakozi
mu kazi
Page 11
Page 15
Page 18
Umutwe wa 8:
Imitunganyirize y'isambu
Page 21
Page 26
Page 27
3
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Isomo rya 1
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo
kurwanya udukoko
Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ntabwo ari bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kurwanya
udukoko n'indwara. Ibiti by'ikawa byitaweho kandi bimeze neza ntibishobora gufatwa
n'udukoko n'indwara ku buryo bworoshye. Iyo bigifatwa n'udukoko n'indwara, hari
uburyo butandukanye bwo kubirwanya bitabaye ngombwa ko hakoreshwa imiti
mvaruganda. Muri iki gice, mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurwanya no gukumira
udukoko n'indwara mu buryo burambye.
Gukoresha ifumbire y'imborera
Kufumbira neza igihingwa ni ingenzi mu kugira ngo ibiti bigire ubuma
buzira umuze, bibe bishobora kurinda indwara n'ibyonyi. Uburyo bwiza
bwo kugeza ibyunyunyu ku gihingwa cya kawa n'ugukoresha ifumbire.
Ugomba gukoresha ibiro bitanu (5kg) buri mwaka ku giti gito, n'ibiro
bigera kuri cumi (10kg) by'ifumbire y'imborera buri mwaka ku giti
gisarurwa.
Kinyarwanda: Ifumbire y'imborera ivuye mu bishishwa by kawa ishobora
kuboneka ku ruganda rw'ikawa. Ushobora no kwitunganiriza ifumbire
y'imborera ukoresheje imyanda n'ibishingwe.
Ibiro 7-10 by'imborera ku giti
Igihe mukoresha ifumbire y'imborera, mujye
muyishyira iruhande rw'igihimba atari ku
gihimba neza. Kuyishyira ku gihimba bituma
igiti kitabasha gufata ibigitunga uko bikwiye.
Mugomba gushyira ifumbire mu nsi y'ibibabi
by'igiti ari naho haba haherereye imizi
ikigaburira.
Nyuma yo gufumbiza ifumbire y'imborera,
mugomba gutwikiriza ifumbire itaka cyangwa
amababi. Iyo ifumbire igerwaho n'umuyaga
cyangwa imvura, ibitunga ibimera bitwarwa
n'umwuka cyangwa bigatembanwa n'imvura.
Iyo mutwikiriye ifumbire y'imborera, muba muzi
neza ko igiti kizatungwa n'ibiri muri iyo fumbire.
4
Kwicira ni ingenzi kuko bituma imyaka duhinga imera neza kandi igatanga umusaruro. Iyo amashami
yapfuye akiri ku biti aba ariho udukoko n'indwara kandi bishobora no gufata amashami mazima.
Amashami ashaje atakera urubuto na rumwe atungwa n'ibyagatunze igiti ari na byo bituma igiti kigira
ingufu nke. Amashami yapfuye kandi atagitanga umusaruro agomba kuvanwa ku giti.
Kuvanaho amashami yumye
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Kwicira
Kuvanaho amashami
ahengamye kandi atagitanga umusaruro
Ibisambo n'amashami ya kabiri
nabyo byangize ibyunyunyu
biva ku giti kandi bigatuma mu
mashami y'igiti haba nk'igihuru,
ibi noneho bigatuma indwara
n'ibyonyi byiyongera. Gukata
ibyo bisambo n'amashami ya
kabiri bifasha kongera
umuyaga unyura mu mashami
y'igiti, imirasire y'izuba
igashobora kugeramo, kandi ibi
ni ingezi kugirango igiti kirabye.
Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku giti
ca kawa
Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku
mashami y'igiti ca kawa
Kuvanaho amashami yameze
ku yandi mashami
5
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Gukuraho ibitumbwe byasigayeho ku isarura riheruka
Nyuma yo gusarura, ni ngombwa gusoroma ibitumbwe
bya kawa biba byarasigaye ku giti. Iyo birekewe ku biti
bitera udukoko n'indwara bitandukanye, ndetse utu
dukoko n'indwara biguma mu murima wanyu ndetse
bikazanduza ibitumbwe bishya byo ku isarura
rikurikiyeho.
Ibitumbwe bishaje byasigaye ku giti
Kuvanaho ibitumbwe bishaje
Kubiza ibitumbwe bishaje mu maze ashushe
kugira ngo indwara n'ibyonyi birimwo bipfe
Kugira ngo udukoko
n'indwara biri mu murima
bivemo ni ngombwa
gusoroma ibitumbwe
byasigaye ku biti, mukabiteka
mu mazi ashyushye, maze
mukabitaba mu butaka.
Ibi bituma mwizera ko
udukoko n'indwara byari ku
bitumbwe bitazaguma mu
murima kandi ntibigire
ingaruka ku musaruro wanyu
w'umwaka utaha.
Guhamba bya bitumbwe byabijijwe
6
Gukoresha piretere
Icyitonderwa: iyo uri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda kandi wohereza umusaruro muri Leta Zunze
Ubumwe z'Amerika, iki gice ntikikureba.
Umuti wica udukoko
w'umwimerere ukozwe mu bireti
“African Chrysanthemum”
Mililitiro 45 z'uwu muti ukozwe mu bireti
zivangwa na litiro 15 z'amazi (ni ku rugero rwa
pompe itera umuti yuzuye amazi). Ushobora
gupima mililitiro
45 mu kuzuza
agafundikizo
k'agacupa
kavamwo uwo
muti inshuro
ebyiri.
Iyo umupfundikizo
wuzuye neza biba
bihwanye na 20ml.
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Piretere ni izina ry'umutobe
ukomoka ku rurabo rwitwa
“African Chrysanthemum”
ukaba ukoreshwa nk'umuti
kamere wica udukoko. Iyo
"African Chrysanthemum”
itewe mu misozi miremire
nko mu Ntara
y'Amajyaruguru y'u Rwanda
bituma umutobe wayo uba
ufite ubukana bwinshi.
Indabo zitunganyirizwa mu
ruganda rwo mu Rwanda.
Applying Pyrethrum
Agakoko gato kitwa “Antestia” gatuma kawa
yumvikanamo umuhumuro nk'uw'ibirayi, gatera
amagi yako mu nsi y'ibibabi. Kubera iyo
mpamvu, iyo dutera umuti wo kwica “Antestia”
tugomba kuwutera duhereye munsi y'ibibabi.
Agasurira
Gutera umuti uturutse musi y'amababi
Amagi y'agasurira musi
y'amababi
7
Umutego w'udukoko
Icyitonderwa: Niba uri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, iki gice ntikikureba
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Imitego y'udukoko hakoreshejwe feromone ni uburyo bwiza bwo
kurinda cyangwa kurwanya Agakoko gafata imbuto z'ikawa kitwa
“Coffee Berry Borer”. Iyo mukoresha imitego y'udukoko mugomba
gutega umutego umwe kuri buri biti by'ikawa 100.
Umutego w'udukoko ukozwe mu
ducupa twa plasitike
Umutego w'udukoko urimwo
impumuro ikurura udukoko
Iyo imitego y'udukoko itaboneka ku buryo bworoshye, mushobora
gukora imitego y'udukoko mukoresheje amacupa ya palasitiki.
Udukoko dufata imbuto z'ikawa dukururwa n'amabara y'umutuku;
kubera iyo mpamvu ni byiza gusiga imitego amabara y'umutuku.
Igihe dukoresha ubu buryo bwose butandukanye bwo kurwanya udukoko, bituma ibiti bya kawa zacu
bikomera kandi bigahorana ubuzima bwiza, bityo tukabirinda indwara n'udukoko bitabaye ngombwa
ko dukoresha imiti mvaruganda.
8
Umutwe wa 2
Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti
mva ruganda
Icyitonderwa: Mugihe ukora ubuhinzi bw'umwimerere (agriculture biologique), iki gice ntikikureba.
Imyenda irinda umuntu guhura n'imiti
Iyo ugomba gutera umuti, usabwa kwambara imyenda
umubiri wose ukikwiza. Iyo myenda iba igizwe n'ingofero,
amadarubindi, masike iyungurura umuti, imyenda
y'amaboko maremare, ipantalo ndende, uturindantoki na
bote. Nta gice cy'umubiri umuti ugomba kugeraho.
Imikoreshereze ihwitse
y'imiti mva ruganda
Ni byiza kudatera kawa zacu imiti mvaruganda ahubwo tugakoresha ubundi buryo bwo
kurwanya indwara n'udukoko muri kawa. Nyamara igihe mugomba gutera imiti, cyangwa
gufata imiti, mugomba kurinda umubiri wanyu kugira ngo utangizwa n'iyo miti.
Ni ngombwa ko wambara masike iyungurura umuti aho
kwiyambarira masike isanzwe yo kwirinda ivumbi.
Masike yo kwirinda ivumbi ntikurinda imiti ihumanya.
Masike ikinga
ivumbi
Masike igukingira
imiti mva ruganda
Masike ikinga
ivumbi
Icyitonderwa:
Kwambara ibya
bugenewe bigukingira
n'ingingo y'ingenzi cyane.
Mu gihe utera umuti mva ruganda, ni
ngombwa ko wambara udukingirantoke
“gants”. Wirinde gukora ku miti mva
ruganda n'amaboko yawe utikingiye.
