Group japan report m irvan
INDIVIDUAL REPORT
THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT SEMINAR &
VISIT TO CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO
(Shin-Koto Incineration Plant)
TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
Humanizing Collaboration between Indonesia & Japan
Written By:
Muhammad Irvan Widya
Student ID. (120820160011)
Master of Management Program
Faculty of Economics and Business
Padjadjaran University
15 – 19 May 2017
Tokyo, Japan
1.
MARKETING ANALYSIS REPORT
Tsukiji Fish Market
Tsukiji Market is a large wholesale market for fish, fruits and vegetables in central Tokyo. It is the
most famous of over ten wholesale markets that handle the distribution of food and flowers in Tokyo.
Tsukiji Market is best known as one of the world's largest fish markets, handling over 2,000 tons of
marine products per day. Tsukiji Market consists of an inner market where most of the wholesale
business and the famous tuna auctions are taking place, and an outer market whose retail shops and
1
restaurants cater to the public. A few restaurants are also found in the inner market.
Tsukiji Fish Market
Political
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government arranges an extra spending measure of around ¥9 billion
($79.43 million) to compensate businesses for losses stemming from the postponed relocation of the
Tsukiji Fish Market. More spending may also be necessary in coming years because it remains unclear
when the market will move to its new site in the Toyosu area, given the recent discovery of high-level
toxins in the groundwater there. Fish, fruit and vegetable businesses that prepared to move to Toyosu
2
have collectively invested about ¥30 billion in new equipment and other items.
Economic
The Tsukiji Central Wholesale Market processes over five million pounds of seafood every day;
the flagship within an extensive metropolitan and national market network. Within that system (and
worldwide) Tsukiji is the largest market of its kind, handing almost all seafood consumed in Tokyo.
Marine life of all forms - over 450 different kinds imported from local and international waters -
establishes the common link between fishers, distributors, government officials, wholesalers,
merchants, restaurants, consumers and even tourists. It is a highly regarded institution in Tokyo for
several reasons, not the least of which include its prominent position within Japanese food culture, its
role as an indicator of national economic stability and its direct ties to broader networks of
international exchange (Bestor: 2004).
1
2
www.japan-guide.com
www.japantimes.co.jp
2
Tsukiji Outer Market
Social
One of the Tsukiji Fish Market’s main activities is auction. Tsukiji Market consists of an inner
market where most of the wholesale business and the famous tuna auctions are taking place. The
auctions start around 5:20 a.m. Bids can only be made by licensed participants. These bidders include
intermediate wholesalers who operate stalls in the marketplace and other licensed buyers who are
agents for restaurants, food processing companies, and large retailers. The auctions usually end
around 10:00 a.m. The interaction between the seller and bidder in the auction process, made the
social aspect in Tsukiji Fish Market more intense.
Technology
Like other traditional market, Tsukiji Fish Market’s layout is not-much-different. The wholesale
area consists of hundreds of small stands in a large, crowded hall, where buyers and sellers hurry
along narrow lanes with their carts and trucks. The sight of the many kinds of fresh seafood and the
busy atmosphere of scooters, trucks, sellers and buyers hurrying around. The auction process is also
carried out traditionally. The sellers rings the bell, as a sign of the auction has started. And the buyer
raises his hands, to make a bid.
Legal
Tsukiji operates under authorization from national legislation and under supervision of the
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), but is directly regulated and administered by a
local government, in this case the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG).
a. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), supervises Central Wholesale Markets
throughout the country, licenses fishing and some distribution activities, and authorizes
municipal authorities to operate local Central Wholesale Markets.
b. Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG), owns and maintains the marketplace's facilities, licenses
some businesses within the marketplace, and provides overall regulatory supervision of the
3
marketplace.
3
Bestor, 1992, Auctions and Institutional Integration in the Tsukiji Wholesale Fish Market, Tokyo, Columbia
University
3
Tsukiji Inner Market
Environmental
Tokyo Governor, Yuriko Koike has reportedly decided to postpone the planned November 2016
relocation of the famed Tsukiji fish market amid ongoing concerns over soil contamination at the new
Toyosu site. The pollution problem emerged in 2001 when Tokyo Gas Co., which operated a gas plant
at the site from 1956 to 1988, revealed that the soil contained high levels of toxic chemicals such as
lead, arsenic, hexavalent chromium, cyanogen and benzene. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has
claimed the new site won’t pose any health problems either for Tsukiji workers or fish consumers. The
metropolitan government has removed surface soil to 2 meters in depth at Toyosu and replaced it
4
with new soil. It also plans to keep monitoring the groundwater for contaminants.
Recommendation
Indonesia, especially in Muara Angke, Jakarta also has the fish market that one of its main
activities is fish auction. Indonesian Government, especially Jakarta Province Government should learn
from Japan in managing Tsukiji Fish Market. Restructurising, modernization, and renovation of the
traditional market is a must to do. With good management, traditional market can become the
worldwide fish market that can bring tourists from all over the world
4
www.japantimes.co.jp
4
2.
CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS REPORT
Education System in Japan
The Japanese education system set up right after World War II has remained more or less the
same ever since. Subsequently, the Law on the Establishment of National Schools was implemented in
1949 as a new framework for national universities. The system for colleges of technology was
established in 1962 to provide a unified 5-year period of education for lower secondary school
graduates in response to increased need for diverse human resources brought by industrial economic
development. In 1964, 2 or 3-year junior college programs which had been temporarily established in
1950 were provided as a permanent system under the School Education Law. The early 1960s saw the
introduction of colleges of technology, see Higher professional education, with the 1990s marking the
introduction of unified secondary education schools. The system was influenced by both the German
education system (faculties) and the US system (broad general education at the higher education
institutions). In the 60s and 70s the number of higher education institutions increased considerably,
showing a strong growth of the private sector (junior colleges). Since the 1980s, Japan has focused on
internationalising its higher education. International students studying in Japan were formerly
required to complete a Japanese language test, as all education was provided exclusively in Japanese.
This situation is currently changing, with a gradually increasing number of study programmes being
offered in English, due to the recent internationalisation strategies at both government and university
5
levels.
Takushoku University
Currently, Japan has become a country which has big influences in the world, especially in Asia.
One of the influences is about its the educational system. Japan’s educational system is well-known as
one of the best in the world. The reason of this, because Japan is the only country that successfully
achieved modernization without losing its identity. There are several characteristics of Japanese
society that resulted from Japan’s educational system: high level of average performance; good
planning and execution; high level of adherence to norms and rules; and good at working in groups.
The essence of Japanese culture is considered capable of strengthening the application of its
educational value as they have been understood for a long time by Japanese people. The Japanese
people managed to defend their culture in a very good way, but uniquely it is still modern. Japan is
unique in culture. Religion does not seem important in Japan, but religious values are practiced well.
Japan prioritizes harmony in relations among humans.
5
Publication of Nuffic, The Dutch Organisation for Internationalisation in Education
5
Recommendations
There are many valuable lessons that could be learned from Japanese characteristics to be
applied in Indonesia, such as the culture of hygiene, honesty, modesty, teamwork, independence,
responsibility, discipline, and reading culture. One of the ways that the Indonesian Government can fix
its education system, is by inducting the “Manners” subject that teaches honesty, modesty, teamwork,
independence, responsibility, discipline, and reading culture, like the values that held by Japanese in
each of their activities. With these values are implemented in early education, then a better Indonesia
society will be achieved, that will hold an important role in Indonesia's development in the future.
Japanese students in school uniform
6
3.
COMPANY VISIT ANALYSIS REPORT
In our trip to Japan, we visited the Shin-Koto Incineration Plant too. The Shin-Koto Incineration
Plant is Tokyo’s waste management.
Company visit to Shin-Koto Incineration Plant
In this place, waste from entire Tokyo will be managed and turned into beneficial things, such as
water bottle, clothes, and other things. Influence exerted on the environment by human activities has
become one of the global issues. Waste disposal is part of such an issue. In order to bring a solution to
the issue, it is important to reduce waste as little as possible and promote the recycling of waste as a
resource. Waste is, nonetheless, produced, which must be processed in an adequate manner.
Burning is an excellent way of processing waste and recycling energy since combustible waste is
burnt in a hygienic manner, reducing the volume to 5% while heat generated serves to generate
electricity for energy recycling. Shin-Koto Incineration Plant equipped with the state-of-the-art air
pollution preventive facilities plays an important role of processing waste produced within 23 cities in
Tokyo.
7
The Shin-Koto Incineration Plant’s Maket
1.1. Overview of The Clean Authority of Tokyo
The 23 cities and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government had discussed for many years their
respectives roles and institutional frameworks from viewpoints such as stronger autonomy of the
23 cities and the promotion of mega-city administration by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government
on an extensive scale.
One result of these discussions was that, on April, 2000, the duties of municipal waste
management were transferred to the 23 cities. At that time, it was decided that each of the 23
cities would independently manage its own waste collection and transfer, while management of
intermediate treatment (incineration, pulverization, etc.) was determined to be handed jointly.
This was due to the presence of some cities that had no incineration plant within their cities, and
for the purposes of optimizing treatment efficiency.
The Clean Authority of Tokyo is a special purpose municipal body established by the
consensus of the 23 cities, based on the Local Authority Act, in order to deal with this joint waste
management.
23 cities and the Clean Authority of Tokyo have consigned the landfill disposal operations to
the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which has established and manages landfill disposal sites.
8
1.2. Collections/Transfers of Waste and Resources
1.2.1. Collection
Each city sets collection days and areas depending on the type of waste, and conducts
efficient operations drafting operation plans that correspond to seasonal changes and
regional trends in waste amount. Waste processing in the 23 cities is free of charge for
thousand waste (excluding disposal of waste exceeding 10 kg per day), while large-sized
waste and business-generated waste are charged.
