English code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines.

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ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

IN INDONESIAN TRANSLATED TEENAGE GIRL MAGAZINES

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

Anastasia Permata Liska Prasetya Student Number: 051214105

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 13 May 2011

The Writer

Anastasia Permata Liska Prasetya 051214105

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Anastasia Permata Liska Prasetya Nomor Mahasiswa : 05 1214 105

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :

English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 31 Mei 2011 Yang menyatakan

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ABSTRACT

Prasetya, Anastasia Permata Liska. 2011. English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Code-switching is a common phenomenon in multilingual environment. People who are bilingual or multilingual may switch from one code to another code for producing a good communication. This phenomenon also occurs in language learning process. This study was conducted to answer three questions: (1) Which types of code-switching exist in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines? (2) What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines? and (3) What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines for English language education in Indonesia?

Seventeen magazines. To answer the first research question, the researcher used content/ document analysis. To answer the second and the third research questions, the reseacher did a library study.

After gaining all the data and going through in-depth analyses, the researcher found three findings. First, there were seven types of code-switching. They are tag switch, single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause code-switching, intersentetial switch, integrated loanwords and diglossia. The finding showed that the most frequent type in occurrence was single-word code-switching; conversely, diglossia was the least frequent type of code-switching. Second, code-switching is used because there were special terms that cannot be replaced due to certain topics under discussion such as beauty issue and fashion issue. The social distance is also the reason why the editors did code-switching. Third, code-switching that were grammatically correct in English could support the English learning process but code-switching that were grammatically incorrect in English could obstruct and help English learning process.

Since English code-switching can facilitate as well as obstruct the English acquisition process, the researcher would like to suggest that teacher should encourage the students to be more aware of the code-switching usage phenomenon.

Keywords: sociolinguistics, code-switching, Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines

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ABSTRAK

Prasetya, Anastasia Permata Liska. 2011. English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Alih kode adalah suatu fenomena yang sudah biasa terjadi dalam lingkungan multi bahasa. Orang-orang dwibahasa atau multi bahasa sering melakukan alih kode dari satu bahasa ke bahasa yang lain untuk menghasilkan komunikasi yang baik. Fenomena alih kode juga terjadi dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan. (1) Tipe alih kode apa saja yang ada di majalah remaja putri terjemahan? (2) Apakah alasan yang mungkin untuk melakukan alih kode di majalah remaja putri terjemahan Indonesia? (3) Apakah dampak yang mungkin dari melakukan alih kode di majalah remaja putri terjemahan terhadap pendidikan bahasa Inggris di Indonesia?

CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend dan Seventeen. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian yang pertama, peneliti menggunakan analisa dokumen/ isi. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua dan ketiga, peneliti melakukan studi pustaka.

dan diglossia. Penemuan menunjukkan bahwa tipe yang paling sering muncul adalah alih kode yang berupa satu kata, sebaliknya diglossia adalah tipe yang paling jarang muncul. Kedua, alih kode dilakukan karena terdapat istilah-istilah khusus yang tidak dapat digantikan terkait dengan topik bahasan. Jenjang sosial adalah alasan mengapa editor melakukan alih kode. Ketiga, alih kode yang secara tata bahasa tepat dalam bahasa Inggris dapat mendukung proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris tetapi alih kode yang secara tata bahasa kurang tepat dapat menghalangi atau bahkan dapat membantu proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris.

Karena alih kode bahasa Inggris dapat menunjang bahkan menghalangi proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris, peneliti bermaksud menyarankan supaya guru sebaiknya mendorong siswa untuk lebih memahami fenomena penggunaan alih kode.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis is meant to be a partial fulfilment of the requirements to obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education Study Program.

First of all, I would like to give the highest thanks to God, for His blessings that this thesis can be completed. I thank Him for the learning that I got during my time in finishing this thesis.

Secondly, I would like to thank Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. for her suggestions and explanation in guiding me. I really appreciate her time to correct my thesis and to give small learning no matter how busy she is.

I would like to thank FX. Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd. for his advice in guiding my thesis. Finally after I worked really hard, this thesis was done.

My gratitude also goes to all lecturers in Sanata Dharma University for all their knowledge and guidance during my study.

My special thanks go to my parents, Heru Eko Prasetyo and Theresia Sulistyawati, for their great support so that I can complete my study and my thesis. Especially for my mother who never stopped encouraging me when I was stuck in finishing my thesis. I owe her my thanks very much.

I would like to thank FX. Adityo Putrowidi Bramantyo for his care, support, and attention. He encouraged and asked me to never stop trying when I was falling.

My thanks also go to all my friends especially for ELESP 05’s: Wuri, Septi, Vega, Vanie and Pandu. I would like to thank my family: Sasa, Delis, and my aunt for letting me use their computer and their printer., To my ViaVia’s friends and my PUSdEP’s friends: Monic, Bunga, and Romo Baskoro for giving the great experiences during my working time and taking me to Bali for the first time by airplane. It was priceless.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS _... _v

ABSTRACT ... vi

ABSTRAK _... _vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 3

C. Problem Limitation ... 3

D. Research Objectives ... 4

E. Research Benefits ... 5

F. Definition of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ... 8

1. Linguistics ... 8

2. Sociolinguistics ... 9

3. Code-switching ... 10

a. Definition of Code-switching ... 10

b. The Types of Code-switching ... 12

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d. Code-switching and Language Learning ... 18

B. Theoretical Framework ... 20

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ... 22

B. Research Subjects ... 23

C. Research Instruments ... 25

D. Data Gathering Technique ... 26

E. Data Analysis Technique ... 26

F. Research Procedure ... 28

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Research Findings ... 31

1. Tag Switch ... 31

2. Single-word Code-switching ... 34

3. Phrase ... 38

4. Clause ... 43

5. Integrated Loanwords ... 48

6. Intersentential Switch ... 51

7. Diglossia ... 55

B. Reasons for Code-switching ... 57

C. Implications of Code-switching for English Language Learners ... 60

D. Other Findings ... 63

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 64

B. Suggestions ... 65

REFERENCES ... 67

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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 3.1 Checklist Form of Types of Code-switching ... 26

Table 4.1 The Number of Tag Switch Cases ... 31

Table 4.2 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in Advertisement Category ... 32

Table 4.3 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in Feature Category ... 32

Table 4.4 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in News Category ... 33

Table 4.5 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in Opinion Category ... 33

Table 4.6 The Number of Single-word Code-switching Cases ... 34

Table 4.7 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Advertisement Category ... 35

Table 4.8 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Feature Category ... 36

Table 4.9 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in News Category ... 37

Table 4.10 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Opinion Category ... 38

Table 4.11 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases ... 39

Table 4.12 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Advertisement Category ... 40

Table 4.13 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Feature Category ... 41

Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in News Category ... 42

Table 4.15 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Opinion Category ... 43

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Table 4.17 The Example of Clause Code-switching in

Advertisement Category ... 44

Table 4.18 The Example of Clause Code-switching in Feature Category ... 45

Table 4.19 The Example of Clause Code-switching in Opinion Category ... 46

Table 4.20 The Example of Clause Code-switching in News Category... 47

Table 4.21 The Number of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching Cases . 48 Table 4.22 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Advertisement ... 49

