ANNEMARIE AS A SYMBOL OF DENMARK DURING THE OCCUPATION OF NAZI AS SEEN IN LOIS LOWRY’S NUMBER THE STARS
ANNEMARIE AS A SYMBOL OF DENMARK DURING THE OCCUPATION OF NAZI AS SEEN IN LOIS LOWRY’S NUMBER THE STARS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
YEREMIAS NARDI CAHYANTO
Student Number: 024214095
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
ANNEMARIE AS A SYMBOL OF DENMARK DURING THE OCCUPATION OF NAZI AS SEEN IN LOIS LOWRY’S NUMBER THE STARS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
YEREMIAS NARDI CAHYANTO
Student Number: 024214095
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Univesitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Yeremias Nardi Cahyanto Nomor mahasiswa : 024214095 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
Annemarie as a Symbol of Denmark during The Occupation of
Nazi as Seen in Lois Lowry’s Number the StarsBersama perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberika royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 30 April 2009 Yang menyatakan, (Yeremias Nardi Cahyanto)
We spend our whole lives searching
for All the things we think we want
And never really knowing what we have
(THE ATARIS) For my Beloved Family - The Saimans
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deepest gratitude goes to God Almighty for His blessings of health, strength, and inspiration. Because of Him, this undergraduate thesis is finally completed.
I would like to express my best gratitude to my advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum., for his time, guidance, and supports in correcting my thesis.
I would also like to thank my co-advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the corrections and suggestions that make this undergraduate thesis better.
My best gratitude is for my family; my father, Laurentius Saiman, and my mother, Maria Rusilah Karniyati, for their love, guidance, and patience through all these years. I would like to thank my sister, Elizabeth Nita Kurniasih, and my brother, Martinus Bangkit Riandito, for being such great friends and foes at the same time.
I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved counselor, Tiara, for her critics, suggestions, supports, and prayers. Without you this undergraduate thesis could not be finished. Thank you for everything.
I would like to thank Mrs. Retno Muljani and all the staff of Language Institute, Sanata Dharma University for the amazing experiences that I had when I worked there. I specially thank Mas Sandi who becomes my mentor and partner at work, thank you for all the knowledge you gave me.
I would like to thank my little sister, Vega, who teaches me to appreciate My special thank goes to Hendol, Nico, Sunny, Supra DIY, Jupri, Alfa, Ndut, Alam, Shree, Bondan, Diandra, Debbie, Tika, Nana, The Crew of Panggung Boneka, and The Cangkrings for the fantastic moments we had. I would also like to thank Bapet, Bayu, Odhe, Heru, and Salman for the friendship and the adventures we share together.
Last but not least, I would like to thank everyone who supports me to finish my undergraduate thesis. I love you all! Yeremias Nardi Cahyanto
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGEMOTTO PAGE
DEDICATION PAGE
Problem Formulation ……………………………………………… 4 C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………… 4 D.
……………………………………………………………. 52
Setting of the Novel ………………………………………. 37 2. Symbols depicted in the Novel ……..…………………….. 39
during the Occupation of Nazi ……………………………………. 37 1.
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………………. 6 A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………… 6 B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………………. 8 1. Theories of Character and Characterization ………………. 8 2. Theories of Setting ………………………………………… 12 3. Theories of Symbol ……………………………………….. 13 C. Denmark during the Occupation of Nazi …………………………. 15 D. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………… 22
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………….. 24
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………... 24 B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………….… 24 C. Method of the Study ………………………………………………. 26CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ………………………………………………… 28
A. Analysis on Annemarie’s Characteristics …………………………. 28 B. Analysis on How Annemarie’s Characteristics Symbolize DenmarkDefinition of Terms ………………………………………………. 5
………………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………………. 1 B.
………………………………………………………………… i
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
…………………………………………………………………… xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………… ix
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………. x ABSTRAK………………………………………………… vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
………………………………………………………. vi
……………………………………………………………… v
APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………. ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………………… iii
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………….. 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
YEREMIAS NARDI CAHYANTO. Annemarie as a Symbol of Denmark
during The Occupation of Nazi as Seen in Lois Lowry’s Number the Stars.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009. is one of Lois Lowry’s novels. The novel tells about aNumber the Stars
ten-year-old girl’s effort to save her Jewish friend from the Nazis that try to relocate all the Danish Jews in Denmark. Through the main character, Annemarie, Lowry wants to illustrate how Denmark as a nation faces the difficult situation that can endanger their unity as a nation. Annemarie’s characterization, way of thinking and action symbolize Denmark’s struggle to save their Jewish citizens.
