A Contrastive Analysis Between English And Arabic Past Tense
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Definition of Past Tense
Thompson (1986: 162) says that simple past tense is used for an action whose
time is not given but which occupied a period of time now interminated, or
occurred at a moment in a period of time now interminated.
Azar (1989: 24) describes that the simple past tense indicates that an activity
or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.
Types of Past Tense
There are two types of past simple verbs.
1). Regular past simple verbs are those that add either a -d or -ed to the present
tense form to create the past tense form.
The children skipped past the door.
We walked along the beach.
2). Irregular past simple verbs are those that don't add -d or -ed to the present
tense form to create the past tense form.
The children wrote to their grandmother.
My sister drank all of the milk.
5
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Regular Past Tense Verbs
Regular verbs are so nice and predictable. It's easy to remember how to
create the past tense of these verbs because they follow a pattern. They add either
a -d or an -ed to the present tense form to make the past tense form.
Present Tense
+ -d or -ed
Past Tense
Walk
+ -ed
Walked
Pick
+ -ed
Picked
Move
+ -d
Moved
Push
+ -ed
Pushed
Irregular Past Tense Verbs
Irregular verbs are just what they sound like. They are not regular. They
don't end in -d or an -ed in their past tense. In fact, they don't end in anything in
particular. That can make it hard to remember how to form their past tense.
6
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Present Tense
+?
Past Tense
Drive
+?
Drove
Eat
+?
Ate
Have
+?
Had
Begin
+?
Began
Break
+?
Broke
Steal
+?
Stole
Cost
+?
Cost
2.2 Form of Past Tense
A. Simple Past Tense
I
Form
I/we/you/ they
H
He/she/ it
+ Past Tense
Use
To express an activity in a definite time in the past.
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
e.g.:
~ He was born in 1964.
~ She came here yesterday.
~ I saw good panorama last week.
To express past habitual activities.
e.g.:
~ Indah was worked hard when he was young.
~ We always played basket ball during our academic years.
B. Past Continuous Tense
Form
He/she/ it
= was + present participle
I/we/ you/ they
= were + present participle
Use
To express an activity in the past which interrupted by another
activity.
e.g.:
~ They were watching TV when somebody knocked at the door.
~ While I was bathing in the river I heard a fearful cry.
To express two activities in the past that happens in the same time.
e.g.:
~ Milza was reading a magazine while Zoelham was writing
letters.
~ When you called me, I was listening to the radio.
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
C. Past Perfect Tense
Form
Subject + Had + Past Participle
Use
To express an activity in the past which completed before an another activity.
e.g.:
~ He had arrived at home before it rained.
~ Angie went home after she had bought some books.
~ I had copied my lesson before the exam began.
D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Form
Subject + Had + Been + Present Participle
Use
It is used to denote an action beginning in the past time and was still in progress at
certain time in the past also.
e.g.:
~ When Bobby came, Surya had been working for two hours.
~ Before he entered the exam, he had been studying hard for a
month.
~ The children had been playing in the garden the whole morning,
before their mother called them.
9
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kind of English Sentences in Past Tense
Affirmative Sentence
Subject + Verb II
Subject + Be 2 + Verb I-ing
Subject + had + Verb III
Subject + had + Been + Verb I-ing + Object
e.g.:
~ I spoke English.
~ I was speaking English.
~ I had spoken English.
~ I had been speaking English.
Negative Sentence
subject + did + not + Verb I
subject + Be 2 + not + Verb I-ing
subject + had + not +Verb III
subject + had + not + Been + Verb I-ing + Object
e.g.:
~ I did not speak Japanese.
~ I was not speaking Japanese.
~ I had not spoken Japanese.
~ I had not been speaking Japanese.
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Interrogative Sentence
Did + Subject + Verb I?
Be 2 + Subject + Verb I-ing?
Had + Subject + Verb III?
Had + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object?
e.g.:
~ Did I speak English?
~ Was I speaking English?
~ Had I spoken English?
~ Had I been speaking English?
Negative Interrogative Sentence
Did + not + Subject + Verb I?
Be 2 + not + Subject + Verb I-ing?
Had + not + Subject + Verb III?
Had + not + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object?
e.g.:
~ Didn’t I speak English?
~ Wasn’t I speaking English?
~ Hadn’t I spoken English?
~ Hadn’t I been speaking English?
Remember, The sentence often contains an adverb or adverb phrase of
time, such as yesterday, the other day, last night, last week, three days ago, a few
minutes ago, in (year), from (year) to (year), etc.