Table 4.23 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Feature ... 49

Table 4.24 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in News ... 50

Table 4.25 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Opinion ... 51

Table 4.26 The Number of Intersetential Switch Cases... 51

Table 4.27 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in Advertisement Category ... 52

Table 4.28 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in Feature Category ... 53

Table 4.29 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in Opinion Category ... 54

Table 4.30 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in News Category... 55

Table 4.31 The Number of Diglossia Code-switching Cases ... 55

Table 4.32 Examples of Misspelled Words in the Target Magazines ... 61

Table 4.33 Examples of Inconsistent Words in the Target Magazines ... 61

Table 4.34 Examples of Plural Nouns which were Written Twice in the Target Magazines ... 62

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page Appendix 1 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching ... 69 Appendix 2 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in

Advertisement of CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 70 Appendix 3 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in

Advertisement of Girlfriend Magazines ... 71 Appendix 4 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in

Advertisement of Seventeen Magazines ... 72 Appendix 5 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature

of CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 73 Appendix 6 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature

of Girlfriend Magazines ... 74 Appendix 7 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature

of Seventeen Magazines ... 75 Appendix 8 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News

of CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 76 Appendix 9 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News

of Girlfriend Magazines ... 77 Appendix 10 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News

of Seventeen Magazines ... 78 Appendix 11 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion

of CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 79 Appendix 12 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion

of Girlfriend Magazines ... 80 Appendix 13 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion

of Seventeen Magazines ... 81 Appendix 14 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in

CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 82 Appendix 15 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in

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Girlfriend Magazines ... 83 Appendix 16 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in

Seventeen Magazines... 84 Appendix 17 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Intersetential, and Integrated

Loanwords Code-switching in CosmoGIRL! Magazines... 85 Appendix 18 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Intersetential,

and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in

CosmoGIRL! Magazines ... 86 Appendix 19 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Intersetential,

and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Girlfriend

Magazines ... 87 Appendix 20 Example of Single-word, Phrase, and Intersetential

Code-switching in Girlfriend Magazines... 88 Appendix 21 Example of Single-word, Phrase, and Clause Code-switching

in Seventeen Magazines... 89 Appendix 22 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Whole-sentence,

and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Seventeen

Magazines ... 90 Appendix 23 Example of Diglossia Code-switching in Seventeen Magazines 91 Appendix 24 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher describes six underlying issues namely research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms. It provides background and main rationale in conducting research.

A. Research Background

Teenage girls across Indonesia are constantly confronted with new forms of media. Broadcast media launch new television and radio shows targeting teenage girls each season. Social media are spreading digitally throughout the nation via the internet; by December of 2009, Indonesia had a year-long growth rate of 1,536 percent, and Indonesians represent the fourth largest user group by nation.1With these innovations in media it might seem as though print media are obsolete. Yet, in contrast with these developments, teenage girls continue to support print media. This support was proved by the existence of more than five magazines targeting teenage female readers. It is a phenomenon that teenage girls continue to support print media, and it deserves the attention of researchers.

An interesting linguistic feature found in teenage girl magazines is the creation of dynamic expressions by combining or alternating between English and Indonesian words and phrases. For example, the word lipstick in these magazines

Tampubolon, Hans David. “Indonesians Bank on Facebook”, The Jakarta Post. 8 January 2010. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/08/indonesians-bank-facebook.html

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is used frequently. In the Indonesian language, people can say gincu or pemulas bibirrefer to lipstick, yet, Indonesian women prefer to use the word lipstick rather than the local options.

The phenomenon of alternation between languages was defined by linguists as “code-switching.” Code-switching is used in daily conversation. Code-switching is used when the speaker has difficulty finding the appropriate terms or phrases in their primary language, requiring them to change into a secondary language. Code-switching is not only found within single sentences (intra-sentential), but can also be found between sentences (inter-sentential).

Translated teenage girl magazines are example of the usage of code-switching. The usage of code-switching in magazines can indirectly influence a reader’s understanding and use of a language, especially for students who are learning a language (for example, English Language Learners – ELLs). The code-switching in magazines can influence the ELL’s perception of the language; unconsciously, the ELLs will use the language in daily conversation – even in learning activities. It would be acceptable if the code-switching that is used is correct, but what if the code-switching is inappropriate? This can be an obstacle in learning for the ELLs, because they are adopting something inappropriate.

Based on the phenomenon above, the resarcher will focus her attention on code-switching that exists in translated teenage girl magazines in Indonesia.

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B. Problem Formulation

The research questions are formulated as:

1. Which types of code-switching exist in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines?

2. What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines?

3. What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines for English language education in Indonesia?

C. Problem Limitation

The data analyses in this thesis are limited to the code-switching that exists in teenage girl magazines. The researcher has selected teenage girl magazines because it is phenomenon in media. Print media seem obsolete, yet teenage girls continue to buy magazines. They are influenced by these magazines, and the researcher wants to see the impact of code-switching on the range of teenage girls: female senior high school and junior high school students.

The researcher finds the education of teenagers to be interesting because at this age, teenagers will try new things to fulfill their curiosity, and education can be more effective during this period. They often imitate behaviours and styles that according to the people and media around them seem cool or great. Teenage girls are creative in trying new things.

To be clearer, the researcher has selected three magazines for this study: “CosmoGirl!”, “Seventeen”, and “Girlfriend.” In informal interviews with

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magazine kiosk employee, the researcher finds that these three are the most popular. For the subject of the research, the researcher selected three editions of each translated teenage girl magazine. The editions ran from February 2009 to April 2009. The three editions of each magazine provide significant data needed for the research.

Within the text of the magazines, the researcher has identified ‘code-switching’ as a phenomenon, and the researcher considers that it has an important role in communication. Indonesia has many local languages which influence the national language, Bahasa Indonesia, and the study of the English language is a priority in the current education system. Even though code-switching is a transition between two languages, it creates dynamic, new patterns of language. The researcher hopes to understand how code-switching between Indonesian languages and English affects current teenagers.

D. Research Objectives

This research has three objectives:

1. To observe the types of code-switching which exist in translated teenage girl magazines, both in types of structures and types of words.

2. To determine the possible reasons for code-switching in translated teenage girl magazines.

3. To gain the possible implication of code-switching in translated teenage girl magazines for English education in Indonesia.

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E. Research Benefits

This research is conducted with the hope of contributing new information and educational ideas for readers and other linguistic and educational researchers. 1. Readers

The researcher hopes that this research will benefit the readers with the code-switching cases and the analysist. Further, the readers will be more understand about code-switching in magazines.

2. Other researchers

The researcher hopes that this research will benefit other researchers who analyze linguistic trends and problems in popular media. It is hoped that this research will give information that is needed for other researchers and assist with their project.

F. Definition of Terms

This part gives short definition about code-switching and translated teenage girl magazine that would be discussed further in the next chapter.

1. Code Switching

Code-switching can be defined as the use of two or more languages in the same conversation or utterance. Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski (1997: 361) state that “Code-switching can occur between sentences (inter-sentential) or within a single sentence (intra-sentential).” Code-switching is also called dialect switching; the action of moving from one language, dialect or variety to another, depending on the circumstances (Asher and Simpson, 1994: 5102).