There are two problem formulations formulated in this undergraduate thesis; (1) What are the characteristics of Annemarie?, (2) In what way does Annemarie symbolize Denmark during the occupation of Nazi?. The objectives of this undergraduate thesis are; first, to find out how Annemarie is characterized. Second, to find out how the characteristics of Annemarie symbolize Denmark’s characteristics as a nation.
Since this study focused on literary work, the writer used library research as the method of study. The primary source used in this paper mostly gained from the novel itself, Number the Stars, as the main data, that is by having a close reading on the novel. The secondary sources were, among others, taken from the internet, articles, and books which contained related information that is needed in this undergraduate thesis. To strengthen the analysis, a social-historical approach is employed.
Through the analysis, it is found that Annemarie’s characteristics take an important role in the whole story. These characteristics are used in such an interesting way to symbolize Denmark. Lowry smartly describes the struggle of Denmark people to save their fellowmen through the character of Annemarie; a little girl who dares to fight the Nazi to save her best friend. In addition, this undergraduate thesis is expected to give some more knowledge to the reader about Denmark and their struggles; the struggles of a little country to save their fellow countrymen.
ABSTRAK
YEREMIAS NARDI CAHYANTO. Annemarie as a Symbol of Denmark
during The Occupation of Nazi as Seen in Lois Lowry’s Number the Stars.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2009. adalah salah satu novel karya Lois Lowry. NovelNumber the Stars
tersebut mengisahkan tentang perjuangan seorang anak perempuan berusia 10 tahun untuk menyelamatkan teman Yahudi-nya dari para tentara Nazi yang berusaha untuk merelokasi semua warga Denmark keturunan Yahudi di Denmark. Melalui Annemarie, tokoh utama dalam novel tersebut, Lowry ingin menunjukkan bagaimana Denmark sebagai sebuah negara menghadapi situasi sulit yang dapat membahayakan keutuhan bangsa mereka. Penokohan, cara berpikir, dan aksi Annemarie menyimbolkan perjuangan Denmark untuk menyelamatkan warga Yahudi-nya.
Ada dua pokok permasalahan yang dirumuskan dalam studi ini: (1) Apa saja karakteristik dari Annemarie?, (2) Dalam hal apa, Annemarie menyimbolkan Denmark saat pendudukan Nazi?. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah; pertama, untuk menemukan bagaimana Annemarie digambarkan. Kedua, untuk menemukan bagaimana penggambaran Annemarie menyimbolkan karakteristik Denmark sebagai sebuah negara.
Karena studi ini menitikberatkan pada karya sastra, maka penulis menggunakan studi pustaka sebagai metode penelitian. Sumber data utama sebagian besar didapatkan dari novel Number the Stars, yaitu dengan cara membaca novel tersebut dengan seksama. Sumber data yang lain didapatkan dari internet, artikel-artikel dan buku-buku yang memiliki informasi untuk menunjang skripsi ini. Untuk memperkuat analisis, digunakan pendekatan sosio-historis.
Dari analisis dapat diketahui bahwa karakteristik dari Annemarie memiliki peran penting dalam cerita tersebut. Karakteristik ini digunakan dengan cara yang menarik untuk menyimbolkan Denmark. Lowry dengan cerdik menjabarkan perjuangan rakyat Denmark untuk menyelamatkan teman sebangsa mereka melalui tokoh Annemarie, seorang anak perempuan yang berani melawan tentara Nazi untuk menyelamatkan sahabatnya. Terlebih, studi ini diharapkan dapat memberikan pengetahuan lebih kepada pembaca mengenai Denmark dan perjuangannya; perjuangan sebuah negara kecil untuk menyelamatkan teman sebangsanya.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study There are many things that influence the work of a writer. Social condition
is one of the most influential things. The place where someone lives and the situation surrounds his or her life often becomes one’s inspiration to write a piece of work. Even some writers do not realize that their social background influence their way of writing. Lois Lowry is a writer who employs certain social condition as her source to create a piece of work. Other themes Lowry employs in her works are family, friendship, war, and death.
Lowry has a very unique style in her way of writing. Being different from other writers, she always tries to portray realistic life experiences to her audience.