11
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.3 Definition of Fiil ((الفعـل
Fiil is a word that shows the meaning of the work or events that occur in a
period or time (past, present and future). Almost like a sense of the verb in the
Indonesian language, but there are slight differences.
Example:
go to work
ْا ْفعــ ْل
Being / will work
ْي ْفــعــل
Has worked
ْفــعــل
Fiil sentence division:
1. by the time
a. Fiil Madhi
b. Fiil Mudhari
c. Fiil Amar
2. According to type the letters:
a. Fiil Saheeh
1) Fiil Salim
2) Fiil Mahmuz
3) Fiil Mudhoaf
b. Fiil Mutal
1) Fiil Mithal
2) Fiil Ajwaf
3) Fiil Naqish
4) Fiil Mafruq
12
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5) Fiil Maqrun
3. According to the Attractions Sufferers:
a. Prevalent Fiil
b. Fiil Mutaadi
4. According to the form of Active /Passive:
a. Fiil Malum
b. Fiil Majhul
5. The composition according to letters:
a. Fiil Mujarrad
b. Fiil Mazid
2.4 Definition of Fiil Madhi
Fiil Madhi is a verb that indicates the occurrence of a job or event in the
past (past tense).
Marking of Fiil Madhi
The signs include a look at the original letter verb and generally contain
the sound "a", for example ْ( كـتـبwrote), َ( قــرأread).
2.5 Form of Fiil Madhi
Fiil Madhi has 14 forms in accordance with the number of dhamir (actor).
Dhamir serves as fa'il (actor). Taking the example of the word ْ( كـتـبkataba), then
there are 14 forms as follows:
No
Dhami
F.Madhi
Meaning
Explaining
1
ْهـو
ْكتب
He wrote
2
همـ
كتبـ
They (two man)
wrote
The original form
without any changes
ا+ in the last letter
13
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3
هْـ ْْم
ْـو
ْ كتب
4
ْهـي
ْْكتبـت
5
همـ
كتبـت
6
ْهـن
7
َ+ ـــُوin the last letter
They (much man)
wrote
She wrote
+ ـتin the last letter
+ ـتـَاin the last letter
ْكت ْبـن
They (two woman)
wrote
They (much) wrote
ْا ْنـت
ْكت ْبـت
You (man) wrote
+ ـــتin the last letter
8
ْ ا ْنتمـ
كت ْبتمـ
9
ا ْنتـم
ْكت ْبتـ ْم
10
ْا ْنـت
ْكت ْبـت
You (two man)
+ ـــتُمـاin the last letter
wrote
You (much man)
+ ـــتُمin the last letter
wrote
You (woman) wrote + ــتin the last letter
11
ا ْنتمـ
كت ْبتم
12
َْا ْنتـن
ْكت ْبتـن
13
انـ
ْكت ْبـت
You (two woman)
wrote
You (much
woman) wrote
I wrote
14
ْن ْحن
كت ْبـن
We wrote
+ ـــنin the last letter
+ ـتُمـاin the last letter
َ ُ ــتin the last letter
+ ـن
ُ ـin the last letter
+ ــت
+ ـــنـاin the last letter
Pattern of Fiil Madhi
1. Fiil Tsulatsi Madhi, the past tense verb that consists of three letters. The
patterns are:
ْفــعـل
ْْكـفـر,ْنصـر, ( ضرhit, help, reject)
َْْ فــعـل
ْْعـ ـم,ْ ْشـهـ,ْ( فهــمunderstand, see, know)
ْبـعـ, ْكــر,ْ ( حــرforbid, glorify, distance)
ْْفـعــل
2. Fiil Rubai Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of four letters. There are three
patterns:
1
ْفعــل
ْْســ م,ْعـ م,ْنــزل
2
ْأْ ْفـعـل
ْْأ ْنــزل,ســ م
ْ ْأ,أ ْرســل
3
ْفـ عـل
ْْقـ تـل,ْخـ سم,ســ فر
14
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. Fiil Khumasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of five letters. There are
four patterns:
ا ْنقـ بْ,ا ْنط ــقْ,ا ْنقطـعْ
ا ْنفـعــلْ
1
ا ْقتــر ْ,ا ْجتمــعْ,ا ْجتنـبْ
ا ْفتعـــلْ
2
تع ــمْ,تــأخــرْ,تقــ ْ
تفــعـلْ
3
تســ قفْ,تســـ هـلْ,تجـــ هلْ
تفــ عـلْ
4
4. Fiil Sudasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of six letters. The pattern is
only one:
Example
Pattern
س ْ
تخــرْجْ
ست ْغفــــرْ,ا ْ
تحــو ْ,ا ْ
س ْ
ا ْ
ست ْفعـــلْ
ا ْ
