Malaysia and the Philippines - Some Issues in the Context of Sustainable Border Development.

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MALAYSIA AND THE PHILIPPINES:

SOME ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF

SUSTAINABLE BORDER DEVELOPMENT

I Ketut Ardhana

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

BALI

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Abstract

Border issue is considered t o be an important aspect in

t erms of st rengt hening t he relat ionship amongst Sout heast

Asian count ries. This can be underst ood, since on t he one

hand, every count ry in t he region need t o improve it s social,

cult ural, polit ical and economic compet it iveness in order t o

improve t he prosperit y of t he local communit y, and on t he

ot her hand, t here are st ill many crucial problems in t he

context s of human t rafficking, illegal logging, and terrorism.

Therefore, t he count ries need t o develop some effort s in

order t o maintain t he good neighbouring count ries policies

by improving t heir policies in t he border regions.

Keywords: border regions, local community, government

policies and the sustainable border development

.

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I. Introduction

Southeast Asia the trade contacts: in the mainland and in the maritime areas. Compared to trade contacts on the Southeast Asian mainland, trade contacts in the Southeast Asian maritime areas are more dynamic and more open because the Southeast Asian maritime area has a significant role in terms of social, economic, and cultural systems in the region (Lamijo in Ardhana, 2009: 234). Inter-relationship in all aspects in the Southeast Asian maritime regions are growing faster than on the Southeast Asian mainland. Some researches in the mainland areas, indicate that societies living on Southeast Asian mainland are more isolated and underdeveloped.

Malaysia and the Philippines are choosen since these countries have similarities in terms of geographical and demographical aspects such as in the same climate, ethnicity, and cultural tradition, even though in some aspects like dominant religions they are actually different. Malaysia and the Philippines are multicultural societies. The societies have their social, cultural, economic and political dynamics since a long time. In one hand, they can live in harmony, but on the other hand they have certain conflicts as well, particularly on the border issues. Amer (2000: 44) notes that there is a certain pattern in managing border disputes amongst the Southeast Asian members. Therefore, to bring such disputes to the ICJ (International Court of Justice) we can see a shortcoming of the ASEAN framework especially in takling the conflict management.

Kudat is choose in this paper due to that the place is commonly used for the illegal movements from the Philippines. Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. It is also one of the three island groups in the country, along with Luzon and Visayas. Population: 83.140 (2010)

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II. Main Questions

1. What kinds of problems emerge in the

border areas?

2. How do the two countries manage their

border problems?

3. What can we learn from the both two

countries experiences in managing their

border policies?

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Daud Amatzin (2004: 2) notes there are some statements

mentioned below are some common cries describing the degree

of the problem as follows:

“the labor shortage in Malaysia is becoming a serious threat to

the ….development of the nation’s economy (The Planter, Kuala

Lumpur1980).

“the single most pressing issue facing the plantation industry is

shortage of labor (ISIS Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 1992).

“the biggest issue facing the oil palm industry today is the

shortage of workers” (ISP International Planters Conference,

Kuala Lumpur, 2000).

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•_{The Malaysia and Philippines border is a maritime boundary located in the} South China, Sulu and Celebes Seas. It separates the Malaysian state of Sabah, which is on the island of Borneo, and the Sulu Islands of the southern Philippines. The trade routes between two countries have been developing since a long ago.

•_{The boundary is the result of the division of the Sulu Sultanate through the} cession of its territories to colonial powers. The British gained control of the northeast shores of Borneo, becoming known as North Borneo and subsequently Sabah, while the rest of the Sulu Islands fell under Spanish control and later United States rule.

•_{The Philippines have still officially claimed the eastern part Sabah as part} of its territory, arguing the validity of the cession by the Sultan of Sulu. Malaysia and the Philippines are also parties that involve in the multinational claims over the Spratly Islands and both countries have overlapping claims over some islands of the archipelago.

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III. Demography

Sabah, surrounded by small islands and resided by the local people

or ethnic minorities becomes a destination for them to get a better

life. It is noted that ¾ of the population in Sabah depend on

agricultural sectors.