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There are six types or terms of code-switching that will be used to designate types of codes combination. Asher and Simpson (1994) wrote that there are: 1. Diglossia, 2. Situational code-switching, 3. Metaphoric code-switching, 4. Code-switching (consist of code-switching conversational, code-switching style shifting, and code mixing), 5. Single-word code-switching (borrowing) and 6. Integrated loanwords. The researcher will also used theory from Peter Stockwell that there are three code-switching: 1. Tag Switch, 2. Intersentential Switch, and Intrasentential Switch. Another theory is from Hoffman, that there are three code-switching: tag switching, intrasetential switch and intersetential switch. While in intrasetential switch there are single-word, phrase and clause.

In this study, the researcher is going to analyze the code-switching from Indonesian to English. The researcher chose the phenomenon happening in written media. The written media are translated teenage girl magazines. The translated teenage girl magazines which are chosen are CosmoGIRL!, Seventeen and Girlfriend. Those three magazines are published in Indonesia and read by students between the age of 14 years old and 20 years old.

2. Teenage Girl Magazines

Teenage girl magazines are magazines with the target readers from the ages of 14 - 20 years old. Teenage girl magazines provide information to teenage girls on the topics of fashion, celebrities, zodiac, gossip, beauty, hair style and more.

Translated teenage girl magazines are published overseas. With a good cooperation, Indonesian publishers have the privilege to publish the magazine in

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Indonesia. Indonesian publishers can use the name and adapt the same articles. Not only that, Indonesia publishers also can add some articles that address appropriate issues for Indonesian teenage girls.

In Indonesia, the translated teenage girl magazines are quite various. There are Seventeen, CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend, Teen Vogue, and Cleo. Related with the study, the translated teenage girl magazines that are used by the researcher are CosmoGIRL!, Seventeen, and Girlfriend. Based on an informal interview with the book-stall employee those magazines are the most popular between teenage girls. Those magazines provide all issues that are considered important for teenage girl. The issues, which can be found in the magazines, start from fashions, cosmetics, hangout places, accessories, gossip, and astrology.

The researcher chose the translated teenage magazines because based on informal interview with the kiosk employee the translated teenage girl magazines are more popular than Indonesian teenage girl magazines. In the translated teenage girl magazines, the code-switching cases occur frequently. Mostly the readers are teenage girls between the ages of 14 years old and 20 years old.

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8 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is devoted to give the base of theoretical ground of the thesis. It comprises of two major parts, theoretical description and theoretical framework.

A. Theoretical Description

The discussion of the subheading includes the definitions of linguistics, the definitions of sociolinguistics and the nature of code-switching that presents: definitions of code-switching, the types of code-switching, in which from different linguists, and the reasons for code-switching as well as the relation of code-switching to English teaching and learning.

1. Linguistics

Linguistics’ definitions are changing from narrow speech explanation which focuses on form in isolation context to a more social perspective of language uses. There are some definitions of linguistics provided in different linguistics books. Widdowson (1996: 27) states “linguistic is essentially the study of how languages mean, how they are functionally informed.” However, the researcher will like to apply a definition from Finegan (2004: 24),”linguistics can be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language – into its structure and the relationship between them, as well as into the development and acquisition of language.”

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Recently, linguists put great emphasis on studying larger portions of language in context included functions and language influence on the language choice. According to Finegan (2004: 25),” language is often defined as an arbitrary vocal system used by human beings to communicate with one another.” However, there is important fact that language is more than communication. “It is social action, with work to perform. It is a system that speakers, writer, and signers exploit purposefully” (Finegan, 2004: 25).

All aspects of language are directed to create meaning. Therefore, second-language teachers need to know that there are particular times to help their students in assisting the language learning process, for examples; in understanding the meaning of written texts and languages use in a certain text.

2. Sociolinguistics

One part in linguistics study is sociolinguistics. It is “the study of the relationship between language use and the structure of society” (Radford, 1999: 16). It is not only about the structure of society but language is also about the relationship with the context in which it is used, such as that written by Holmes (2001: 1),“Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used. Many people use language to ask for and give people information. Many people also use it to express indignation and annoyance, as well as admiration and respect.”

As Radford (1999: 16) states in his book Linguistics: An Introduction, sociolinguistics considers some factors which maintain that they are essential to an understanding of both structure and function of the language used in a

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situation. Those factors are social backgrounds of both speaker and listener, the relationship between speaker and addressee and the context and manner of the interaction.

Therefore, in order to build good communication with others, people have to modify their language used in communication. For example, a teacher may change his or her language to the students’ language proficiency to make the message conveyed properly. This is what is called teacher talk. In multilingual situations people often juxtaposed two or more codes in one utterance. This phenomenon is often referred to as code-switching.

3. Code-switching

Code-switching is a part of linguistics. Code-switching is occuring in multilingual environment which the society have another language beside their native language. The society did a code-switching to create a good communication. a. Definition of Code-switching

There have been many definitions of code-switching provided by different linguists. The researcher quotes three of them; it is written by Gardner (1997), Wardhaugh (1992), and Hoffmann (1991). The researcher adopts those definitions as the consideration of her own interpretation.

The first definition is taken from Gardner’s (1997: 361). She states “code-switching can be defined as the use of two or more languages in the same conversation or utterances.” Since most people speak more than one language in their daily lives, therefore, Gardner (1997) explains that such action is considered common in many parts of situations where people are native bilingual or

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multilingual. This explanation is supported by Duran’s (1994). He states that in a multilingual context, code-switching is a common phenomenon. People, who are capable of speaking more than one language, are consciously or unconsciously substitute phrases or words of a language to another language. Code-switching may help a speaker of one language to support his thinking and communication (Duran, 1994). When he cannot find representative word to explain something or simply is not able to utter particular expression in a language, he may borrow phrases or words from another language to make his communication smooth.

Code-switching can also be defined as “a conventional strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). In a circumstance where speakers of various languages are having the same necessity gather in one speech context, code-switching allows them to accomplish their purpose effectively and understand each other better.

He also states that “it is unusual for a speaker to have command of, or use, only one such code or system” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). Since, bilingualism and multilingualism are the norm for many people throughout the world; Gardner’s (1997) idea above is supported by Wardhaugh (1992) that people have to select a particular language whenever they speak and they may also choose to switch from one language to another language or to mix the languages. In addition, Wardhaugh (1992) also states that people might not be aware that they switch or use certain code to discuss a particular topic.

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Another perception about code-switching definiton is also written by Hoffmann (1991: 110). In her book, she says that code-switching “involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation.”

Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski (1997: 361) also write about the definition of code-switching. They state that code-switching can occur between sentences (inter-sentential) or within a single sentence (intra-sentential).

Based on the above definitions, the researcher defines “code-switching as a common behaviour of people using more than one language in the same conversation whether in bilingual or multilingual situations to facilitate the communication.”

b. The Types of Code-switching

Every linguist has their own point of view in defining code-switching as well as in classifying the types of code-switching. Since the various points of view might be influenced by certain factors, the differences in classifying the types of code-switching are considered a common and acceptable phenomenon.

According to Asher & Simpson (1994: 581), based on the code-switching terms, there are six types of switching. They are diglossia, situational code-switching, metaphoric code-code-switching, conversational code-code-switching, single-word code-switching and integrated loansingle-words.

