A Contrastive Analysis Between English And Arabic Past Tense

REFERENCES

Al – Batal, Mahmoud. 1995. Al-Kitab Fii Ta’allum Al-‘Arabiyya: A Textbook for Beginning Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Muin, Abdul. 2004. Analisis Kontrastif Bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Indonesia.

Jakarta: Pustaka Al Husna Baru.

Arsyad, Azhar. 2004. Bahasa Arab dan Metode Pengajarannya. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Massey, Keith. 2008. Intermediate Arabic for Dummies. Canada: Wiley Publishing.

Izzan, Ahmad. 2008. Basic English Grammar. Bekasi: Kesain Blanc.

Thompson, A.J and Martinet, A.V. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2011. Buku Petunjuk Program D-III Studi Bahasa Inggris. Unpublic. Medan: D-III Bahasa Inggris Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Jarim, Ali and Amin, Musthofa. 1997. An-Nahwul Wadih Fii Qawaaidi Allughah

Al-Arabiyyah Lilmudarrisi Al-Ibtida’iyyah. Surabaya: Maktabah Balai

3. PAST TENSE ANALYSIS

3.1 Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis in general term is an inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive elements in a language (Kardaleska, 2006). In common definition, the term can be defined as the method of analyzing the structure of any two languages with a view to estimate the differential aspects of their system, irrespective or their genetic affinity of level development (Geethakumary, 2006).

Contrastive Analysis of two languages in question: L1 and L2, pointing at the specific features of each language system (in its major areas: phonology, morphology, lexicology, syntax, text analysis) helps in the process of anticipation of possible difficulties with the L2 learners. A part of the difficulties can be attributed to the mother tongue (first language) interference (Kardaleska, 2006).

The English language belongs to the Anglo-Frisian sub-group of the West Germanic branch of the Germanic family, a member of the Indo-European languages. And Arabic language is the most widespread of the living Semitic languages. Classified as South Central Semitic, Arabic is the most Semitic of any modern Semitic languages in terms of how completely it preserves the features of Proto-Semitic: the common ancestor for all Semitic languages.

In English common tense signals non-specific time; it implies that a statement is of general application, and holds good for all time, or that the action is habitual or recurrent. Normally, English and Arabic use present tense in similar circumstances. The above group of verb however did not interpreted similarly in the two languages. Where English use common tenses to emphasize the result-condition aspect of a situation (I understand, I hear, I see), Arabic uses the past tense to emphasize the completed-action aspect. Thus:

Anâ fahimt

I understood (I have achieved an understanding of it)

A verb in Arabic is based on a set of three or four consonants called a root (trilateral or quadrilateral according to the number of consonants). An example from the root k-t-b _"write":

Active Passive

Arabic English Arabic English

Kataba _{He wrote} Kutiba _{It was written}

Kattaba _{He caused to write} Kuttiba _{He was made to write} Takātaba He corresponded (with

someone, mutually)

Tukūtiba He was corresponded (with)

The conjugation of English verb

There are three kinds of English conjugations; regular verb, irregular verb and defective verb (A. Chaedar Alwashilah, Ph. D, 1993:223). The regular verb is a- verb that has the form change that may happen from the basic form to the past and the past participle are formed by adding –d or –ed inflections.

For example:

 Stem : Want; The edge sound: t  Conjugation : - Past Tense: Wanted

-Past Participle: Wanted  Pronunciation: wonted (id)

The verb that its conjugation irregularly (Irregular Verb) can be grouped into four groups, such as:

1. The past and past participle forms are stem the same form from the infinitive. For example:

Stem: To cut; Past tense: cut; Past participle: cut.

2. The past and past participle are same but it’s different from the infinitive

or the stem. For example:

Stem: To bend; Past tense: bent; Past participle: bent.

3. Past tense, past participle and infinitive are different to each other. For example:

For the explanation above we can conclude that irregular verbs are not formed by adding morpheme –d or –ed on the verb. We can identify from how to pronunciate of each verb.

The conjugation of Arabic verb

Such in English, in Arabic language also existed form experiencing change regularly and irregularly. That can be looked at the strength and weaknest of each it’s letter.

Regular verb is a verb that doesn’t have one of letter illat such alif, ya and

wawu. Regular is subdivided into three kinds; fiil salim, fiil mahmuz and fiil mudhaaf. Irregular verb in the Arabic is called mu’tal. It’s one of the base letter is illat letter. It consist four kinds: mitsal, ajwaf, naqish and lafif.

3.3 Morphology

English morphology

Wardaugh (1973:76) states that Morphology is the study of their morphemes in their combination in words and Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. In the discussion of English verb morphological process the researcher sub- divides into: Affixation process, replacement process, suppletion, and blank modification.