Her first work is A Summer to Die which was published in 1977. It tells about a thirteen year-old girl who has to face the death of her older sister. In this work, Lowry takes her own experience of life as her main source. Her older sister, Helen, died when she was young and she tries to tell the effect of such a loss on a family. Because of that book, she received the 1978 International Reading Association's Children's Book Award. Since that time she has written more than twenty novels which include two John Newbery Award books: Number the Stars and The Giver.
Number the Stars was written based on the experience of Lowry’s friend, did by the Nazis. The setting of the novel is in Denmark in 1943 during the occupation of the Nazis. It tells about a ten-year-old girl’s effort to save her Jewish friend from the Nazis that try to relocate all the Danish Jews in Denmark.
Both Lowry and Platt were children in wartime. Lowry’s father was an Army officer and was overseas in the pacific when Lowry grew up, so her childhood was pretty much affected by the war. But Platt’s childhood was totally different from Lowry’s. Lowry grew up in New York where anything could be found easily, while Platt grew up in Copenhagen that had been occupied by the Nazis. Her childhood was haunted by fear, terror, and insufficiency.
She described being cold, wearing mittens to bed because they had no heat. The food was in short supply during the years of Nazi’s occupation (Grimhaw, May 11, 2005) <http://www.yrbe.edu.on.ca/_mkvlss/racerel/ wmrace2.html>.
By listening to her friend’s story, Lowry got an idea to write about her friend’s experience of life. Through her work, she wanted everyone to know what really happened to all the Danish Jews during that time when they were hunted by the Nazis through her fiction based on a true story, a novel entitled Number the
. Since Number the Stars based on a true story, therefore the history in
Stars
is real, though the characters and the plot in the novel are
Number the Stars fiction, Lowry tries to make it as real as possible.
The fact that Number the Stars based on true story is stated in Haanen’s essay concerning on Lowry’s work; The story is based on stories told to Lowry by one of her friends whose family was personally affected by the war. Most of the information about Copenhagen and Denmark are true, as Lowry wanted to make to numb the senses of search dogs are all true (Haanen, May 11, 2005) Based on the quotation above, it could be said that Copenhagen and
Denmark are the settings of the novel as well as the real settings of Annelise Platt’s experience. The real situation and social condition happened in Denmark and Copenhagen are well-portrayed in the novel. There are some important events happen in Denmark, especially in Copenhagen that are highlighted in the novel, such as the Danish Resistance, Jewish relocation, the smuggling of people to Sweden, and the handkerchief used to numb the senses of German’s search dogs. Lowry’s becomes the main source of this undergraduate
Number the Stars
thesis. This novel will be explored and analyzed in the analysis. This novel, is chosen because of its interesting story. Moreover, the novel
Number the Stars,
also brings factual events which are believed can enrich the readers understanding on Nazi occupation and the history of Denmark itself.
In this undergraduate thesis the writer wants to show that Annemarie as the main character in the novel becomes Lowry’s means to symbolize Denmark society. Through the main character, Annemarie, Lowry wants to illustrate how Denmark as a nation faces the difficult situation that can endanger their unity as a nation. Annemarie’s characterization, way of thinking and action symbolize Denmark’s struggle to save their Jewish citizens.
The writer finds it interesting to analyze Annemarie’s characteristics as a symbol of Denmark as a nation, because Lowry uses the character of a little girl to symbolize the bravery of Denmark society. As we know that Denmark is a very
The topic arises in this undergraduate thesis is Annemarie as a Symbol of
Denmark During the Occupation of Nazi as Seen in Lois Lowry’s Number the
Stars. Here, the main character becomes the focus of this undergraduate thesis,
since Annemarie’s role in the story is really important in order to picture the struggle of the Danes.
B. Problem Formulation
There are two questions which are formulated as the problems of this undergraduate thesis:
1. What are the characteristics of Annemarie? 2.
In what way does Annemarie symbolize Denmark during the occupation of Nazi?
C. Objectives of the Study
The objective of this study is to find out the answer of the problem formulation in the former part. In this undergraduate thesis, the writer tries to find out how the character of Annemarie as the main character in the novel is characterized.
Secondly, the writer tries to find out how the characteristics of Annemarie symbolize the Denmark’s characteristics as a nation. Which characteristics play the most important role to symbolize the characteristics of Denmark as a nation are trying to be answered in this undergraduate thesis.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Symbol
In the broadest sense, a symbol is anything that signifies something; in this sense, all words are symbols. In discussing literature, however, the term symbol is applied only to a word or phrase that signifies an object or event which in its turn signifies something, or has a range of reference, beyond itself. Some symbols are “conventional” or “public” and some are “private” or “personal” (Abrams, 1993: 206).