1) Diglossia

Diglossia is a characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals (Holmes, 2001: 30). In a diglossic situation, two languages are used for different

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functions in a speech community. In addition, one language is used for H or high function and the L is low function. As cited in Wardhaugh’s book (1992: 85) the H varieties may be used for delivering sermons and formal lectures, especially in a parliament or legislative body, for giving political speeches, for broadcasting the news on radio and televisin, and for writing poetry, fine literature, and editorials in newspapers.

2) Situational Code-switching

Situational code-switching is “the codes may be perceived as different but be equally valued, and similarity the situations may be differentiated on grounds other than prestige” (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 582).

3) Metaphoric Code-switching

Metaphoric code-switching occurs in “whole conversation, each within one role relationship” (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 581). Metaphoric code-switching happens where there are no clear illustrative reasons explaining the specific switches. There is no new person, no change in the context or the topic (Holmes, 2001: 41).

4) Conversational Code-switching

Conversational code-switching differs from situational code-switching “in that its occurrence is not dependant on a change of interlocutors’ topic or situation” (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 583). Gardner and Chloros also state conversational CS, which many authors would now regard as CS proper, does not necessarily coincide with any such changes but is motivated by factors within the conversation itself (1997: 361).

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5) Single-words Code-switching

Single-word code-switching is also known as lexical borrowing. It generally involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical need (Holmes, 2001: 42). People borrow words from another language to express a particular thing or term when there is no word available in the language that they use. For example, Indonesian often says ‘download’ instead of ‘mengunduh.’

6) Integrated Loanwords

The last type of code-switching is integrated loanwords, which occurs between morphemes (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 581). It is a mixture of two morphemes of different codes to express a term, for example ‘mem-feedback’ instead of ‘meninjau kembali’ since the word ‘feedback’ is more popular and used frequently.

As written in Sociolinguistics (2002: 33), Peter Stockwell provides three different types of code switching. Peter discusses the motivations behind each usage in the light of the domains underlying the utterances:

1) Tag-switching

Example (English – German): ‘I’m pleased to see you’re getting a Bewegungsmelder, ja’ which means security light, yes. The tag-switch is simply used when the speaker lacked the necessary vocabulary in English for the previous word.

2) Intersentential switch

Example (English – German): ‘We’re going to Nicki’s house at nine and maybe to the Bomb (a nightclub) afterwards. Kristina bleibt allerding zu Hause

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sie muss noch arbetein’ (‘Unfortunately Kristina is staying at home because she still has to do some work’).

3) Intrasentential switch

Example (English – German): I think the essay will be alright, aber Du weisst ja wie das ist’(‘but you know what it’s like’).

Gumperz (1982), as cited by Gardner and Cholors (1997), identifies two categories of switching which are: situational and conversational code-switching. Gumperz (1997: 361) states “situational code-switching refers to language switches which coincide with a change of interlocutor, setting or topic” while conversational code-switching does not necessarily correspond with those changes but it is caused “by factors within the conversation itself.” When a change carried a particular suggestive purpose, it is called metaphorical code-switching as the subdivision of conversational code-code-switching.

Additionally, Wardhaugh (1992) shares similar classification about the types of switching to Gardner’s (1997). He describes two types of code-switching; situational and metaphorical code-switching. He defines situational code-switching as changes that occur according to the situation. In this kind of code-switching, no topic change is involved and the speakers are aware to the changes. On the other hand, when a change of topic requires a change of language, it is called metaphorical code-switching.

There is a different from those two points of view. Hoffmann (1991) shows that there are many types of code-switching by providing some examples.

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The first type is intra-sentential switches that contain changes within a sentence. There are three types of changes which can happen within a sentence, those are:

1) Single word

The changes in a sentence only happen for a single word which cannot be replaced with the first language.

2) Phrase

The changes of code is happen for a phrase. A phrase is a group of words lacking both a subject and verb, but a phrase may contain a verbal, such as a participle or infinitive. A phrase also may be used as a noun, adjective, adverb, or verb (Ellsworth, 1981: 14).

3) Clause

The change of code is also could be happen for a clause. A clause “may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within another sentence (a dependent clause)” (Nordquist, 2011).

While, when the changes occur between sentences, it is called inter-sentential switches. It is also called as whole sentence. Thus, this type of code-switching occurs in the form of a full sentence or a simple sentence. Ellsworth (1981: 8) states “Sentences can be classified by purpose, they are: declarative (a statement), interrogative (a question), imperative (a command), and exclamatory (an expression of emotion).”The last type is called emblematic switching which includes “items such as tags or exclamations serving as an emblem of the bilingual character” (Hoffmann, 1991: 113).

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c. The Reasons for Code-switching

Code-switching is a language phenomenon that is considered common in many areas in the world. However, people switch their language to another language because of some reason. As Wardhaugh (1992) states in his book that there are three common reasons for people to switch their code. “A number of answers have been suggested including solidarity with listeners, choice of topic, and perceived social and cultural distance” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 106). By switching the code, people are trying to include the listeners to their conversations. Moreover, the topic discussed also affects the choice of code. People might change their language depends on the discussion topic, because it would be easier to discuss particular topics in certain code rather than usual code. The different kinds of relationships are often shown by different codes that are used. For example, relation between boss and staff are more formal than friends. Therefore, the languages that they used are also different.

According to Holmes (2001: 25-26), there are five reasons for code-switching: topic, social distance, status relationship, formality and function or goal of the interaction. Certain topics may commonly be discussed in one code than another, in particular, for technical topics like sports where people are more familiar to say ‘offside’ because there is no exact term in Indonesian to explain ‘offside’ term. Holmes said that some topics “... are firmly associated with a particular code and the topic itself can trigger a switch to the appropriate code” (Holmes, 2001: 37).

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Other reasons for code-switching are presented by Hoffman (1991). She writes in her book An Introduction to Bilingualism (1991: 115) that “the reasons for code-switching are manifold. Many of them are contextual, situational and personal kind.” From examples that she provides, many reasons are contextual, situational and personal class. She describes that switching normally happens when the speaker is quoting someone else. As Holmes referred to “referentially oriented code switch” (2001: 37) which is used to emphasize precise message content. The second reason is that when the speaker is being emphatic about something. The last reason, in addition, is that when the speaker repeats their utterance for clarification.

Some additional reasons for code-switching are explained by Oksaar (1974), Poplack (1980) and Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984) as cited by Hoffman (1991: 116) said that people might switch their code to express their group identity and to show solidarity with a certain group.

d. Code-switching in Language Learning

Social factors, as stated by Ellis in his book Second Language Acquisition (1997), have an indirect effect towards the learners communication. “... when the social conditions are such that learners are motivated to converge on native-speaker norms (i.e. speak like native native-speakers) high levels of proficiency ensue, but when the conditions encourage learners to maintain their own social in-group less learning takes place” (Ellis, 1997: 45).

One of the external factors to explain why learners acquire an L2 in certain ways is input or “the samples of languages to which a learner is exposed” (Ellis,

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1997: 5) that they receive. However, interactions theories of L2 acquisitions acknowledge the importance of input and internal language processing. “If learner discourse can be shown have special properties, it is possible that these contribute to acquisition in some way” (Ellis, 1997: 45). Just like caretakers modify the way they speak to children learning their first language, so do native speakers modify their speech when they are communicating with learners. This phenomenon is evident in both input and interaction.