Most of the local people called the Bumi Putra including Dusun,

Bajau, Murut, Rungus and Orang Sungai involve in the economic

agricultural sector which is managed in small scale industry such as

rubber, oil palm plantations, paddy, and fishing.

However, for the big businessmen in the oil palm plantations most

of them come from Tanah Semenanjung Malaysia. Many people

like from Banggi, Kota Marudu come to Sabah to get job in

restaurants, mall or other shops in the Bandar-bandar, like Kudat

and the like.

But, the majority of the workers working in the plantations are the

Filipinos and the Indonesian workers.

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In certain part of Sabah there some ethnic groups such as the

Dusun, the Bajau, the Bugis etc. The Dusun is the collective

name of a tribe or ethnic and linguistic group in the Malaysian

state of Sabah. Due to similarities in culture and language with

the Kadazan ethnic group, and also because of other political

initiatives, a new unified term called "Kadazan-Dusun" was

created. Collectively, they form largest ethnic group Sabah.

A small minority of Dusuns can also be found in Brunei where

they are defined by the constitution to be one of the seven

Bumiputera groups. The ethnic group, makes up, at one time,

30% of Sabah population and are broken down into more than

30 sub-ethnic, or dialectical groups, or tribes each speaking a

slightly different dialect of the Dusunic family language. They

are mostly mutually understandable. The Dusun traded with the

coastal people by bringing their agricultural produce to

exchange for salt, salted fish, and other products. The name

'Dusun' was popularized by the British colonial masters who

borrowed the term from the Brunei Malay

s.

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Beside the Filipinos there were many the Chinese, having business activities in Kudat. As already mentioned earlier that as Yap Pak Leong (2004: 35) notes that the first Mindanao workers arrive in North Borneo (as Sabah was then called were the Chinese from Kwangdong, China in about 1882. These were able-bodied Hakka men and women, mostly Christians who were recruited to work in rubber plantations and construction.

By 1949 the Chinese plantation workers formed about 25% of the population of North Borneo. In 1950 immigrants from China was stopped by the British after the communist government was established in China. It is even the Chinese have a unity organization for the “Kaum Muda Kudat” in Kudat city.

Most of the Filipinos in Sabah are the fishers. They collaborate with the Sabahans on the fish trade activities. The Sabahans are the people including many fishers from Kota Marundu, Kudat, Banggi and other coastal villages. Fishing is the most important industry since the Sulu Sea is one of the richest fishing grounds in the country. The province also have a extensive pearl industry. Pearls are extensively gathered and a pearl farm is established at Marungas Island. The backs of sea turtles are made into beautiful trays and combs. During breaks from fishing, the people build boats and weave mats. Other industries include coffee processing and fruit preservation.

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•_{There are some significant influences due its location in the South China Sea and also in the}

Pasific region. It is mostly that countries in Southeast Asia are trying to improve the border trade to become the free zone trade as already happened between Malaysia and Singapore such as between Johor Bahru and Woodlands.

•_{The border trade gives some impacts on the trade and economic development, in which this}

situation cause the emergence of illegal trade, illegal movement of people and goods and the like. The unbalanced development between two ore more countries could be one factor on this issue. Though there are some gates or checkpoint in terms of formal gates have been established between Malaysia and the Philippines as we can see in Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau and in the Philippines region namely Mindanao, but there are uncertain situation in relation to the improving figures on the illegal movements in the regions.

•_{Sandakan, for instance is a place for the legal movement for the Filipinos working in the}

region of Sabah. This place remains Sabah's second most important port, after Kota Kinabalu.

•

Kota Kinabalu , formerly Jesselton, is the capital of Sabah state in Malaysia.

•_{The port of Sandakan is important for palm oil. Palm oil is an edible Vegetable fats and oils}

derived from the fruit of the Arecaceae Elaeis oil palm. Previously the second-most widely produced edible oil, after soybean oil, 28 million tonnes were produced worldwide in 2004, tobacco

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Illegal immigration refers to immigration across national borders in a

way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country. In

politics, the term may imply a larger set of social issues and time

constraints with disputed consequences in areas such as economy, social

welfare, education, health care, slavery, prostitution, in the town centre.

