THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF TRANSLATION OF THE WEBSITE “FRIENDSTER.COM”
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF TRANSLATION OF THE WEBSITE “FRIENDSTER.COM” THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree at English Department
By: LAMBANG PRAKOSO
C 0305040
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA 2010
THESIS APPROVAL THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF TRANSLATION OF THE WEBSITE “FRIENDSTER.COM”
Written By: Lambang Prakoso
C 0305040
Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
Thesis Consultant:
Ida Kusumadewi, SS, MA
NIP. 19710525 199802 2 001
Head of English Department
Dr. Djatmika, MA
NIP. 19670726 199302 1 001
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TERCHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF TRANSLATION OF THE WEBSITE “FRIENDSTER.COM”
Written By : Lambang Prakoso
C 0305040
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University On
Position Name Signature
Chairman Dr. Djatmika, MA (…………………) NIP. 19670726 199302 1 001
Secretary Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, MA (………………....) NIP. 19670830 199302 1 001
First Examiner Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MA (…………………) NIP. 19710525 199802 2 001
Second Examiner Dr. Tri Wiratno, MA (………………. ..) NIP. 19610914 198703 1 001
The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
Drs. Sudarno, MA
NIP. 19530314 198506 1 001
PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Lambang Prakoso NIM : C 0305040
Stated wholeheartedly that the thesis entitled “The Analysis of
Translation Techniques and Quality of Translation of the Website
Friendster.com” is originally made by the researcher. It is not plagiarism, nor
made by the others. The things related to other people’s work are written in quotation and included within the bibliography.
If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.
Surakarta, Februari 2010 The researcher,
Lambang Prakoso
MOTTO
v “Surely with difficulty is ease. With difficulty is surely eased.” (QS: Alam Nasyrah : 5-6)
v You can if you think you can. (George Reeves)
v Imagination is more important than knowledge. (Albert Einstein)
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
Allah SWT, the Lord of the Universe
The Prophet Mohammed, Peace be Upon Him
My beloved Ibu and Bapak
My Little Brother
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrohmannirrohim
Alhamdulillah, I want to thank, Allah SWT, for everything given to me. With all blessing, love, and guidance given to me, I can finish this thesis as a partial fulfilment of graduating requirement of the Sarjana Degree.
In finishing this thesis, I got supports and helps from people around me. Therefore, I want to give my deepest gratitude to all the people who have given important contributions. It goes to:
1. The Dean of the Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, for approving this thesis.
2. The Head of the English Department, Dr. Djatmika, MA, for his permission to conduct this thesis.
3. My thesis advisor, Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS, MA, for her advices and assistance. Thank you very much.
4. Drs. Hari Wibowo, MA and Dr. Tri Wiratno, for being my thesis examiners.
5. My academic consultant, Taufik Al Makmun, SS, for his assistance during my study.
6. All the lecturers who have taught and gave me precious knowledge. Thank you very much for many unforgettable classes we had.
7. The three raters, Mr. Heri Nababan, Mr. Sumardiono, and Mr. Alif for the valuable contributions in this thesis.
8. The 18 respondents from XII TKJ SMK Negeri 1 Boyolali for being my respondents.
9. My beloved Ibu (Tutut Daryani) and Bapak (Sukadi) for the big love and cares. Thank you for your supports and prays. You are wonderful parents ever. My little brother, Ruruh Kayadi.
10. Pakdhe Noto. Thank you for your helps and your suggestions. You are like my second father. Thank you for your inspiring words: “dadi wong ki sing sabar, kabeh kuwi anggepen prihatin.”, “ora usah meri, rejekine uwong ki bedo-bedo, bejone uwong ki bedo-bedo.”, and also “pikiran orang bisa berubah tak hanya dalam hitungan bulan, minggu, hari, ataupun jam, hanya dalam 1 detik pun pikiran orang bisa berubah.”
I will always remember that.
11. My beloved friends in ED 2005. “Semangat”, who I can not mention one by one. Thanks for our togetherness guys. It is so nice to have friends like you all.
12. Mas Edy Triyanto, Mas Edy M Fata, and Mas Najib. Thank you for being the best brothers. Thanks for your helps. I really appreciate your advices and your suggestions in making my thesis.
13. My friends in futsal team, Andika, Adwin, Febri, Alwi, si Bo, Tori, Rudy, Ucup, Danang, etc. Thanks for all of your jokes guys.