There was a study that has investigated the phenomenon. It is called foreigner talk: “the language that native speakers use when addressing non-native speakers” (Ellis, 1997: 45). There are two types of foreigner talk that can be identified. First, it is called ungrammatical foreign talk. It shows a lack of respect from the native speaker and can be offended by the learners. Ungrammatical foreign talk is characterized by the deletion of certain grammatical features such as copula be, modal verbs and articles. In addition, it can be indicated by the using of base form of verbs instead of the past tense form and the using of special constructions such as ‘no+ verb’ (Ellis, 1997: 45). Ungrammatical foreign talk’s features of forms are normally the same as those in the learners’ L1.

The second type is grammatical foreign talk. In this type, it can be acknowledge a variety of modifications of native speakers’ talk to other native speakers. First, it is conveyed at slower rate. Second, the input is simplified by using shorter sentences, avoiding the use of subordinate clauses, and omitting complex grammatical forms. Third, it uses the basic forms by using a full forms

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rather than the contracted one. The last type of modifications is that it sometimes involves the lengthening of phrases to make the meaning clearer.

Furthermore, according to Krashen’s (1993) input hypothesis as cited in Ellis (1997): second language acquisition happens when a leaner comprehends input which contains grammatical forms. “Success is achieved by using the situational context to make messages clear and through the kinds of input modifications found in foreigner talk” (Ellis, 1997: 85). Therefore, when L2 learners receive acceptable input of the target language, they would be able to produce the correct utterances.

B. Theoretical Framework

A phenomenon when people switched to a certain language, in this case is English, proved very common in the society. Since this study investigates English code-switching phenomenon in written form, to get a complete analysis the researcher combines types of code-switching from McCormick, Peter Stockwell and Hoffmann’s theory. The researcher employs two out of six types of code-switching based on the length of juxtaposed utterances proposed by McCormick (1994). Those are diglossia and integrated loanwords. The other types of code-switching: situational and metaphorical code-switching, are omitted because those types only exist in oral communication. The single-word code-switching in Asher & Simpson’s theory is ommited to avoid the data overlapping. The researcher also uses the types of code-switching from Peter Stockwell, there are tag-switching, intersetential switch and intrasetential switch. To get complete analysis about

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code-switching, the researcher also uses Hoffman’s theory. In intrasetential switch there are three smaller changes: single-word, phrase and clause. To account for the reasons of code-switching in the target magazines, the researcher employs two reasons from Holmes (2001). Those are choice of topics and social distance between the writers of the articles in the magazines and the readers.

To answer the third question of this study "What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines for English language education in Indonesia?", the researcher employs a theory from Rod Ellis (1997) about foreigner talk. There are two types of foreigner talk: the first type is grammatical talk which can facilitate the second language acquisition. The second type is ungrammatical foreigner talk which can obstruct the second language acquisition.

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22 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter comprises research method, research participants, research instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.

A. Research Method

The research used a qualitative method known as the descriptive method. Merriam & Associates (2002: 3) explain that the key to understanding qualitative research lies in the idea that meaning is socially constructed by individuals in interaction with their world. In qualitative research, the researcher did not only focus on the content, because it was more dynamic and required a consideration of social contexts. This research considered qualitative research to be more interesting because it prioritized the cultural context of language over a statistical analysis.

Best (1981: 106) provides characteristics of a descriptive research study; they are 1) it is non-experimental, 2) it involves the formulation and testing of a hypothesis, 3) it uses the logical methods of inductive-deductive reasoning to arrive at generalizations, 4) it often employs methods of randomization so that errors may be estimated when inferring population characteristics from observation of samples, and 5) the variables and procedures are described as accurately and completely as possible so that the study can be replicated by other

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researchers. This method, among other qualitative methods, was best suited for the data analysis needed to address the questions of the thesis.

This research also used content analysis. A content analysis is a detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular body of material for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes or biases. Content analyses are typically performed on forms of human communication, including books, newspapers, films, television, art, music, videotapes of human interactions, and transcripts of conversation (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005: 31). Since the research concerned the systematic issue of code-switching in print media, a content analysis is well-suited for this project. The researcher used the content analysis as her focus for dealing with the research questions and the research objectives.

B. Research Subjects

For the subject, this research uses three editions of three different, translated teenage girl magazines. The three magazines are originally published in the United States and Australia, and this study concerns the editions that are published in Indonesia. Based on informal interview with the kiosk employee those three magazines are more popular than the Indonesian teenage girl magazines. The three magazines are:

1. CosmoGIRL!_magazine

CosmoGIRL! is an American monthly magazine based in New York City. The reader target for this magazine is teenage girls. CosmoGIRL! was first published in 1999 by the Hearst Corporation, and the current editor-in-chief at the

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time of this study is Susan Schulz. America is not the only country which publishes CosmoGIRL!. CosmoGIRL! has also been published in the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Turkey, China, Hong Kong and Indonesia. In Indonesia, CosmoGIRL! is published by PT. Media Rahayu Citra, based in Jakarta.CosmoGIRL! provides information about fashion, beauty, events reports, stories, health, horoscopes and other articles. CosmoGIRLS! is liked by teenage girls because the publisher really gives recently news, gossip, fashion, educative article and has a nice package which means nice cover, colourful, and good price. 2. Seventeen magazine

Seventeen is a monthly magazine from America. Seventeen, like CosmoGIRL!, is also published by the Hearst Corporation. Unlike CosmoGIRL!, Seventeen was originally published in 1944 by a different publisher; it was acquired by the Hearst Corporation in 2003. The target reader is between the ages of 12 years old and 19 years old. Indonesia publisher also build a good cooperation and had the permission to Seventeen.Seventeenprovides information about fashion, trends, beauty, quizzes, and horoscopes.Seventeen is also popular because Seventeen is as nice as CosmoGIRL!. Seventeen recently has news, gossip, fashion and good price.

3. Girlfriend magazine

Girlfriend is an Australian teenage girl magazine that is published by Pacific Magazines. The target readers are between the ages of 12 years old and 17 years old. Girlfriend is liked by teenage girls because the good price and the very creative fashion issues.

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In completing the data requirement, the writer uses a total of nine magazine editions. For each of the three magazines (CosmoGIRL!, Seventeen, and Girlfriend), the researcher uses three different editions: February 2009, March 2009, and April 2009. The researcher considers the relevance of chronology for a comparison of the content in each of the three magazines. For this reason, the researcher uses the same three editions from each of the three magazines.

C. Research Instrument

In their text “Qualitative Research in Practice: Examples for Discussion & Analysis”, Merriam & Associates identify the research instrument in qualitative research is the researcher. They explain, “In the research; the researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and data analysis” (2002: 5). Therefore, the reseacher used her self and checklist as the instrument in this research.

D. Data Gathering Technique

The data were obtained from the researcher’s observation of the three magazines chosen. The researcher looked up code-switching cases in each of the nine magazine editions identified as data sources. The observation was done in three steps. The first step was the researcher designed the observation form to list code-switching phenomena which exist in the target magazines.