In January 2003

The Sandakan Harbour Square, an urban renewal Sandakan project, was

launched in an attempt to revive the town centre as the commercial hub

in Sandakan.

Mindanao, was historically also known as

Gran Molucas

or

Great

Mollucas

. The region is named after the Maguindanaons who

constituted the largest Sultanate historically. Based on some e evidences

from maps made during the 17th and 18th centuries it suggest taht the

name was used to refer to the island by natives at the time. Meanwhile

the evidence of human occupation dates back tens of thousands of years.

It is noted that in prehistoric times the Negrito people arrived in there

and sometime around 1500 BC Austronesian peoples spread throughout

the Philippines and far beyond.

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IV. Trade Contacts in the Border Areas

between Malaysia and the Philippines

Since Malaysia develops the idea on tourism promotion “Malaysia is truly Asia”, the country has fast developed not only the city center in Kuala Lumpur, but also its border regions. The government also introduces the concept of sustainable tourism development. This can be seen at the idea of “the Tip of Borneo: Tanjung Simpang Mengayau”, in which becomes one of the tourist destination in the peak of Borneo. The Malaysian government has also the Ministry of Luar Bandar that arranges and manages the issues on the border region with the Philippines and Indonesia. It is even since last year 2008, there is a direct flight from Jakarta to Kota Kinabalu by Air Asia. From Kota Kinabalu we have good access and infrastructure to other border cities like Sandakan, Tawau, Lahat Datu, Kota Belud, Kota Marundu and Kudat. This is a way how to promote that the border regions in Sarawak and Sabah are not any longer as a remote, backyard, and underdeveloped regions.

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The border in the Philippines regions there are lack of infrastructure and access to the border regions. This also happens to the border regions in Indonesia in which if we travel from Jakarta to Balikpapan, Tarakan and Nunukan we can catch flight. But, to the border regions like in the East Kalimantan such as Krayan for instance it is still difficult to have a good access and infrastructure. This is, could be, one reason, why many Indonesians, in which they are in Malaysia are called as “Indon” often come and cross to the Malaysian borders to get jobs. The reason is that they do not know exactly from which parts of the Indonesian archipelago they come from. For instance they question is, whether they are the Timorese, the Javanese, the Buginese, the Lombok people, the Sumbawanese and other ethnic groups in the Indonesian archipelago. In the past decades, there were many from Nusa Tenggara Barat like Sumbawa, Lombok and its surrounding areas to Sabah. Due to better opportunities and better salaries, recently they have moved to other parts of Malaysia, for instance to Tanah Semenanjung, particularly to Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru which is closest area to cross to Singapore.

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Kudat- Sabah in particular is proper port-to-port trading is being

eyed to take place between Sabah and Palawan as their respective

key government and private sector players begin joint efforts to

formally

link

two

neighboring

municipalities

that

could

strategically open a vibrant trade between the two BIMP-EAGA

focus areas.

In a recently signed Memorandum of Understanding on the

Cross-Border Trade between Kudat, Sabah and Brooke's Point, Palawan,

it was agreed that a concerted effort will be undertaken to formally

open trade links between the Municipality of Brooke's Point in

Palawan and Kudat, Sabah and promote intra and extra-EAGA

trade, tourism and investments in the area of agro-industry and

natural

resources,

transport,

infrastructure, information,

etc.

Business Council (BEBC) Kudat, Sabah Chapter on March 27 in

Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.

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V. THE POLICY ON TRADE CONTACTS IN THE BORDER AREAS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND THE PHILIPPINES

Amer (2000) notes that Malaysia and the Philippines have to be in agreement on maritime boundaries in the Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea and in the South China Sea proper. In the recent development, they have overlapping claims to parts of the Spratly Archipelago in the South China Sea, which are also claimed by Vietnam. In addition to this, Malaysia and the Philippines have not yet formally settled with the Sabah issue (Amer, 2000: 35). The description of the trade contacts in the border regions between Malaysia and the Philippines is actually similar between the trade border between Malaysia and the Indonesia. It is known that as with other Malaysian states, a policy of active recruiting of migrant labor to Sabah commenced in the 1970s to ease the labor shortage (Anne-Marie Hilsdon, 2008: 2).