14. Mbak Cindy and Mbak Hilda. I think we should make a ‘Trio’.
15. The Pokeran’s Tim, Himawan ‘Pakdhe’, Giwang, Daniel, Jusmar, Makna, Mbak Pipit, Kang Ipul, etc. Thanks for the happiness guys.
I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Any supporting criticisms and suggestions are welcomed.
Lambang Prakoso
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval by Thesis Consultant ii Approval by Board of Examiners
iii Pronouncement
iv Motto v Dedication
vi Acknowledgment
vii Table of Contents
ix List of Tables
xii Abstract
xiii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
B. Research Limitation
C. Problem Statement
D. Research Benefits
E. Thesis Organization
CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation
B. Types of Translation
C. Equivalence
D. Translation Techniques
E. Translation Quality Assessment
F. Friendster
G. Website Localization
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research
B. Data Source
C. Sample and Sampling Technique
D. Method of Data Collection
E. Technique Data Analysis
F. Research Procedure
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
A. Introduction
B. Analysis
1. Translation Techniques
C. Discussion
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
76
A. Conclusion
77
B. Recommendation
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1.1 : Addition Technique
37 Table 4.1.2 : Borrowing or Borrowing plus Explanation
38 Table 4.1.3 : Naturalization
39 Table 4.1.4 : Literal Translation
40 Table 4.1.5 : Free Translation
41 Table 4.1.6 : Translation Shifts
45 Table 4.1.7 : Translation Techniques
46 Table 4.2.1 : Accuracy
49 Table 4.2.2 : Acceptability
55 Table 4.2.3 : Readability
60 Table 4.2.4 : Translation techniques and TQA
67
ABSTRACT
Lambang Prakoso. C0305040. The Analysis of Translation Techniques and Quality of Translation of the Website Friendster.com. Undergraduate Thesis: Surakarta. English Departments, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. 2010.
This research belongs to a mixed research of qualitative and quantitative methodology employing descriptive method. It is aimed to describe the translation techniques occurred in the translation and the quality assessment of the translation from the website friendster.com. It is also aimed to find out the quality assessment that covers accuracy, acceptability and readability of the phrases of website friendster.com. This research applies purposive sampling as the sampling technique, since the samples are chosen and determined by the researcher. This research is conducted based on primary and secondary data. The primary data consists of 172 phrases taken from the friendster.com and its translation. The secondary data are taken by distributing questionnaires to some raters and respondents.
The analysis shows that the translation techniques used by the translator in translating the friendster.com are translation shifts, literal translation, naturalization, borrowing or borrowing plus explanation, addition, and free translation.
The analysis on translation accuracy shows that there are 146 data considered to be accurate translation. There 26 data considered to be less accurate with classification It means that, in general, the translation is accurate. The analysis on translation acceptability shows that there are 157 data considered to be acceptable translation. There are 15 data considered to be less acceptable. The analysis on translation readability shows that there are 5 data considered to be readable translation with classification A. There are 101 data considered to be less readable with classification B. There are 66 data considered to be unreadable translation with classification C. It means that, in general, the translation is less readable.
It is hoped that this thesis will be beneficial for the English Department students, especially who study translation, as one of the additional source to enlarge and sharpen knowledge about translation, especially related with website translation. Moreover, they can use this research as a reference to conduct a further research related to this study. The researcher also hopes that this thesis can also stimulate other researchers to conduct a further study related to website translation. This research is also recommended to the translator and designer of friendster.com to improve the quality of the website.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
The use of English as the international language is increasing, in line with the development of science, technology and literature. This phenomenon is proven by the large numbers of websites that are growing rapidly recently. In the globalization era, many people use websites as their part of life. There are many websites made for different purposes and used by many people in different countries, and most of websites are written in English. The fact that not all people in the world speak and understand English as their daily language might raise problems concerning the way in using websites. In this case, the role of translation is strongly needed in mediating the publishers of the websites and the users who do not master English well.
There is a fact that translating websites is different from translating books. In translating a book, the translator has an opportunity to give some additional information of the translation because there is no limitation of space, except if there is limitation from the publisher of the book. In translating websites, on the contrary, the translator can not be free to give any additional information of the translation as he or she wants because of the limited space. The structure of the translation website should be the same as the structure of the original web which has a fixed template.