Processes of affixation may than be divided into prefixation, suffixation or infixation. A process of replacement is no more a morph than zero is morph this is happened in the internal change in a certain morpheme. For example:

Stem Past Tense Past Participle

Swim Swam Swum

The suppletion process can also be a problem in the case of total modification. For example:

Stem Past Tense Past participle

Be Was Been

The happen change of these process can not be seen but it is only different in this concept (Blank modification). For example:

Stem Past Tense Past Participle

Let Let Let

Arabic Morphology

The form of Arabic verb according to time such as; past tense (madhi), present tense (mudhari), and imperative verb (amr) have a pair of scales as a formula. Abu Bakar (1995:1) says that every change of the form follow into its formula and all of Arabic words are come from the basic word namely the three consonants mentioned fa fiil, ain fiil and lam fiil.

Table of Arabic inflectional suffixes in the past verbs from the verb “ْبـتـك”/katab/to write:

Number Person Masculine Suffix Feminine Suffix

Singular 1st Katabtu -tu Katabat -at

Dual Katabna: -na: Katabna: -na:

Plural - - - -

Singular 2nd _{Katabta -ta Katabti -ti}

Plural Katabtum -tum Katabtuna -tuna

Singular 3rd Kataba -a Katabat: -at:

Dual Kataba: -a: Katabata: -ata:

Plural Katabu -u Katabna -na

3.4 Forming the Past Tenses

For the discussion of tenses, we need to understand the time concept, tenses is not same with the time, although the tenses matter is time matter. Time is a concept in the speaker, reader and listener thing. Human’s lived in the three dimension of time namely the past, present and future. For example:

A

 The Past Time: Sofia hugged the baby.  The Present Time: Sofia hugs the baby.  The Future Time: Sofia will huge the baby.

B

 The Past Time: You spoke English.  The Present Time: You speak English.  The Future Time: You will speak English.

In the past time is point out at th - ed suffix, it is an concrete characteristic, but the internal change in the form of past (spoke) because spoke is an irregular verb while huge is a regular verb. Past tense signals a completed act or series of acts. It often occurs with adverbials of time:

 He went to the store.  He went yesterday.

 He went just now

The forms of the past tense are:

1) /-d/, /-t/, /-id/ on weak verbs, e.g. play-played

2) Ablaut or vocalic change, e.g. bind-bound, bleed-bled 3) Mixed verbs with alveolar suffix, e.g. say-said, sell-sold 4) Devoicing verbs, e.g. build-built, lend-lent

5) Invariable verbs, e.g. eat, cut, put

According to the time, Arabic verb can be divided into three kinds; Fiil Madhi (past tense), Fiil Mudhari (present tense) and Fiil Amr (imperative verb). The verb in Arabic always change and show suitable with the time of event by the subject of it performer. Verb is a word that indicates the stand alone of ea i g that is parti ipated the ti e Al fi lu: Kali atu dallat alaa a aa fii nafsihaa waqturinat bi zamaanin adh a . E a ple:

No. Arabic sentences English sentences Kinds of tenses

1. Al-Ustaadzu yadzhabu ilal madrosati kulla yaumin

The teacher goes to school every day

Present tense

2. Dzahaba Muhammadun ilal adrosati a dal aa a

Muhammad went to school yesterday

Arabic past tense or called Fiil Madhi is a word that indicates an event (action) that has been passed or completed. Fiil Madhi has four conditions in terms of sense of time:

•It ea s has, it sho i pro u iation, meaning, and work that has been

passed. Example:

 َاْأَ ْْضََ لسضََاََات ضََُّخ ل َق (Allah has created the heavens and the earth) • It ea s ei g, just i ea i g, ut the ord is past. E a ple:

 لخَُْخَِ (You are entering)

• It means future, just in word. This usually occur when the form sentence promise or prayer, example:

 اانلآ َعْطَيْنََٓ ََٱ َكَوْثَرْ (indeed, we will give you Kautsar) • The ea i g is appropriate the future a d the past.

In Arabic, the past tense is produced with a system of suffixes. We use the same suffixes regardless of which of the ten verb forms we're using. Here's a table showing the past tense of typical Form I verb so we can spot the suffixes in a pinch.

Both the languages show similarity in indicating the anteriority of the event in relation to the moment of utterance. This can be symbolized in the two languages

as “E before S”. Principally, it is used to draw attention to the time in the past at

which an action occurred and especially as answers to questions asked by 'when'.

Arabic English

Mataa raaytahu amsi marrah? When did you see him last?

Table of equality past tense in Arabic and English:

No Time English Arabic

1. Present perfect I have eaten the rice Akaltu Arruzza 2. Simple past I ate the rice 10 minute ago Akaltu arruzza

asyru dakoit kobl 3. Past perfect I had eaten the rice before I

went to school

Akaltu arruzza kobla an zahabtu ilal madrosah

In addition to this main sense of the past form, both the languages illustrate secondary uses for this form as follows:

1) Both the languages use the past to display an action begun at some time in the past, for example:

 Tanawalnaa ţa’aamal-gadaai fissaa’ati asstaaniyah.

