Nilai Shock Index Sebagai Prediktor Mortalitas Terhadap Penderita Sepsis dan Sepsis Berat
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Guntur Hermawan A, Sepsis. Dalam : Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I,
Simadibrata M.,Setiati S (eds). Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Jilid III,
Edisi IV.Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI,
Jakarta, 2009.p1840
2. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines
for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crital Care Med 2004; 32:
858-73.
3. Bone RC. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use
of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 1992; 101: 1644–55.
4. Mikkelson M, Miltiades A, Gaieski D, Clark JF, et al., Serum Lactate is
Associated with Mortality in Severe Sepsis Independent of Organ Failure
and Shock. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37:1670-1677.
5. Strehlow M, Emond S, Shapiro N. National Study of Emergency Department
Visits for Sepsis, 1992 to 2001. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;
48:326-331.
6. Fauci,Braunwald,Kasper,Hauser,et al.,Harrison’s Manual Of Medicie,17th
Edition;83:411-51.
7. Angus DC, Lidicker J,Jameson,Longo,Green JP,et al., Epidemiology of
severe sepsis in the United States:analysis of incidence, outcome, and
associated costs of care. Crital Care Med 2001; 29:1303-10
8. Evans TW, Smithies M. ABC of intensive care: Organ dysfunction. British
Medical Journal 1999; 318; 1606-1609.
9. Sibbald W, Doig G, Inman K. Sepsis, SIRS and Infection. Intensive Care
Med. 1995; 21:299-301.
10. Rivers EP, Nguyen B, Havstad S. Early Goal Directed Therapy in the
Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;
345:1368-1377.
11. Harrison DA, Welch CA, Eddleston JM. The epidemiology of severe sepsis
in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 1996 to 2004: secondary analysis of
a high quality clinical database, the ICNARC case mix programme database.
Crit Care [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2012 feb 16;10(2):R42. Availabel from:
PubMed.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
12. Osbom T, Nguyen B, Rivers EP. Emergency Medicine and the Surviving
Sepsis Campaign: An International Approach to Managing Severe Sepsis
and Septic Shock. Ann Emerg Med. 2005; 46:228-231
13. Shah Jahan Mohd Yusso, Mohd Idzwan Zakaria,Fatahul Laham Mohamed,
Mohamad Adam Bujang, Sharmila Lakshmanan, Abu Hassan Asaari. Value
of Shock Index in Prognosticating The Short Term Outcome of Death for
Patients Presenting. Med J Malaysia Vol 67 No 4 August 2012.
14. Dellinger RP,M Mitchell M, AR Levy, A Djillali,G Herwig,et al.Surviving
Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis
and Septic Shock: 2012. The Society of Critical Care Medicine and the
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:580–
637
15. De Backer D, Creteur J, Preiser JC, Dubois MJ, Vincent JL. Microvascular
Blood Flow Is Altered in Patients with Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
2002, 166 : 98-104.
16. Hoyert DL, Alexander Lapillonne. Lack of Specificity of Procalcitonin for
Sepsis Diagnosis in Premature Infants. The Lancet [Internet]. 1998 [cited
2012 Feb 9; 351(9110):1211-1212]. Available from: google.
17. Hall MJ, Williams SN, DeFrances CJ. Inpatient Care for Septicemia or
Sepsis: A Challenge for Patients and Hospitals. U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services - National Center for Health Statistics. 2011; 62:1-7.
18. Departemen Kesehatan RI. 2006. Pedoman pengendalian infeksi nosokomial
di rumah sakit. Jakarta : Dir. Jen. Pelayanan Medik Spesialistik.
19. Wahyudi, Harry Utama. 2006. Infeksi Nosokomial. Diakses pada tanggal 9
Februari 2012. http://.wordpress.com
20. Josia Ginting: Kejadian Infeksi Rumah Sakit di RSUP HajiAdam Malik,
PPI-INOS RSUP Haji Adam Malik,Medan,2013.
21. Rani AA, Sugondo S : Panduan Pelayanan Medik Perhimpunan Penyakit
Dalam Indonesia Pusat Penerbit Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI,2006
22. Darmadi. 2008. Infeksi nosokomial, problematika dan pengendaliannya.
Jakarta : Salemba Medika
23. Harniza, Y. 2009. Pola Resistensi Bakteri yang Diisolasi dari Bangsal Bedah
Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo pada tahun 20032006 (Skripsi). Jakarta : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
24. Spronk PE, Zandstra DF, Ince C: Bench-to-bedside review: Sepsis is a
disease of the microcirculation. Critical Care Journal 2004, 8:462-468.
25. Guidet B, Martinet O, Boulain T: Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and
safety of 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9% NaCl fluid replacement in
patients with severe sepsis: The CRYSTMAS study. Crit Care 2012; 16:R94.