Each website uses different template which has been modified by the creator. In some parts of websites the texts are written in the box. The translators can not put any additional information if the texts are written on the box because of the limited space caused by the box shape. That makes translator unable to accommodate more texts on it. Meanwhile, for the texts that are written outside of the box, the translator can put any additional information, even though it can not
be done as freely as translating books due to the limited space of the template of the website. Friendster is an online social network website. It has the form like usual websites that has template containing texts that are written inside and outside of boxes. Friendster has a language link that can change the displayed text into Indonesian for the users in Indonesia. It means that there should be translations from English into Indonesian. However, in the first look of the translation, the researcher found that some of the translations sound unnatural as Indonesian expressions. For example, the phrase “dating men” is translated into “pria berkencan”, and “relationship with men” is translated into “hubungan dengan pria” . Those translations are accurate. The level of acceptability of the translations, however, is low.
The following are examples taken from friendster which show the limitation of space caused by the box shape:
View Messages Create Blog Edit Friends Edit Comments Customize Page Edit Profile
Edit Photos
The above source text is translated as follows: Lihat Pesan
Buat Blog
Edit Teman
Edit Komentar
Ubah Halaman
Edit Profil
Edit Foto
The following example shows another text of friendster that is not written in a box: Source text : Current courses
Translated into: Kelas yang diikuti saat ini.
The above example shows that, the source text is “current courses”, and then the translator translates it into “Kelas yang diikuti saat ini”. This shows that the translator has to put additional information to give more understanding information according to the source text, because the text is not written in the box. The translator adds “yang diikuti” which makes the translation easier to understand rather than if it is translated into “kelas saat ini”.
It shows that in translating website, a translator needs to consider not only the accuracy, the readability, and the acceptability of the translations, but also the limited space of the website.
The above discussion shows that website translation is something interesting to investigate. It leads the researcher to analyze the Indonesian translation of friendster.com.
Friendster is an online social networking service. It is the first online social network and was founded in California by Jonathan Abrams in the year of
2002. It is growing very rapidly in recent times and widely used in Asia. Friendster has over 50 million users worldwide. Friendster is available in many different languages. It was originally published in English, and then the publisher created a language link that can change the text displayed on the site to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thailand, Indonesian, or Spanish for other users that do not understand English well. ( www.webupon.com/Social-Networks/The-History-of- Friendster.102 940 )
Friendster had been introduced in Indonesia in 2004 and started to be popular since the website could be accessed in mobile mode since 2006. Even thought there are other new popular online social networks websites in Indonesia, friendster still becomes a part of Indonesian lifestyle. According to small project that the researcher had done in some internet booths, 3 of 5 people that use internet are still accessing friendster, even though they had another account for some other online social networks.
Unlike other online social network websites, friendster is relatively easy to
be operated because it uses simple template of website that eases the users in accessing it. The users also can change the profile background picture or colour and choose some interesting background by searching from the special website that the friendster had prepared by forum of friendster. The users can modify the profile background picture based on the picture that they want by uploading the picture to certain websites that have relation with the background maker of friendster.
B. Research Limitation
The research limitation is needed to keep our research always focus to the problem statement. The focus of the analysis is only on the phrases (the unit of translation analyzed) of the website friendster.com. This research is focused on analyzing the translation techniques that are used by the translator in translating the phrases of friendster.com and the quality of the translations in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
C. Problem Statements
In this research, the researcher proposes the following problems:
1. What translation techniques are used by the translator in translating phrases of the website friendster.com?
2. How do the techniques influence the quality of translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the web friendster.com?
D. Research Benefits
The researcher expects that this research will be useful for:
1. The publisher, The publisher of friendster.com can make improvement in their translation.
2. English department student, The research expects that this research can be an additional input in the study of translation.
3. Other researchers, The research expects that this research can be an additional input as a reference in conducting similar researches.
E. Thesis Organization
The present thesis is organized as follows: Chapter I: Introduction, containing: research background, research limitation problem statements, research objectives, research benefits, and thesis organization. Chapter II: Literature Review, containing: definition of translation, types of translation, accuracy, acceptability, readability in translation, translation strategy, and about friendster. Chapter III: Research Methodology, consisting: type of research, data source, sample and sampling technique, method of data collection, technique data analysis, and research procedure. Chapter IV: Data Analysis, consisting: introduction, translation techniques analysis, accuracy analysis, acceptability analysis, and readability analysis, discussion.
Chapter V: Conclusions and Recommendations.