 We had our lunch at 2 o'clock.

2) Both the languages use it to denote successive events in the past, for example:  Adkholatis syayaarotal mir’aabi wa kharajat minhaa, tsumma aqfalatin

nawaafidzaa wa awşadatil abwaabi tsumma saarat fii ţariiqihaa ilaa

maktab.

 She drove to the garage, got out of the car, closed all the windows, locked all the doors, and walked towards the office.

3) Both the languages employ the past with habitual meaning, for instance:

 Indamaa kuntu fiil Hindi kuntu uhatifu ahlii maratayiin fil usbu’.

 While I was in India, I phoned my family twice a week.

4) The two languages use the past form to express the Attitudinal past, which denotes the speaker's attitude, rather than the past. It is pragmatically regarded more polite than present form, for example:

 Hal aradta an taraanii?

 Did you want me?

5) Hypothetical past, for example:

 Law kunta tuhibbunii maa qulta dzaalika .  If you loved me, you would not say that.

Furthermore, there are some aspects of the use of the past form, which are considered as language specific features. Arabic uses the past to express some other functions as follows the past form in Arabic is employed to denote the present or the future when it indicates: a wish, a prayer, or a curse, for example:

 Sa’ada Allahu abaaka

 La’anahu Allah

This use is rendered in English by the present subjunctive or ‘may+ infinitive’, for instance:

 (May) Allah (God) helps your father!

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

After analyzing a contrastive past tense of English and Arabic, the writer would like to take a conclude that:

 A Contrastive Analysis is a practice-oriented approach that is concerned with comparing two or more languages to explore the similarities and dissimilarities between them.

 The similarities of past tense between Arabic and English is in terms of when it occurs, generally they both are words that indicate something that happened in the past.

 The differences between them are:

•Past tense in Arabic can mean now even the future.

•Past tense in English can be formed from the current form (present). •Past tense in the Arabic does not has formation like in English.

 The past simple tense of the most English verbs (regular verbs) is formed by adding"-ed"/"-d" to their base form. If the verb ends in "-e", we add "-d" to form the past simple.

 The sentence often contains an adverb or adverb phrase of time, such as yesterday, the other day, last night, last week, three days ago, a few minutes ago, in (year), from (year) to (year), etc.

 There are two basic morphological in Arabic: past and present, also called perfective and imperfective. Verb in Arabic is Fiil. And verb for past tense is Fiil madhi and for present is Fiil mudhari.

 Structure of Fiil madhi is Tsulatsi (consisting three letters), Rubai (consisting four letters), Khumasi (consisting five letters), and Sudasi (consisting six letters).

 The English language belongs to the Anglo-Frisian sub-group of the West Germanic branch of the Germanic family, a member of the Indo-European languages, while Arabic is a proto – Semitic language.

 Almost Arabic’s tense like a sense of the verb in English, but there are

slight differences. Fiil division by the time, according to type the letters, according attractions sufferers, according to the form of Active / Passive, and according to letters.

4.2 Suggestion

1) The reader can understand easier in comparing the past tense of English and Arabic.

2) For the students who will get the information in using simple past in comparison of both languages.

3) For the teacher should be able to take advantage of contrastive analysis for the sake of the learning process.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Definition of Past Tense

Thompson (1986: 162) says that simple past tense is used for an action whose time is not given but which occupied a period of time now interminated, or occurred at a moment in a period of time now interminated.

Azar (1989: 24) describes that the simple past tense indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.

Types of Past Tense

There are two types of past simple verbs.

1). Regular past simple verbs are those that add either a -d or -ed to the present tense form to create the past tense form.

 The children skipped past the door.

 We walked along the beach.

2). Irregular past simple verbs are those that don't add -d or -ed to the present tense form to create the past tense form.

 The children wrote to their grandmother.

Regular Past Tense Verbs

Regular verbs are so nice and predictable. It's easy to remember how to create the past tense of these verbs because they follow a pattern. They add either a -d or an -ed to the present tense form to make the past tense form.

Present Tense + -d or -ed Past Tense

Walk + -ed Walked

Pick + -ed Picked

Move + -d Moved

Push + -ed Pushed

Irregular Past Tense Verbs

Irregular verbs are just what they sound like. They are not regular. They don't end in -d or an -ed in their past tense. In fact, they don't end in anything in particular. That can make it hard to remember how to form their past tense.