2. Occupation
The word occupation refers to the invasion, conquest, and control of a nation or territory by foreign armed forces (Soukhanov, 1996: 1251).
3. Nazi
Nazi is the shorten of Nationalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workingmen’s Party. Its programme was a hodge- podge of nationalist and socialist ideas. It laid particular stress on anti-Semitism.
Its proclaimed goal in foreign politics was the liberation from “Versailles” and the foundation of a Greater German Reich. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler in 1933, Nazi seized political control of Germany. They suppressed all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Fuhrer, anti- Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people (Tenbrock, 1968: 278- 279).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies In this part, the writer will show some studies and criticisms on Lois Lowry’s Number the Stars. From here we can see how interesting and fascinating the novel is, and what people think about this novel. Lynne Marie Pisano, the Co-Chair of The Long Island Children's Writers
and Illustrators, as retrieved from >, stated, “Unlike most Holocaust children's literature, which takes place in Eastern Europe, Lois Lowry's Number the Stars takes place at the fringe of the Nazi occupation, in a small kingdom called Denmark. Rather than fighting the Nazis and lose, Denmark's King Christian concedes peaceably to Nazi occupation. However, in his infinite wisdom, the king first blows up all military equipment of any possible use to the occupiers. On the outside Denmark appears submissive, on the inside the nation resists. When word spreads in 1943 that Hitler plans to detain Danish Jews and transport them to death camps, the people of Denmark band together. Although primarily a fictional compilation of many factual events, Number the Stars chronicles one family's attempt to save their friends from persecution and death.”
Number the Stars is a fictional novel that portrays the real life in Denmark during the Nazis occupation. Bravery, patriotism, heroism and friendship become things that really important in this novel, especially because all of these are depicted in the character of a ten-year-old girl.
Annemarie finds herself in very tough situations and shows the bravery of someone many years older than herself. I remember reading this book when I was in the sixth grade. I was amazed by the courage the children in this book have. After reading this book, I gained a great fascination in the people of World War II (Haanen, May 11, 2005) <l>.
Annemarie’s courage plays a very significant role in this novel which makes this novel fascinated by a lot of people.
Set during the German occupation of Denmark in 1943, Annemarie Johansen's world is turned upside down when the Germans begin to "relocate" the Jews. Through the eyes of this ten-year old, the reader is taken into a frightening world where ordinary citizens become heroes (DiNuzzo, May 11, 2005) said, it is also clear that heroism becomes the focus of this novel.
Al Andry Silawidarta, on his thesis entitled “The Oppressions towards the Jews People during the Nazi German Occupations as seen in Lois Lowry’s
Number the Stars ”, stated how the setting of the novel play an important act for
the reader to see what is really happening in Denmark during the holocaust. “The author presents the story of Number the Stars with the setting background that is adopted from the real condition that is happened during the Nazi German occupations. Most of the setting in the story is a real incident during the description of the situation in Denmark and see the oppressions faced by the Jews and the Danes during the Nazi German occupations. We can also see how the Jews and the Danes resist and fight for their freedom on the bad time during the occupations (Silawidarta, 2005: 55).”
From all reviews about the novel Number the Stars, it can be concluded that the focus of this novel is about courage; not only the courage of a ten-year-old girl, but also the courage of Denmark people. In this undergraduate thesis, the writer wants to know deeper about how Annemarie’s characteristics can be a symbol of Denmark as a nation and society.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Character and Characterization
Since the main focus in this undergraduate thesis is the main character in the novel, theory of character and characterization is needed in order to find out how the main character in the novel is characterized.
Holman and Harmon in their book, A Handbook to Literature stated that character and characterization are related and cannot be separated to each other.
The author always reveals the characters of imaginary persons in the story, and then it is called characterization. In other words, characterization can be defined as the creation of these imaginary persons so that they exist for the reader as if the people in the real life (1986: 81).
Characterization consists of at least three principles. First, the character one event and a different way on another unless there is clearly reason for the change. Second, the character must be motivated in all they do, especially when their behaviors change. The readers must be able to understand the reason for what they do, if not immediately, at least by the end of the story. Third, the characters must be plausible or life like, credible, realistic probable (Koesnosoebroto, 1986: 66).