The next step was the researcher classified the articles on the magazines into four categories. They are news, opinion, feature, and advertisement. Hornby (2000: 856) defines “news as new information about something that has happened

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recently.” In this study, an article is considered to be news when it contains 5W+1H questions1 that the article attempts to answer. The second category is opinion. According to Hornby (1963: 682), “opinion is belief or judgement not founded on complete knowledge; views, beliefs, of a group; or professional estimate or advice.” The next category is feature. Hornby (1963: 363) states “feature is prominent article or subject in a newspaper.” This category included any special articles in the magazines. The last category was advertisement, which means “a notice, picture or film telling people about a product, job or service” (Hornby, 2000: 19).

E. Data Analysis Technique

To establish a reliable and qualified analysis, the data must be checked manually, one by one, by using a checklist. The researcher identified any code-switching cases in the magazines by using scanning reading then listed every code-switching case on the checklist form.

The researcher applied a checklist form, which is a combination from Asher & Simpson, Peter Stockwell and Hoffmann’s theory, to gather then analyse the types of code-switching phenomenon found in the magazines.

Table 3.1 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-Switching

Page CS Case

Types of CS

TS IntraS IL InterS D

SW P C

Note:

CS : Code-switching 1

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TS : Tag-switching IntraS : Intrasentential Switch SW : Single-word

P : Phrase

C : Clause

IL : Integrated Loanword InterS : Intersetential Switch

D : Diglossia

To classify the data, the researcher used English Simplified by Ellsworth. A phrase is a group of words lacking both a subject and verb, but a phrase may contain a verbal, such as a participle or infinitive. A phrase also may be used as a noun, adjective, adverb, or verb (1981: 14). A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate (1981: 14). While intersetential switch is a sentence. Sentence is a group of words expressing a complete. It contains a subject and a predicate and is an independent unit of expression (1981: 8). Last, single-word code-switching is also known as lexical borrowing. It generally involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical need (Holmes, 2001: 42).

The table consisted of the seven types of code switching based on Asher & Simpson, Peter Stockwell and Hoffmann’s theory. However the researcher ommited some code-switching which is not used and to avoid the data overlapping. The steps of the data analysis were: first, defining the types of words. The researcher designated the data into six categories: tag-switching, single-word, phrase, clause, integrated loanwords, intersetential switch, and diglossia. All the code-switching cases were listed on the checklist form. After the identification process of switching, the researcher counted the frequency of each

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code-switching case that happens in each classification type and determined the percentage of each code-switching case. In the last step, the researcher summarized all the data and presented the summary in a report format.

The researcher also employed Holmes’s theory (2001) on reasons for switching and Ellis’s theory (1997) of input to observe whether the code-switching cases in the target magazines hinder or facilitate English learning.

F. Research Procedure

This section describes the procedure of the research which is organized and completed to obtain a deep comprehension of the phenomenon. There are eight steps that are conducted in the research.

1. Selecting the Target Magazine

There were three different editions of each magazine used as the subject in this study. Those editions were considered to be the representative of the existing phenomenon in translated teenage girl magazines in Indonesia. The researcher chose the subject in an order to avoid the repetition of discussion topics.

2. Designing the Observation Form

It is important to formulate the observation form in the very beginning of the research to guide the researcher approaching to the data sources. The observation form was needed to document the data of code-switching cases from the target magazines. The observation forms were used to list all of the code-switching cases found in the magazines.

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3. Listing the Code-switching on the Observation Form

After the observation form was designed, the code-switching identification can be conducted. Since most of the borrowed language elements were italicized, the researcher gained much help in this process from the magazine format. The researcher listed every code-switching case found in the magazines on the observation forms in the order in which they are found.

4. Analyzing the Type of Code-switching

The data listed on the observation forms was analyzed to identify the code-switching types according to the categories defined in this study.

5. Identifying the Possible Reasons for Code-switching

After analyzing the type of code-switching, the researcher identified the possible reasons for code-switching in the target magazines based on the Holmes’ (2001) theory. The researcher’s personal interpretations were also important in this process.

6. Observing the Implication of Code-switching Phenomenon towards English Education

Implementing the theory of Second Language Acquisitions, the researcher observed whether or not the code-switching cases in the target magazines support English education.

7. Making Conclusions Based on the Findings

The results of the prior steps were concluded in this step. They were analyzed and summarized in a format to answer the research questions in the problem formulation.

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8. Writing Up the Report

The last step, the result analysis was writen in chapter 4 include all the frequency. The result was written per cases; they are 1) Tag Switching, 2) Single-word, 3) Phrase, 4) Clause, 5) Integrated Loanwords, 6) Intersetential Switch, and 7) Diglossia. For detailed explanation in each cases divided in each categories such as: feature, news, advertisement, opinion, and fiction. Beside the case analysis, the researcher also wrote about the answers of problem formulation that were already summarized.

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31 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter includes the research findings and the discussions on the types of code-switching, the reasons for code-switching and the implications of code-switching towards the English learning process.

A. Research Findings

After doing the calculation, the researcher found the number of code-switching cases. According to the types of code-code-switching that the researcher proposed to discuss in this study, there were seven types of code-switching cases found in the Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines.

1. Tag Switch

The first code-switching cases is called tag switch. This type of switching

was rarely happened. This type only happened in CosmoGIRL! magazines. The

researcher presented the number of single word code-switching in every category in the target magazines in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 The Number of Tag Switch Cases

Magazines Categories

Advertisement Feature News Opinion

CosmoGIRL! 2 7 - 1

Girlfriend - 7 - 2

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-a. Advertisement

This category only contained 2 cases of tag switch in all of the magazines.

This type only happened in CosmoGIRL! magazines. While there were no case of

tag switch in Seventeen and Girlfriend magazines.

In addition, Table 4.2 showed some tag switch which exist in the advertisement category of the target magazines.

Table 4.2 The Example of Tag Switch in Advertisement Category

Magazines Tag Switch examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Well, 2

Girlfriend -

-Seventeen -

-b. Feature

This category contained the most number of tag switch cases in all of the

magazines. Girlfriend magazines and CosmoGIRL! Magazines had the same

number of tag switch cases in this category. There were 7 cases found in

advertisement category. In Seventeen magazines, there were only 2 cases of tag

switch occurring in advertisement category.

In addition, Table 4.3 showed some single-word code-switching which occured frequently in the feature category of the target magazines.

Table 4.3 The Example of Tag Switch in Feature Category

Magazines Tag Switch examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Well, 7

Girlfriend Well, 4

Anyway, 2

By the way, 1

Seventeen But still, 1

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c. News

This categort had the least number of tag switch. The only tag switch case

only happened in Seventeen magazines. Otherwise, there was no case of tag

switch case in CosmoGIRL! magazines and Girlfriend magazines.

In addition, Table 4.4 showed tag switch cases which occurred frequently in the news category of the target magazines.

Table 4.4 The Example of Tag Switch in News Category

Magazines Tag Switch examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Well, 2

Girlfriend -

-Seventeen -

-d. Opinion

The next category are opinion. In CosmoGIRL! magazines, there was only

one case of tag switch. While in Girlfriend magazine, there were only two cases

of tag switch. On the contrary, in there was no case of tag switch in Seventeen

magazines.