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation
Experts propose different definitions of translation. The most famous are Nida and Taber, Larson, Peter Newmark and Roger T. Bell. Nida and Taber in their book entitled The Theory and Practice of Translation, the definition of translation as follows “Translating consist of reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (1974:14).
Peter Newmark defines translation as “a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.” (1988:7). In this definition, Newmark focuses only on the replacement of written message, and/or statement without considering the style used in the text.
Bell states “translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences” (1991:5). Larson defines that, “Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language in the receptor language.” (1984:3). Based on the explanation above, the TL should have the same meaning as what is brought in the SL.
B. Types of Translation
According to Nababan (2003), there are ten types of translation. The use of different types of translation is caused by several factors, which are (1) the differences of the source and target language systems, (2) the differences of the fields of the translated texts, (3) consideration that translation is a means of communication and (4) the differences of the purposes of the translation.
1. Word for word translation
Using this type of translation, translator only replaces source language words with their equivalences in target language. The arrangement of the words in source text is the same as that in the target text.
Example: I bought a book yesterday. Saya membeli sebuah buku kemarin. The example above shows that the sentence is translated word by word. It can happen because the sentence structure between source text and target text are the same.
2. Free translation
Catford states “A free translation is always abounded-equivalences shunt up and down the rank scale, tend to be at the higher ranks sometimes between larger units than the sentences” (1965:25). In free translation, equivalences are not achieved at word or sentence level but at a paragraph or a discourse level. Translator has to be able to understand the whole message of a paragraph or a Catford states “A free translation is always abounded-equivalences shunt up and down the rank scale, tend to be at the higher ranks sometimes between larger units than the sentences” (1965:25). In free translation, equivalences are not achieved at word or sentence level but at a paragraph or a discourse level. Translator has to be able to understand the whole message of a paragraph or a
Example: killing two birds with one stone Sekali merengkuh dayung, dua tiga pulau terlampaui The example above shows that in free translation the priority is the equivalence of the meaning rather the form. The translator freely expresses the translated sentences in target language as long as the message is currently transferred.
3. Literal translation
Literal translation is similar to word for word translation but they are different in the way that in this type of translation, translator does not simply replace words in source language with their equivalences but he or she also adjusts the arrangement of the words to word arrangement rule in the target language.
Example: good time waktu yang tepat In this translation, the adjective “good” which comes before the noun “time” is re-arranged and placed after the noun in target language. It is because in Indonesian language, the rule for this kind of construction is that the adjective comes after the noun.
4. Dynamic translation
In this type of translation, message from source language is expressed in natural expressions in target language. Example: the writer has organized his book for one year penulis telah menyusun bukunya selama satu tahun In this translation, the translator prefers to translate “organized” into “menyusun” rather than into “mengorganisasi”. It makes the translation sound natural.
5. Pragmatic translation
This type of translation emphasizes on the accuracy of the message in target language which is appropriate with the use in the source language. Pragmatic translation does not focus on the aesthetic aspect of the sentences in the source language.
Example: for baby: after bathing, dust generously over the skin, taking special care where the skin folds and creases. Use after baby’s bath and every change (untuk bayi: taburkan bedak pada seluruh kulit sehabis mandi, terutama pada bagian-bagian lipatan kulit. Gunakan pada setiap menggantikan popok dan sehabis mandi).
(Nababan, 2003:35)
6. Aesthetic-poetic translation
This type of translation is different from pragmatic translation. If pragmatic translation emphasizes only on the accuracy of the message, aesthetic- poetic translation emphasizes on the accuracy of the message as well as the impression, emotion and feeling aroused by the text and the beauty of the language.
Example: Di luar salju terus. Hampir pagi. Tubuhmu terbit dari berahi. Angin menembus. Hilang lagi. Nafasmu membayang dalam dingin. Mencari.
Outside snow falls. Almost morning. Your body shaped in sensual feeling. The wind pierces. And is clearing. Your breath a shadow in the cold. Searching.
(Machali, 2000:80) The translation of the poetry attempts to preserve the beauty of the text by producing regular rhymed –i in the target text. Also, the translator emphasizes his/her intention in the accuracy and the diction of translation due to the feeling, emotion, and impression from the source text.
7. Linguistic translation
Linguistic translation refers to translation attempting to make implicit linguistic information in source language become explicit. This type of translation uses back-transformation and meaning component analysis to fulfill its objective. Translator finds linguistic information, such as morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences and makes the information explicit.