Present Tense + ? Past Tense

Drive + ? Drove

Eat + ? Ate

Have + ? Had

Begin + ? Began

Break + ? Broke

Steal + ? Stole

Cost + ? Cost

2.2 Form of Past Tense

A. Simple Past Tense  Form

I I/we/you/ they

H He/she/ it + Past Tense

 Use

e.g.: ~ He was born in 1964. ~ She came here yesterday. ~ I saw good panorama last week.  To express past habitual activities.

e.g.: ~ Indah was worked hard when he was young.

~ We always played basket ball during our academic years.

B. Past Continuous Tense  Form

He/she/ it = was + present participle I/we/ you/ they = were + present participle

 Use

 To express an activity in the past which interrupted by another activity.

e.g.: ~ They were watching TV when somebody knocked at the door. ~ While I was bathing in the river I heard a fearful cry.

 To express two activities in the past that happens in the same time. e.g.: ~ Milza was reading a magazine while Zoelham was writing

letters.

C. Past Perfect Tense  Form

Subject + Had + Past Participle

 Use

To express an activity in the past which completed before an another activity. e.g.: ~ He had arrived at home before it rained.

~ Angie went home after she had bought some books. ~ I had copied my lesson before the exam began. D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 Form

Subject + Had + Been + Present Participle

 Use

It is used to denote an action beginning in the past time and was still in progress at certain time in the past also.

e.g.: ~ When Bobby came, Surya had been working for two hours. ~ Before he entered the exam, he had been studying hard for a

month.

~ The children had been playing in the garden the whole morning, before their mother called them.

Kind of English Sentences in Past Tense  Affirmative Sentence

 Subject + Verb II

 Subject + Be 2 + Verb I-ing  Subject + had + Verb III

 Subject + had + Been + Verb I-ing + Object e.g.: ~ I spoke English.

~ I was speaking English. ~ I had spoken English.

~ I had been speaking English.  Negative Sentence

 subject + did + not + Verb I  subject + Be 2 + not + Verb I-ing  subject + had + not +Verb III

 subject + had + not + Been + Verb I-ing + Object e.g.: ~ I did not speak Japanese.

~ I was not speaking Japanese. ~ I had not spoken Japanese.

 Interrogative Sentence

 Did + Subject + Verb I?  Be 2 + Subject + Verb I-ing?  Had + Subject + Verb III?

 Had + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object? e.g.: ~ Did I speak English?

~ Was I speaking English? ~ Had I spoken English?

~ Had I been speaking English?  Negative Interrogative Sentence

 Did + not + Subject + Verb I?  Be 2 + not + Subject + Verb I-ing?  Had + not + Subject + Verb III?

 Had + not + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object? e.g.: ~ Didn’t I speak English?

~ Wasn’t I speaking English? ~ Hadn’t I spoken English?

~ Hadn’t I been speaking English?

Remember, The sentence often contains an adverb or adverb phrase of time, such as yesterday, the other day, last night, last week, three days ago, a few minutes ago, in (year), from (year) to (year), etc.

2.3 Definition of Fiil (لـعفلا(

Fiil is a word that shows the meaning of the work or events that occur in a period or time (past, present and future). Almost like a sense of the verb in the Indonesian language, but there are slight differences.

Example:

go to work Being / will work Has worked

ْْلــعْفا ْلــعــْفي ْلــعــف

Fiil sentence division: 1. by the time

a. Fiil Madhi b. Fiil Mudhari c. Fiil Amar

2. According to type the letters: a. Fiil Saheeh

1) Fiil Salim 2) Fiil Mahmuz 3) Fiil Mudhoaf b. Fiil Mutal 1) Fiil Mithal 2) Fiil Ajwaf 3) Fiil Naqish 4) Fiil Mafruq

5) Fiil Maqrun

3. According to the Attractions Sufferers: a. Prevalent Fiil

b. Fiil Mutaadi

4. According to the form of Active /Passive: a. Fiil Malum

b. Fiil Majhul

5. The composition according to letters: a. Fiil Mujarrad

b. Fiil Mazid

2.4 Definition of Fiil Madhi

Fiil Madhi is a verb that indicates the occurrence of a job or event in the past (past tense).

Marking of Fiil Madhi

The signs include a look at the original letter verb and generally contain the sound "a", for example ْبـتـك (wrote), َأرــق (read).