9
Imikoreshereze ihwitse
y'imiti mva ruganda
Kubika neza imiti mvaruganda
Imiti mva ruganda mu gikoni
Iyo ubitse igikombe
cy'umuti mu nzu urugero
nko mu ruganiriro, mu
gikoni, cyangwa mu
cyumba cyo kuryamamo,
abana bawe bashobora
kuwubona bagakeka ko
ari icyo kunywa. Ni
ngombwa kwirinda ko
twakwicuza baramutse
bawunyweye.
Imiti mva ruganda musi y'igitanda
Imiti igomba kubikwa ahantu
hatari mu nzu kandi hiherereye ku
buryo abana badashobora
kuhagera. Ububiko bw'imiti
bugomba gufungwa kandi aho iri
hagomba kuba hari ikimenyetso
kiburira abantu.
Ububiko bugomba kuba busakaye
kuburyo imvura itageramwo. Ibyo
imiti iteretseho (“etagere”)
bigomba kuba bikozwe muryo
bidafata imiti.
Uruzitiro rukomeye
Iyo urimo gutera imiti mu ikawa,
ugomba kubakira igipimo cyawe cya
kawa uruzitiro rukomeye kugira ngo
imiti iva mu gipimo cyawe idahumanya
abantu batuye hafi yacyo cyangwa
abantu barimo kugenda mu mihanda
yegereye igipimo cyawe cya kawa.
10
Uruzitiro hagati y'umurima n'inzu
Isomo rya 3
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Niba umurima wanyu wegereye ibidukikije nk'ishyamba, igishanga, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi,
mugomba gukora uko ushoboye kose mukabibungabunga neza. Mugomba gukora ku
buryo nta muntu ubyangiza. Umurima wanyu wa kawa ubwawo ushobora guhinduka
ibidukikije igihe muhanga uburyo bw'ubuhinzi bw'amashyamba arimo ibihingwa
bitandukanye haterwa ibiti bitanga igicucu. Muri uyu mutwe, muraza kureba uburyo
mwabungabunga ibidukikije biri mu murima wanyu cyangwa iruhande rwawo.
Kudatema ibiti
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Iyo hari ibidukikije ibyo ari byo byose nk'urugero
ishyamba, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi, biri mu
murima wawe cyangwa iruhande rwawo, ubwo
buso bugomba gufatwa nk'ububungabunzwe.
Mu buso bubungabunzwe, gutema ibiti
cyangwa gutera imyaka ntibyemewe.
Icyitonderwa:
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima ni
ibwiriza ry'ingenzi cyane
Gukoresha rondereza
Mukeneye inkwi zo gutekesha ariko mushobora
kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'inkwi mukoresha imbabura
irondereza inkwi. Umuriro w'amashyiga utwara inkwi
nyinshi kandi uteka ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi.
Imbabura irondereza ingufu igira ubushyuhe
bukomoka ku nkwi kandi iteka neza. Umutetsi ntabwo
ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi.
Iyo dutema ibiti dushaka inkwi cyangwa kubera izindi
mpamvu zitandukanye, twakagombye no guhita
dutera umubare w'ibiti ungana n'uw'ibiti twatemye.
11
Ibiti bitanga igicucu
Mushobora gutekereza ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bicuranwa ibibitunga n'ibiti bya kawa bityo bikaba
byatuma habaho umusaruro muke. Nyamara ibi ntabwo ari byo kubera ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bigira
akamaro kenshi mu gihe kirekire bikaba byatuma kawa yawe itanga umusaruro mwiza mu gihe
kirekire.
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Iyo mutemye ibiti byose bitanga igicucu mu
murima wanyu, cyangwa ntimutere igiti gitanga
igicucu na kimwe, umusaruro wanyu ushobora
kuba mwiza mu myaka mike ya mbere, ariko
ntibishobora gukomeza gutyo igihe kirekire.
Umurima utagira igiti na kimwe gitanga igicucu
Iyo ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka bihura n'imirasire
y'izuba birananirwa maze umusaruro
ugatangira kuba muke. Uretse igihe
hakoreshejwe ifumbire nyinshi mvaruganda
byagorana gukomeza kubona umusaruro
ungana mu gihe kirekire. Gukoresha cyane
ifumbire mvaruganda irimo azote bishobora
gutuma ubutaka bubamo ubusharire kandi
bigatuma umusaruro wa kawa ugabanuka.
Kugira ngo ibiti bitanga igicucu bigirire
akamaro ibiti bya kawa, mugomba
kubicunga neza. Iyo ibiti bitanga igicucu
bidakonowe kandi bigakura cyane, igicucu
cyinshi cyane bitanga kibangamira kawa. Ni
ngombwa gukonora ibiti bitanga igicucu mu
buryo buhoraho kugira ngo mukomeze
mugire igicucu gikenewe mu gipimo cyanyu.
Ibiti bitanga igicucu iyo byitaweho neza
bigira inyungu zikurikira
Bituma ibiti bya kawa bidahura n'imirasire
ikaze y'izuba.
Bituma mu butaka habamo ubukonje bityo
biganatuma ubutaka buhora buhehereye.
Igipimo kirimo ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu
Imizi yabyo irwanya isuri
Ibibabi byahanutse n'amashami yakaswe bitunga ibimera biri ku butaka.
Bituma ikirere cy'aho umurima uherereye kidahindagurika kandi birinda ibiti bya kawa guhura
n'ibihe by'impeshyi n'ubushyuhe bukabije.
Ibiti bimwe na bimwe, nk'urugero “Calliandra”, ni ibinyamisogwe kandi ishyira nitorojene mu
butaka.
Ibiti bimwe na bimwe bitanga imbuto n'imbaho nk'umusaruro
w'inyongera ubyara amafaranga.
Bitewe no kurinda ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka, umusaruro uriyongera
kandi ugahora ari mwiza mu gihe kirekire.
12
Ibiti bitanga igicucu bigomba guterwa kuri 6m X 6m. Ntibigomba guterwa byegeranye hirengangijwe
ibi bipimo bivugwa hejuru. Niba mudafite ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu mu murima wanyu, mutangire
mubitere buri gihembwe kugeza igihe mugize umubare w'ibiti usabwa.
Leuceana
Markhamia
Calliandra
Alnus
Inga
Ficus/Umuvumu
Polycias fulva/Umwungo
Cordina Africana
Maesopsis
Birabujijwe gutera ibiti
bidasanzwe nk'inturusu
ugamije igicucu cyayo mu
murima wanyu wa kawa.
Inturusu ibangamira ikawa
n'indi myaka.
Markhamia
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Ibiti byemewe ko
bitanga igicucu
Ibi biti biri kuri lisiti haruguru,
ni ibiti gakondo cyanwa
byaturutse muri Africa.
Bishobora guhingwa mu
murima wa kawa atakibazo.
Calliandra
Inga (Payipayi)
Alnus
Leuceana
13
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Polycias fulva / Umwungo
Umuvumu
Umuhumuro
Ibiti bya Makadamiya bishobora kuvangwa na kawa. Nyamara
ariko ibindi biti by'imbuto nk'umwembe, avoka, itsina n'ipapayi
ntibiremezwa ko bishobora kuvangwa na kawa mu Rwanda.
Cordia Africana
14
Umutwe wa 4
Kubungabunga amazi
Amazi ni ingenzi mu buzima. Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse yanduye, byagira ingaruka
zikomeye ku buzima bwanyu no ku buzima bw'amatungo yanyu. Amafi yatangira gucika.
Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse ikamye, ubuzima bwanyu n'ubw'amatungo yanyu ntibishobora
kuramba. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kureba uko mwabungabunga amazi.
Nyuma yo gutera imiti, ntimugomba koza ibikoresho
mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi. Imiti
ihumanya amazi kandi bigira ingaruka ku buzima
bw'inyamaswa ziba mu mazi; urugero: amafi. Igihe
mwoza ibikoresho byanyu mu migezi, muba
mwangiza ubuzima bw'abantu n'ubw'inyamaswa
kandi bishobora gutuma n'amafi acika.
Amazi yakoreshejwe mu koza ibikoresho
byakoreshejwe mu gutera imiti agomba gusukwa
mu cyobo cyuzuye amakara. Amakara asukura
amazi yanduye.
Kubungabunga amazi
Koza ibikoresho
Amazi y'imyanda yo mu rugo
Iyo mumesera imyenda mukanogereza amasahani mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi,
isabune na omo bihumanya amazi. Mujye mucukura icyobo kiriho amabuye kugira ngo mwirinde
kumena amazi yanduye mu buryo butaziguye mu migezi.
15
Inturusu ziri hafi y'utugezi
Inturusu ntabwo ari igiti gikomoka muri Afurika kandi
mbere na mbere yatewe mu rwego rwo kurwanya ibihe
by'izuba. Ku bw'ibyo, iyo iteye hafi y'umugezi, yitwarira
amazi ku buryo wa mugezi ushobora gukama.
Mugomba kwitondera gutera inturusu kandi ntizigomba
guterwa hafi y'imigezi. Iyo muretse ibiti by'inturusu biri
hafi y'umugezi, mushobora gutakaza wa mugezi mu gihe
kizaza ugakama.
Kugira ngo murinde imigezi, mugomba kurimbura
inturusu ziteye hafi y'imigezi. Ibi byatuma mwizera ko
muzakomeza kubona amazi mu migezi mu gihe kiri
imbere.
Kubungabunga amazi
Inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
Stream dried up
Kutema inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
16
Tugomba kudahinga hafi y'amasoko y'amazi
Iyo muteye kawa cyangwa imboga hafi y'ikiyaga,
uruzi cyangwa umugezi, ubutaka buri hafi y'umugezi
buzatwarwa n'isuri maze bwanduze amazi. Igihe
mutera kawa umuti, uwo umuti uzinjira mu mazi
kandi uzanayahumanya.