Example: They are sailing boats. (a) They are now sailing boats. (b) They are the sailing boats. (c)
Sentence (a) is ambiguous since it may mean a declarative sentence stating that “they”, referring to persons, are sailing boats on water at present and it may also mean a declarative sentence indicating several sailing boats. Sentences (b) and (c) make the information explicit.
8. Communicative translation
Like the other types of translation, communicative translation emphasizes on the transfer of message. Newmark in Nababan (2003) regards translation as social phenomenon having multi-dimension. Source and target languages, culture, source text writer, translator and readers need to be considered. Communicative translation also concerns about the effectiveness of the translation and the effect it arises (p. 29).
Example: Open the door, please.
Open the door!
Both sentences have different effects and will result different response. Therefore, they must be translated into different expressions. They should be translated into “Tolong tutup pintunya.” and “Tutup pintunya!”.
C. Equivalence
A translation activity cannot be separated from finding out the source language equivalences in the target language. Equivalence, as pointed out by Barnstone in Nababan (2003:99), is the core of translation. It means that transferring message of a text is always dealt with equivalence.
1. Equivalence at word level
The first attention of the translator, in translation process, is related to the meaning of word in the source language text. Word, defined by Bolinger and Sears in Mona Baker (1992:11), is the smallest unit of language that can be used by it. This is possible because every word conveys a certain meaning. As the smallest unit of language conveying the meaning, words become a starting point for the translator to understand the whole message of the text. Equivalence at word level is related to the lexical meaning of a word. This lexical meaning can be thought as the specific value the word has in a particular linguistic system. It means that every word has specific meaning that differentiates it from the other words.
2. Equivalence above word level
When co-occur with other words, words can reproduce a particular meaning in form of phrase, expression or idiom and these are called collocation. Collocation explained by Mona Baker (1992:47) as the tendency of certain words to co-occur regularly in a given language, has a pattern or form, which is arbitrary in building a certain meaning. However, when two words collocate, the relationship can hold among all or several of their various forms, combined in any grammatically acceptable order. Dry, for instance, can be easily explained what it means and it is potential to collocate with such words as voice, humour becoming new words with new meaning such as dry voice, dry humour. The collocational meaning of dry voice is different from the prepositional meaning of dry and voice. Dry voice means ‘cold speaking in the sense of not expressing emotion. The translator will be considered fail to catch the meaning of dry voice if he/she translates this as ‘a voice which is not moist’. Generally speaking, collocations are fairly flexible patterns of language, which allow several variations in form. In it’s extend, collocation produces idiom such as good morning, merry Christmas.
3. Grammatical equivalence
Grammar, explained by Mona Baker (1992:83), is organized among two main dimensions; morphology and syntax. The first one covers the structure of words, the way in which the form of a word changes to indicate specific contrast in the grammatical system. The last covers the grammatical structure of groups, clauses, and sentences. The syntactic structure of a language determines certain restrictions on the way messages may be organized in that language. Grammatical equivalence is dealing with how the translator transfers the grammatical meaning of the source language to the target language. This is how he/she interprets, for instance, the use of tense, number or gender into another language.
D. Translation Techniques
As translator, in translating process the translator should apply techniques to produce a good translation, the perception of translation as the final product of As translator, in translating process the translator should apply techniques to produce a good translation, the perception of translation as the final product of
1. Addition.
Addition can be divided into two types: the first is addition for structural reason and the second is addition for semantic reason. Addition for structural reason means that the translator adds certain word in the target text due to the difference structure of the source and target language.
The second type is addition for semantic reason. This technique is applied for the sake of meaning clarity. The translator, in this case, adds some additional information to the text because of the consideration that the reader would need that information and without it they would have difficulties in understanding the text. The additional information can be put within the text, at the bottom of the text as notes, at the end of the chapter or at the end of the book (Newmark, 1988).
Example: Source Text: The skin, which is hard and scaly, is grayish in color,
thus helping to camouflage it from predators when underwater.
Target Text: Kulitnya, yang keras dan bersisik, berwarna abu-abu. Dengan demikian, kulit ini membantunya berkamuflase, menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan lingkungan untuk menyelamatkan diri dari predator, hewan pemangsa, jika berada di dalam air.