M.J. Murphy (1972: 161-173) explains nine details about how an author conveys the characters and the personalities of people in her or his writing. The nine details will help the readers to understand about the characters in a story. The nine details are: a.
Personal Description The author describes from the details of physical appearance of the character, like strong or weak, fat or thin, beautiful or bad, tall or short, big or small, with curly hair or blonde, white or black skin. The description will help the readers to understand the characters in the story visually.
b.
Character as Seen by Another An author describes the character through another’s point of view. The other characters in the story give her or his opinions, by giving explanation a character is like. In these details, the readers also can use their own point of view to analyze a certain character.
c.
Speech The author gives the readers an insight into the character in the work conversation with other character. We also can see his character from his opinion that he gives.
d.
Past Life To understand the character’s personality through past life means that the readers search the character’s past life or what happen to the character’s past life. Her or his present life is closely connected to his past life. By knowing his past life, the readers can figure out the character’s personality in a literary work. An author sometimes explains a person’s personality by giving special events that shape his characters. The readers can find it from the direct comment of the author or through the person’s thought or the medium of another person.
e.
Conversation of Others The readers have to pay attention through the conversation of other people and the things they say about the character, because an author sometimes gives a clue to understand the character’s personality from other’s conversation and their opinion about him. By searching it, it will help the readers to get more information about the people’s character. It will help the readers to judge on the character.
f.
Reaction The author gives the readers a clue to a person’s character by describing how the person reacts to various situation or event. So we can know the person’s character, because the person’s response is based on his g.
Direct Comment The author sometimes gives his comment on a person’s character directly.
In this way, the readers will understand what kind of people in the work easily. They get a straight forward about a person’s character.
h.
Thoughts The author gives us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.
Whenever the author gives a direct description of the character’s mind, what he is thinking about, we are led to a more profound analysis on the mental process of the character. We are facilitated to disclose the thought inside the character’s mind. i.
Mannerism A person’s character can be described through his habit and mannerism. It can tell us something more about the character. Furthermore, the meaning of characterization in the literary work as an individual is the process of presenting and developing a character by an author.
Abrams mentions characters as “the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what the do – the action (1993: 23).
Abrams also mentioned that there are two methods for characterizing the person in the story: showing and telling method. In showing method or dramatic method, the author presents the characters talking and acting, and leaves the telling method, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters. In using this method, the author is likely to be able to ensure the readers about the characterization of the character as he limits the readers’ perception with his characterization (1993: 24).
2. Theories of Setting
Setting plays significant role in a novel, and to get deeper understanding about the setting of the novel, theory of setting is applied. Here are some theories of setting that the writer applies to analyze the setting of the novel.
Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms defines setting as the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs; the setting of a single episode or scene within a work is the particular physical location in which it takes place. In a limited sense, setting refers to “the general place and historical sense”, it is when and where the action occurs. In a broader sense, setting refers to “the social circumstances in which its action occurs” (1993: 192).
Holman and Harmon (1986: 468) stated that there are some elements of which the setting is composed. They are: a.
The actual geographical location; its typography, scenery, and such physical arrangements as the location of the windows and doors in a room.
b.
The occupation and daily manner of living of the characters. c.
The time of periods in which the action takes place, for example: epoch in history or scene of the year.
d.
The general environment of the characters, for example, religious, mental, moral, social and emotional conditions through which the people in the narrative move. In his book, An Introduction to Fiction, Stanton defines setting as the environment of the events in a story, the immediate world in which they occur. He also stated that sometimes setting directly influences the characters and exemplifies a theme. In many stories, the setting evokes a definite emotional tone or mood that surrounds the character (1965: 18-19). It means there is a close relationship between the setting and the central idea of the story. The setting of a story is also important in affecting the characters’ action, personalities, way of thinking and mannerism.
3. Theories of Symbol
Holman and Harmon define symbol as a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive aspect. Furthermore, they explain that symbol is an image that evokes an objective, concrete reality and has that reality suggest another level of meaning. However, the symbol does not “stand for” the meaning. It evokes an object that suggests the meaning (1986: 494).
In literature, symbol appears in two types. The first one is called public, common or conventional symbol, in which this kind of symbol is used widely and of meaning; for example Cross which symbolizes Christianity or weapon which symbolizes military authority. The second one is private or personal symbol.
Holman and Harmon define this second type as a symbol that secures its suggestiveness not from qualities inherent in itself but from the way in which it is used in a given work (1986: 494).