Kubika amazi y'imvura
Imvura ni inkomoko
ikomeye y'amazi. Iyo
mushyize hamwe
amazi y'imvura igwa
ku bisenge by'amazu
yanyu mushobora
kubika amazi menshi
mu rugo. Ibi bituma
mudatakaza igihe
mujya kuvoma kandi
binatuma mushobora
kubona amazi mu gihe
cy'izuba.
Kubungabunga amazi
Ntabwo mugomba gutera imyaka hafi
y'imigezi. Niba mwarahinze imyaka hafi
y'imigezi ntimuzayitere umuti. Guhera
umwaka utaha, ntimuzagire ikintu mwongera
kuhahinga.
Mugomba kutajugunya
imyanda mu masoko y'amazi
Ntimukajye mujugunya imyanda iyo ari yo
yose mu masoko y'amazi. Mugomba gukora
ibyo mushoboye byose kugira ngo amasoko
y'amazi yanyu ahore asukuye.
Icyitonderwa:
Kutanduza amazi no
kwirinda kuyajugunyamo
imyanda ni ikintu
kigomba kwitabwaho
cyane.
17
Umutwe wa 5
Kubungabunga ubutaka
Ubutaka ni ishingiro ry'ubuhinzi. By'umwihariko ubutaka bwo hejuru bukize ku bitunga
ibimera no ku tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora. Ubutaka bwo hejuru kandi bufitiye
akamaro kanini imyaka yanyu. Nyamara ariko iyo ubwo butaka butegejwe umuyaga
ndetse n'amazi, ibitunga ibimera birigendera kandi butwarwa n'amazi ku buryo
bworoshye. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurinda ubutaka isuri.
Ibyatsi bitwikiriye ubutaka
Igihe ubutaka bwambaye ubusa bukomeza gutwarwa
n'isuri n'umuyaga. Amaterasi y'indinganire ashobora
kandi kuriduka cyangwa agateza inkangu.
Kubagara ukoresheje isuka no gucukura ubutaka
bishobora nabyo gutuma ubutaka bwo hejuru
butwarwa n'umuyaga bikaba byateza isuri.
Nimureke ibimera biri ku butaka bibugumeho mu rwego rwo kuburinda isuri. Aho gukoresha amasuka
ni byiza gukoresha imihoro igihe cyo kubagara kugira ngo mudahungabanya ubutaka cyangwa ngo
mukureho ibibutwikiriye byose.
18
Gutera ibyatsi
Ahahanamye mujye muhatera ibyatsi kugira ngo
bifate ubutaka. Niba murimo gukora amaterasi
y'indinganire, gutera ibyatsi ku mpande z'amaterasi
Uretse no kurwanya isuri kandi, ibyatsi
bishobora gusarurwa maze bigakoreshwa mu
gusasira. Ibyatsi bimwe na bimwe bishobora
no kugaburirwa amatungo.
Ibyatsi bidufasha
kurinda isuru
Elephant grass
Napier grass
Themeda triandra
Tripsacum
Calliandra
Calliandra
Temeda
(Icyitonderwa: Calliandra ntabwo
ari icyatsi, ariko ushobora kujya
ugikata kikaguma ari gito kuburyo
kigufasha kurinda isuri. Amababi
yaco ni meza nk'ibiryo
by'amatungo.)
Gusasira
Gusasira imyaka ni ingirakamaro mu kurwanya isuri. Ibyatsi byakoreshejwe mu gihe cy'isasira
birabora maze bigahinduka ifumbire y'ubutaka. Isaso ituma ibyatsi bibi bitamera. Isaso ituma ubutaka
buhehera. Dushobora gusasira ubutaka twifashishije amashami twakase, ibyatsi twasaruye,
ibigorigori n'ibibabi. Isaso nziza ntigomba kurenza 5cm z'umubyimba
19
Gutera imyaka itwikira ubutaka
Gutera imyaka itwikira ubutaka
y'ibinyamisogwe nka Mimosa na
Vetch na bwo ni ubundi buryo bwo
kurwanya isuri. Ibi bimera ntibikura
cyane kandi bikura birandaranda ku
butaka maze bigatwikira ubutaka
bwose. Iyo imyaka itwikira ubutaka
yakwiriye ku butaka bwose, ibindi
byatsi bibi ntibishobora gukura,
bityo kubirwanya bikoroha.
Umurama wa “Mimoza”
Umurama wa “Vetch”
Ibyatsi bifata ubutaka byo mu
bwoko bw'ibinyampeke bifite
ubushobozi bwo kongera
“azote” mu butaka.
“Vetch” iriho urakura
igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza iriho urakura
igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Guca imiyoboro
Mu rwego rwo kuyobora
amazi y'imvura mu
murima umuntu
atagombye gukora
ikidendezi kinini cy'amazi,
dushobora guca
imiyoboro ica mu mikingo.
20
Ni byiza gutera ubyatsi ku
nkengera z'imiringoti kugira ngo tuzikingire.
Imiringoti ikingiwe n'ibyatsi
Umutwe wa 6
Gucunga imyanda
Mu murima yanyu hari imyanda ikomoka ku
bimera n'idakomoka ku bimera. Iyo iyo myanda
icunzwe cyangwa itwitswe nabi ishobora kwangiza
ubuzima bwanyu no guhumanya ibidukikije. Ku
rundi ruhande iyo imyanda icunzwe neza ibera
umurima wanyu umutungo w'ingirakamaro.
Muri uyu mutwe, murareba uburyo bwo gucunga
imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera
n'imyanda idakomoka ku bimera.
Gutwika imyand
a birabujijwe
Imicungire y'imyanda ya palasitiki
Palasitiki ntizibora
ngo zihinduke
ubutaka, bityo rero
ntimugomba
kuzijungunya ku
butaka.
unywe ku butaka
amasashe yajug
n'ababishinzwe ku rwego rwa Leta cyangwa
n'umuyobozi wanyu.
Gukusanyiriza amasashe mu mufuka
Imicungire y'imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera
Imyanda yo mu gikoni, amase y'inka, imyanda ikomoka ku bigori, insina
no ku mboga ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu gukora ifumbire y'imborera mu
rugo. Iyo bikozwemo neza ifumbire maze bigashyirwa mu murima
bishobora kongera cyane umusaruro wa kawa zacu
Gucunga imyanda
Zigomba gushyirwa
mu mufuka maze
zikabikwa kugeza igihe
zijyaniwe
21
Uko bakora ifumbire y'imborera
Mbere na mbere nimukore ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kuba
kiri mu nsi y'igicucu. Iyo gihura n'izuba n'imvura, ibitunga ibimera
bishobora kujyanwa n'umwuka cyangwa gutembanwa n'imvura.
Ku bw'iyo mpamvu mugomba kubaka igisenge cyoroheje hejuru
y'ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kandi kuba hejuru y'ubutaka ku
buryo umwuka uva mu nsi yabwo utemberamo.
Mushobora gusakarisha ibyatsibyumye nk'ibigorigori, amashami
yakonowe ku biti n'ibibabi byumye.
Incenga z'ibigori
Ikimoteri gisakaye
Amashami
yakaswe
kw'ikawa
Ibisigazwa
by'imyaka bisigara
mu murima uze
gusarura
Gucunga imyanda
Mushobora gukoresha ibibabi nk'ibibabi by'imyaka yasaruwe, Titoniya
n'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza. Ni ngombwa kubikatakatamo
uduce duto cyane kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku buryo bworoshye.
Ni ngombwa cyane gushyira mu ifumbire y'imborera Titoniya n'imigozi
y'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza kubera ko bikize ku bitunga
ibimera bya ngombwa byitwa zenke (zinc) na baroni (boron). Zinke na baroni
bifasha ibiti byarabije kugumana ururabo no kudahunguka kw'imbuto
(ibitumbwe) kabone n'iyo ibiti bifite ururabo cyangwa uruteja rwinshi. Bityo
rero, ibi bitungabimera bifite akamaro kanini mu kuzamura umusaruro wanyu.
Titoniya
“Pumpkin” cyangwa
ibijumba
22
Gukata ibikoresho mu duce
dutoduto
Shyiramo umwanda n'ivu byo mu gikoni. Bikize cyane ku bitunga ibimera nka potasiyumu,
kalisiyumu, sodiyumu na manyeziyumu
Ivu ryo mu gikoni
Imyanda iva mu gikoni
Mushyireho amase y'inka, ubutaka bwo hejuru cyangwa ifumbire y'ibyatsi, n'ibindi bintu ufite. Ibi
bintu bikize tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora.
Mugomba kugenda muhindura imborera ibiri hasi
bijya hejuru n'ibyari hejuru bikajya hasi buri
byumweru bibiri kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku
buryo bworoshye. Iyo ukubora birimo kuba,
ubushyuhe bw'ibiri mu kimpoteri bugomba
kuzamuka. Mushobora gushinga inkoni mu
kimpoteri kugira ngo mubashe kumva ingano
y'ubushyuhe.
Gucunga imyanda
Mugende mukora iyo mvange y'ibintu bivuzwe
hejuru kugeza mugize ikirundo kinini mu kimpoteri.