26. Trzeciak S, Rivers EP. Clinical manifestations of disordered
microcirculatory perfusion in severe sepsis. Critical Care 2005, 9(suppl
4):S20-S26.
27. Bateman RM, Walley KR. Microvascular resuscitation as a therapeutic goal
in severe sepsis. Critical Care Journal 2005, 9(suppl 4):S27-S32.
28. Ince C. The microcirculation is the motor of sepsis. Critical Care Journal
2005, 9 (suppl 4):S13-S19.
29. Howell MD, Donnino M, Clardy P. Occult hypoperfusion and mortality in
patients with suspected infection. Intensive Care Med.2007; 33:1892-1899.
30. Rady M, Smithline H, Blake H. A Comparison of the Shock Index and
Conventional Vital Signs to Identify Acute, Critical Illness in the Emergency
Department. Ann Emerg Med. 1994; 24:685-690.
31. Trzeciak S, Dellinger P, Abate N. Translating Research to Clinical Practice:
A 1-Year Experience With Implementing Early Goal-Directed Therapy for
Septic Shock in the Emergency Department.Chest. 2006; 129:225-232.
32. Green JP, Berger T, Garg N. Serum Lactate is a Better Predictor of ShortTerm Mortality When Stratified by C-reactive Protein in Adult Emergency
Department Patients Hospitalized for a Suspected Infection. Ann Emerg
Med. 2011;57:291-295.
33. Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S; Emergency Medicine Shock Research
Network (EMShockNet) Investigators: Lactate clearance vs central venous
oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: A randomized clinical
trial. JAMA 2010; 303:739–746.
34. Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Bates D. The Association of Sepsis Syndrome and
Organ Dysfunction with Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with
Suspected Infection. Ann Emerg Med.2006; 48:583-590.
35. Green JP, Berger T, Garg N, Lenain E, Pouchot J, et al. Serum Lactate is a
Better Predictor of Short-Term Mortality When Stratified by C-reactive
Protein in Adult Emergency Department Patients Hospitalized for a
Suspected Infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57:291-295.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
36. Rady M, Rivers EP, Martin G. Continuous Central Venous Oximetry and
Shock Index in the Emergency Department: Use in the Evaluation of Clinical
Shock. Am J Emerg Med. 1992; 10:538-541.
37. Tony Berger, Jeffrey Green, Timothy Horeczko, Yolanda Hagar, PhD. Shock
Index and Early Recognition of Sepsis. West J Emerg Med 2013;14(2):168174.
38. Rady M, Nightingale P, Little R, et al. Shock Index: A Re-evaluation in
Acute Circulatory Failure. Resuscitation. 1992; 23:227-234.
39. Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D. Serum Lactate as a Predictor
of Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with Infection. Ann Emerg
Med. 2005; 45:524-528.
40. Edbrooke DL, Hibbert CL, Kingsley JM. The patient-related costs of care
foR sepsis patients in a United Kingdom adult general intensive care unit.
Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1760-7
41. Triatmodjo, Pudjarwoto. 2008. Infeksi bakteri enteropatogen pada penderita
di Jawa Barat dan pola resistensinya terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Jakarta :
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan RI. Diakses tanggal 7 Juni
2012. http://www.scribd.com/doc/8574959/Cd-109-Diare-Dan-Lingkungan
42. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE; GRADE Working Group: GRADE: An
emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of
recommendations. BMJ 2008; 336:924–926.
43. Leblond R.F,D.Brown Donald. De Gowin’s Diagnostic Evamination, Ninth
Edition;3:34-38.
44. Letarte Jacques, Christopher J. Longo, Johanne Pelletier, Bruno Nabonne,
Harold N. Fisher. Journal of Critical Care 2002; 17(1): 39-49.
45. Levy MM. International Sepsis Definitions Conference Critical Care Med
2003; 31(4): 1250-6.
46. Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R; CHEST Investigators; Australian and
New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group: Hydroxyethyl
starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care.N Engl J Med 2012;
367:1901–191.
47. Nelson JL, Smith BL, Jared JD. Prospective Trial of Real-Time Electronic
Surveillance to Expedite Early Care of Severe Sepsis. Ann Emerg
Med.2011;57:500-5
Universitas Sumatera Utara
48. Shapiro N, Howell M, Talmor D. Implementation and Outcomes of the
Multiple Urgent Sepsis Therapies (MUST) Protocol. Crit Care
Med.2006;34:1025-1032
49. Petri, William A., Jr. 2006. Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Other BetaLactam Antibiotics. In : Hardman JG, et al (eds). Goodman & Gillman’s
pharmacological basics of therapeutics. 11th ed. New York : McGraw Hills.