Since the analysis of symbols deals with manifold meaning, there are several valid critical methods that lay under the theory of symbols. The relationship between one method and the others is called phase (Frye, 1990: 73). Frye (1990: 73-74) illustrates that there are several phases in the theory of symbols in which each of them has its characteristic and meaning.
a.
Literal and Descriptive Phase: Symbol as Motif and Sign Symbol as sign means verbal units which, conventionally or arbitrarily; stand for and point to things outside the place where they occur. While symbol as motif means verbal elements understood inwardly or centripetally, as parts of a verbal structure. Essentially, when we read anything, our focus or attention is divided into two directions at once. One direction is outward or centrifugal and the other is inward or centripetal.
Frye explains that centrifugal is a direction that leads the readers to keep reading outside, “from the individual words to the things they mean, or, in practice, to our memory of the conventional association between them”. On the other hand, centripetal means that the direction leads the readers to “try to develop from the words a sense of the larger verbal pattern they
Symbol that evoke from the first direction is common symbol that almost everybody knows. Usually this kind of symbol appears in descriptive or assertive writing. On the contrary, the second direction tends to challenge the readers to think of a work deeply and then find out the other meanings that come from many symbols they found.
b.
Formal phase: Symbol as Image Formal phase deals with nature and reality and views image as symbols that show an analogy or similarity proportion between a work of art and the nature that it imitates. In this phase, a work of art is not a shadow of nature, but it enables the nature to be reflected in it.
c.
Mythical Phase: Symbol as Archetype Mythical phase looks at literature as a technique of communication. The symbol in mythical phase is the communicable unit called archetype: that is, a typical of recurring image. The recurring image within a work of art is not a coincidence, but a certain unity in the nature that it imitates. The nature that is imitated is not nature as a structure of system, but nature as a cyclical process.
C. Denmark during the Occupation of Nazi Denmark is a country which has small population and small territory.
Compared to Germany which has great military power, Denmark seems to be weak and easily conquered. The German invasion of Denmark meets with no becomes the end of their freedom and devotion to the country. In fact, when the Danes hear that the Nazis are going to relocate the Danish Jews, they do things that really can endanger their own life by trying to save the Danish Jews. The Danes warn the Jews and help them to find hiding places. Some begin to transport Jews to Sweden with the help of Danish fishermen and their boats. The German authorities receive dozens of protests by economic and social organizations.
Among these are the protests of King Christian X, Church leaders, and others. The universities closed down for a week, and the students join in the rescue activities.
In the end, around 7500 Danish Jews escape to Sweden. It is almost the entire Jewish population of Denm denmark.html).
Denmark was a small country of 5 million people. At the beginning of World War II, the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Sweden and Norway declared their neutrality. That means they would not take sides in the conflict.
With memories of the devastation of World War I still fresh in the memories of many Danes, the governments thought that by being neutral their citizens would be spared the horrors of this new crisis. Adolf Hitler, had no regard for this declaration of neutrality. On April 9th, 1940, his Nazi armies invaded both Denmark and Norway. They did so, Hitler claimed, to protect Scandinavia from Britain and its allies. The real reasons however, were to safeguard a supply of Sweden's iron ore for Germany's war factories via the seaports of Norway and to give Germany use of Denmark's and Norway's ports and airfields. With control of via the North Sea and not have to risk using the narrower and heavily protected English Channel. The rich farmland of Denmark would also provide the food needed to keep an army well fed. Only Sweden, which had no shoreline on the Atlantic, was free of Germany's occupying forces. The government of Denmark was not prepared for the Nazi invasion. It had neither the plans nor the resources necessary to defend itself against the much larger and more powerful German army and air force. Many of the attacks by the Germans were by surprise. The Danes who did manage to fight back were quickly overwhelmed. The only victory the government could claim was the destruction of its own naval ships several months later. This would keep the ships from being used by the Germans against Danish citizens or anyone else. With their small air force destroyed and under threats of a full-scaled attack by Nazi warplanes if the fought back, the government of Denmark decided to surrender to the invaders. In return, Hitler allowed the Danish government to continue to rule and its police to be responsible for day-to-day law and order (Cornish, May 11, 2005) <http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/ ns_history.htm>.