Waste collection from 23 cities in Tokyo
1.2.2. Transfer
Combustible Waste
Combustible waste is loaded onto collection vehicles (such as compaction type vehicle) on
collection sites, from which it is directly transferred to an incineration plant.
Incombustible Waste
Incombustible waste is transferred to either the Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing
Center or the Keihinjima Island Incombustible Waste Processing Center. Since both are
located on the waterfront, some cities have established land or boat transfer stations,
where waste is reloaded onto container vehicles or vessels for relayed transfer. Such
relayed transfer contributes to improved transfer efficiency, reduced traffic congestion,
and alleviation of air pollution due to exhaust.
Large-Sized Waste
Large-sized waste is delivered to the Large-Sized Waste Pulverization Processing Facility.
Cities that have a transfer station conduct relayed transfer by reloading it from smaller
collection vehicles onto large vehicles. Such relayed transfer contributes to improved
transfer efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and alleviation of air pollution due to
exhaust.
1.3. Intermediate Treatment of Waste
1.3.1. Processing Combustible Waste
9
Combustible waste is incinerated at 19 incineration plants in a safe, stable, and efficient
manner. Incineration prevents bacteria, vermin, and foul odor, and maintains a sanitary
environment. By incinerating waste, its volume is reduced to approximately onetwentieth. By recycling a part of bottom ash into cement materials, and by melting it into
slag, the amount going to the landfill is further reduced. Emmissions of hazardous
substances within exhaust and wastewater from the incineration plants is controlled and
reduced to lower impact on the environment. In an incineration plant, power generation
and heat supply are performed using the heat energy of waste incineration.
Waste processing
1.3.2. Improper Waste Disposal May Cause a Halt or Failure of Incinerators
Combustibles carried into incineration plants sometimes contain waste unsuitable for
incineration, such as metals, glass, or oversized waste that exceeds the disposal capacity
of the plant. Such improper waste may cause the halt or failure of incinerators, costing a
great deal of money and time before recovery. Once the facilities become incapable of
accepting waste, waste collection and transfer operations will be interrupted, seriously
affecting waste management in all 23 cities. Every year some incineration plants are
forced to stop operation due to improper waste. To prevent carry-in of improper waste,
and to ensure safe and stable plant operation, inspection of incoming waste is reinforced,
and awareness-raising activities are undertaken. Special weeks are also set to enhance the
above inspection and to perform close observation at platforms in each incineration plant.
Overall regular inspection on incoming waste is also conducted at all incineration plants, in
collaboration with the 23 cities.
1.3.3. Bottom Ash is Recycled as Cement Materials
10
When combustible waste is incinerated, bottom ash and fly ash are generated. Bottom
ash after removing ash to be melted into slag, as well as fly ash after processed with
chemicals, are sent to landfill disposal on the New Sea Surface Disposal Site, which has
been established and is managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Because it is
extremely difficult to find new landfill disposal sites in the Tokyo Port, a full-scale initiative
has been undertaken to recycle bottom ash into cement materials, for the purpose of
reducing the amount of landfill disposal and achieving more efficient use of resources.
Through this project in 2015, 5000 tons of bottom ash was used as cement materials. In
the initiatives for recycling bottom ash into cement materials, bottom ash that is
generated in incineration plants is transferred to private cement factories by freight
vehicles/trains, and efficiently used as Portland cement materials. Cement materials
include limestone, clay, silica, iron materials, and plaster. Bottom ash is used as a
substitute for clay.
Some stuffs made from recycled waste
1.3.4. Bottom Ash is Melted Into Slag
When bottom ash is melted at a high temperature of over 1.200 ˚C (2,192 ˚F) and then
rapidly cooled, it turns into sandy slag. As slag, the volume is almost half that of ash, and
approximately one-fortieth of is original state as waste. The process of making slag
decomposes dioxins within the ash, and traps heavy metals inside, thereby making it safe
and efficient for use as construction material etc.
1.3.5. Environmental Measures to Prevent Exhaust and Wastewater Emmissions
Measure
Overview
Measures
to Soot and dust
Removed by bag filters
counter exhaust Dioxins
Generation of dioxins is restricted trough control
emissions
of waste incineration process, and their recomposition in prevented by repaid cooling of
exhaust in the cooling tower. Dioxins are also
removed by bag filters, and decomposed in the
catalyst reaction tower using catalyst.
Mercury
Removed by adsorption into activated carbo in bag
filters and by liquid chelate in the gas scrubber.
Hydrogen chlorides and Removed by injecting slaked time into bag filters,
11
sulfur oxides
and through a chemical reaction with caustic soda
solution in the gas scrubber.
Nitrogen oxides
Decomposed in the catalyst reaction tower
through a reaction with ammonia.
Measures to counter wastewater
Wastewater is treated in the wastewater
treatment facilities to meet the standard value,
and released into the sewer.
Measures
to Waste bunkers
Air form inside the waste bunker is sent to the
counter odor
incinerator, where odor is incinerated and
decomposed.
Platforms
Entrances/exits are sealed with air curtains, and
deodorizing agents are spread.