Examples of changes fiil Madhi, rubai, khumasi, and sudasi:
Ruba’i
Dhomir
Sudasi
Khumasi
فعــلْ
أْ ْفــلْ
ا ْنفـعــلْ
ا ْفتعـــلْ
تفــعـلْ
ست ْفعـــلْ
ا ْ
هوْ
نــزلْ
أ ْرســلْ
ا ْنقطـعْ
ا ْجتمــعْ
تقــ ْ
ست ْغفــرْ
ا ْ
هيْ
نــزلتْْ
أ ْرســ تْْ
ا ْنقطـعتْْ
ا ْجتمــعتْْ
تقــ متْْ
ست ْغفــرتْْ
ا ْ
ا ْنتْ
نــز ْلتْ
أ ْرســ ْتْ
اْْنقطـ ْعتْ
ا ْجتمــ ْعتْ
تقــ ْمتْ
ــرتْ
ست ْغف ْ
ا ْ
ا ْنتْ
نــز ْلتْ
أ ْرســ ْتْ
ا ْنقطـ ْعتْ
ا ْجتمــ ْعتْ
تقــ ْمتْ
ــرتْ
ست ْغف ْ
ا ْ
ان
نــز ْلتْ
أ ْرســ ْتْ
ا ْنقطـ ْعتْ
ا ْجتمــ ْعتْ
تقــ ْمتْ
ــرتْ
ست ْغف ْ
ا ْ
15
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Note:
1. All of fiil Madhi inaccessible by ْْ قـــwhich means really, examples:
Arabic
English
ْـــرت
ْ ســت ْغـف
ْ قــ ْْا
Indeed, I have asked for forgiveness
2. If in the future there ْ مـin Fiil Madhi, it means no, for example:
Arabic
English
ْـــرت
ْ ســت ْغـف
ْ مــ ْا
I did not ask for forgiveness
16
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.1 Definition of Past Tense
Thompson (1986: 162) says that simple past tense is used for an action whose
time is not given but which occupied a period of time now interminated, or
occurred at a moment in a period of time now interminated.
Azar (1989: 24) describes that the simple past tense indicates that an activity
or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.
Types of Past Tense
There are two types of past simple verbs.
1). Regular past simple verbs are those that add either a -d or -ed to the present
tense form to create the past tense form.
The children skipped past the door.
We walked along the beach.
2). Irregular past simple verbs are those that don't add -d or -ed to the present
tense form to create the past tense form.
The children wrote to their grandmother.
My sister drank all of the milk.
5
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Regular Past Tense Verbs
Regular verbs are so nice and predictable. It's easy to remember how to
create the past tense of these verbs because they follow a pattern. They add either
a -d or an -ed to the present tense form to make the past tense form.
Present Tense
+ -d or -ed
Past Tense
Walk
+ -ed
Walked
Pick
+ -ed
Picked
Move
+ -d
Moved
Push
+ -ed
Pushed
Irregular Past Tense Verbs
Irregular verbs are just what they sound like. They are not regular. They
don't end in -d or an -ed in their past tense. In fact, they don't end in anything in
particular. That can make it hard to remember how to form their past tense.
6
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Present Tense
+?
Past Tense
Drive
+?
Drove
Eat
+?
Ate
Have
+?
Had
Begin
+?
Began
Break
+?
Broke
Steal
+?
Stole
Cost
+?
Cost
2.2 Form of Past Tense
A. Simple Past Tense
I
Form
I/we/you/ they
H
He/she/ it
+ Past Tense
Use
To express an activity in a definite time in the past.
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
e.g.:
~ He was born in 1964.
~ She came here yesterday.
~ I saw good panorama last week.
To express past habitual activities.
e.g.:
~ Indah was worked hard when he was young.
~ We always played basket ball during our academic years.
B. Past Continuous Tense
Form
He/she/ it
= was + present participle
I/we/ you/ they
= were + present participle
Use
To express an activity in the past which interrupted by another
activity.
e.g.:
~ They were watching TV when somebody knocked at the door.
~ While I was bathing in the river I heard a fearful cry.