2.5 Form of Fiil Madhi

Fiil Madhi has 14 forms in accordance with the number of dhamir (actor). Dhamir serves as fa'il (actor). Taking the example of the word ْبـتـك (kataba), then there are 14 forms as follows:

No Dhami F.Madhi Meaning Explaining

1 ْوـه ْبتك He wrote The original form

without any changes 2 ـمه ـبتك They (two man) ا + in the last letter

3 ْْمـْه ْْوـبتك They (much man) wrote

َ+ وُـــ in the last letter

4 ْيـه ْْتـبتك She wrote + تـ in the last letter

5 ـمه تـبتك They (two woman)

wrote

+ ا َ ـتـ in the last letter 6 ْ نـه ْنـْبتك They (much) wrote + نــ ـ in the last letter 7 ْتـْنا ْتـْبتك You (man) wrote + تــ ـ in the last letter

8 ْ ـمتْنا ـمتْبتك You (two man)

wrote

+ اـ مُتــ ـ in the last letter

9 مـتْنا ْْمـتْبتك You (much man)

wrote

+ مُتــ ـ in the last letter 10 ْتـْنا ْتـْبتك You (woman) wrote + تـ ـ in the last letter

11 ـمتْنا متْبتك You (two woman)

wrote

+ اـ مُت ـ in the last letter

12 ْ نـتْناَ ْ نـتْبتك You (much

woman) wrote

+ َنـُتـ ـ in the last letter

13 ـنا ْتـْبتك I wrote + ُتــ ـ in the last letter

14 ْن ْحن نـْبتك We wrote +اـ نـ ــ in the last letter

Pattern of Fiil Madhi

1. Fiil Tsulatsi Madhi, the past tense verb that consists of three letters. The patterns are:

ْلـعــف ْرـفـكْ,رـصنْ, رض (hit, help, reject)

ــف لـع

ْ َْ ْمـ ـع,ْْـهـش,ْْمــهف (understand, see, know) ْلــعـف

ْ ـعـب,ْ رــك,ْْرــح (forbid, glorify, distance)

2. Fiil Rubai Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of four letters. There are three patterns:

1 ْلــ عف ْم ــسْ,م ـعْ,ْل زــن

2 ْلـعـْفْأ ْلزــْنأْ,م ــْسأْ,لــسْرأ

3. Fiil Khumasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of five letters. There are four patterns:

1 ْلــعـفْنا ْعـطقْناْ,قــ طْناْ,ب ـقْنا

2 ْلـــعتْفا ْبـنت ْجاْ,عــمت ْجاْ, رــتْقا

3 ْلـ عــفت ْ ــقتْ,رــ خأــتْ,مــ عت

4 ْلـع ــفت ْله ـــجتْ,لـه ـــستْ,فق ــست

4. Fiil Sudasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of six letters. The pattern is only one:

Pattern Example

ْلـــعْفتْسا ْجْرــ ْختْساْ,رــــفْغتْساْ, وــ ْحتْسا

Examples of changes fiil Madhi, rubai, khumasi, and sudasi:

Sudasi Khumasi Ruba’i Dhomir

ْلـــعْفتْسا ْلـ عــفت ْلـــعتْفا ْلــعـفْنا ْلــْفْأ ْلــ عف

ْرــفْغتْسا ْ ــقت ْعــمت ْجا ْعـطقْنا ْلــسْرأ ْل زــن ْوه

ْْترــفْغتْسا ْْتم ــقت ْْتعــمت ْجا ْْتعـطقْنا ْْت ــسْرأ ْْتل زــن ْيه ْتْرــفْغتْسا ْتْم ــقت ْتْعــمت ْجا ْتْعـطقْْنا ْتْ ــسْرأ ْتْل زــن ْتْنا

ْتْرــفْغتْسا ْتْم ــقت ْتْعــمت ْجا ْتْعـطقْنا ْتْ ــسْرأ ْتْل زــن ْتْنا

Note:

1. All of fiil Madhi inaccessible by ْْـــق which means really, examples:

Arabic English

ْتْرـــفـْغتــْساْْ ــق Indeed, I have asked for forgiveness 2. If in the future there ْ ـم in Fiil Madhi, it means no, for example:

Arabic English

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study

For every human, language is one of the important things to communicate to each other. Language as a means of communication has a very important role. Role of the language as a communication tool among others, as a means of maintaining good relations between individuals, for the sake of the world for tourism, business, and so forth. The relationship is not only limited to regional and national relationships, but also of international relations. Chiercia (1990: 11) states that language carry meaning unable us to use them express message, to convey information to another.

There are many languages in the world. English and Arabic as the international languages are learned as a foreign language in Indonesia. It is not easy to learn them in Indonesia. Besides English and Arabic is still known and studied as a foreign language, there are many factors that influence the mastery of English and Arabic. The factors that become difficult in mastering them for many students are the difference particularly as regards the rules of language or grammar.

James (1980: 3) says that Contrastive analysis is a linguistic enterprise aimed at producing inverted two valued typologies (a contrastive analysis is always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that languages can be compared.

Contrastive analysis in general term is an inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive elements in a language (Kardaleska, 2006). In common definition, the term can be defined as the method of analyzing the structure of any two languages with a view to estimate the differential aspects of their system.

Contrastive analysis is very useful for a teacher who teaches a foreign language because it helps him in identifying the problems that a foreign language learner may experience in the learning process. Lado (1957: 2) states “The teacher who has made a comparison of the foreign language with the native language of the students will know better what the real problems are and provide for teaching them.’’