(Taken from Suryawinata, 2000: 75). In above example, the translator gives additional information to the
biological term in the text. Translator adds the phrase menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan lingkungan to the word camouflage and hewan pemangsa to explain the word predator.
2. Borrowing or borrowing plus explanation.
This technique is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items and modern concepts. The loan word with explanation is very useful when the word in question is repeated several times in the text. Once explained, the loan word can then be used on its own; the readers can understand it and is not distracted by further lengthy explanation. Mona Baker (1992).
Example: SL: Transferring and exchanging information Bluetooth wireless technology TL: Memindahkan dan saling menukar informasi teknologi tanpa kabel Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a new technology and it does not have the equivalence in Indonesian language. The way to solve the problem is by borrowing the word without translating it.
3. Naturalization.
This technique succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL (Newmark, 1988).
Example: SL: Taxi
TL: Taksi
SL: Mall
TL: Mal
4. Literal Translation.
Literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source text, known as word-for-word translation (Larson: 1984). It focuses on the form and structure of the source text. Example:
SL : I bought a book yesterday. TL :Saya membeli sebuah buku kemarin.
5. Deletion (omission).
This technique may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts. If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do simply omit translating the word or expression in question.
Example: SL : Mobile phone can be used, for example, to send
message and to make call. TL : Telepon genggam dapat digunakan untuk mengirim
pesan dan menelepon .
The above example shows that the word “for example” is omitted. It does not distort the message since the word omitted does not give a significant meaning.
6. Free Translation.
Free translation is translation technique that places meaning as the highest priority. It means that the translator task is to deliver meaning exactly the same as the original although with totally different structure and wording.
Example: SL : His heart is in the right place.
TL : Dia baik hati.
(Nababan, 2003: 33).
7. Translation Shifts.
This technique is used in order to overcome the problem related to different language systems. The actual term shift was introduced by Catford (1965), who distinguishes formal correspondence, which exists between source and target categories that occupy approximately the same This technique is used in order to overcome the problem related to different language systems. The actual term shift was introduced by Catford (1965), who distinguishes formal correspondence, which exists between source and target categories that occupy approximately the same
According to Catford, there are two major types of shifts: level shifts and category shifts. Level shifts are shifts between grammar and lexis, e.g. the translation of verbal aspect by means of an adverb or vice versa. Category shifts are further subdivided into structure shifts (e.g. a change in clause structure), class shifts (e.g. a change in word class), unit shifts (e.g. translating a phrase with a clause), and intra-system shifts (e.g. a change in number even though the languages have the same number system). (Cyrus: 2006)
a. StructureShifts.
This type involves a grammatical change between the structure of the ST and TT. Catford (1965) states that this shift, can occur at all rank of grammar; at group rank and at clause ranks.
Example: SL: green shirt TL: kaos hijau
The example of SL is a noun phrase and the structure is M (green) and H (shirt), whereas the TL noun phrase structure is H (kaos) and M (hijau). The example above shows the structural shift is found at the group rank. The structure of English noun phrase will automatically change as it shown in the example above, if it is translated into Indonesian.
Example: SL: He took that stone S F/P C TL: Batu itu diambil-nya
From the example above, the syntactic function of the SL clause is: ‘he’ as Subject, ‘took’ as finite/predicator, ‘that stone’ as complement. Meanwhile, in TL there are some changes. The TL clause syntactic function is: “batu ini” as subject, “diambil” as predicator, “-nya” as complement. In SL, the position of the word ‘he’ is as subject. The word ‘he’ is replaced by the word “-nya” in TL and it has position as complement. In SL, the phrase ‘that stone’ functions as complement. Meanwhile, the phrase itself changes into the phrase “batu ini” in TL and its position as subject. The syntactic function of the SL clause is S - F/P - C, whereas the syntactic function of the TL clause is C - P - S. The example shows a structural shift at clause rank.
b. Class shifts or Category shift).
Translation shift is called class shift when a SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to different grammatical class. As stated by Catford (1965) class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item.
Example: SL: He’s in danger TL: Dia dalam keadaan bahaya
(Taken from Simatupang, 2000:91)
The word “danger” in the SL has syntactic category as Noun, and translated/changes into “bahaya” in the TL. The word “bahaya” in syntactic category is an adjective. The example shows a class shift from noun into adjective.
c. Unit shifts (is similar to level shift; is similar to rank shifts).
This type of translation shift involves change in rank. As stated by Catford (1965:79) that unit shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a member of a different rank in the TL.