.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
1. Guntur Hermawan A, Sepsis. Dalam : Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I,
Simadibrata M.,Setiati S (eds). Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Jilid III,
Edisi IV.Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI,
Jakarta, 2009.p1840
2. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines
for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crital Care Med 2004; 32:
858-73.
3. Bone RC. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use
of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 1992; 101: 1644–55.
4. Mikkelson M, Miltiades A, Gaieski D, Clark JF, et al., Serum Lactate is
Associated with Mortality in Severe Sepsis Independent of Organ Failure
and Shock. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37:1670-1677.
5. Strehlow M, Emond S, Shapiro N. National Study of Emergency Department
Visits for Sepsis, 1992 to 2001. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;
48:326-331.
6. Fauci,Braunwald,Kasper,Hauser,et al.,Harrison’s Manual Of Medicie,17th
Edition;83:411-51.
7. Angus DC, Lidicker J,Jameson,Longo,Green JP,et al., Epidemiology of
severe sepsis in the United States:analysis of incidence, outcome, and
associated costs of care. Crital Care Med 2001; 29:1303-10
8. Evans TW, Smithies M. ABC of intensive care: Organ dysfunction. British
Medical Journal 1999; 318; 1606-1609.
9. Sibbald W, Doig G, Inman K. Sepsis, SIRS and Infection. Intensive Care
Med. 1995; 21:299-301.
10. Rivers EP, Nguyen B, Havstad S. Early Goal Directed Therapy in the
Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;
345:1368-1377.
11. Harrison DA, Welch CA, Eddleston JM. The epidemiology of severe sepsis
in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 1996 to 2004: secondary analysis of
a high quality clinical database, the ICNARC case mix programme database.
Crit Care [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2012 feb 16;10(2):R42. Availabel from:
PubMed.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
12. Osbom T, Nguyen B, Rivers EP. Emergency Medicine and the Surviving
Sepsis Campaign: An International Approach to Managing Severe Sepsis
and Septic Shock. Ann Emerg Med. 2005; 46:228-231
13. Shah Jahan Mohd Yusso, Mohd Idzwan Zakaria,Fatahul Laham Mohamed,
Mohamad Adam Bujang, Sharmila Lakshmanan, Abu Hassan Asaari. Value
of Shock Index in Prognosticating The Short Term Outcome of Death for
Patients Presenting. Med J Malaysia Vol 67 No 4 August 2012.
14. Dellinger RP,M Mitchell M, AR Levy, A Djillali,G Herwig,et al.Surviving
Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis
and Septic Shock: 2012. The Society of Critical Care Medicine and the
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:580–
637
15. De Backer D, Creteur J, Preiser JC, Dubois MJ, Vincent JL. Microvascular
Blood Flow Is Altered in Patients with Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
2002, 166 : 98-104.
16. Hoyert DL, Alexander Lapillonne. Lack of Specificity of Procalcitonin for
Sepsis Diagnosis in Premature Infants. The Lancet [Internet]. 1998 [cited
2012 Feb 9; 351(9110):1211-1212]. Available from: google.
17. Hall MJ, Williams SN, DeFrances CJ. Inpatient Care for Septicemia or
Sepsis: A Challenge for Patients and Hospitals. U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services - National Center for Health Statistics. 2011; 62:1-7.
18. Departemen Kesehatan RI. 2006. Pedoman pengendalian infeksi nosokomial
di rumah sakit. Jakarta : Dir. Jen. Pelayanan Medik Spesialistik.
19. Wahyudi, Harry Utama. 2006. Infeksi Nosokomial. Diakses pada tanggal 9
Februari 2012. http://.wordpress.com
20. Josia Ginting: Kejadian Infeksi Rumah Sakit di RSUP HajiAdam Malik,
PPI-INOS RSUP Haji Adam Malik,Medan,2013.
21. Rani AA, Sugondo S : Panduan Pelayanan Medik Perhimpunan Penyakit
Dalam Indonesia Pusat Penerbit Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI,2006
22. Darmadi. 2008. Infeksi nosokomial, problematika dan pengendaliannya.
Jakarta : Salemba Medika
23. Harniza, Y. 2009. Pola Resistensi Bakteri yang Diisolasi dari Bangsal Bedah
Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo pada tahun 20032006 (Skripsi). Jakarta : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
24. Spronk PE, Zandstra DF, Ince C: Bench-to-bedside review: Sepsis is a
disease of the microcirculation. Critical Care Journal 2004, 8:462-468.
25. Guidet B, Martinet O, Boulain T: Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and
safety of 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9% NaCl fluid replacement in
patients with severe sepsis: The CRYSTMAS study. Crit Care 2012; 16:R94.