That’s why when the students made some mistakes during learning or using a foreign language attract the attention of experts, especially experts engaged of language teaching. It is not surprising that many books are written to introduce new approaches in language teaching. The approach is speaking an error analysis approach and a contrastive analysis.

In this opportunity the writer will attempt to compare the formation of past tense between Arabic and English. We often hear that the Arabic language is so complete compared with other languages. Arabic language has all been arranged so neatly and systematically. But when we see the formation of past tense between Arabic and English, in fact we can see that the English language has a past tense division formation is more complete than the Arabic language.

In this opportunity the writer also will compare the formation of past tense verb in Arabic and English with the use of contrastive analysis, for example, we compare the past perfect in English with Fiil Madhi equivalent to that in the Arabic language. In this case though we do not find a more specific name in the Arabic language as found in English, but we can actually find an equivalent comparison between the two languages.

1.2The Problem of the Study

It is an important to understand that the comparison between English and Arabic past tense are interesting subject to investigate. For the investigation there are some problems that has formulated as follows:

a. What are the function of past tense in English and Arabic?

b. What are the formation of past tense in English and Arabic?

c. Are there any similarities and differences between English and Arabic past tenses?

1.3The Scope of the Study

Considering the verb's complexity and also the writer's ability and time restricted the scope of this investigation need to be limited to the discussion of the analysis in comparing the similarities and the differences between the past tense of English and those of Arabic.

1.4The Purpose of the Study The purpose of writing this paper: 1. To explain the Structure of Past Tense. 2. To explain the Structure of Fiil Madhi.

3. To find out the similarities and differences of Past Tense in English and Arabic.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

1. To enrich knowledge about Past Tense and Fiil Madhi.

2. To answer the curious of the writer in Past Tense and Fiil Madhi.

3. To be used as references for the readers or students and teachers who are interested in analyzing of Past Tense and Fiil Madhi.

1.6The Method of the Research

When someone wants to do a research, he or she may select a technique which is familiar to him or her. In writing this paper, the library method of research is used.

1.7Review of Related Literature

Massey (2008: 38) says, “Past tense describes actions or conditions that happened in the past. In Arabic, you express past tense by adding one of the many past tense personal pronoun suffixes to the verb.”

Harefa 2009: 27 sa s The tea her does a o trasti e a al sis of the target la guage a d the stude ts ati e la guage i order to locate the places

ABSTRACK

The title of this paper is A Contrastive Analysis between English and Arabic Past Tense. This paper discusses about the patterns, structures, similarities and differences of past tense in English and Arabic by using contrastive analysis method. Contrastive analysis is an activity that compares the structure of L1 with L2 to identify the differences between two languages_{. These differences can be}

used as the basis to forecast or predict the difficulties in learning language that will be faced by the students in the school, especially in learning L2. Because the biggest obstacle in the process of mastering L2 is the mixing system of the first language to the second language. Here, the role of contrastive analysis, which bridges the difficulty with contrasting the two language system to predict the difficulties we might experience. From these analysis will be known the differences and similarities of contrasted structures.

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya ini berjudul A Contrastive Analysis between English and Arabic Past Tense. Kertas karya ini membahas tentang pola-pola, struktur, persamaan serta perbedaan bentuk past tense dalam bahasa Inggris maupun bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif. Analisis kontrastif merupakan kegiatan yang membandingkan struktur B1 dengan struktur B2 untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan-perbedaan antara kedua bahasa. Perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai landasan dalam meramalkan atau memprediksi kesulitan-kesulitan belajar berbahasa yang akan dihadapi para siswa di sekolah, terlebih dalam belajar B2. Karena hambatan terbesar dalam proses menguasai B2 adalah tercampurnya sistem bahasa pertama dengan bahasa kedua. Disinilah peran analisis kontrastif, yaitu menjembatani kesulitan tersebut dengan mengkontraskan kedua sistem bahasa tersebut untuk meramalkan kesulitan-kesulitan yang mungkin akan kita alami. Dari hasil analisis itu akan diketahui perbedaan-perbedaan dan persamaan-persamaan struktur yang dikontraskan.

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC PAST TENSE

PAPER

BY

MAYA HANI ISMED 092202024

DIPLOMA-III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, Maya Hani Ismed declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : MAYA HANI ISMED

Title of paper :A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC PAST TENSE

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

ABSTRACK

The title of this paper is A Contrastive Analysis between English and Arabic Past Tense. This paper discusses about the patterns, structures, similarities and differences of past tense in English and Arabic by using contrastive analysis method. Contrastive analysis is an activity that compares the structure of L1 with L2 to identify the differences between two languages_{. These differences can be}

used as the basis to forecast or predict the difficulties in learning language that will be faced by the students in the school, especially in learning L2. Because the biggest obstacle in the process of mastering L2 is the mixing system of the first language to the second language. Here, the role of contrastive analysis, which bridges the difficulty with contrasting the two language system to predict the difficulties we might experience. From these analysis will be known the differences and similarities of contrasted structures.