Ifumbire y'imborera iba ibonetse mu gihe kiri
hagati y'amezi abiri n'atatu. Iyo itunganye
igomba kuba nta mpumuro ifite, ari umukara
kandi yumye. Ifumbire nziza igirira akamaro
ubutaka bwanyu kandi ituma ibiti bya kawa
yanyu bitanga umusaruro mwiza kurushaho.
23
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje Titoniya
Iyo mudafite ibikoresho bihagije cyangwa umwanya wo gukora ifumbire y'imborera, mushobora
kwikorera ifumbire mvaruganda y'amazi mukoreheje gusa Titoniya.
Gukata titoniya mu duce
dutoduto
Gudushira mu ndobo
Titoniya
Kuzuza ya ndobo
n'amazi
Gucunga imyanda
Kuvanga buri misi ibiri
Nyuma y'byumweru bibiri,
umuti uzaba ushobora
gukoreshwa
Muyungurure ibyatsi
mwifashishije umufuka
24
Ifumbire itunganyije
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje
amase y'inka
Mushyire amabasi atanu y'amase
y'inka mu mufuka
Amase y'inka
Kumanika umufuka mu ingunguru
(cyangwe indobo) ukoresheje igiti
hanyuma ukuzuza amazi ya
ngunguru
Gufundikira ya ngunguru
Mu kuyitera, ushobora kuvanga ifumbire
yakozwe muri titoniya n'iyakowe mu mase
y'inka mugihe zombi uzifite
Mucuguse wa mufuka buri minsi ibiri
Iyo fumbire y'amazi
izaba yahiye mu
Gucunga imyanda
byumweru bibiri
Mukure wa mufuka
mu ngunguru
Ifumbire
Mufumbize igikombe kimwe iruhande rw'igiti mugisuka
hafi y'aho igiti gitereye mu butaka
25
Umutwe wa 7
Gufata neza no korohereza
abakozi mu kazi
Iyo muhaye akazi abakozi mu gihe cy'isarura cyangwa akandi kazi, mugomba kubafata neza.
Imirima yacu igomba kubera abayikoramo ahantu hashimishije.
Guha abakozi amazi meza
yo kunywa
Abakozi bakora mu mirima yanyu bagomba
kubona amazi meza yo kunywa igihe cyose
baje gukora mu mirima yanyu. Mugomba
kubategurira amazi meza yo kunywa maze
akazanwa mu murima.
Abana biga
Abana bagomba kujya ku ishuri mu gihe cy'amasomo
yo mu cyumweru. Hatitawe ku bwinshi bw'akazi
mwagira mu gihe cy'isarura, ntimugomba guhagarika
abana kwiga ngo baze kubafasha mu murima.
Nyamara abana bashobora kudufasha akazi koroshye
mu mpera z'icyumweru cyangwa mu biruhuko.
Gufata neza no
korohereza abakozi
mu kazi
Abana ntibashobora guhabwa akazi mu murima.
Abana bashobora gusa kudufasha nyuma yo kuva ku
ishuri kandi ntibagomba gukora mu murima amasaha
menshi yashobora kugira ingaruka ku myigire yabo.
Abana ntibagomba gukoreshwa mu murima imirimo
ikomeye ishobora kubatera ibibazo cyangwa kugira
ingaruka ku buzima bwabo.
26
Icyitonderwa:
Kudaha akazi abana bari
mu nsi y'imyaka 15 n'ihame
ridakuka.
Umutwe wa 8
Imitunganyirize y’isambu
Iteganyamigambi
Ibintu byose mwabonye muri iyi Mfashanyigisho bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu mirima yanyu.
Kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa, mbere na mbere mugomba gukora igenamigambi ryabyo. Muri
gahunda y'ibikorwa, mugomba kwandika ibikorwa, igihe bigomba gukorerwa n'umuntu ushinzwe
ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo.
Ni ibiki byingenzi
bikubiye muri
gahunda y'ibijkorwa
• Igikorwa
• Ingengabihe
• Umuntu ubishinzwe
Igihe mutegura ibikorwa byanyu, ikarita
yoroheje y'umurima wanyu ni igikoresho
cy'ingirakamaro cyane. Mushobora
kwerekana ku ikarita aho mugomba gukorera
ibikorwa byo kurwanya isuri, aho mugomba
gutera ibiti cyangwa ibyatsi, ahari amasoko
y'amazi mugomba kubungabunga n'aho
mugomba kubaka uruzitiro rukomeye.
Nyuma yo gukora igikorwa, mugomba kubika
inyandiko. Iyo mubika inyandiko, mushobora
gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda
y'ibikorwa mukanahamya ko ibikorwa byateganijwe
byakozwe. Nibura ibikorwa bikurikira bigomba
kwandikwa.
Gushyingura inyandiko
Gutera imiti (mugihe hari iyo utera)
Gutera Ifumbire y'imborera / mvaruganda
Gutera ibiti / ibyatsi
Gusarura
Amahugurwa y'abakozi (mu gihe ufite abakozi
bakeneye guhugurwa)
Gutanga akazi nyakabyizi (niba bikorwa)
Ibyingenzi byandikwa
muri raporo y'amahugurwa
•
•
•
•
•
Itariki
Isomo ryatanzwe
Uwahuguye
Amazina y'abahuguwe
Umukono cyangwe
igikumwe cy'abahuguwe
Ibyingenzi byandikwa
muri raporo yo gukoresha
abakozi
•
•
•
•
•
Itariki
Izina
Umurimo wakozwe
Amasaha y'akazi
Umushahara
Imitunganyirize
y’isambu
Ibyangombwa byo kwandika
muri raporo yo gutera imiti
• Umurima
• Itariki
• Izina ry'igihingwa
• Uko umusaruro ungana
• Igipimo cyo gutera imiti
wakoresheje
• Izina ry'uruganda
• Ibikoresho wifashishije
utera imiti
27
ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda
Ishingiye ku mabwiriza yamamaza iterambera
ry'ubuhinzi burambye
Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN)
Gushimira
Iyi Mfashanyigisho yanditswe hakoreshejwe inkunga y'amafaranga y' Ikigo cy'Ubwongereza Gishinzwe
Iterambere Mpuzamahanga - Department for International Development (DFID), Food Retail Industry
Challenge Fund (FRICH) na Taylors of Harrogate.
Ikigitabo kandi cyanditswe ku bufatanye n'inkunga byo mu rwego rwa tekiniki twatewe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu
Gishinzwe Guteza imbere Ubucuruzi bw'Umusaruro w'Ubuhinzi mu mahanga (NAEB), Ikigo cy'Ubuhinzi mu
Rwanda (RAB), Kompanyi yo Gutunganya no Guteza imbere ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'Ubucuruzi bwa Kawa Companie pour Organisation et la Promotion des Activités Café (COOPAC) na KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Imfashanyigisho yanditswe na:
Reiko Enomoto, Training Manager, Sustainable Agriculture Division, Rainforest Alliance
Abafashije mu rwego tekiniki:
Jean Marie Irakabaho, Rwanda National Coordinator, Rainforest Alliance
Winnie Mwaniki, East Africa Regional Manager, Rainforest Alliance
Marc Monsarrat, Senior Manager (East Africa & South Asia), Rainforest Alliance
Simon Martin Mvuyekure, Head of Coffee Program, Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB)
Jean Marie Sabato, Certification Project Coordinator, Coopac Ltd.
Emmanuel Rwakagara Nzungize, President, Coopac Ltd.
Gilbert Gatali, Managing Director, KZ Noir Karengera Coffee Ltd.
Célestin M. Gatarayiha, Head of Coffee Division, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB)
Pierre Claver Gahakwa, Director of Certification, National Agricultural Export Development Board (NAEB)
Mario Serracin, Rogers Family Company
Amafoto yafashwe na:
Reiko Enomoto, Rainforest Alliance
* Ndashimira by'umwihariko abahinzi bemeye kumfasha babikuye ku mutima mu myitozo-ngiro yakorewe
mu mirima yabo kugira ngo nshobore gufata amafoto yakoreshejwe muri iyi mfashanyigisho.
© 2011 Rainforest Alliance
All rights reserved
Intangiriro
Mfashanyigisho mu gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa
ku Bahihinzi baciriritse mu Rwanda
Umutwe wa 1:
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo
kurwanya udukoko
n'indwara byangiza kawa
Umutwe wa 2:
Imikoreshereze ihwitse
y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3:
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4:
Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5:
Kubungabunga ubutaka
Umutwe wa 6:
Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7:
Gufata neza no
korohereza abakozi
mu kazi
Umutwe wa 8:
Imitunganyirize y'isambu
1
Intangiriro
Intangiriro
kugira ngo tugere ku buhinzi burambye
Kawa ni kimwe mu bihingwa by'ingenzi muri Afurika gikomokaho umusaruro woherezwa mu
mahanga kandi ikaba ari ikintu abahinzi baciriritse batagira ingano bakomoraho amafaranga.
Nyara ariko, mu gihe haba hakoreshwa uburyo butanoze mu mitunganyirize ya kawa, byazangiza
ibidukikije, bikangiza amazi cyangwa ubutaka bityo bikanangiza n'ubuzima bw'abahinzi baciriritse.
Ibintu kandi bikomeje bityo ntabwo umusaruro wa kawa wakwizerwa kuboneka ku gihe kirekire.
Imikorere mibi
Imikorere myiza
Mu rwego rwo gutuma umusaruro wa kawa uboneka ku buryo buhoraho mu bihe biri imbere,
tugomba gushyira hamwe mu guteza imbere ku rwego rw'umuhinzi uciriritse uburyo bw'imihingire
bwatuma haboneka umusaruro mu burambye. Ni ngombwa ko buri muhinzi yumva ko gukora
hagamijwe umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye ari inshingano ye.