Example: SL: He walks slowly TL: Dia berjalan dengan lamban
From the example, it can be seen that the adverb “slowly” in the SL is replaced by the prepositional phrase “dengan pelan” in the TL. There is unit shift from word “slowly” into “dengan pelan”.
E. Translation Quality Assessment
Nababan (2003: 83) states that “assessing the quality of a translation means criticizing a literature work.” As there is neither a definitive reading of a text or a perfect rendering which achieves the goals of ST, translation quality assessment and criticism could go forever. The aim of criticizing a literature work is to find out the strengths and the weaknesses of a translation. (http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2000/v45/n3/001878ar.pdf)
Larson (1998) mentions that a translation must be examined since a translator needs to make sure the accuracy, the clarity and the nature of a translation. This is similar to the procedure employed by Nababan (2004) in his research on translation process, practices, and products of professional Indonesian translator. Indirectly, a good translation shows that the translator has a good capability to translate and vice versa. (Nababan, 2003) The quality assessment covers three points; readability, acceptability and accuracy. Nababan (2004) adds Larson (1998) mentions that a translation must be examined since a translator needs to make sure the accuracy, the clarity and the nature of a translation. This is similar to the procedure employed by Nababan (2004) in his research on translation process, practices, and products of professional Indonesian translator. Indirectly, a good translation shows that the translator has a good capability to translate and vice versa. (Nababan, 2003) The quality assessment covers three points; readability, acceptability and accuracy. Nababan (2004) adds
1. Accuracy
Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997) define accuracy as a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original. The accuracy of the message is an important thing in translation. Accuracy is a factor determining the quality of translation. Accuracy also means that the message of the source text is transferred into target text correctly and the translation can be understood by the target readers easily. A translation is considered to be accurate if it conveys the meaning of the source language to the target language correctly. The target readers of the translation should have the same interpretation, information, understanding, and feeling as the writers or the readers from the source of the texts.
From the statement, it can be seen that preservation of meaning is a very important aspect in translation. The sameness in meaning is one of the factors determining the quality of a translation. Therefore, a translator has to be able to preserve the meaning or message of the original text.
In conclusion, to be able to produce accurate translations, a translator has to preserve the meaning contained in the source text, attempt to create equivalent response and purpose through the translation he or she produces as well as produce translations which have similar style and manner of writing as the source texts.
2. Acceptability
Acceptability of a text refers to the natural “feel” of the translation. A translation which leans toward acceptability can thus be thought as fulfilling the requirement of “reading as an original” that is written in target language rather than that of “reading as the original”. (Shuttleworth and Cowie, 1997)
A translation must be acceptable for its readers. A translator should be able to produce translation which is natural according to target language system. A A translation must be acceptable for its readers. A translator should be able to produce translation which is natural according to target language system. A
3. Readability
“Readability refers to how naturally and easily a translation can be read.” (www.geocities.com). Readability is important in translation because translation cannot be separated from reading activity (Nababan: 2003). Therefore, a translator has to pay attention to this aspect. It is because readability influences the readers’ understanding of the message of a translation. A translation will be easier to understand if it is easy to read.
There are many factors influencing the readability of a text. Basically, there are four main factors. The first factor is the diction used in a text. This factor includes the use of new words, foreign words and ambiguous words. The second one is related to sentences which a translator writes. This factor includes (1) the use of foreign sentences, ambiguous sentences and incomplete sentences, (2) the length of the sentences and (3) the complexity of the sentences. The next factor is how the translator arranges the idea of his or her translation. The last factor includes other factors than which have been mentioned. They are (1) the content of a text, (2) the appearance of a text and (3) the ability of both the translator and the reader (Nababan: 2003).
F. Friendster
Friendster is an online social networking service. It was founded in California by Jonathan Abrams in the year of 2002. Friendster is a privately
owned internet social networking website and the first online social network. Its headquarters are in Mountain View, CA, US. Friendster is one of the
oldest and first of the popular social networking sites boom. The concept of friendster is based on a circle of friends and various friends’ techniques for individuals to social network within virtual communities. Friendster is focused on helping people meet new friends, stay in touch with old ones and sharing online content and media. The website is also used for dating and discovering new events, bands, hobbies, and more. Users can share content including videos, photos, messages and comments with friends via their profile and their network.