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya ini berjudul A Contrastive Analysis between English and Arabic Past Tense. Kertas karya ini membahas tentang pola-pola, struktur, persamaan serta perbedaan bentuk past tense dalam bahasa Inggris maupun bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif. Analisis kontrastif merupakan kegiatan yang membandingkan struktur B1 dengan struktur B2 untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan-perbedaan antara kedua bahasa. Perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai landasan dalam meramalkan atau memprediksi kesulitan-kesulitan belajar berbahasa yang akan dihadapi para siswa di sekolah, terlebih dalam belajar B2. Karena hambatan terbesar dalam proses menguasai B2 adalah tercampurnya sistem bahasa pertama dengan bahasa kedua. Disinilah peran analisis kontrastif, yaitu menjembatani kesulitan tersebut dengan mengkontraskan kedua sistem bahasa tersebut untuk meramalkan kesulitan-kesulitan yang mungkin akan kita alami. Dari hasil analisis itu akan diketahui perbedaan-perbedaan dan persamaan-persamaan struktur yang dikontraskan.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismilahirrahmanirrahim.

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah SWT and prophet Muhammad SAW for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this paper as one of the requirements to get the Diploma III certificate from English department Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

Then, I would like to express a deep gratitude, love and appreciation to:

 My Parents Mr. Drs. Zaini Ismail and Mrs. Dra. Sofiah Nasution, Thank you for all your motivation, advice, prays, love, and finance for me. I love you so much. I present this paper for you.

 Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the dean of Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

 Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. as the head of English Diploma Study Program, who gives me a lot of knowledge.

 Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS as my supervisor. Thank you for the valuable time in giving the correction and constructive critics in completing this paper.  All lecturers in English Diploma Study Program for giving me advices and

 Ismed’s Family: M. Milza Tamimi Al-Hakim, Jefri Sany Ismed and Arrizka Zuyyina Ismed, Thanks a million for the prayer till I can finish this paper completely. Without you all, I am nothing.

 My entire friends in Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI), Faculty of Culture Studies (FIB), Student of English diploma association ( SOLIDAS ), and others organization. I will never forget your kindness to me.

 My sisters and brothers : Indah, Ika, Fitri, Firly, Liska, Ofii, Tari, Hasan, Dody, Putra, Ryan, Budi and Annur.

 My best friends: Melisa, Putri, Nurul, Nana, Ana, Ara, Iyin, Citra, Dillah, Oki, Unge’, and other friends that cannot be mentioned one by one. Thank you for the nice friendship during our study. I will be missing the days that we spent together.

 My lovely Surya Dharma for his supports, attention, patient, advice, prays, love, and give me motivation to finish this paper.

Finally, I do realize that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I really welcome any constructive critics and suggestions toward this paper. I hope this paper will be a worthwhile for the reader.

Medan, June 2012 The Writer,

Maya Hani Ismed Reg.No.092202024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……… i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ……… ii

ABSTRACT ……… iii

ABSTRAK ………. iv

ACKNOWNLEDGEMENTS ……….………. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………..………. vii

1. INTRODUCTION ……….….……… 1

1.1 Background of the Study ……….……….……….…………. 1

1.2 The Problem of the Study ……….……….……….………….. 3

1.3 The Scope of the Study ……….……….……….……….……. 3

1.4 The Purpose of the Study ……….……….……….………. 4

1.5 The Significance of the Study ……….……….……….………. 4

1.6 The method of the Research ……….……….……….…………. 4

1.7 Review of Related Literature ……….……….……….………. 4

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……….………. 5

2.1 Definition of Past Tense ……….……….……….……….. 5

2.2 Form of Past Tense ……….……….……….……….…………. 7

2.3 Definition of Fiil ( لـعفلا( ……….……….……….……….…… 12

2.4 Definition of Fiil Madhi ……….……….……….……….……… 13

2.5 Form of Fiil Madhi ……….……….……….……….………… 13

3. PAST TENSE ANALYSIS ……….……….……….………. 17

3.1 Contrastive Analysis ……….……….……….……….………… 17

3.2 Conjugation ……….……….……….……….……….…………. 18

3.3 Morphology ……….……….……….……….………. 20

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ……….……….………. 28 4.1 Conclusion ……….……….……….……….……….…………. 28 4.2 Suggestion ……….……….……….……….……….………….. 30

ABSTRACK

The title of this paper is A Contrastive Analysis between English and Arabic Past Tense. This paper discusses about the patterns, structures, similarities and differences of past tense in English and Arabic by using contrastive analysis method. Contrastive analysis is an activity that compares the structure of L1 with L2 to identify the differences between two languages_{. These differences can be}

used as the basis to forecast or predict the difficulties in learning language that will be faced by the students in the school, especially in learning L2. Because the biggest obstacle in the process of mastering L2 is the mixing system of the first language to the second language. Here, the role of contrastive analysis, which bridges the difficulty with contrasting the two language system to predict the difficulties we might experience. From these analysis will be known the differences and similarities of contrasted structures.