This situation much developed after the introducing the economic Reform and Growth in the 1980s, in which Dr. Mohamad Mahathir succeeded Datuk Hussein as prime minister. At that year, Mahathir instituted economic reforms that would transform Malaysia into one of the so-called Asian Tigers. Ten years later (1990s), Mahathir embarked on a massive project to build a new capital from scratch in an attempt to bypass congested Kuala Lumpur. Laqter on in the beginning in 1997, Malaysia suffered from the Asian currency crisis. Instead of following the economic prescriptions of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, the prime minister opted for fixed exchange rates and capital controls. This affectes the increasing the economic growth and in late 1999, Malaysia was on the road to economic recovery, and it appeared Mahathir's measures were working.

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Statistik Kelulusan Pas Lawatan Kerja Sementara, 2004: 71

Citizenship Indonesia Indonesia Filipino Filipino Total Total Sektor

Kategori

P/Baru P/Lama P/Baru P/Lama P/ Baru P/ Lama

Pembantu rumah

261 512 11 36 271 548

Perkilangan 342 977 30 36 373 1012

Perladangan 2725 4377 155 202 2880 4579

Pembinaan 92 74 30 40 122 114

Perkhidmata n

96 234 79 89 178 323

Lain-lain 0 0 0 0 0 0

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According to the Indonesian Report in June 2007, there were about

207,186 foreigners from Indonesia work in Sabah. Almost ¾ of them

work in the oil palm plantations. It is caused that the local people called

“

penduduk tempatan

” are not interested in working in the palm oil

plantations. They perceive that working in the plantation is hard work

and limited salary.

The location of the palm oil plantations, are far in the interior as well as

the palm oil estates in Lahat Datu, Kinabatangan and Tongud.

The job opportunities in the palm oil plantations in Sabah give not

economic benefit to the local people in Sabah.

More than 90% of the agricultural areas in Sabah in 2005 were utilized

for the oil palm plantations. It was only 6.5% of the areas that had been

planted for palm oil in 2005 were managed by the small scale

businessmen or local businessmen, and the rest it was about 93.5% were

dominated by the big capitals.

The second plants that have been provided including paddy, coconut,

cocao and coffee. Ubung Imang gives a table as below:

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Poverty in %

Poverty in %

Sabah 23.0

Bumiputra 29.4

Murut 35.4

Bajau 33.3

Kadazan/ Dusun 26.2

Melayu 18.9

Bumiputra lain Etnik

Lain-lain 5.8

Cina 2.6

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However, in January 2009, Malaysia has banned the hiring of foreign workers in factories, stores and restaurants to protect its citizens from mass unemployment amid the global economic crisis, where most of the workers come from Indonesia and the Philippines. In relation to this, for instance an ethnic Indian Malaysian was recently sentenced to whipping and 10 months in prison for hiring six illegal immigrants at his restaurant. In other words the Malaysian employers will be afraid to take in foreign workers, without work permits. They will think twice. This is the first case where an employer is being sentenced to caning. Illegal immigrants also face caning before being deported. Yet, both side for instance, from the Indonesian and the Philippines sides, there were strong reaction from both state and the communities. Due to worry about the human rights abuse which was paid strong attention by the United Nations and the United States, it is finally there is no more repatriation against the Indonesian and Filipino workers in Sabah. Therefore, until now the Filipino and Indonesian workers may extend their work permit in Sabah without repatriating their home again. For such situation it is needed to change from the border trade to free trade zone as happened in some border regions in Southeast Asia like between Singapore and Malaysia. Through this way, this is hoped there will not be such a problem in the future in the context of the trade contact in the border regions between Malaysia and the Philippines.