Friendster is widely used in Asia. It has over 50 million users worldwide. MySpace took over Friendster's number one position in popular social networking sites when it was introduced in 2004. Now the social networking site known as friendster has competition from every angle. There are new social networking sites growing everyday. Averages of 90% of young people are participating in social networking sites daily. Google offered to buy the social network called Friendster in the year of 2003 but Friendster declined. Today, that decision not to sell to Google is considered as one of the biggest financial mistakes to many individuals. The amount of 53 million was funded to Friendster by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Benchmark Capital in the year of 2003. Friendster Friendster is widely used in Asia. It has over 50 million users worldwide. MySpace took over Friendster's number one position in popular social networking sites when it was introduced in 2004. Now the social networking site known as friendster has competition from every angle. There are new social networking sites growing everyday. Averages of 90% of young people are participating in social networking sites daily. Google offered to buy the social network called Friendster in the year of 2003 but Friendster declined. Today, that decision not to sell to Google is considered as one of the biggest financial mistakes to many individuals. The amount of 53 million was funded to Friendster by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Benchmark Capital in the year of 2003. Friendster
It was dubbed with the name of Web of Friends due to the circles displayed of individual friends profile pictures. Each circle has a line drawn similar to a web connecting them to another contact on your friend list. It was very creative and crafty of them. Friendster is available in many different languages. Friendster has a language link that can change the text displayed on the site to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thailand, Indonesia, or Spanish for other users. (http://www.webupon.com/Social-Networks/The-History-of-Friendster.102940)
G. Website Localization
With the rise in ownership of computers and internet usage growing daily, the internet is fast becoming the primary port of call for information, shopping and services. In addition, those computer and internet users are increasingly from non-English speaking countries. At the end of 2002, it was estimated that 32% of internet users were non-native English speakers. This figure is constantly rising. In response, businesses have quickly become aware of the benefits of website localization.
Website localization is the process of modifying an existing website to make it accessible, usable and culturally suitable to a target audience. Website localization is a multi-layered process needing both programming expertise and linguistic/cultural knowledge. If either is missing, the chances are that a localization project will encounter problems. In the majority of cases it is the lack Website localization is the process of modifying an existing website to make it accessible, usable and culturally suitable to a target audience. Website localization is a multi-layered process needing both programming expertise and linguistic/cultural knowledge. If either is missing, the chances are that a localization project will encounter problems. In the majority of cases it is the lack
Translating a website from English into another language is not as simple as it may appear. There are numerous factors that have to be taken into consideration when translating a websites’ content. One must analyze the style of the language and the target audience. If the audience is foreign business personnel, the vocabulary, grammar and punctuation must reflect this. If the audience is informal or youth orientated then a more relaxed language must used. Just as we in the UK would identify the difference between a site using ‘posh English’ and ‘street English’, other cultures will have the same perceptions of language. Using the wrong language for the wrong reader in your localization project will lead to a misunderstanding of the site or company.
It is essential to assess what information is necessary to carry over into the new site. Do not assume that all information on the English site is automatically transferred over. One must evaluate the target culture and society. (http://ezinearticles.com/?Culture-and-Website-Localization&id=832)
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS
A. INTRODUCTION
Chapter four presents analysis data to answer the problem statements as mentioned in the chapter one. This chapter consists of two main parts. The first part is the introduction, which provides the illustration of what would be analyzed in this research. The second part is the analysis of the data.
First, the analysis deals with the techniques used by the translator in translating the friendster website. Then, the second analysis would be about the quality of the translation. It presents the analysis of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation. It would provide the findings of the research based on the questionnaires which were completed by the raters and respondents.
B. ANALYSIS
This section presents the techniques applied by the translator to translate the website in English version into Indonesian version. There are some techniques found in translating the website.
1. Translation Techniques
The first part of this chapter is analysis about the translation techniques that are used by the translator in translating the friendster.com. After analyzing all of the data in both texts, the researcher finds ten translation techniques used by the The first part of this chapter is analysis about the translation techniques that are used by the translator in translating the friendster.com. After analyzing all of the data in both texts, the researcher finds ten translation techniques used by the
1. 1. Addition.
Addition is a technique where the translator adds some information in the translation to give a clearer translation to the reader. There are 7 data that are translated using addition technique. Example from the data:
Example 1: 076.
Friend requests
Permintaan Menjadi Teman
Example 2: 102.
Newsletter updates
Pembaruan Buletin Berkala
Example 3: 167.
Current courses
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