In addition, Table 4.5 showed some single-word code-switching which occured frequently in the opinion category of the target magazines.

Table 4.5 Example of Tag Switch in Opinion Category

Magazines Tag Switch examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Well, 1

Girlfriend Well, 2

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-2. Single-word Code-switching

This type of code-switching is the shortest code-switching. This type of code-switching is also called lexical borrowing. There were 1927 cases existing in CosmoGIRL! magazines, 2241 cases in Girlfriendmagazines and 1639 cases in

Seventeen magazines. The researcher also presented the number of single word

code-switching in every category in the target magazines in Table 4.6. Table 4.6 The Number of Single-word Code-switching Cases

Magazines Categories

Advertisement Feature News Opinion

CosmoGIRL! 633 1031 132 131

Girlfriend 327 1428 118 368

Seventeen 539 691 182 227

a. Advertisement

Girlfriend magazines had the least number of single-word code-switching

cases in this category. There were 327 cases found in advertisement category. Out of that number, the most frequent single-word cases that existed in advertisement category were noun word.

In Seventeen magazines, there were 539 single-word code-switching cases

occurring in advertisement category. In addition, the most frequent single-word cases that happened in advertisement category were noun words.

CosmoGIRL! magazines had the most number of single-word

code-switching cases in this category. There were 633 cases found in this category. Moreover, the most frequent single-word cases that existed in advertisement category were noun words.

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In addition, Table 4.7 showed some single-word code-switching which existed frequently in the advertisement category of the target magazines.

Table 4.7 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Advertisement Category

Magazines Single-word examples Number

CosmoGIRL! SMS 18

Makeup 17

Look 16

Voucher 12

Fashion 10

Girlfriend Voucher 14

Download 8

Makeup 8

Eye-shadow 8

Hangout 7

Seventeen Fashion 11

Wi-fi 9

E-mail 8

Eyeshadow 4

Stylish 4

b. Feature

This category contained the most number of single-word code-switching

cases in all of the magazines. Girlfriend magazines had the most number of

single-word code-switching cases in feature category. There were 1428 cases discovered in this category. In addition, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that occurred in feature category were noun words.

Seventeen magazines had the least number of single-word code-switching

cases in this category. There were only 691 cases found in feature category. Moreover, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that happened in feature category were noun words.

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In CosmoGIRL! magazines, 1031 cases of code-switching were found in

this category. Additionally, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that appeared in feature category were noun words.

In addition, Table 4.8 showed some single-word code-switching which occurred frequently in the feature category of the target magazines.

Table 4.8 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Feature Category

Magazines Single-word examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Fashion 34

Fun 33

JSYK 19

Stylist 17

Look 15

Jeans 13

Stylish 13

Girlfriend Fashion 27

Band 23

Brand 17

Hangout 11

Blog 10

Seventeen Hangout 19

Step 18

Band 16

Eyeshadow 14

Fashion 12

c. News

In CosmoGIRL! magazines, single-word code-switching were found

infrequently. There were 132 single-word code-switching cases appearing in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that existed in news category were noun words.

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In Girlfriend magazines, the researcher found 118 single-word

switching cases in this category. In addition, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that occurred in news category were noun words.

Seventeenmagazines had the most number of single-word code-switching

cases happening in news category. There were 182 cases established in this category. Furthermore, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that occurred in news category were noun words.

In addition, Table 4.9 showed some single-word code-switching which occurred frequently in the news category of the target magazines.

Table 4.9 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in News Category

Magazines Single-word examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Band 7

Gamer 5

Makeup 3

Counter 3

Event 2

Girlfriend Games 8

Workshop 5

Dance 5

Hangout 4

Polling 3

Seventeen Band 11

Voucher 7

Talkshow 6

SMS 4

Performance 4

d. Opinion

The next category is opinion. In CosmoGIRL! magazines, single-word

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code-switching cases appearing in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that existed in news category were noun words.

On the contrary, Girlfriend magazines had the most number of

single-word code-switching cases happening in this category. There were 368 established in this category. Furthermore, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that occurred in news category were noun words.

In Seventeenmagazines, there were 227 cases established in this category.

Furthermore, the most frequent single-word code-switching cases that occurred in news category were noun words.

In addition, Table 4.10 showed some single-word code-switching which occurred frequently in the opinion category of the target magazines.

Table 4.10 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Opinion Category

Magazines Single-word examples Number

CosmoGIRL! CV 3

Band 3

Rapper 2

Comments 2

Girlfriend Pantyliners 12

Star 11

Dear 10

Fansite 9

Seventeen Dance 7

Hangout 6

Add 4

Jeans 4

Makeup 4

3. Phrase Code-switching

The third type that will be discussed is phrase code-switching. This type of

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in Girlfriend magazines, 1534 cases in CosmoGIRL! magazines and 1166 cases in

Seventeen magazines. Table 4.11 explained the detailed number of phrase

code-switching cases in each category.

Table 4.11 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases

Magazines Categories

Advertisement Feature News Opinion

CosmoGIRL! 475 897 80 82

Girlfriend 618 1824 67 169

Seventeen 443 458 153 112

a. Advertisement

In this category, Girlfriend magazines contained the most number of tag

phrase code-switching which were 618 cases. In addition the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that happened in advertisement category were noun phrases.

In CosmoGIRL!magazines, there were 475 cases of phrase code-switching

existing in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that occurred in advertisement category were noun phrases.

In contrast, phrase code-switching cases were rarely found in Seventeen

magazines. There were 443 cases in advertisement category. Furthermore, the most frequent phrase code-switching that existed in advertisement category were noun phrases.

In addition, Table 4.12 showed some phrase code-switching which happened frequently in the advertisement category of the target magazines.

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Table 4.12 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Advertisement Category

Magazines Examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Blush on 13

Social life 11

Price upon request 6

Customer service 5

Girlfriend Girlfriend Style 18

Girlfriend Beauty 11

Facial wash 8

Girlfriend Promotion 7

Girlfriend Front Row 6

Seventeen Makeup artist 7

Lip gloss 3

Body lotion 3

b. Feature

Cases of phrase code-switching in magazine mostly happen in this

category. Additionally, in CosmoGIRL! magazines there were 897 cases of phrase

code-switching. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that happened in feature category were noun phrases.

Girlfriend magazines had the most number of phrases code-switching in

feature category. There were 1824 cases happening in this part. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that existed in feature category were noun words.

On the contrary, Seventeen magazines had the least number of phrase

code-switching cases in this category. There were 458 cases happening in this category. Moreover, the most frequent phrase code-switching that emerged in feature category were noun phrases.

In addition, Table 4.13 showed some phrase code-switching which occurred frequently in the feature category of the target magazines.

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Table 4.13 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Feature Category

Magazines Examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Role model 16

Price upon request 14

Behind the scene 11

Social Life 11

Fashion stylist 10

Girlfriend Girlfriend Front Row 28

Girlfriend Guru 16

Price by request 16

Reality show 16

Girlfriend Boy Friend 15

Seventeen Your life 10

Love life 7

Fun stuff 5

Friend list 3

Friend request 3

c. News

Among the other three categories, this part had the least number of phrase

code-switching cases. In CosmoGIRL! magazines, there were 80 phrase

code-switching cases found in this category. Out of that number, the most frequent tag switch cases that appeared in news category were noun phrases.