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VI. SOME PERSPECTIVE ON THE TRADE CONTACTS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND THE PHILIPPINES:

A LESSON LEARNT FOR INDONESIA

Shepard (1998) that what it means the development in the

border area is:

“satu set aktiviti dan tindakan bersama pelbagai

pihak-individu, organisasi dan kumpulan-ke arah kemajuan di

kawasan

luar

Bandar. Kemajuan

yang

dimaksudkan

biasanya dikaitkan dengan nilai material seperti kadar

pertumbuhan dalam pendapatan dan kekayaan, dan tingkat

kejayaan

dalam

usaha

membasmikan

kemiskinan.

Sungguhpun

begitu,

pada

dekad

kebelakangan

ini,

indicator kemajuan sering juga dikaitkan dengan nilai-nilai

budaya, kerohanian dan etika (Shepard, 1998).

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Job Distribution of Foreign Workers by Economic Sector in Sabah (2001-2003)

Nationalities Number 2000 % 2000 Number 2002 % 2002 Number 2003 % 2003 Domestic Maids

5.200 5.05 8.960 6.14 10.479 6.44

Manufacturi ng

11.408 11.09 11.608 7.95 14.886 9.14

Plantation 80.414 78.17 115.819 79.34 129.840 79.76 Constructio

1.591 1.55 3.607 2.47 2.820 1.73

Services 4.126 4.01 5.946 4.07 4.586 2.82

Others 133 0.13 40 0.03 178 0.11

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In the past history of the Philippines was under the

Spain

colonization

and

the

American

modern

imperialism, which had affected the Filipinos to be good

at English language.

This requisition becomes a capital to get chances as

workers in Malaysia, in which Malaysia was also under

the British influences and the language that has been

used is English. It is even assumed that the English

language is much used by the people in Sarawak and

Sabah rather than in Tanah Semenanjung, in which the

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VII. Conclusion

Border communities organize themselves not only within the confines of national boundaries but also around social ties and interactions that cross these boundaries. This is particularly true of the study area where the national border was drawn in a way that ignored the natural and social divisions recognized by local people and which, today, remains porous to movements of people and goods. However, notwithstanding the artificial nature of this border, it is now necessary for borderland communities to organize their lives around it. The border has thus become an arena where diverse interests and actors play out their roles (Koji 2003:1). Moreover, national citizenship is now one of the identities, in addition to kinship and culture, that must be negotiated (Bala 2002:114).

In some border areas in Southeast Asia there are integrated program that have been done. For instance between the border area between Thailand and Laos, between Laos and Vietnam, and between Malaysia and Singapore we see how the border gates have been built in terms of modern buildings. Many restaurant, hotels, duty free shops, immigration and customs, police office and other institution building have been built in the area. Therefore, the border is not longer related to the backyard, remote areas, undeveloped regions and other negative senses such as illegal logging, drugs, and human trafficking.

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In the past, the border was considered only as a buffer zone, but at the present time both of the countries begin to plan the border not only as a buffer zone any longer, but as a safety belt zone. This means that both Malaysia and Indonesia have planned to install not only the military to defend and protect the area from the foreign countries, but begin to install the population a long the border area to protect the region. This effort is related not only in terms of installing the population in there, but this also means how the two countries create prosperity among the people in the border areas. Without having prosperity this means the people would destroy forests for their daily life to be exist. Therefore, this policy is actually big program that involve many sectors and institutions to integrate the programs in order to achieve the goal in creating the border area as a “window” of a country in modern senses.

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MAINLAND OF SOUTHEAST ASIA: 1. “Border bonanza”,

2. “Golden quadrangle” , 3. “Asia’s “growth circle”,

4. Transboundary transportation networks 5. and “Corridors of Growth”

ISLANDS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 1. Border trade

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The border areas which are located in between Malaysia and the Philippines are arranged in terms of border trade and not in terms of free trade zone. The movement of people and goods: Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Semporna, Lahat Datu, Tawau, Kota Marudu,Kunakor other bandar like Kudat which is as the nearest border gate between Malaysia and the Philippines. Both of the communities in the border region like the Filipinos, particularly the Bajau community in Mengkabong and at Pulau Banggi.

They trade one to each other in terms of traditional trade or some times barter trade. This has occurred since both of the people between Malaysia and the Filipinos have the same ethnic groups as the Bajau, in which some of them live side by side in Malaysia and the Philippines.