26. Trzeciak S, Rivers EP. Clinical manifestations of disordered
microcirculatory perfusion in severe sepsis. Critical Care 2005, 9(suppl
4):S20-S26.
27. Bateman RM, Walley KR. Microvascular resuscitation as a therapeutic goal
in severe sepsis. Critical Care Journal 2005, 9(suppl 4):S27-S32.
28. Ince C. The microcirculation is the motor of sepsis. Critical Care Journal
2005, 9 (suppl 4):S13-S19.
29. Howell MD, Donnino M, Clardy P. Occult hypoperfusion and mortality in
patients with suspected infection. Intensive Care Med.2007; 33:1892-1899.
30. Rady M, Smithline H, Blake H. A Comparison of the Shock Index and
Conventional Vital Signs to Identify Acute, Critical Illness in the Emergency
Department. Ann Emerg Med. 1994; 24:685-690.
31. Trzeciak S, Dellinger P, Abate N. Translating Research to Clinical Practice:
A 1-Year Experience With Implementing Early Goal-Directed Therapy for
Septic Shock in the Emergency Department.Chest. 2006; 129:225-232.
32. Green JP, Berger T, Garg N. Serum Lactate is a Better Predictor of ShortTerm Mortality When Stratified by C-reactive Protein in Adult Emergency
Department Patients Hospitalized for a Suspected Infection. Ann Emerg
Med. 2011;57:291-295.
33. Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S; Emergency Medicine Shock Research
Network (EMShockNet) Investigators: Lactate clearance vs central venous
oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: A randomized clinical
trial. JAMA 2010; 303:739–746.
34. Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Bates D. The Association of Sepsis Syndrome and
Organ Dysfunction with Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with
Suspected Infection. Ann Emerg Med.2006; 48:583-590.
35. Green JP, Berger T, Garg N, Lenain E, Pouchot J, et al. Serum Lactate is a
Better Predictor of Short-Term Mortality When Stratified by C-reactive
Protein in Adult Emergency Department Patients Hospitalized for a
Suspected Infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57:291-295.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
36. Rady M, Rivers EP, Martin G. Continuous Central Venous Oximetry and
Shock Index in the Emergency Department: Use in the Evaluation of Clinical
Shock. Am J Emerg Med. 1992; 10:538-541.
37. Tony Berger, Jeffrey Green, Timothy Horeczko, Yolanda Hagar, PhD. Shock
Index and Early Recognition of Sepsis. West J Emerg Med 2013;14(2):168174.
38. Rady M, Nightingale P, Little R, et al. Shock Index: A Re-evaluation in
Acute Circulatory Failure. Resuscitation. 1992; 23:227-234.
39. Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D. Serum Lactate as a Predictor
of Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with Infection. Ann Emerg
Med. 2005; 45:524-528.
40. Edbrooke DL, Hibbert CL, Kingsley JM. The patient-related costs of care
foR sepsis patients in a United Kingdom adult general intensive care unit.
Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1760-7
41. Triatmodjo, Pudjarwoto. 2008. Infeksi bakteri enteropatogen pada penderita
di Jawa Barat dan pola resistensinya terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Jakarta :
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan RI. Diakses tanggal 7 Juni
2012. http://www.scribd.com/doc/8574959/Cd-109-Diare-Dan-Lingkungan
42. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE; GRADE Working Group: GRADE: An
emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of
recommendations. BMJ 2008; 336:924–926.
43. Leblond R.F,D.Brown Donald. De Gowin’s Diagnostic Evamination, Ninth
Edition;3:34-38.
44. Letarte Jacques, Christopher J. Longo, Johanne Pelletier, Bruno Nabonne,
Harold N. Fisher. Journal of Critical Care 2002; 17(1): 39-49.
45. Levy MM. International Sepsis Definitions Conference Critical Care Med
2003; 31(4): 1250-6.
46. Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R; CHEST Investigators; Australian and
New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group: Hydroxyethyl
starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care.N Engl J Med 2012;
367:1901–191.
47. Nelson JL, Smith BL, Jared JD. Prospective Trial of Real-Time Electronic
Surveillance to Expedite Early Care of Severe Sepsis. Ann Emerg
Med.2011;57:500-5
Universitas Sumatera Utara
48. Shapiro N, Howell M, Talmor D. Implementation and Outcomes of the
Multiple Urgent Sepsis Therapies (MUST) Protocol. Crit Care
Med.2006;34:1025-1032
49. Petri, William A., Jr. 2006. Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Other BetaLactam Antibiotics. In : Hardman JG, et al (eds). Goodman & Gillman’s
pharmacological basics of therapeutics. 11th ed. New York : McGraw Hills.
.
Universitas Sumatera Utara