Waste
collection A washing facilities for collection vehicles is
vehicles
installed.
Measures to counter noise and vibration
Care is taken for the layout of machinery.
Soundproof walls and vibration-control equipment
are installed.
Environmental measures for bottom ash and Ash is melted and hazardous substances are
fly ash
stabilized using chemicals.
1.3.6. Putting The Heat Energy Generated from Incineration to Beneficial Use
Incineration plants use the heat energy generated from waste incineration beneficially in
power generation and in supplying energy. Electricity and hot water produced at plants
are used within facilities to operate the plant, thereby reducing electricity purchase and
fuel costs. Surplus electricity is sold to power companies.. All of the plant sell electricity,
and four plants sell heat as hot water to other facilities. Sales performance in FY 2015 is
shown in the table on the right.
1.3.7. Processing Incombustible Waste and Large-Sized Waste
Incombustible waste is pulverized before sent to landfill disposal
Incombustible waste is process at two incombustible waste processing center. The
process is divided into pulverization and separation. Incombustible waste is pulverization
to reduce its volume, so that an efficient use of landfill sites is made possible.
Incombustibles also contain recyclable resources, such as ferrous metals aluminum, which
are separated and collected.
Large-sized waste treatment process differs by property of waste
Large-sized waste is separated into combustible large-sized waste, such as wooden
furniture, and into incombustible large-sized waste, such as bicycles. The separation work
is performed manually at large-size waste transfer stations in each city, or at the receiving
yard of the large-sized waste pulverization process facility. Combustible residue after
pulverization is incinerated at the incineration plant, while incombustible residue is sent to
landfill disposal sites.
1.4. Landfill Disposal Sites Established and Managed by Tokyo Metropolitan Government
12
At the Outer Central Breakwater Landfill Disposal Site and New Sea Surface Disposal site,
established and management by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Residue after treating
general waste in the 23 Cities, waste from municipal facilities such as sewage sludge, and
industrial waste from small and medium-sized companies in Tokyo are put the landfill disposal.
Landfill disposal site
Combustible waste and combustible part of large-sized waste after pulverization are
incinerated. A part of the bottom ash is recycled into cement materials into slag. While the
remainder of bottom ash and chemically treated fly ash goes to landfill. Incombustible wasteBV is
pulverized, while ferrous metals and aluminum are recovered as resources, before the residue is
buried into landfill. Large-sized waste is pulverized, while ferrous metals are recovered as
resources, before the incombustible residue is buried into landfill, In addition to waste, materials
from dredging the sea rivers as well as fill generated by construction (dirt and sand) are buried in
landfill, but are placed separately from waste because their treatment method differs.
Comparison with Waste Management in Jakarta
With all the glitz and glam that surround life in Jakarta, many people do not realize that the city
would be rendered dysfunctional if not for the existence of TPST (Tempat Pengelolaan Sampah
Terpadu or Integrated Waste Management Center) Bantar Gebang, a place associated with waste, dirt,
terrible odour, diseases, and vermin. With Jakarta’s waste production rate now stands at a staggering
six thousand tons per day, imagine what would happen if Bantar Gebang stops operating, even for just
one day.
TPST Bantar Gebang started in the 1980s, when the government of Jakarta began to look into the
issue of waste management. In January 1985, the development agency of Greater Jakarta area
formally sent a letter to the regent of Bekasi to clear the land in Bantar Gebang, and the request was
approved by Yogie SM, then-governor of West Java, in January 1986. Almost thirty years later, Bantar
Gebang is now a 110-hectare wide area full of waste, with mountains of trash as far and high as the
eye can see. As a compensation, now the provincial government of Jakarta pays a fee of IDR 123,000
13
per ton of waste. Around 20% of this amount is managed by the city government of Bekasi to develop
the area around Bantar Gebang.
In 2008, the government launched a plan to convert the methane gas produced by the waste in
Bantar Gebang into electricity. However, Tempo reported last year that the project is making a loss.
From the targeted 26 MW of electricity, only 6.6 MW can be produced after six years of operation.
These 6.6 MW is valued at IDR 10 billion, much less than the investment of IDR 460 billion that has
been procured to obtain the necessary infrastructure.
Fortunately, not all hope is lost for the electricity project. The crux of the problem is that
Jakartans don’t sort their trash before piling them in Bantar Gebang. As a result, the mix of organic
and non-organic waste produce more dirty water rather than methane gas. According to Renie Elvina
Tiurma, leader of a Jakarta-based recycling initiative, the Green Project, around 48% of an average
household’s waste is recyclable and a further 40% can be made into compost, but there is simply no
awareness among the people to self-manage their trash.
Recommendations
First and foremost is to instil a sense of responsibility in the people for managing their own
waste, or sorting it at the very least. On a higher level, the government can start to build incineration
plants that could convert waste to energy, a scheme that has been successfully conducted in
Singapore. Companies can also play a part, not only by carefully managing the by-products and waste
of their factories, but also by using their CSR funds to educate scavengers and set up waste banks.
Waste management is a complex and multi-faceted problem to solve, but it also holds great promises.