This has lasted until at the present day in the border areas between the two countries. It brings to light the influence of the foreign workers like the Filipinos and the Indonesian workers towards the economy, social and political scenes in Malaysia

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Thanks to SEASREP

Borders of Kinship and Ethnicity: Cross-border Relations

between the Kelalan Valley, Sarawak, and the Bawan Valley,

East Kalimantan.

Research Funded by SEASREP Japan, Published

in

Borneo

Research Bulletin

(2004) vol. 35, pp.144--179.

I Ketut Ardhana Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

Jayl Langub Institute of East Asian Studies (lEAS) Universiti

Malaysia Sarawak Daniel Chew Sarawak Development Institute

(SDI)

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Thanks to LI

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Seminar Terbatas, "Reposisi Kawasan Perbatasan Sebagai Halaman Depan Negara"

23 October 2008

Direktorat Kawasan Khusus dan Daerah Tertinggal Bappenas menyelenggarakan seminar terbatas dengan tema "Reposisi Kawasan Perbatasan Sebagai Halaman Depan Negara", pada Jumat (24/10), pukul 14.00 WIB, di Ruang Rapat SS 1-2, Gedung Bappenas.

Attended by Deputi Bidang Pengembangan Regional dan Otonomi Daerah Bappenas, Ir. Max H. Pohan, CES., MA., dengan pembicara: Direktur Kawasan Khusus dan Daerah Tertinggal Bappenas, Dr. Ir. Suprayoga Hadi, MSP.; Pakar dari FH UI, Prof. Hikmahanto Juwana, SK., LL.M.; Kepala Bappeda Provinsi Kaltim, Drs. Sulaeman Gafur; Pengamat dari Pusat Sumber Daya Regional-LIPI, Dr. I Ketut Ardhana; dan Perwakilan dari WWF Indonesia, Arif Budiman.

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I Ketut Ardhana, Yekti Maunati, Dundin Zaenuddin dan Mayasuri Presilla. 2010g. “Etnisitas, Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan Internasional di Nunukan Kalimantan Timur”, dalam Yekti Maunati, I Ketut Ardhana, Dundin Zaenuddin dan Mayasuri Presilla. Etnisitas dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan Internasional dalam rangka

Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nunukan-Kalimantan Timur. Jakarta: LIPI Press.

I Ketut Ardhana 2010h, “Nunukan di Tengah-tengah Kawasan the Golden Triangle antara Surabaya, Pare-Pare, Tawau”, dalam Yekti Maunati, I Ketut Ardhana, Dundin Zaenuddin dan Mayasuri Presilla.

Etnisitas dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan Internasional dalam

rangka Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nunukan-Kalimantan Timur. Jakarta: LIPI Press.

I Ketut Ardhana, 2010i,”Pulau Nunukan dan Pulau Sebatik: Tinjauan Sejarah dan Kekhususannya”, dalam Yekti Maunati, I Ketut Ardhana, Dundin Zaenuddin dan Mayasuri Presilla. Etnisitas dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan Internasional dalam rangka

Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nunukan-Kalimantan Timur. Jakarta: LIPI Press.

I Ketut Ardhana, Yekti Maunati dan Dundin Zaenuddin dan Mayasuri Presilla, 2010j, “Nunukan dan Sebatik: Masa Depan Perbatasan”, dalam Yekti Maunati, I Ketut Ardhana, Dundin Zaenuddin dan Mayasuri Presilla. Etnisitas dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan

Internasional dalam rangka Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nunukan-Kalimantan Timur.

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Thanks to LI

PI

I Ketut Ardhana “Trade Contacts in the Cross-Border Areas Between Cambodia and Thailand (didanai PSDR LIPI), 2006.

I Ketut Ardhana “Trade Contacts in the Cross-Border Areas Between Vietnam and Laos (didanai PSDR LIPI), 2007.

I Ketut Ardhana “Population Mobility and Trade Contacts in the Golden Triangle: Thailand, Myanmar and Laos”, dalam Jurnal Kependudukan, Vol. II No. 1, 2007.