In Girlfriend magazines, phrase code-switching were found infrequently.

There were 67 cases of phrase code-switching happening in news category. In addition, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that appeared in news category were noun phrases.

Seventeen magazines contained the most number of phrase code-switching

cases in this category. There were 153 cases found in news category. Moreover, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that occurred in news category were noun phrases.

(56)

In addition, Table 4.14 showed some phrase code-switching which emerged frequently in the news category of the target magazines.

Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in News Category

Magazines Examples Number

CosmoGIRL! CG! diary 9

Goodie bag 4

Dress code 2

Home band 2

Girlfriend Girlfriend skool 6

Girlfriend Front Row 4

So fresh 3

Drum band 2

Cool music alert 2

Seventeen Story telling 5

Fun stuff 5

Goodie bag 4

Out and about 3

Wardrobe by 2

d. Opinion

In CosmoGIRL!magazines, there were 82 cases of phrase code-switching

found in opinion category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that existed in opinion category were noun phrases.

On the other hand, Girlfriend had the most cases of phrase code-switching.

There were 169 cases found in this category. In addition, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that happened in opinion category were noun phrases.

In Seventeen magazines, there were 112 cases of phrase code-switching

found in opinion category. Out of that number, the most frequent phrase code-switching cases that occurred in this category were noun phrases.

In addition, Table 4.15 showed some phrase code-switching which occurred frequently in the opinion category of the target magazines.

(57)

Table 4.15 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Opinion Category

Magazines Examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Social life 5

My dream edition 2

Your choice your world 2

Movie review 1

Girlfriend Girlfriend advice 10

Test pack 10

Body spray 5

Celeb shame 3

Seventeen Your life 6

Book of the month 4

Style icons 3

A letter to my-17-year-old self 3

Movie of the month 3

4. Clause Code-switching

The next type of code-switching that is discussed in this study is clause code-switching. It can be dependent or independent clause. As presented in the Table 4.16, this type of code-switching occured mostly in feature parts of the target magazines. There were 214 cases of clause code-switching performing in CosmoGIRL! magazines, 355 cases in Girlfriend magazines and 153 cases in

Seventeen magazines. In addition, the researcher provided Table 4.16 to present

the number of clause code-switching cases in every category in the target magazines.

Table 4.16 The Number of Clause Code-switching Cases

Magazines Categories

Advertisement Feature News Opinion

CosmoGIRL! 51 126 23 14

Girlfriend 51 255 13 36

(58)

a. Advertisement

In this category, the number of clause was not as much as the previous

categories. In CosmoGIRL! magazines, there were 51 cases of clause

switching found in this category. Moreover, the most frequent clause code-switching cases that existed in advertisement category were adverbial clauses.

In Girlfriend magazines, there were 51 cases of clause code-switching

found in this category. All of the cases in this category emerged only once. In addition, the most frequent clause code-switching cases that occured in this category were adverbial clauses.

Seventeen magazines had the most number of clause code-switching cases

in this category. There were 56 cases found in advertisement category of Seventeen magazines. Additionally, the most frequent cases of clause

code-switching that appeared in this category were adverbial clauses.

In addition, Table 4.17 showed some clause code-switching which occured frequently in the advertisement category of the target magazines.

Table 4.17 The Example of Clause Code-switching in Advertisment Category

Magazines Examples Number

CosmoGIRL! What to do 2

Capture Your Life’s Moments with Canon Flash Memory

Girlfriend Which still looks hot 1

But don’t worry girls, 1

Seventeen Splurge on this 1

(59)

b. Feature

Clause code-switching cases were mostly found in this category. In CosmoGIRL! magazines, there were 126 cases of clause code-switching found in

feature category. Out of that number, the most frequent cases of clause code-switching that happened in this category were adverbial clauses.

Girlfriend magazines had the most number of clause of code-switching

cases found in feature which were 255 cases. Out of that number, the most clause code-switching cases that existed in this category were noun clauses.

In contrast, Seventeen magazines contained the least number of cases

among the target magazines. There were 54 cases of clause code-switching in this category. Out of that number, there were only three cases that appeared more than once. In addition, the most frequent clause code-switching cases that occured in this category were noun clauses.

In addition, Table 4.18 showed some clause code-switching which occured frequently in the feature category of the target magazines.

Table 4.18 The Example of Clause Code-switching in Feature Category

Magazines Examples Number

CosmoGIRL! Just So You Know 19

Remove Inserts or Samples before Recycling

3 Know Yourself = Love

Yourself

Girlfriend He’s a... 6

Catch his latest act in 4

Where I want to be 2

Seventeen ‘cos they never go out of style 1

bring out the best in you 1

(1)

Appendix 21: Sample of Single-word, Phrase, and Clause Code-switching in Seventeen Magazines

(2)

Appendix 22: Sample of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Intersetential, and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Seventeen Magazines

(3)

Appendix 23: Sample of Diglossia in Seventeen Magazines Taken from Seventeen April 2009 p. 105

(4)

Appendix 24: Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend, and Seventeen Magazines

Magazines Type of CS

TS SW P C IL InterS D

CosmoGIRL! ₁₀ ₁₉₂₇ ₁₅₃₄ ₂₁₄ ₁₅₉ ₆₅₄

-Girlfriend ₉ ₂₄₀₇ ₂₅₁₂ ₃₅₅ ₂₁₇ ₁₁₀₀

(5)

vi ABSTRACT

Prasetya, Anastasia Permata Liska. 2011. English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

In order to answer those research questions, the researcher used descriptive method as her research method. For the research instrument, the researcher used herself and the magazines. The researcher chose CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend and Seventeen magazines. To answer the first research question, the researcher used content/ document analysis. To answer the second and the third research questions, the reseacher did a library study.

Keywords: sociolinguistics, code-switching, Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines

(6)

vii ABSTRAK

Prasetya, Anastasia Permata Liska. 2011. English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas, peneliti menggunakan metode deskripsi sebagai metode penelitiannya. Untuk instrumen penelitian, peneliti menggunakan dirinya dan majalah-majalah. Peneliti memilih majalah CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend dan Seventeen. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian yang pertama, peneliti menggunakan analisa dokumen/ isi. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua dan ketiga, peneliti melakukan studi pustaka.

Setelah mendapatkan seluruh data dan melalui analisa yang mendalam, peneliti mendapatkan tiga temuan. Pertama, ada enam tipe alih kode yaitu tag switch, alih kode yang berupa satu kata, alih kode yang berupa frasa, alih kode yang berupa klausa, alih kode yang berupa kalimat utuh, integrated loanwords dan diglossia. Penemuan menunjukkan bahwa tipe yang paling sering muncul adalah alih kode yang berupa satu kata, sebaliknya diglossia adalah tipe yang paling jarang muncul. Kedua, alih kode dilakukan karena terdapat istilah-istilah khusus yang tidak dapat digantikan terkait dengan topik bahasan. Jenjang sosial adalah alasan mengapa editor melakukan alih kode. Ketiga, alih kode yang secara tata bahasa tepat dalam bahasa Inggris dapat mendukung proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris tetapi alih kode yang secara tata bahasa kurang tepat dapat menghalangi atau bahkan dapat membantu proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris.

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