14
THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT SEMINAR &
VISIT TO CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO
(Shin-Koto Incineration Plant)
TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
Humanizing Collaboration between Indonesia & Japan
Written By:
Muhammad Irvan Widya
Student ID. (120820160011)
Master of Management Program
Faculty of Economics and Business
Padjadjaran University
15 – 19 May 2017
Tokyo, Japan
1.
MARKETING ANALYSIS REPORT
Tsukiji Fish Market
Tsukiji Market is a large wholesale market for fish, fruits and vegetables in central Tokyo. It is the
most famous of over ten wholesale markets that handle the distribution of food and flowers in Tokyo.
Tsukiji Market is best known as one of the world's largest fish markets, handling over 2,000 tons of
marine products per day. Tsukiji Market consists of an inner market where most of the wholesale
business and the famous tuna auctions are taking place, and an outer market whose retail shops and
1
restaurants cater to the public. A few restaurants are also found in the inner market.
Tsukiji Fish Market
Political
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government arranges an extra spending measure of around ¥9 billion
($79.43 million) to compensate businesses for losses stemming from the postponed relocation of the
Tsukiji Fish Market. More spending may also be necessary in coming years because it remains unclear
when the market will move to its new site in the Toyosu area, given the recent discovery of high-level
toxins in the groundwater there. Fish, fruit and vegetable businesses that prepared to move to Toyosu
2
have collectively invested about ¥30 billion in new equipment and other items.
Economic
The Tsukiji Central Wholesale Market processes over five million pounds of seafood every day;
the flagship within an extensive metropolitan and national market network. Within that system (and
worldwide) Tsukiji is the largest market of its kind, handing almost all seafood consumed in Tokyo.
Marine life of all forms - over 450 different kinds imported from local and international waters -
establishes the common link between fishers, distributors, government officials, wholesalers,
merchants, restaurants, consumers and even tourists. It is a highly regarded institution in Tokyo for
several reasons, not the least of which include its prominent position within Japanese food culture, its
role as an indicator of national economic stability and its direct ties to broader networks of
international exchange (Bestor: 2004).
1
2
www.japan-guide.com
www.japantimes.co.jp
2
Tsukiji Outer Market
Social
One of the Tsukiji Fish Market’s main activities is auction. Tsukiji Market consists of an inner
market where most of the wholesale business and the famous tuna auctions are taking place. The
auctions start around 5:20 a.m. Bids can only be made by licensed participants. These bidders include
intermediate wholesalers who operate stalls in the marketplace and other licensed buyers who are
agents for restaurants, food processing companies, and large retailers. The auctions usually end
around 10:00 a.m. The interaction between the seller and bidder in the auction process, made the
social aspect in Tsukiji Fish Market more intense.
Technology
Like other traditional market, Tsukiji Fish Market’s layout is not-much-different. The wholesale
area consists of hundreds of small stands in a large, crowded hall, where buyers and sellers hurry
along narrow lanes with their carts and trucks. The sight of the many kinds of fresh seafood and the
busy atmosphere of scooters, trucks, sellers and buyers hurrying around. The auction process is also
carried out traditionally. The sellers rings the bell, as a sign of the auction has started. And the buyer
raises his hands, to make a bid.
Legal
Tsukiji operates under authorization from national legislation and under supervision of the
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), but is directly regulated and administered by a
local government, in this case the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG).
a. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), supervises Central Wholesale Markets
throughout the country, licenses fishing and some distribution activities, and authorizes
municipal authorities to operate local Central Wholesale Markets.
b. Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG), owns and maintains the marketplace's facilities, licenses
some businesses within the marketplace, and provides overall regulatory supervision of the
3
marketplace.
3
Bestor, 1992, Auctions and Institutional Integration in the Tsukiji Wholesale Fish Market, Tokyo, Columbia
University
3
Tsukiji Inner Market
Environmental
Tokyo Governor, Yuriko Koike has reportedly decided to postpone the planned November 2016
relocation of the famed Tsukiji fish market amid ongoing concerns over soil contamination at the new
Toyosu site. The pollution problem emerged in 2001 when Tokyo Gas Co., which operated a gas plant
at the site from 1956 to 1988, revealed that the soil contained high levels of toxic chemicals such as
lead, arsenic, hexavalent chromium, cyanogen and benzene. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has
claimed the new site won’t pose any health problems either for Tsukiji workers or fish consumers. The
metropolitan government has removed surface soil to 2 meters in depth at Toyosu and replaced it
4
with new soil. It also plans to keep monitoring the groundwater for contaminants.
Recommendation
Indonesia, especially in Muara Angke, Jakarta also has the fish market that one of its main
activities is fish auction. Indonesian Government, especially Jakarta Province Government should learn
from Japan in managing Tsukiji Fish Market. Restructurising, modernization, and renovation of the
traditional market is a must to do. With good management, traditional market can become the
worldwide fish market that can bring tourists from all over the world
4
www.japantimes.co.jp
4
2.
CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS REPORT
Education System in Japan
The Japanese education system set up right after World War II has remained more or less the
same ever since. Subsequently, the Law on the Establishment of National Schools was implemented in
1949 as a new framework for national universities. The system for colleges of technology was
established in 1962 to provide a unified 5-year period of education for lower secondary school
graduates in response to increased need for diverse human resources brought by industrial economic
development. In 1964, 2 or 3-year junior college programs which had been temporarily established in
1950 were provided as a permanent system under the School Education Law. The early 1960s saw the
introduction of colleges of technology, see Higher professional education, with the 1990s marking the
introduction of unified secondary education schools. The system was influenced by both the German
education system (faculties) and the US system (broad general education at the higher education
institutions). In the 60s and 70s the number of higher education institutions increased considerably,
showing a strong growth of the private sector (junior colleges). Since the 1980s, Japan has focused on
internationalising its higher education. International students studying in Japan were formerly
required to complete a Japanese language test, as all education was provided exclusively in Japanese.
This situation is currently changing, with a gradually increasing number of study programmes being
offered in English, due to the recent internationalisation strategies at both government and university
5
levels.
Takushoku University
Currently, Japan has become a country which has big influences in the world, especially in Asia.
One of the influences is about its the educational system. Japan’s educational system is well-known as
one of the best in the world. The reason of this, because Japan is the only country that successfully
achieved modernization without losing its identity. There are several characteristics of Japanese
society that resulted from Japan’s educational system: high level of average performance; good
planning and execution; high level of adherence to norms and rules; and good at working in groups.
The essence of Japanese culture is considered capable of strengthening the application of its
educational value as they have been understood for a long time by Japanese people. The Japanese
people managed to defend their culture in a very good way, but uniquely it is still modern. Japan is
unique in culture. Religion does not seem important in Japan, but religious values are practiced well.
Japan prioritizes harmony in relations among humans.
5
Publication of Nuffic, The Dutch Organisation for Internationalisation in Education
5
Recommendations
There are many valuable lessons that could be learned from Japanese characteristics to be
applied in Indonesia, such as the culture of hygiene, honesty, modesty, teamwork, independence,
responsibility, discipline, and reading culture. One of the ways that the Indonesian Government can fix
its education system, is by inducting the “Manners” subject that teaches honesty, modesty, teamwork,
independence, responsibility, discipline, and reading culture, like the values that held by Japanese in
each of their activities. With these values are implemented in early education, then a better Indonesia
society will be achieved, that will hold an important role in Indonesia's development in the future.
Japanese students in school uniform
6
3.
COMPANY VISIT ANALYSIS REPORT
In our trip to Japan, we visited the Shin-Koto Incineration Plant too. The Shin-Koto Incineration
Plant is Tokyo’s waste management.
Company visit to Shin-Koto Incineration Plant
In this place, waste from entire Tokyo will be managed and turned into beneficial things, such as
water bottle, clothes, and other things. Influence exerted on the environment by human activities has
become one of the global issues. Waste disposal is part of such an issue. In order to bring a solution to
the issue, it is important to reduce waste as little as possible and promote the recycling of waste as a
resource. Waste is, nonetheless, produced, which must be processed in an adequate manner.
Burning is an excellent way of processing waste and recycling energy since combustible waste is
burnt in a hygienic manner, reducing the volume to 5% while heat generated serves to generate
electricity for energy recycling. Shin-Koto Incineration Plant equipped with the state-of-the-art air
pollution preventive facilities plays an important role of processing waste produced within 23 cities in
Tokyo.
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The Shin-Koto Incineration Plant’s Maket
1.1. Overview of The Clean Authority of Tokyo
The 23 cities and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government had discussed for many years their
respectives roles and institutional frameworks from viewpoints such as stronger autonomy of the
23 cities and the promotion of mega-city administration by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government
on an extensive scale.
One result of these discussions was that, on April, 2000, the duties of municipal waste
management were transferred to the 23 cities. At that time, it was decided that each of the 23
cities would independently manage its own waste collection and transfer, while management of
intermediate treatment (incineration, pulverization, etc.) was determined to be handed jointly.
This was due to the presence of some cities that had no incineration plant within their cities, and
for the purposes of optimizing treatment efficiency.
The Clean Authority of Tokyo is a special purpose municipal body established by the
consensus of the 23 cities, based on the Local Authority Act, in order to deal with this joint waste
management.
23 cities and the Clean Authority of Tokyo have consigned the landfill disposal operations to
the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which has established and manages landfill disposal sites.
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1.2. Collections/Transfers of Waste and Resources
1.2.1. Collection
Each city sets collection days and areas depending on the type of waste, and conducts
efficient operations drafting operation plans that correspond to seasonal changes and
regional trends in waste amount. Waste processing in the 23 cities is free of charge for
thousand waste (excluding disposal of waste exceeding 10 kg per day), while large-sized
waste and business-generated waste are charged.
Waste collection from 23 cities in Tokyo
1.2.2. Transfer
Combustible Waste
Combustible waste is loaded onto collection vehicles (such as compaction type vehicle) on
collection sites, from which it is directly transferred to an incineration plant.