To express two activities in the past that happens in the same time.
e.g.:
~ Milza was reading a magazine while Zoelham was writing
letters.
~ When you called me, I was listening to the radio.
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
C. Past Perfect Tense
Form
Subject + Had + Past Participle
Use
To express an activity in the past which completed before an another activity.
e.g.:
~ He had arrived at home before it rained.
~ Angie went home after she had bought some books.
~ I had copied my lesson before the exam began.
D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Form
Subject + Had + Been + Present Participle
Use
It is used to denote an action beginning in the past time and was still in progress at
certain time in the past also.
e.g.:
~ When Bobby came, Surya had been working for two hours.
~ Before he entered the exam, he had been studying hard for a
month.
~ The children had been playing in the garden the whole morning,
before their mother called them.
9
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kind of English Sentences in Past Tense
Affirmative Sentence
Subject + Verb II
Subject + Be 2 + Verb I-ing
Subject + had + Verb III
Subject + had + Been + Verb I-ing + Object
e.g.:
~ I spoke English.
~ I was speaking English.
~ I had spoken English.
~ I had been speaking English.
Negative Sentence
subject + did + not + Verb I
subject + Be 2 + not + Verb I-ing
subject + had + not +Verb III
subject + had + not + Been + Verb I-ing + Object
e.g.:
~ I did not speak Japanese.
~ I was not speaking Japanese.
~ I had not spoken Japanese.
~ I had not been speaking Japanese.
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Interrogative Sentence
Did + Subject + Verb I?
Be 2 + Subject + Verb I-ing?
Had + Subject + Verb III?
Had + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object?
e.g.:
~ Did I speak English?
~ Was I speaking English?
~ Had I spoken English?
~ Had I been speaking English?
Negative Interrogative Sentence
Did + not + Subject + Verb I?
Be 2 + not + Subject + Verb I-ing?
Had + not + Subject + Verb III?
Had + not + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object?
e.g.:
~ Didn’t I speak English?
~ Wasn’t I speaking English?
~ Hadn’t I spoken English?
~ Hadn’t I been speaking English?
Remember, The sentence often contains an adverb or adverb phrase of
time, such as yesterday, the other day, last night, last week, three days ago, a few
minutes ago, in (year), from (year) to (year), etc.
11
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.3 Definition of Fiil ((الفعـل
Fiil is a word that shows the meaning of the work or events that occur in a
period or time (past, present and future). Almost like a sense of the verb in the
Indonesian language, but there are slight differences.
Example:
go to work
ْا ْفعــ ْل
Being / will work
ْي ْفــعــل
Has worked
ْفــعــل
Fiil sentence division:
1. by the time
a. Fiil Madhi
b. Fiil Mudhari
c. Fiil Amar
2. According to type the letters:
a. Fiil Saheeh
1) Fiil Salim
2) Fiil Mahmuz
3) Fiil Mudhoaf
b. Fiil Mutal
1) Fiil Mithal
2) Fiil Ajwaf
3) Fiil Naqish
4) Fiil Mafruq
12
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5) Fiil Maqrun
3. According to the Attractions Sufferers:
a. Prevalent Fiil
b. Fiil Mutaadi
4. According to the form of Active /Passive:
a. Fiil Malum
b. Fiil Majhul
5. The composition according to letters:
a. Fiil Mujarrad
b. Fiil Mazid
2.4 Definition of Fiil Madhi
Fiil Madhi is a verb that indicates the occurrence of a job or event in the
past (past tense).
Marking of Fiil Madhi
The signs include a look at the original letter verb and generally contain
the sound "a", for example ْ( كـتـبwrote), َ( قــرأread).
2.5 Form of Fiil Madhi
Fiil Madhi has 14 forms in accordance with the number of dhamir (actor).