Ni gute abahinzi ba kawa baciriritse bakora kugira ngo
haboneke umusaruro wa kawa ku buryo burambye? yi
“Mfashanyigisho ku gutunganya umusaruro wa kawa”
irerekana tekiniki zigamije ubuhinzi burambye
zumvikana kandi zoroheje gushyira mu bikorwa mu
mirima ya kawa y'abahinzi baciriritse bo mu bihugu
by'Afurika. Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho
bishingiye ku “Amabwiriza y'Ubuhinzi Burambye”
yatangajwe muri Nyakanga 2010 n'Urugaga Rugamije
Ubuhinzi Burambye. Aya mabwiriza akubiyemo inzego
z'ingenzi zigomba kwitabwaho mu rwego rwo guteza
imbere ubuhinzi burambye. Iyi ni inyandiko y'ibanze
ku muhinzi wifuza kubona icyemezo gitangwa na
Rainforest Alliance.
2
Intangiriro
Ibisabwa kugira ngo hatangwe icyemezo
Kugira ngo uhabwe icyemezo gitangwa na Rainforest Alliance, dore nibura ibyo
ugomba kuba wuzuje.
1. Kuzuza ku kigero cya 80% ibisabwa byose.
(Muri rusange hari ibintu 99 bigomba kuzuzwa.)
2. Kubahiriza ku kigero cya 50% buri hame
(Hari amahame 10 agomba kubahirizwa.)
3. Kuzuza ibisabwa by'ingenzi byose
(Hari ibintu by'ingenzi 15 bigomba kuzuzwa.)
Byinshi mu bigomba kuzuzwa ntabwo bisabwa abahinzi baciriritse. Muri iyi
mfashanyigisho, turibanda ku bintu by'ingenzi bireba abahinzi baciriritse. Ni
ngombwa kuzirikana ko iyi mfashanyigisho idakubiyemo ibisabwa byose
cyangwa amahame yose akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye, kandi
nta n'ubwo ikubiyemo ibisabwa ku bahinzi bafite imirima minini.
Ibikubiye muri iyi mfashanyigisho
Iyi mfashanyigisho igizwe n'imitwe 8 ikurikira, buri mutwe ukaba urebana n'ihame mu mahame
akubiye mu mabwiriza y'ubuhinzi burambye.
Umutwe wa 1:
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo
kurwanya udukoko
n'indwara byangiza kawa
Page 4
Umutwe wa 2:
Imikoreshereze ihwitse
y'imiti mva ruganda
Umutwe wa 3:
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Umutwe wa 4:
Kubungabunga amazi
Umutwe wa 5:
Kubungabunga
ubutaka
Page 9
Umutwe wa 6:
Gucunga imyanda
Umutwe wa 7:
Gufata neza no
korohereza abakozi
mu kazi
Page 11
Page 15
Page 18
Umutwe wa 8:
Imitunganyirize y'isambu
Page 21
Page 26
Page 27
3
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Isomo rya 1
Uburyo bunyuranye bwo
kurwanya udukoko
Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ntabwo ari bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kurwanya
udukoko n'indwara. Ibiti by'ikawa byitaweho kandi bimeze neza ntibishobora gufatwa
n'udukoko n'indwara ku buryo bworoshye. Iyo bigifatwa n'udukoko n'indwara, hari
uburyo butandukanye bwo kubirwanya bitabaye ngombwa ko hakoreshwa imiti
mvaruganda. Muri iki gice, mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurwanya no gukumira
udukoko n'indwara mu buryo burambye.
Gukoresha ifumbire y'imborera
Kufumbira neza igihingwa ni ingenzi mu kugira ngo ibiti bigire ubuma
buzira umuze, bibe bishobora kurinda indwara n'ibyonyi. Uburyo bwiza
bwo kugeza ibyunyunyu ku gihingwa cya kawa n'ugukoresha ifumbire.
Ugomba gukoresha ibiro bitanu (5kg) buri mwaka ku giti gito, n'ibiro
bigera kuri cumi (10kg) by'ifumbire y'imborera buri mwaka ku giti
gisarurwa.
Kinyarwanda: Ifumbire y'imborera ivuye mu bishishwa by kawa ishobora
kuboneka ku ruganda rw'ikawa. Ushobora no kwitunganiriza ifumbire
y'imborera ukoresheje imyanda n'ibishingwe.
Ibiro 7-10 by'imborera ku giti
Igihe mukoresha ifumbire y'imborera, mujye
muyishyira iruhande rw'igihimba atari ku
gihimba neza. Kuyishyira ku gihimba bituma
igiti kitabasha gufata ibigitunga uko bikwiye.
Mugomba gushyira ifumbire mu nsi y'ibibabi
by'igiti ari naho haba haherereye imizi
ikigaburira.
Nyuma yo gufumbiza ifumbire y'imborera,
mugomba gutwikiriza ifumbire itaka cyangwa
amababi. Iyo ifumbire igerwaho n'umuyaga
cyangwa imvura, ibitunga ibimera bitwarwa
n'umwuka cyangwa bigatembanwa n'imvura.
Iyo mutwikiriye ifumbire y'imborera, muba muzi
neza ko igiti kizatungwa n'ibiri muri iyo fumbire.
4
Kwicira ni ingenzi kuko bituma imyaka duhinga imera neza kandi igatanga umusaruro. Iyo amashami
yapfuye akiri ku biti aba ariho udukoko n'indwara kandi bishobora no gufata amashami mazima.
Amashami ashaje atakera urubuto na rumwe atungwa n'ibyagatunze igiti ari na byo bituma igiti kigira
ingufu nke. Amashami yapfuye kandi atagitanga umusaruro agomba kuvanwa ku giti.
Kuvanaho amashami yumye
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Kwicira
Kuvanaho amashami
ahengamye kandi atagitanga umusaruro
Ibisambo n'amashami ya kabiri
nabyo byangize ibyunyunyu
biva ku giti kandi bigatuma mu
mashami y'igiti haba nk'igihuru,
ibi noneho bigatuma indwara
n'ibyonyi byiyongera. Gukata
ibyo bisambo n'amashami ya
kabiri bifasha kongera
umuyaga unyura mu mashami
y'igiti, imirasire y'izuba
igashobora kugeramo, kandi ibi
ni ingezi kugirango igiti kirabye.
Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku giti
ca kawa
Kuvanaho ibisambo byameze ku
mashami y'igiti ca kawa
Kuvanaho amashami yameze
ku yandi mashami
5
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Gukuraho ibitumbwe byasigayeho ku isarura riheruka
Nyuma yo gusarura, ni ngombwa gusoroma ibitumbwe
bya kawa biba byarasigaye ku giti. Iyo birekewe ku biti
bitera udukoko n'indwara bitandukanye, ndetse utu
dukoko n'indwara biguma mu murima wanyu ndetse
bikazanduza ibitumbwe bishya byo ku isarura
rikurikiyeho.
Ibitumbwe bishaje byasigaye ku giti
Kuvanaho ibitumbwe bishaje
Kubiza ibitumbwe bishaje mu maze ashushe
kugira ngo indwara n'ibyonyi birimwo bipfe
Kugira ngo udukoko
n'indwara biri mu murima
bivemo ni ngombwa
gusoroma ibitumbwe
byasigaye ku biti, mukabiteka
mu mazi ashyushye, maze
mukabitaba mu butaka.
Ibi bituma mwizera ko
udukoko n'indwara byari ku
bitumbwe bitazaguma mu
murima kandi ntibigire
ingaruka ku musaruro wanyu
w'umwaka utaha.
Guhamba bya bitumbwe byabijijwe
6
Gukoresha piretere
Icyitonderwa: iyo uri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda kandi wohereza umusaruro muri Leta Zunze
Ubumwe z'Amerika, iki gice ntikikureba.
Umuti wica udukoko
w'umwimerere ukozwe mu bireti
“African Chrysanthemum”
Mililitiro 45 z'uwu muti ukozwe mu bireti
zivangwa na litiro 15 z'amazi (ni ku rugero rwa
pompe itera umuti yuzuye amazi). Ushobora
gupima mililitiro
45 mu kuzuza
agafundikizo
k'agacupa
kavamwo uwo
muti inshuro
ebyiri.
Iyo umupfundikizo
wuzuye neza biba
bihwanye na 20ml.
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Piretere ni izina ry'umutobe
ukomoka ku rurabo rwitwa
“African Chrysanthemum”
ukaba ukoreshwa nk'umuti
kamere wica udukoko. Iyo
"African Chrysanthemum”
itewe mu misozi miremire
nko mu Ntara
y'Amajyaruguru y'u Rwanda
bituma umutobe wayo uba
ufite ubukana bwinshi.
Indabo zitunganyirizwa mu
ruganda rwo mu Rwanda.
Applying Pyrethrum
Agakoko gato kitwa “Antestia” gatuma kawa
yumvikanamo umuhumuro nk'uw'ibirayi, gatera
amagi yako mu nsi y'ibibabi. Kubera iyo
mpamvu, iyo dutera umuti wo kwica “Antestia”
tugomba kuwutera duhereye munsi y'ibibabi.