Incombustible Waste
Incombustible waste is transferred to either the Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing
Center or the Keihinjima Island Incombustible Waste Processing Center. Since both are
located on the waterfront, some cities have established land or boat transfer stations,
where waste is reloaded onto container vehicles or vessels for relayed transfer. Such
relayed transfer contributes to improved transfer efficiency, reduced traffic congestion,
and alleviation of air pollution due to exhaust.
Large-Sized Waste
Large-sized waste is delivered to the Large-Sized Waste Pulverization Processing Facility.
Cities that have a transfer station conduct relayed transfer by reloading it from smaller
collection vehicles onto large vehicles. Such relayed transfer contributes to improved
transfer efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and alleviation of air pollution due to
exhaust.
1.3. Intermediate Treatment of Waste
1.3.1. Processing Combustible Waste
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Combustible waste is incinerated at 19 incineration plants in a safe, stable, and efficient
manner. Incineration prevents bacteria, vermin, and foul odor, and maintains a sanitary
environment. By incinerating waste, its volume is reduced to approximately onetwentieth. By recycling a part of bottom ash into cement materials, and by melting it into
slag, the amount going to the landfill is further reduced. Emmissions of hazardous
substances within exhaust and wastewater from the incineration plants is controlled and
reduced to lower impact on the environment. In an incineration plant, power generation
and heat supply are performed using the heat energy of waste incineration.
Waste processing
1.3.2. Improper Waste Disposal May Cause a Halt or Failure of Incinerators
Combustibles carried into incineration plants sometimes contain waste unsuitable for
incineration, such as metals, glass, or oversized waste that exceeds the disposal capacity
of the plant. Such improper waste may cause the halt or failure of incinerators, costing a
great deal of money and time before recovery. Once the facilities become incapable of
accepting waste, waste collection and transfer operations will be interrupted, seriously
affecting waste management in all 23 cities. Every year some incineration plants are
forced to stop operation due to improper waste. To prevent carry-in of improper waste,
and to ensure safe and stable plant operation, inspection of incoming waste is reinforced,
and awareness-raising activities are undertaken. Special weeks are also set to enhance the
above inspection and to perform close observation at platforms in each incineration plant.
Overall regular inspection on incoming waste is also conducted at all incineration plants, in
collaboration with the 23 cities.
1.3.3. Bottom Ash is Recycled as Cement Materials
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When combustible waste is incinerated, bottom ash and fly ash are generated. Bottom
ash after removing ash to be melted into slag, as well as fly ash after processed with
chemicals, are sent to landfill disposal on the New Sea Surface Disposal Site, which has
been established and is managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Because it is
extremely difficult to find new landfill disposal sites in the Tokyo Port, a full-scale initiative
has been undertaken to recycle bottom ash into cement materials, for the purpose of
reducing the amount of landfill disposal and achieving more efficient use of resources.
Through this project in 2015, 5000 tons of bottom ash was used as cement materials. In
the initiatives for recycling bottom ash into cement materials, bottom ash that is
generated in incineration plants is transferred to private cement factories by freight
vehicles/trains, and efficiently used as Portland cement materials. Cement materials
include limestone, clay, silica, iron materials, and plaster. Bottom ash is used as a
substitute for clay.
Some stuffs made from recycled waste
1.3.4. Bottom Ash is Melted Into Slag
When bottom ash is melted at a high temperature of over 1.200 ˚C (2,192 ˚F) and then
rapidly cooled, it turns into sandy slag. As slag, the volume is almost half that of ash, and
approximately one-fortieth of is original state as waste. The process of making slag
decomposes dioxins within the ash, and traps heavy metals inside, thereby making it safe
and efficient for use as construction material etc.
1.3.5. Environmental Measures to Prevent Exhaust and Wastewater Emmissions
Measure
Overview
Measures
to Soot and dust
Removed by bag filters
counter exhaust Dioxins
Generation of dioxins is restricted trough control
emissions
of waste incineration process, and their recomposition in prevented by repaid cooling of
exhaust in the cooling tower. Dioxins are also
removed by bag filters, and decomposed in the
catalyst reaction tower using catalyst.
Mercury
Removed by adsorption into activated carbo in bag
filters and by liquid chelate in the gas scrubber.
Hydrogen chlorides and Removed by injecting slaked time into bag filters,
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sulfur oxides
and through a chemical reaction with caustic soda
solution in the gas scrubber.
Nitrogen oxides
Decomposed in the catalyst reaction tower
through a reaction with ammonia.
Measures to counter wastewater
Wastewater is treated in the wastewater
treatment facilities to meet the standard value,
and released into the sewer.
Measures
to Waste bunkers
Air form inside the waste bunker is sent to the
counter odor
incinerator, where odor is incinerated and
decomposed.
Platforms
Entrances/exits are sealed with air curtains, and
deodorizing agents are spread.
Waste
collection A washing facilities for collection vehicles is
vehicles
installed.