I Ketut Ardhana, “The Economic Aspects of Tourist Development in Thailand”, dalam

Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia (Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kepariwisataan, Vol 2, No. 4 Desember 2007.

I Ketut Ardhana “Trade Contacts in the Cross-Border Areas Between Malaysia and Singapore (didanai PSDR LIPI), 2008.

I Ketut Ardhana tentang Dinamika Etnisitas dan Hubungan Ekonomi Pada Wilayah Perbatasan di Kalimantan Timur: Studi Kasus di Wilayah Krayan dan Long Pasia sejak 2006 hingga 2008

(2)

Seminar Terbatas, "Reposisi Kawasan Perbatasan Sebagai Halaman

Depan Negara"

23 October 2008

Direktorat Kawasan Khusus dan Daerah Tertinggal Bappenas menyelenggarakan

seminar terbatas dengan tema "Reposisi Kawasan Perbatasan Sebagai Halaman

Depan Negara", pada Jumat (24/10), pukul 14.00 WIB, di Ruang Rapat SS 1-2,

Gedung Bappenas.

Attended by Deputi Bidang Pengembangan Regional dan Otonomi Daerah

Bappenas, Ir. Max H. Pohan, CES., MA., dengan pembicara: Direktur Kawasan

Khusus dan Daerah Tertinggal Bappenas, Dr. Ir. Suprayoga Hadi, MSP.; Pakar

dari FH UI, Prof. Hikmahanto Juwana, SK., LL.M.; Kepala Bappeda Provinsi

Kaltim, Drs. Sulaeman Gafur; Pengamat dari Pusat Sumber Daya Regional-LIPI,

Dr. I Ketut Ardhana; dan Perwakilan dari WWF Indonesia, Arif Budiman.

(3)

(4)

I Ketut Ardhana“Trade Contacts in the Cross-Border Areas Between Malaysia

and Philippines (didanai PSDR LIPI), 2009.

I Ketut Ardhana, Kontestasi Identitas dan Diaspora Bugis di Wilayah Perbatasan

Kalimantan Timur – Sabah, (Dana Dikti), tahun 2009

I Ketut Ardhana, Dinamika Etnisitas dan Hubungan Ekonomi pada Wilayah

Perbatasan di Kalimantan Timur: Studi Kasus di Pulau Nunukan dan Sebatik,

didanai penelitian Kompetitif LIPI, 2009.

I Ketut Ardhana, “Kebugisan” Etnik Bugis dalam konteks Negara Bangsa di

Malaysia dan Indonesia, dalam Yekti Maunati, I Ketut Ardhana dkk, Kontestasi

Identitas dan Diaspora Bugis di Wilayah Perbatasan Kalimantan Timur Sabah.

Jakarta: LIPI Press, 2010.

I Ketut Ardhana, Dinamika Etnisitas dan Hubungan Ekonomi pada Wilayah

Perbatasan di Kalimantan Timur: Studi Kasus di Pulau Nunukan dan Sebatik,

didanai penelitian Kompetitif LIPI, 2010.

(5)

I Ketut Ardhana and Yekti Maunati dkk, Kontestasi Identitas dan Diaspora Bugis di wilayah perbaasan Kalimantan Timur Sabah. Jakarta: LIPI Press, 2010.

(6)

I Ketut Ardhana 2010h, “Nunukan di Tengah-tengah Kawasan the Golden Triangle antara Surabaya, Pare-Pare, Tawau”, dalam Yekti Maunati, I Ketut Ardhana, Dundin Zaenuddin dan Mayasuri Presilla.

Etnisitas dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan Internasional dalam rangka Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nunukan-Kalimantan Timur. Jakarta: LIPI Press. I Ketut Ardhana, 2010i,”Pulau Nunukan dan Pulau Sebatik: Tinjauan Sejarah dan Kekhususannya”, dalam Yekti Maunati, I Ketut Ardhana, Dundin Zaenuddin dan Mayasuri Presilla. Etnisitas dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lokal dan Potensi Perdagangan Internasional dalam rangka Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Nunukan-Kalimantan Timur. Jakarta: LIPI Press.