Agasurira
Gutera umuti uturutse musi y'amababi
Amagi y'agasurira musi
y'amababi
7
Umutego w'udukoko
Icyitonderwa: Niba uri umuhinzi udakoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, iki gice ntikikureba
Uburyo bunyuranye
bwo kurwanya
udukoko
Imitego y'udukoko hakoreshejwe feromone ni uburyo bwiza bwo
kurinda cyangwa kurwanya Agakoko gafata imbuto z'ikawa kitwa
“Coffee Berry Borer”. Iyo mukoresha imitego y'udukoko mugomba
gutega umutego umwe kuri buri biti by'ikawa 100.
Umutego w'udukoko ukozwe mu
ducupa twa plasitike
Umutego w'udukoko urimwo
impumuro ikurura udukoko
Iyo imitego y'udukoko itaboneka ku buryo bworoshye, mushobora
gukora imitego y'udukoko mukoresheje amacupa ya palasitiki.
Udukoko dufata imbuto z'ikawa dukururwa n'amabara y'umutuku;
kubera iyo mpamvu ni byiza gusiga imitego amabara y'umutuku.
Igihe dukoresha ubu buryo bwose butandukanye bwo kurwanya udukoko, bituma ibiti bya kawa zacu
bikomera kandi bigahorana ubuzima bwiza, bityo tukabirinda indwara n'udukoko bitabaye ngombwa
ko dukoresha imiti mvaruganda.
8
Umutwe wa 2
Imikoreshereze ihwitse y'imiti
mva ruganda
Icyitonderwa: Mugihe ukora ubuhinzi bw'umwimerere (agriculture biologique), iki gice ntikikureba.
Imyenda irinda umuntu guhura n'imiti
Iyo ugomba gutera umuti, usabwa kwambara imyenda
umubiri wose ukikwiza. Iyo myenda iba igizwe n'ingofero,
amadarubindi, masike iyungurura umuti, imyenda
y'amaboko maremare, ipantalo ndende, uturindantoki na
bote. Nta gice cy'umubiri umuti ugomba kugeraho.
Imikoreshereze ihwitse
y'imiti mva ruganda
Ni byiza kudatera kawa zacu imiti mvaruganda ahubwo tugakoresha ubundi buryo bwo
kurwanya indwara n'udukoko muri kawa. Nyamara igihe mugomba gutera imiti, cyangwa
gufata imiti, mugomba kurinda umubiri wanyu kugira ngo utangizwa n'iyo miti.
Ni ngombwa ko wambara masike iyungurura umuti aho
kwiyambarira masike isanzwe yo kwirinda ivumbi.
Masike yo kwirinda ivumbi ntikurinda imiti ihumanya.
Masike ikinga
ivumbi
Masike igukingira
imiti mva ruganda
Masike ikinga
ivumbi
Icyitonderwa:
Kwambara ibya
bugenewe bigukingira
n'ingingo y'ingenzi cyane.
Mu gihe utera umuti mva ruganda, ni
ngombwa ko wambara udukingirantoke
“gants”. Wirinde gukora ku miti mva
ruganda n'amaboko yawe utikingiye.
9
Imikoreshereze ihwitse
y'imiti mva ruganda
Kubika neza imiti mvaruganda
Imiti mva ruganda mu gikoni
Iyo ubitse igikombe
cy'umuti mu nzu urugero
nko mu ruganiriro, mu
gikoni, cyangwa mu
cyumba cyo kuryamamo,
abana bawe bashobora
kuwubona bagakeka ko
ari icyo kunywa. Ni
ngombwa kwirinda ko
twakwicuza baramutse
bawunyweye.
Imiti mva ruganda musi y'igitanda
Imiti igomba kubikwa ahantu
hatari mu nzu kandi hiherereye ku
buryo abana badashobora
kuhagera. Ububiko bw'imiti
bugomba gufungwa kandi aho iri
hagomba kuba hari ikimenyetso
kiburira abantu.
Ububiko bugomba kuba busakaye
kuburyo imvura itageramwo. Ibyo
imiti iteretseho (“etagere”)
bigomba kuba bikozwe muryo
bidafata imiti.
Uruzitiro rukomeye
Iyo urimo gutera imiti mu ikawa,
ugomba kubakira igipimo cyawe cya
kawa uruzitiro rukomeye kugira ngo
imiti iva mu gipimo cyawe idahumanya
abantu batuye hafi yacyo cyangwa
abantu barimo kugenda mu mihanda
yegereye igipimo cyawe cya kawa.
10
Uruzitiro hagati y'umurima n'inzu
Isomo rya 3
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Niba umurima wanyu wegereye ibidukikije nk'ishyamba, igishanga, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi,
mugomba gukora uko ushoboye kose mukabibungabunga neza. Mugomba gukora ku
buryo nta muntu ubyangiza. Umurima wanyu wa kawa ubwawo ushobora guhinduka
ibidukikije igihe muhanga uburyo bw'ubuhinzi bw'amashyamba arimo ibihingwa
bitandukanye haterwa ibiti bitanga igicucu. Muri uyu mutwe, muraza kureba uburyo
mwabungabunga ibidukikije biri mu murima wanyu cyangwa iruhande rwawo.
Kudatema ibiti
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Iyo hari ibidukikije ibyo ari byo byose nk'urugero
ishyamba, ikiyaga cyangwa uruzi, biri mu
murima wawe cyangwa iruhande rwawo, ubwo
buso bugomba gufatwa nk'ububungabunzwe.
Mu buso bubungabunzwe, gutema ibiti
cyangwa gutera imyaka ntibyemewe.
Icyitonderwa:
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima ni
ibwiriza ry'ingenzi cyane
Gukoresha rondereza
Mukeneye inkwi zo gutekesha ariko mushobora
kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'inkwi mukoresha imbabura
irondereza inkwi. Umuriro w'amashyiga utwara inkwi
nyinshi kandi uteka ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi.
Imbabura irondereza ingufu igira ubushyuhe
bukomoka ku nkwi kandi iteka neza. Umutetsi ntabwo
ahura n'ingaruka ziterwa n'imyotsi.
Iyo dutema ibiti dushaka inkwi cyangwa kubera izindi
mpamvu zitandukanye, twakagombye no guhita
dutera umubare w'ibiti ungana n'uw'ibiti twatemye.
11
Ibiti bitanga igicucu
Mushobora gutekereza ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bicuranwa ibibitunga n'ibiti bya kawa bityo bikaba
byatuma habaho umusaruro muke. Nyamara ibi ntabwo ari byo kubera ko ibiti bitanga igicucu bigira
akamaro kenshi mu gihe kirekire bikaba byatuma kawa yawe itanga umusaruro mwiza mu gihe
kirekire.
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Iyo mutemye ibiti byose bitanga igicucu mu
murima wanyu, cyangwa ntimutere igiti gitanga
igicucu na kimwe, umusaruro wanyu ushobora
kuba mwiza mu myaka mike ya mbere, ariko
ntibishobora gukomeza gutyo igihe kirekire.
Umurima utagira igiti na kimwe gitanga igicucu
Iyo ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka bihura n'imirasire
y'izuba birananirwa maze umusaruro
ugatangira kuba muke. Uretse igihe
hakoreshejwe ifumbire nyinshi mvaruganda
byagorana gukomeza kubona umusaruro
ungana mu gihe kirekire. Gukoresha cyane
ifumbire mvaruganda irimo azote bishobora
gutuma ubutaka bubamo ubusharire kandi
bigatuma umusaruro wa kawa ugabanuka.
Kugira ngo ibiti bitanga igicucu bigirire
akamaro ibiti bya kawa, mugomba
kubicunga neza. Iyo ibiti bitanga igicucu
bidakonowe kandi bigakura cyane, igicucu
cyinshi cyane bitanga kibangamira kawa. Ni
ngombwa gukonora ibiti bitanga igicucu mu
buryo buhoraho kugira ngo mukomeze
mugire igicucu gikenewe mu gipimo cyanyu.
Ibiti bitanga igicucu iyo byitaweho neza
bigira inyungu zikurikira
Bituma ibiti bya kawa bidahura n'imirasire
ikaze y'izuba.
Bituma mu butaka habamo ubukonje bityo
biganatuma ubutaka buhora buhehereye.
Igipimo kirimo ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu
Imizi yabyo irwanya isuri
Ibibabi byahanutse n'amashami yakaswe bitunga ibimera biri ku butaka.
Bituma ikirere cy'aho umurima uherereye kidahindagurika kandi birinda ibiti bya kawa guhura
n'ibihe by'impeshyi n'ubushyuhe bukabije.
Ibiti bimwe na bimwe, nk'urugero “Calliandra”, ni ibinyamisogwe kandi ishyira nitorojene mu
butaka.
Ibiti bimwe na bimwe bitanga imbuto n'imbaho nk'umusaruro
w'inyongera ubyara amafaranga.
Bitewe no kurinda ibiti bya kawa n'ubutaka, umusaruro uriyongera
kandi ugahora ari mwiza mu gihe kirekire.
12
Ibiti bitanga igicucu bigomba guterwa kuri 6m X 6m. Ntibigomba guterwa byegeranye hirengangijwe
ibi bipimo bivugwa hejuru. Niba mudafite ibiti bihagije bitanga igicucu mu murima wanyu, mutangire
mubitere buri gihembwe kugeza igihe mugize umubare w'ibiti usabwa.
Leuceana
Markhamia
Calliandra
Alnus
Inga
Ficus/Umuvumu
Polycias fulva/Umwungo
Cordina Africana
Maesopsis
Birabujijwe gutera ibiti
bidasanzwe nk'inturusu
ugamije igicucu cyayo mu
murima wanyu wa kawa.