Dhamir serves as fa'il (actor). Taking the example of the word ْ( كـتـبkataba), then
there are 14 forms as follows:
No
Dhami
F.Madhi
Meaning
Explaining
1
ْهـو
ْكتب
He wrote
2
همـ
كتبـ
They (two man)
wrote
The original form
without any changes
ا+ in the last letter
13
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3
هْـ ْْم
ْـو
ْ كتب
4
ْهـي
ْْكتبـت
5
همـ
كتبـت
6
ْهـن
7
َ+ ـــُوin the last letter
They (much man)
wrote
She wrote
+ ـتin the last letter
+ ـتـَاin the last letter
ْكت ْبـن
They (two woman)
wrote
They (much) wrote
ْا ْنـت
ْكت ْبـت
You (man) wrote
+ ـــتin the last letter
8
ْ ا ْنتمـ
كت ْبتمـ
9
ا ْنتـم
ْكت ْبتـ ْم
10
ْا ْنـت
ْكت ْبـت
You (two man)
+ ـــتُمـاin the last letter
wrote
You (much man)
+ ـــتُمin the last letter
wrote
You (woman) wrote + ــتin the last letter
11
ا ْنتمـ
كت ْبتم
12
َْا ْنتـن
ْكت ْبتـن
13
انـ
ْكت ْبـت
You (two woman)
wrote
You (much
woman) wrote
I wrote
14
ْن ْحن
كت ْبـن
We wrote
+ ـــنin the last letter
+ ـتُمـاin the last letter
َ ُ ــتin the last letter
+ ـن
ُ ـin the last letter
+ ــت
+ ـــنـاin the last letter
Pattern of Fiil Madhi
1. Fiil Tsulatsi Madhi, the past tense verb that consists of three letters. The
patterns are:
ْفــعـل
ْْكـفـر,ْنصـر, ( ضرhit, help, reject)
َْْ فــعـل
ْْعـ ـم,ْ ْشـهـ,ْ( فهــمunderstand, see, know)
ْبـعـ, ْكــر,ْ ( حــرforbid, glorify, distance)
ْْفـعــل
2. Fiil Rubai Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of four letters. There are three
patterns:
1
ْفعــل
ْْســ م,ْعـ م,ْنــزل
2
ْأْ ْفـعـل
ْْأ ْنــزل,ســ م
ْ ْأ,أ ْرســل
3
ْفـ عـل
ْْقـ تـل,ْخـ سم,ســ فر
14
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3. Fiil Khumasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of five letters. There are
four patterns:
ا ْنقـ بْ,ا ْنط ــقْ,ا ْنقطـعْ
ا ْنفـعــلْ
1
ا ْقتــر ْ,ا ْجتمــعْ,ا ْجتنـبْ
ا ْفتعـــلْ
2
تع ــمْ,تــأخــرْ,تقــ ْ
تفــعـلْ
3
تســ قفْ,تســـ هـلْ,تجـــ هلْ
تفــ عـلْ
4
4. Fiil Sudasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of six letters. The pattern is
only one:
Example
Pattern
س ْ
تخــرْجْ
ست ْغفــــرْ,ا ْ
تحــو ْ,ا ْ
س ْ
ا ْ
ست ْفعـــلْ
ا ْ
Examples of changes fiil Madhi, rubai, khumasi, and sudasi:
Ruba’i
Dhomir
Sudasi
Khumasi
فعــلْ
أْ ْفــلْ
ا ْنفـعــلْ
ا ْفتعـــلْ
تفــعـلْ
ست ْفعـــلْ
ا ْ
هوْ
نــزلْ
أ ْرســلْ
ا ْنقطـعْ
ا ْجتمــعْ
تقــ ْ
ست ْغفــرْ
ا ْ
هيْ
نــزلتْْ
أ ْرســ تْْ
ا ْنقطـعتْْ
ا ْجتمــعتْْ
تقــ متْْ
ست ْغفــرتْْ
ا ْ
ا ْنتْ
نــز ْلتْ
أ ْرســ ْتْ
اْْنقطـ ْعتْ
ا ْجتمــ ْعتْ
تقــ ْمتْ
ــرتْ
ست ْغف ْ
ا ْ
ا ْنتْ
نــز ْلتْ
أ ْرســ ْتْ
ا ْنقطـ ْعتْ
ا ْجتمــ ْعتْ
تقــ ْمتْ
ــرتْ
ست ْغف ْ
ا ْ
ان
نــز ْلتْ
أ ْرســ ْتْ
ا ْنقطـ ْعتْ
ا ْجتمــ ْعتْ
تقــ ْمتْ
ــرتْ
ست ْغف ْ
ا ْ
15
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Note:
1. All of fiil Madhi inaccessible by ْْ قـــwhich means really, examples:
Arabic
English
ْـــرت
ْ ســت ْغـف
ْ قــ ْْا
Indeed, I have asked for forgiveness
2. If in the future there ْ مـin Fiil Madhi, it means no, for example:
Arabic
English
ْـــرت
ْ ســت ْغـف
ْ مــ ْا
I did not ask for forgiveness
16
Universitas Sumatera Utara