Measures to counter noise and vibration
Care is taken for the layout of machinery.
Soundproof walls and vibration-control equipment
are installed.
Environmental measures for bottom ash and Ash is melted and hazardous substances are
fly ash
stabilized using chemicals.
1.3.6. Putting The Heat Energy Generated from Incineration to Beneficial Use
Incineration plants use the heat energy generated from waste incineration beneficially in
power generation and in supplying energy. Electricity and hot water produced at plants
are used within facilities to operate the plant, thereby reducing electricity purchase and
fuel costs. Surplus electricity is sold to power companies.. All of the plant sell electricity,
and four plants sell heat as hot water to other facilities. Sales performance in FY 2015 is
shown in the table on the right.
1.3.7. Processing Incombustible Waste and Large-Sized Waste
Incombustible waste is pulverized before sent to landfill disposal
Incombustible waste is process at two incombustible waste processing center. The
process is divided into pulverization and separation. Incombustible waste is pulverization
to reduce its volume, so that an efficient use of landfill sites is made possible.
Incombustibles also contain recyclable resources, such as ferrous metals aluminum, which
are separated and collected.
Large-sized waste treatment process differs by property of waste
Large-sized waste is separated into combustible large-sized waste, such as wooden
furniture, and into incombustible large-sized waste, such as bicycles. The separation work
is performed manually at large-size waste transfer stations in each city, or at the receiving
yard of the large-sized waste pulverization process facility. Combustible residue after
pulverization is incinerated at the incineration plant, while incombustible residue is sent to
landfill disposal sites.
1.4. Landfill Disposal Sites Established and Managed by Tokyo Metropolitan Government
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At the Outer Central Breakwater Landfill Disposal Site and New Sea Surface Disposal site,
established and management by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Residue after treating
general waste in the 23 Cities, waste from municipal facilities such as sewage sludge, and
industrial waste from small and medium-sized companies in Tokyo are put the landfill disposal.
Landfill disposal site
Combustible waste and combustible part of large-sized waste after pulverization are
incinerated. A part of the bottom ash is recycled into cement materials into slag. While the
remainder of bottom ash and chemically treated fly ash goes to landfill. Incombustible wasteBV is
pulverized, while ferrous metals and aluminum are recovered as resources, before the residue is
buried into landfill. Large-sized waste is pulverized, while ferrous metals are recovered as
resources, before the incombustible residue is buried into landfill, In addition to waste, materials
from dredging the sea rivers as well as fill generated by construction (dirt and sand) are buried in
landfill, but are placed separately from waste because their treatment method differs.
Comparison with Waste Management in Jakarta
With all the glitz and glam that surround life in Jakarta, many people do not realize that the city
would be rendered dysfunctional if not for the existence of TPST (Tempat Pengelolaan Sampah
Terpadu or Integrated Waste Management Center) Bantar Gebang, a place associated with waste, dirt,
terrible odour, diseases, and vermin. With Jakarta’s waste production rate now stands at a staggering
six thousand tons per day, imagine what would happen if Bantar Gebang stops operating, even for just
one day.
TPST Bantar Gebang started in the 1980s, when the government of Jakarta began to look into the
issue of waste management. In January 1985, the development agency of Greater Jakarta area
formally sent a letter to the regent of Bekasi to clear the land in Bantar Gebang, and the request was
approved by Yogie SM, then-governor of West Java, in January 1986. Almost thirty years later, Bantar
Gebang is now a 110-hectare wide area full of waste, with mountains of trash as far and high as the
eye can see. As a compensation, now the provincial government of Jakarta pays a fee of IDR 123,000
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per ton of waste. Around 20% of this amount is managed by the city government of Bekasi to develop
the area around Bantar Gebang.
In 2008, the government launched a plan to convert the methane gas produced by the waste in
Bantar Gebang into electricity. However, Tempo reported last year that the project is making a loss.
From the targeted 26 MW of electricity, only 6.6 MW can be produced after six years of operation.
These 6.6 MW is valued at IDR 10 billion, much less than the investment of IDR 460 billion that has
been procured to obtain the necessary infrastructure.
Fortunately, not all hope is lost for the electricity project. The crux of the problem is that
Jakartans don’t sort their trash before piling them in Bantar Gebang. As a result, the mix of organic
and non-organic waste produce more dirty water rather than methane gas. According to Renie Elvina
Tiurma, leader of a Jakarta-based recycling initiative, the Green Project, around 48% of an average
household’s waste is recyclable and a further 40% can be made into compost, but there is simply no
awareness among the people to self-manage their trash.
Recommendations
First and foremost is to instil a sense of responsibility in the people for managing their own
waste, or sorting it at the very least. On a higher level, the government can start to build incineration
plants that could convert waste to energy, a scheme that has been successfully conducted in
Singapore. Companies can also play a part, not only by carefully managing the by-products and waste
of their factories, but also by using their CSR funds to educate scavengers and set up waste banks.
Waste management is a complex and multi-faceted problem to solve, but it also holds great promises.
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