Inturusu ibangamira ikawa
n'indi myaka.
Markhamia
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Ibiti byemewe ko
bitanga igicucu
Ibi biti biri kuri lisiti haruguru,
ni ibiti gakondo cyanwa
byaturutse muri Africa.
Bishobora guhingwa mu
murima wa kawa atakibazo.
Calliandra
Inga (Payipayi)
Alnus
Leuceana
13
Kurengera urusobekerane
rw'ibinyabuzima
Polycias fulva / Umwungo
Umuvumu
Umuhumuro
Ibiti bya Makadamiya bishobora kuvangwa na kawa. Nyamara
ariko ibindi biti by'imbuto nk'umwembe, avoka, itsina n'ipapayi
ntibiremezwa ko bishobora kuvangwa na kawa mu Rwanda.
Cordia Africana
14
Umutwe wa 4
Kubungabunga amazi
Amazi ni ingenzi mu buzima. Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse yanduye, byagira ingaruka
zikomeye ku buzima bwanyu no ku buzima bw'amatungo yanyu. Amafi yatangira gucika.
Isoko yanyu y'amazi iramutse ikamye, ubuzima bwanyu n'ubw'amatungo yanyu ntibishobora
kuramba. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kureba uko mwabungabunga amazi.
Nyuma yo gutera imiti, ntimugomba koza ibikoresho
mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi. Imiti
ihumanya amazi kandi bigira ingaruka ku buzima
bw'inyamaswa ziba mu mazi; urugero: amafi. Igihe
mwoza ibikoresho byanyu mu migezi, muba
mwangiza ubuzima bw'abantu n'ubw'inyamaswa
kandi bishobora gutuma n'amafi acika.
Amazi yakoreshejwe mu koza ibikoresho
byakoreshejwe mu gutera imiti agomba gusukwa
mu cyobo cyuzuye amakara. Amakara asukura
amazi yanduye.
Kubungabunga amazi
Koza ibikoresho
Amazi y'imyanda yo mu rugo
Iyo mumesera imyenda mukanogereza amasahani mu kiyaga, mu ruzi cyangwa mu mugezi,
isabune na omo bihumanya amazi. Mujye mucukura icyobo kiriho amabuye kugira ngo mwirinde
kumena amazi yanduye mu buryo butaziguye mu migezi.
15
Inturusu ziri hafi y'utugezi
Inturusu ntabwo ari igiti gikomoka muri Afurika kandi
mbere na mbere yatewe mu rwego rwo kurwanya ibihe
by'izuba. Ku bw'ibyo, iyo iteye hafi y'umugezi, yitwarira
amazi ku buryo wa mugezi ushobora gukama.
Mugomba kwitondera gutera inturusu kandi ntizigomba
guterwa hafi y'imigezi. Iyo muretse ibiti by'inturusu biri
hafi y'umugezi, mushobora gutakaza wa mugezi mu gihe
kizaza ugakama.
Kugira ngo murinde imigezi, mugomba kurimbura
inturusu ziteye hafi y'imigezi. Ibi byatuma mwizera ko
muzakomeza kubona amazi mu migezi mu gihe kiri
imbere.
Kubungabunga amazi
Inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
Stream dried up
Kutema inturusu ziteye hafi y'umugezi
16
Tugomba kudahinga hafi y'amasoko y'amazi
Iyo muteye kawa cyangwa imboga hafi y'ikiyaga,
uruzi cyangwa umugezi, ubutaka buri hafi y'umugezi
buzatwarwa n'isuri maze bwanduze amazi. Igihe
mutera kawa umuti, uwo umuti uzinjira mu mazi
kandi uzanayahumanya.
Kubika amazi y'imvura
Imvura ni inkomoko
ikomeye y'amazi. Iyo
mushyize hamwe
amazi y'imvura igwa
ku bisenge by'amazu
yanyu mushobora
kubika amazi menshi
mu rugo. Ibi bituma
mudatakaza igihe
mujya kuvoma kandi
binatuma mushobora
kubona amazi mu gihe
cy'izuba.
Kubungabunga amazi
Ntabwo mugomba gutera imyaka hafi
y'imigezi. Niba mwarahinze imyaka hafi
y'imigezi ntimuzayitere umuti. Guhera
umwaka utaha, ntimuzagire ikintu mwongera
kuhahinga.
Mugomba kutajugunya
imyanda mu masoko y'amazi
Ntimukajye mujugunya imyanda iyo ari yo
yose mu masoko y'amazi. Mugomba gukora
ibyo mushoboye byose kugira ngo amasoko
y'amazi yanyu ahore asukuye.
Icyitonderwa:
Kutanduza amazi no
kwirinda kuyajugunyamo
imyanda ni ikintu
kigomba kwitabwaho
cyane.
17
Umutwe wa 5
Kubungabunga ubutaka
Ubutaka ni ishingiro ry'ubuhinzi. By'umwihariko ubutaka bwo hejuru bukize ku bitunga
ibimera no ku tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora. Ubutaka bwo hejuru kandi bufitiye
akamaro kanini imyaka yanyu. Nyamara ariko iyo ubwo butaka butegejwe umuyaga
ndetse n'amazi, ibitunga ibimera birigendera kandi butwarwa n'amazi ku buryo
bworoshye. Muri uyu mutwe mugiye kwiga uburyo bwo kurinda ubutaka isuri.
Ibyatsi bitwikiriye ubutaka
Igihe ubutaka bwambaye ubusa bukomeza gutwarwa
n'isuri n'umuyaga. Amaterasi y'indinganire ashobora
kandi kuriduka cyangwa agateza inkangu.
Kubagara ukoresheje isuka no gucukura ubutaka
bishobora nabyo gutuma ubutaka bwo hejuru
butwarwa n'umuyaga bikaba byateza isuri.
Nimureke ibimera biri ku butaka bibugumeho mu rwego rwo kuburinda isuri. Aho gukoresha amasuka
ni byiza gukoresha imihoro igihe cyo kubagara kugira ngo mudahungabanya ubutaka cyangwa ngo
mukureho ibibutwikiriye byose.
18
Gutera ibyatsi
Ahahanamye mujye muhatera ibyatsi kugira ngo
bifate ubutaka. Niba murimo gukora amaterasi
y'indinganire, gutera ibyatsi ku mpande z'amaterasi
Uretse no kurwanya isuri kandi, ibyatsi
bishobora gusarurwa maze bigakoreshwa mu
gusasira. Ibyatsi bimwe na bimwe bishobora
no kugaburirwa amatungo.
Ibyatsi bidufasha
kurinda isuru
Elephant grass
Napier grass
Themeda triandra
Tripsacum
Calliandra
Calliandra
Temeda
(Icyitonderwa: Calliandra ntabwo
ari icyatsi, ariko ushobora kujya
ugikata kikaguma ari gito kuburyo
kigufasha kurinda isuri. Amababi
yaco ni meza nk'ibiryo
by'amatungo.)
Gusasira
Gusasira imyaka ni ingirakamaro mu kurwanya isuri. Ibyatsi byakoreshejwe mu gihe cy'isasira
birabora maze bigahinduka ifumbire y'ubutaka. Isaso ituma ibyatsi bibi bitamera. Isaso ituma ubutaka
buhehera. Dushobora gusasira ubutaka twifashishije amashami twakase, ibyatsi twasaruye,
ibigorigori n'ibibabi. Isaso nziza ntigomba kurenza 5cm z'umubyimba
19
Gutera imyaka itwikira ubutaka
Gutera imyaka itwikira ubutaka
y'ibinyamisogwe nka Mimosa na
Vetch na bwo ni ubundi buryo bwo
kurwanya isuri. Ibi bimera ntibikura
cyane kandi bikura birandaranda ku
butaka maze bigatwikira ubutaka
bwose. Iyo imyaka itwikira ubutaka
yakwiriye ku butaka bwose, ibindi
byatsi bibi ntibishobora gukura,
bityo kubirwanya bikoroha.
Umurama wa “Mimoza”
Umurama wa “Vetch”
Ibyatsi bifata ubutaka byo mu
bwoko bw'ibinyampeke bifite
ubushobozi bwo kongera
“azote” mu butaka.
“Vetch” iriho urakura
igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza iriho urakura
igenda ikwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Mimoza imaze gukwira kubutaka hose
Guca imiyoboro
Mu rwego rwo kuyobora
amazi y'imvura mu
murima umuntu
atagombye gukora
ikidendezi kinini cy'amazi,
dushobora guca
imiyoboro ica mu mikingo.
20
Ni byiza gutera ubyatsi ku
nkengera z'imiringoti kugira ngo tuzikingire.
Imiringoti ikingiwe n'ibyatsi
Umutwe wa 6
Gucunga imyanda
Mu murima yanyu hari imyanda ikomoka ku
bimera n'idakomoka ku bimera. Iyo iyo myanda
icunzwe cyangwa itwitswe nabi ishobora kwangiza
ubuzima bwanyu no guhumanya ibidukikije. Ku
rundi ruhande iyo imyanda icunzwe neza ibera
umurima wanyu umutungo w'ingirakamaro.
Muri uyu mutwe, murareba uburyo bwo gucunga
imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera
n'imyanda idakomoka ku bimera.
Gutwika imyand
a birabujijwe
Imicungire y'imyanda ya palasitiki
Palasitiki ntizibora
ngo zihinduke
ubutaka, bityo rero
ntimugomba
kuzijungunya ku
butaka.
unywe ku butaka
amasashe yajug
n'ababishinzwe ku rwego rwa Leta cyangwa
n'umuyobozi wanyu.