Despite Germany’s efforts to remain friendly with Denmark, the small country grew tired of helping the Nazis. By the summer of 1942, the Danes no longer wanted to sit still. Some Danes began to bomb factories that made weapons for the Nazi troops and planned other acts of resistance. In 1943, the Danes found out that all 7,500 Danish Jews were about to be rounded up and deported to German concentration Camps. Danish citizens spontaneously make their own fellow citizens, and almost all of the country’s Jews were able to escape from the terror of Nazi and find refuge in neutral country, Sweden (Elliot, 1966: 61-81).
Though Denmark was a small country, it was the only country that tried hard and struggled to save their Jewish citizen from Nazi’s occupation. The effort that they did in order to save their Jewish fellowship is to smuggle the Jewish Danes to the neutral Sweden. This act of smuggling is organized throughout the whole country of Denmark. This effort is a unique and smart effort since no other countries that do the same thing.
As Jews hid throughout Denmark, individuals and resistance groups organized the rescue operation. Some Danes bought boats and managed to smuggle hundreds of Jews to Sweden. The larger groups negotiated with trustworthy Danish fishermen who agreed to take the Jews to freedom. Plans were made for the Jews to be smuggled to the docks and, once there, for them to be concealed on the Danish fishing boats, out of sight of German soldiers.
(http://www.peachtree-online.com/ Yellow_Star_no_art/Kids/escape.htm) The Nazis launched their attack on the Jews in Denmark on the night between October 1 and 2, 1943. On this night the German occupying power carried out a raid across the entire country and caught 284 Jews who were subsequently deported to Theresienstadt ghetto in the protectorate of Bohmen- Mahren. During October and November two more transports followed carrying 190 people caught while attempting to flee from Denmark to Sweden. Of the 474 deported Jews, 53 died. Most of these were either old or ill. More than 30 people
Jews, including a number of small children, remained hiding in Denmark. The rest
- – more than 7,000 people – fled across the Sound to freedom in politically neutral Sweden. Considering the Nazi extermination of 6 million of the total 8-9 million Jews within their reach, the fact that 95 percent of the Danish Jews were able to avoid deportation and be brought to safety in Sweden stands out as a light in the darkness of the Holocaust. In contrast to virtually all other nationalities, the Danes did not let down their Jewish fellow citizens in the crucial moment. The account of how the Danes assisted them safely across the water to Sweden has been widely praised, and even as it occurred the rescue operation gained an almost mythological status. The rescue is seen as a unique example of courage and altruism during the Holocaust. Especially in the US and Israel, the rescue established Denmark as a model of respect for human rights (Jensen, 2003: 33).
In the days before the operation (the raid) the German police arrived in Denmark in large numbers. In this manner a force approximately 1,500 order policemen were gathered under the command of General Major v. Heimburg, and
Standartenfuhrer Dr. Rudolf Mildner led an additional 300 security policemen.
Both forces were present in full force to execute the direct order from Hitler to round up and deport the Jewish section of the population. The operation was well prepared. Careful planning and systematic registration of the Jews and their residences preceded the distribution of the approximately 1,800 German policemen in groups all over Copenhagen, the city in which the majority of the Jews lived (Jensen, 2003: 38).
Information about the persecution of Jews in Europe did reach the country, but apparently there was little precise knowledge of the Holocaust. The Jews wanted to avoid attracting the attention of the Germans and illegal acts risked doing so. Furthermore the illegal routes to Sweden had not yet been developed and it was uncertain how Sweden would receive the refugees. After the fall of the Danish government and the warning all doubts were swept away. The Jews risked everything and were forced to uproot themselves and face an uncertain future.
The mass escape started between September 28 and 29. That is started at this point – and not after the operation on October 1 – must be due to Duckwitz’s warning on September 28. Duckwitz was a member of the German government in occupied Denmark who warned the Danes that Germany was planning to deport all the Jewish people. On the evening of October 2, when Sweden issued an official statement to the effect that it would receive the Jews of Denmark, the first 5-600 Jews had already arrived. The number of refugees grew steadily in the first week after the operation, and the escape culminated on October 8 and 9, when some 2,500 refugees were shipped across the Sound within 48 hours. The number of Jewish refugees in Sweden grew to around 4,500 within a week of the operation. In the last week of the mass escape up to 2,000 more Jews fled across the Sound. Around the middle of October 90% of the Jewish refugees were on Swedish Ground and the mass escape ceased. The last refugees arrived mainly in the last two weeks of October, though a number of small children and spouses were shipped off well into November and December. Almost all refugees fled to Copenhagen was the primary port of departure. Up to 3,000 refugees departed from there (Jensen, 2003: 39-41).