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya ini berjudul A Contrastive Analysis between English and Arabic Past Tense. Kertas karya ini membahas tentang pola-pola, struktur, persamaan serta perbedaan bentuk past tense dalam bahasa Inggris maupun bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif. Analisis kontrastif merupakan kegiatan yang membandingkan struktur B1 dengan struktur B2 untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan-perbedaan antara kedua bahasa. Perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai landasan dalam meramalkan atau memprediksi kesulitan-kesulitan belajar berbahasa yang akan dihadapi para siswa di sekolah, terlebih dalam belajar B2. Karena hambatan terbesar dalam proses menguasai B2 adalah tercampurnya sistem bahasa pertama dengan bahasa kedua. Disinilah peran analisis kontrastif, yaitu menjembatani kesulitan tersebut dengan mengkontraskan kedua sistem bahasa tersebut untuk meramalkan kesulitan-kesulitan yang mungkin akan kita alami. Dari hasil analisis itu akan diketahui perbedaan-perbedaan dan persamaan-persamaan struktur yang dikontraskan.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismilahirrahmanirrahim.

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah SWT and prophet Muhammad SAW for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this paper as one of the requirements to get the Diploma III certificate from English department Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

Then, I would like to express a deep gratitude, love and appreciation to:

 My Parents Mr. Drs. Zaini Ismail and Mrs. Dra. Sofiah Nasution, Thank you for all your motivation, advice, prays, love, and finance for me. I love you so much. I present this paper for you.

 Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the dean of Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

 Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. as the head of English Diploma Study Program, who gives me a lot of knowledge.

 Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS as my supervisor. Thank you for the valuable time in giving the correction and constructive critics in completing this paper.  All lecturers in English Diploma Study Program for giving me advices and

 Ismed’s Family: M. Milza Tamimi Al-Hakim, Jefri Sany Ismed and Arrizka Zuyyina Ismed, Thanks a million for the prayer till I can finish this paper completely. Without you all, I am nothing.

 My entire friends in Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI), Faculty of Culture Studies (FIB), Student of English diploma association ( SOLIDAS ), and others organization. I will never forget your kindness to me.

 My sisters and brothers : Indah, Ika, Fitri, Firly, Liska, Ofii, Tari, Hasan, Dody, Putra, Ryan, Budi and Annur.

 My best friends: Melisa, Putri, Nurul, Nana, Ana, Ara, Iyin, Citra, Dillah, Oki, Unge’, and other friends that cannot be mentioned one by one. Thank you for the nice friendship during our study. I will be missing the days that we spent together.

 My lovely Surya Dharma for his supports, attention, patient, advice, prays, love, and give me motivation to finish this paper.

Finally, I do realize that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I really welcome any constructive critics and suggestions toward this paper. I hope this paper will be a worthwhile for the reader.

Medan, June 2012 The Writer,

Maya Hani Ismed Reg.No.092202024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……… i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ……… ii

ABSTRACT ……… iii

ABSTRAK ………. iv

ACKNOWNLEDGEMENTS ……….………. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………..………. vii

1. INTRODUCTION ……….….……… 1

1.1 Background of the Study ……….……….……….…………. 1

1.2 The Problem of the Study ……….……….……….………….. 3

1.3 The Scope of the Study ……….……….……….……….……. 3

1.4 The Purpose of the Study ……….……….……….………. 4

1.5 The Significance of the Study ……….……….……….………. 4

1.6 The method of the Research ……….……….……….…………. 4

1.7 Review of Related Literature ……….……….……….………. 4

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……….………. 5

2.1 Definition of Past Tense ……….……….……….……….. 5

2.2 Form of Past Tense ……….……….……….……….…………. 7

2.3 Definition of Fiil ( لـعفلا( ……….……….……….……….…… 12

2.4 Definition of Fiil Madhi ……….……….……….……….……… 13

2.5 Form of Fiil Madhi ……….……….……….……….………… 13

3. PAST TENSE ANALYSIS ……….……….……….………. 17

3.1 Contrastive Analysis ……….……….……….……….………… 17

3.2 Conjugation ……….……….……….……….……….…………. 18

3.3 Morphology ……….……….……….……….………. 20

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ……….……….………. 28 4.1 Conclusion ……….……….……….……….……….…………. 28 4.2 Suggestion ……….……….……….……….……….………….. 30