Gukusanyiriza amasashe mu mufuka
Imicungire y'imyanda ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera
Imyanda yo mu gikoni, amase y'inka, imyanda ikomoka ku bigori, insina
no ku mboga ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu gukora ifumbire y'imborera mu
rugo. Iyo bikozwemo neza ifumbire maze bigashyirwa mu murima
bishobora kongera cyane umusaruro wa kawa zacu
Gucunga imyanda
Zigomba gushyirwa
mu mufuka maze
zikabikwa kugeza igihe
zijyaniwe
21
Uko bakora ifumbire y'imborera
Mbere na mbere nimukore ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kuba
kiri mu nsi y'igicucu. Iyo gihura n'izuba n'imvura, ibitunga ibimera
bishobora kujyanwa n'umwuka cyangwa gutembanwa n'imvura.
Ku bw'iyo mpamvu mugomba kubaka igisenge cyoroheje hejuru
y'ikimpoteri. Ikimpoteri kigomba kandi kuba hejuru y'ubutaka ku
buryo umwuka uva mu nsi yabwo utemberamo.
Mushobora gusakarisha ibyatsibyumye nk'ibigorigori, amashami
yakonowe ku biti n'ibibabi byumye.
Incenga z'ibigori
Ikimoteri gisakaye
Amashami
yakaswe
kw'ikawa
Ibisigazwa
by'imyaka bisigara
mu murima uze
gusarura
Gucunga imyanda
Mushobora gukoresha ibibabi nk'ibibabi by'imyaka yasaruwe, Titoniya
n'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza. Ni ngombwa kubikatakatamo
uduce duto cyane kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku buryo bworoshye.
Ni ngombwa cyane gushyira mu ifumbire y'imborera Titoniya n'imigozi
y'ibijumba cyangwa ibibabi by'inzuzi z'ibihaza kubera ko bikize ku bitunga
ibimera bya ngombwa byitwa zenke (zinc) na baroni (boron). Zinke na baroni
bifasha ibiti byarabije kugumana ururabo no kudahunguka kw'imbuto
(ibitumbwe) kabone n'iyo ibiti bifite ururabo cyangwa uruteja rwinshi. Bityo
rero, ibi bitungabimera bifite akamaro kanini mu kuzamura umusaruro wanyu.
Titoniya
“Pumpkin” cyangwa
ibijumba
22
Gukata ibikoresho mu duce
dutoduto
Shyiramo umwanda n'ivu byo mu gikoni. Bikize cyane ku bitunga ibimera nka potasiyumu,
kalisiyumu, sodiyumu na manyeziyumu
Ivu ryo mu gikoni
Imyanda iva mu gikoni
Mushyireho amase y'inka, ubutaka bwo hejuru cyangwa ifumbire y'ibyatsi, n'ibindi bintu ufite. Ibi
bintu bikize tunyabuzima dutuma ibintu bibora.
Mugomba kugenda muhindura imborera ibiri hasi
bijya hejuru n'ibyari hejuru bikajya hasi buri
byumweru bibiri kugira ngo bishobore kubora ku
buryo bworoshye. Iyo ukubora birimo kuba,
ubushyuhe bw'ibiri mu kimpoteri bugomba
kuzamuka. Mushobora gushinga inkoni mu
kimpoteri kugira ngo mubashe kumva ingano
y'ubushyuhe.
Gucunga imyanda
Mugende mukora iyo mvange y'ibintu bivuzwe
hejuru kugeza mugize ikirundo kinini mu kimpoteri.
Ifumbire y'imborera iba ibonetse mu gihe kiri
hagati y'amezi abiri n'atatu. Iyo itunganye
igomba kuba nta mpumuro ifite, ari umukara
kandi yumye. Ifumbire nziza igirira akamaro
ubutaka bwanyu kandi ituma ibiti bya kawa
yanyu bitanga umusaruro mwiza kurushaho.
23
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje Titoniya
Iyo mudafite ibikoresho bihagije cyangwa umwanya wo gukora ifumbire y'imborera, mushobora
kwikorera ifumbire mvaruganda y'amazi mukoreheje gusa Titoniya.
Gukata titoniya mu duce
dutoduto
Gudushira mu ndobo
Titoniya
Kuzuza ya ndobo
n'amazi
Gucunga imyanda
Kuvanga buri misi ibiri
Nyuma y'byumweru bibiri,
umuti uzaba ushobora
gukoreshwa
Muyungurure ibyatsi
mwifashishije umufuka
24
Ifumbire itunganyije
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ifumbire y'amazi ukoresheje
amase y'inka
Mushyire amabasi atanu y'amase
y'inka mu mufuka
Amase y'inka
Kumanika umufuka mu ingunguru
(cyangwe indobo) ukoresheje igiti
hanyuma ukuzuza amazi ya
ngunguru
Gufundikira ya ngunguru
Mu kuyitera, ushobora kuvanga ifumbire
yakozwe muri titoniya n'iyakowe mu mase
y'inka mugihe zombi uzifite
Mucuguse wa mufuka buri minsi ibiri
Iyo fumbire y'amazi
izaba yahiye mu
Gucunga imyanda
byumweru bibiri
Mukure wa mufuka
mu ngunguru
Ifumbire
Mufumbize igikombe kimwe iruhande rw'igiti mugisuka
hafi y'aho igiti gitereye mu butaka
25
Umutwe wa 7
Gufata neza no korohereza
abakozi mu kazi
Iyo muhaye akazi abakozi mu gihe cy'isarura cyangwa akandi kazi, mugomba kubafata neza.
Imirima yacu igomba kubera abayikoramo ahantu hashimishije.
Guha abakozi amazi meza
yo kunywa
Abakozi bakora mu mirima yanyu bagomba
kubona amazi meza yo kunywa igihe cyose
baje gukora mu mirima yanyu. Mugomba
kubategurira amazi meza yo kunywa maze
akazanwa mu murima.
Abana biga
Abana bagomba kujya ku ishuri mu gihe cy'amasomo
yo mu cyumweru. Hatitawe ku bwinshi bw'akazi
mwagira mu gihe cy'isarura, ntimugomba guhagarika
abana kwiga ngo baze kubafasha mu murima.
Nyamara abana bashobora kudufasha akazi koroshye
mu mpera z'icyumweru cyangwa mu biruhuko.
Gufata neza no
korohereza abakozi
mu kazi
Abana ntibashobora guhabwa akazi mu murima.
Abana bashobora gusa kudufasha nyuma yo kuva ku
ishuri kandi ntibagomba gukora mu murima amasaha
menshi yashobora kugira ingaruka ku myigire yabo.
Abana ntibagomba gukoreshwa mu murima imirimo
ikomeye ishobora kubatera ibibazo cyangwa kugira
ingaruka ku buzima bwabo.
26
Icyitonderwa:
Kudaha akazi abana bari
mu nsi y'imyaka 15 n'ihame
ridakuka.
Umutwe wa 8
Imitunganyirize y’isambu
Iteganyamigambi
Ibintu byose mwabonye muri iyi Mfashanyigisho bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu mirima yanyu.
Kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa, mbere na mbere mugomba gukora igenamigambi ryabyo. Muri
gahunda y'ibikorwa, mugomba kwandika ibikorwa, igihe bigomba gukorerwa n'umuntu ushinzwe
ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo.
Ni ibiki byingenzi
bikubiye muri
gahunda y'ibijkorwa
• Igikorwa
• Ingengabihe
• Umuntu ubishinzwe
Igihe mutegura ibikorwa byanyu, ikarita
yoroheje y'umurima wanyu ni igikoresho
cy'ingirakamaro cyane. Mushobora
kwerekana ku ikarita aho mugomba gukorera
ibikorwa byo kurwanya isuri, aho mugomba
gutera ibiti cyangwa ibyatsi, ahari amasoko
y'amazi mugomba kubungabunga n'aho
mugomba kubaka uruzitiro rukomeye.
Nyuma yo gukora igikorwa, mugomba kubika
inyandiko. Iyo mubika inyandiko, mushobora
gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda
y'ibikorwa mukanahamya ko ibikorwa byateganijwe
byakozwe. Nibura ibikorwa bikurikira bigomba
kwandikwa.
Gushyingura inyandiko
Gutera imiti (mugihe hari iyo utera)
Gutera Ifumbire y'imborera / mvaruganda
Gutera ibiti / ibyatsi
Gusarura
Amahugurwa y'abakozi (mu gihe ufite abakozi
bakeneye guhugurwa)
Gutanga akazi nyakabyizi (niba bikorwa)
Ibyingenzi byandikwa
muri raporo y'amahugurwa
•
•
•
•
•
Itariki
Isomo ryatanzwe
Uwahuguye
Amazina y'abahuguwe
Umukono cyangwe
igikumwe cy'abahuguwe
Ibyingenzi byandikwa
muri raporo yo gukoresha
abakozi
•
•
•
•
•
Itariki
Izina
Umurimo wakozwe
Amasaha y'akazi
Umushahara
Imitunganyirize
y’isambu
Ibyangombwa byo kwandika
muri raporo yo gutera imiti
• Umurima
• Itariki
• Izina ry'igihingwa
• Uko umusaruro ungana
• Igipimo cyo gutera imiti
wakoresheje
• Izina ry'uruganda
• Ibikoresho wifashishije
utera imiti
27